Thèses sur le sujet « Ottava »

L'improvisation chantée en ottava rima est une tradition poétique populaire encore vivante dans les régions de l'Italie centrale. Mon étude sur cette tradition orale, et sur sa poétique, recherche les types de relations émergeant entre les participants pendant les interactions conventionnalisées qu'ils co-construisent dans leurs performances dialogiques. J'analyse les aspects procéduraux des compétitions poétiques et les patterns stylistiques exhibés par la praxis de l'exécution. Je réexamine cette pratique culturelle me focalisant sur le contexte ethnographique limité à la zone de la Maremme toscane. Un rapprochement s'établit ainsi entre les formes d'improvisation dialogique de cette région et les échanges de la langue parlée, qui met en évidence la nature sociale de cet art verbal. Je propose de lui attribuer un statut de communication 'solennelle', qui reconduit une jurisprudence de l'interaction en face-à-face, et cela sous un double aspect: la rencontre avec l'Autre et l'agonistique. Je décris comment les traits de l'expression, chantée-versifiée-rimée, gouvernent les procédures de transaction de la parole et la planification pragmatique de l'interaction selon des régimes précis. Je démontre que la virtuosité individuelle des poètes «adversaires» doit s'accommoder avec un cadre complexe, expressif et praxéologique, qui joue un rôle d'intermédiaire, et dont les propriétés systémiques se règlent sur un modèle spécifique d'éthique du dialogue. Je suggère enfin une relation possible entre cette tradition orale et l'activité socioéconomique de la transhumance pratiquée par les communautés des bergers se déplaçant de l'Apennin vers la Maremme toscane
The ottava rima improvisation is a folk tradition which has survived in the regions of central Italy. In my studies about this tradition and its poetics, I research the type of social relationships emerging between the participants through the highly conventional interactions they build during their performances. The 'procedural aspects of poetic competition and the stylistic patterns displayed in the actual performance are also analysed. This practice of poetic folk art, is re-examined in the limited ethnographic context of the Tuscan Maremma area. I try to establish a link between the poetic forms of dialogic improvisation, observable in this region, and the exchanges which occur in spoken language, so as to draw attention to the social nature of this traditional poetic art. I propose to attribute to it the status of "solemn" communication which maintains a jurisprudential model of face-to-face verbal interaction involving two activities: the encounter and the adversarial confrontation with the Other. I describe how the forms of expression, sung-versified-rhymed, seem to govern the procedures of speech transaction and how the pragmatic planning of conflictual interaction follows precise regimes. I also demonstrate how the opponent poets' individual virtuosity must negotiate according to a complex framework -both expressive and praxeologic-and its mediating role; its built-in properties reveal a specifically ethical model inherent to dialogue. Finally, I suggest a possible relationship between this oral tradition and the socio-economic activity of transhumance practiced by the communities of shepherds who moved from the Apennines to the Tuscan Maremma

2012 - 2013
A good title should speak for itself. And a subtitle, even better, center the subject is meant to treat, especially in a work as a doctoral thesis. Why, in fact, this is not a text that seeks a commercial purpose, but the systematic development of a research, covering an area of study that has tried to analyze the course of at least three years. The temptation, however, to "mine" the beautiful construct that seals the most fascinating among the truths of geometry and apply it to an idea, certainly not new, but it has stayed with me constantly during those years, was too strong . With the clear desire not to bore with explanations unnecessarily sophisticated, and without too overestimate this "idea", I can briefly say that, imagining the whole history of Italian literature, from its very first steps early Middle Ages, as a straight line, and the advent the press as the point which divides it into two segments of different lengths of time, it seemed to find in matter "of arms and of love", which accompanied closely, more than any other literary form, the development of social our literature, contributing decisively to spread in all strata of the population, with no difference of "caste", the constant that has allowed the proportion "divine" in the past, popular and aristocratic set, which was in danger of being forgotten and placed between the antiquities at the end of the sixteenth century, and the modern, through the insistent requests of what by now had become the "public" of the readers, could not and would not do without the poems of chivalry for a long time... [edited by author]
XII n.s.

L’oggetto della tesi è la traduzione in tedesco di 25 stanze della poesia più lunga scritta da Pietro Cocci. L’argomento principale è il viaggio da Prato al fronte alpino che intraprese con lo scoppio della Prima guerra mondiale. L'elaborato contiene una biografia dell'autore, la descrizione del corpus di riferimento usato per la trascrizione della poesia, un'analisi del genere letterario (ottava rima) e un'analisi strutturale, linguistica, stilistica e tematica del componimento. Infine, dopo la proposta di traduzione in tedesco,sono indicate le strategie e difficoltà traduttive.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
El presente trabajo, junto con analizar en detalle las disposiciones que contiene la Convención de Ottawa, realiza un breve acercamiento de carácter técnico a las minas antipersonales, entregando una definición de ésta clase de arma convencional y estableciendo los diversos tipos que existen de ella, como también los campos minados y los objetivos que se persiguen con su empleo. Además, hace un breve repaso al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, marco jurídico dentro del cual se desenvuelve la Convención en estudio, haciendo referencia a su concepto, su objeto, el origen de dicha rama del Derecho Internacional, las normas fundamentales en que se sustenta y el ámbito de aplicación del mismo. El capitulo tercero trata en detalle la Convención de Ottawa, partiendo por el marco jurídico que regula las minas antipersonal antes de su entrada en vigor y la formación y desarrollo del denominado “Proceso de Ottawa”. Además, este capítulo, con el fin de tener una mirada global del asunto, se refiere a la posición de los países no signatarios de la Convención. El capítulo cuarto se refiere a las “Actividades relativas a las minas”, otorgando especial énfasis a su componente llamado desminado humanitario Finalmente, el capitulo quinto se dedica, en forma íntegra, al asunto de las minas antipersonal y su relación con la política de defensa sustentada por nuestro país.

This thesis examines the educational inequalities facing Black high school students, particularly working-class youths in Ottawa's educational system. In consultation with several community organizations, educators, parents and students, several concerns were identified as barriers that impacted the educational achievement of Black youths in Ottawa's schools. They identified issues such as the continued negative stereotyping of Black students, particularly Black males as being aggressive, violent, low achievers, and lacking respect for authority, which often results in their suspensions and/or expulsion. Most importantly, they argue that in addition to the high rate of suspensions and expulsions, there also appears to be a funneling of Black working-class males into the criminal juvenile justice system, by schools, which results in the criminalization of Black youths by Ottawa schools.
This study was framed within a Black antiracist feminist framework that employed an oppositional and critical pedagogy aimed at interrogating the educational experiences of Black youths. The study examined the impact of race and class on educational outcome, and the ways in which the current educational arrangement benefits some students while disadvantaging others. Critical to the study is the denial of racism within Ottawa schools by educators and administrators. The problem is further complicated by the fact that neither the Ottawa Carleton District School Board nor the Carleton Roman Catholic Separate School Board compiles statistical database on students' race, ethnicity and/or social class, which is a necessary tool in determining the existence of educational inequality. Due to the lack of educational statistics educators have avoided accountability, thus preserving the status quo.

The aim of my research was examine the impact of race, class and gender in Ottawa's educational system. I sought to find out if these factors played a role in the streaming of Black youths in basic or vocational programs and, if so, to what degree. While looking at the issue, I examined the narratives of both middle-class and working-class students and parents.
The study found that a student's socio-economic background largely determine her/his educational stream, be it basic, general or advanced. For example, all the participants in the vocational stream were working-class students while the participants that were streamed into the university bound program were from middle-class families. Teachers within the system also treated the parents differently. Middle-class parents had a greater degree of reciprocity between themselves and teachers compared to working-class parents.

The grounds of Canadian homes typically consist of trimmed lawns sparsely planted with ornamental trees and shrubs. Despite their low initial cost and immediate impact, conventional landscapes require significant annual capital and physical resources, such as fuel, water, herbicides and fertilizer. However, low-maintenance alternatives exhibit lower consumption rates and annual cost savings. This paper investigates the saving potential of four low-maintenance alternatives when compared to a conventional option through an evaluation of life cycle cost and annual maintenance resource consumption.
The five options were simulated using the proposed site and building of a low-rise, multi-residential housing project in Ottawa, where only the planting design varied for each simulation. The four alternatives involved: (1) replacing 70% of lawn areas with woody plants grouped in mulched beds, (2) eliminating turf and including 85% woody plants and a hard surface area of 15%, (3) replacing 70% of the turf area with naturalized woodland plantings and (4) replacing all turf areas with 85% naturalized woodland and tall grass prairie plantings and including a hard surface area of 15%. Only species that are well-adapted to the site conditions were selected for the alternatives. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Beaver ponds are important parts of peatland landscapes and have high fluxes of CO2 and CH4. This study was undertaken in Mer Bleue Bog, Ontario, to determine the response of a beaver pond to drainage (lowering by 25 cm) as a sink or source of carbon. Plant distribution was changed in response to a new water table gradient. Each vegetation community and the remaining beaver pond were sampled for fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from mid-April to end-November, 1999, one year after the water table was lowered.
A flow-through chamber system was used to measure CO2 flux from vegetated sites. Mean daily CO2 flux ranged from 0.4--1.6 g CO2-C M-2 (positive denoting uptake from the atmosphere). Variations in CO2 flux amongst the sites along the gradient could not be related to differences in plant species composition, peat temperature, or water table. The mean daily CO2 emission measured by a static floating chamber on the pond area was -24.1 g CO2-C m-2.
A closed chamber was used to measure CH4 on vegetated sites. Daily CH4 fluxes ranged from 1 to -159 mg CH4-C m-2, increasing from the beaver pond margin to the open water surface. The water table explained 83% of the seasonal average CH 4 flux variability and the vegetation added another 11%. The mean daily CH4 flux measured by a static floating chamber on the pond area was -54 mg CH4-C m-2.
The seasonal measurements were integrated into an areal estimate of CO 2 and CH4 flux for the beaver pond area prior to and after drainage. The beaver pond area sequestered 96 g m-2 before drainage (104 g CO2-C m-2 and -8 g CH 4-C m-2), and the same area more than doubled the uptake to 231 g m-2 after being drained (233 g CO 2-C m-2 and -3 g CH4-C m -2).

The exchange of carbon and water between a temperate peatland and the atmosphere was studied directly for the vascular plants; Chamaedaphne calyculata, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium myrtilloides, and Maianthemum trifolium and indirectly for the bryophytes; Sphagnum rubellum and S. magellanicum. In vascular plants, carbon and water fluxes were well coupled (∼2.27 mumol CO 2 mmol-1 H2O) except in the post-deciduous period where temperature constrained water flux more than carbon flux. The seasonal cycle of Sphagnum water content was driven by water table depth; rain depth, rain frequency and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. In 2000, these factors combined to cause primarily over saturation with regard to optimal net photosynthesis in Sphagnum. Carbon and water exchange at the community scale was also studied and related to the leaf level patterns observed. Few leaf level patterns were observable at the community scale although the effects of species composition and leaf area index were well represented in the community signal.

Wetlands exchange significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)---two major greenhouse gases (GHG), and thus have significant impacts on the Earth's climate. In this study, fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were measured in a cattail-dominated marsh in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) revealed that the marsh was an annual sink of 264 g C m-2, and that growing season net CO2 fluxes were strongly correlated with vegetation biomass and leaf area index. Fluxes of CH4 were measured from water, soil and plants using closed chambers and resulted in a net annual area-weighted emission from the marsh of 206 g C m-2. Consequently, the net (CO2 + CH4) annual carbon (C) balance of this wetland corresponded to a sink of 58 g C m-2. A simple radiative forcing model based on the marsh CO 2 and CH4 emission patterns suggests that, despite the net carbon uptake, this wetland is contributing to atmospheric warming because of the large CH4 efflux. Future potential climate impacts of this marsh were evaluated using different emission scenarios that could result in response to climatic or environmental changes. Overall, short-term impacts are driven by CH4 emission rate, while the CO2 flux determines the impacts on longer time horizons. Uncertainties in predicting future wetland GHG balance arise from uncertain feedbacks and responses. Future alterations of the marsh GHG emission and uptake patterns resulting from land use or climatic changes could lead to a shift in the marsh C balance, showing the importance of wetland ecosystems in national and global C budgets and GHG-related political decisions.

This study examines the history and culture of the Odawa people from their prehistory until the present time. This paper looks at a creation story of the Odawa to see how they perceived their own beginnings. Following this, there is an examination of the prehistory, protohistory and history of this people. The section on the history of this people is broken up into three major periods---French, British and American. In the course of this examination, it is discovered that they were originally part of the loosely structured Anishnaabeg (People), or the Ojibwa, Odawa and Potawatomi, which were made up of separate bands. They then coalesced into the Odawa, primarily under the influences of European contact. Finally, in the American period, they split into two main groupings---the Great Lakes and Oklahoma. This paper explores why the Oklahoma group ended up acculturated while the Great Lakes bands retained their culture.
Department of Anthropology

A hydrological and biogeochemical study was undertaken at the Mer Bleue bog, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from May 22, 1998 to May 21, 1999. Basin runoff was generated by groundwater discharge at the peatland margin, and groundwater discharge was controlled by hydraulic gradients and horizontal hydraulic conductivities (Kh). Flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measured at the basin outflow was 8.3 g C m-2 yr-1 and compared to within 23% of DOC flux estimated using a Dupuit approximation of seepage during the ice-free season. Annual DOC flux was 11% of the annual carbon sink.
Flownet analysis showed that seasonal patterns of groundwater flow were controlled by boundary condition changes that resulted from precipitation and evapotranspiration events. A pattern of recharge was most common over the hydrological year, but a discharge pattern was observed during a 40 day groundwater flow reversal. Evaluation of the peatland recharge-discharge function using in situ sodium concentrations and a diffusion model revealed that the peatland is a long-term recharge system. It is hypothesized that peatland biogeochemical function is controlled by long-term recharge despite annual occurrence of groundwater flow reversals.

To further the understanding of respiration processes of northern peatlands, the relative importance of each type of belowground respiration was determined at Mer Bleue, a northern peatland located near Ottawa, Ontario, from June to November, 2003. Direct measurements of total, soil organic matter (SOM) and root respiration were made, with rhizosphere respiration determined by residual. Although an aboveground source, determination of live Sphagnum respiration was also attempted in the field. To identify changes in CO2 fluxes with environmental conditions, peat temperature and water table levels were monitored throughout the study period.
SOM respiration was higher than hypothesized at 63% while root and rhizosphere respiration were lower than hypothesized at 21% and 16%, respectively, of total belowground respiration. As the field experiment for determining live Sphagnum respiration was unsuccessful, it was determined by calculation to be 18% of total respiration, slightly higher than hypothesized. Opposite of hypothesized, air temperatures, peat temperatures and water table levels generally had weak and insignificant relationships when linearly regressed with total respiration.

Research for a dissolved nitrogen budget was conducted at Mer Bleue bog near Ottawa, ON, from May 20, 2003 to May 21, 2004. Mer Bleue is located within an area experiencing the highest levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North America, although these levels are only low to moderate compared to those in Europe. Continuous measurements of precipitation, evapotranspiration, bog water table level and outflow water depth were used in conjunction with discrete measurements of precipitation and outflow to determine the hydrologic budget. Water samples were taken from precipitation collectors, piezometers at various depths and locations throughout the bog, and an outflow point in order to gauge changes and patterns in chemical concentrations at various points throughout the bog. The nature of the bog morphology and landscape allowed for collection of water samples from a single outflow point.
Chemical analysis combined with the water budget revealed that the majority of the dissolved nitrogen is entering the bog as NO3-N and NH 4-N (inorganic nitrogen), and leaving the bog as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Export of nitrogen was generally low relative to the input, and was only a very small fraction of the huge amount of nitrogen stored in the bog. Bog porewater concentrations were dominated by DON and did not show spatial patterns in relation to the bog edge. When comparing the annual accretion of nitrogen at the bog to the long-term storage numbers, it was apparent that there is a missing source of nitrogen. From the literature and patterns in the bog, it appears that this missing input at Mer Bleue is likely due to a combination of previously unmeasured nitrogen fixation and more diverse usage of DON by bog vegetation.

Background: Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage (1°SAH) is an important disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The sparse Canadian epidemiologic literature on 1° SAH is outdated and relies on diagnostic coding for case ascertainment which misses true cases and incorrectly labels non-cases. Objectives: Primary objective was to identify all patients with 1° SAH presenting to the Ottawa Hospital (TOH) between July 1, 2002 and June 30, 2011 by deriving and validating a search algorithm using an enriched administrative database. Secondary objectives included: 1) determine incidence and case-fatality rates (CFR) of 1° SAH at TOH; and 3) derive and validate a method to identify 1° SAH using routinely collected administrative data. Methods: A cohort of 1° SAH patients were identified with a case-defining algorithm that was derived and validated using a combination of cerebrospinal fluid analysis results and text-search algorithms of both cranial imaging and post-mortem reports. The incidence of 1° SAH was calculated using the total number of hospital encounters over the same time period. CFR was calculated by linking to vital statistic data of hospitalized patients at discharge. An optimal1° SAH prediction model was derived and validated using binomial recursive partitioning built with independent variables obtained from routinely collected administrative data. Results: Using the case-defining algorithm, 831 patients were identified with a 1° SAH over the study period. Hospital incidence of 1° SAH was 17.2 events per 10,000 inpatient encounters (or 0.17% of encounters) with a case-fatality rate of 18.1%. A validated SAH prediction model based on administrative data using a recursive partitioning model had a sensitivity of 96.5% (95% CI 93.9-98.0), a specificity of 99.8% (95%CI 99.6-99.9), and a +LR of 483 (95% CI 254-879). This results in a post-test probability of disease of 45%. Conclusion: We identified almost all cases of 1° SAH at our hospital using an enriched administrative data. Accurately identifying such patients with routinely collected health administrative data is possible, providing important opportunities to examine and study this patient population. Further studies, involving multiple centres are needed to reproduce these results.

This thesis explores the cities of Moncton and Ottawa as "literary capitals," a concept developed by Pascale Casanova. While Moncton has managed to become the literary capital of Acadie, Ottawa, which resembles its Acadian counterpart in many ways, struggles to endorse this function for Francophone Ontario. Each part of this thesis examines the institutional role of these cities and identifies the writing strategies by which their authors have tried to turn them ‒ or not ‒ into literary capitals.The first chapter focuses on Moncton in Moncton mantra by Gérald Leblanc and in Petites difficultés d'existence by France Daigle, and the second, on Ottawa in La Côte de Sable by Daniel Poliquin and in King Edward by Michel Ouellette. The conclusion puts forward hypotheses as to why Ottawa has failed to become a literary capital in the way that Moncton has while reassessing the concept in the context of exiguity. By adopting, in order to distance themselves from the literature of Sudbury, an aesthetic that does not emphasis spatial representation, authors from Ottawa are unable to contribute to the literary prestige of their city. Ottawa remains nonetheless the institutional centre of Francophone Ontario, and a literary city.
Ce mémoire aborde les villes de Moncton et d'Ottawa à partir de la notion de « capitale littéraire » de Pascale Casanova. Tandis que la ville de Moncton est parvenue à devenir la capitale littéraire de l'Acadie, la ville d'Ottawa, qui rappelle pourtant sa contrepartie acadienne à bien des égards, peine à endosser cette fonction pour l'Ontario français. Dans chacune des parties de ce mémoire, il s'agit d'étudier le rôle institutionnel de ces villes puis d'identifier les stratégies d'écriture par lesquelles leurs auteurs ont cherché, ou non, à les transformer en capitale littéraire. Le premier chapitre porte sur la ville de Moncton dans Moncton mantra de Gérald Leblanc et dans Petites difficultés d'existence de France Daigle, et le second, sur la ville d'Ottawa dans La Côte de Sable de Daniel Poliquin et dans King Edward de Michel Ouellette. La conclusion vise à comprendre pourquoi la ville d'Ottawa n'est pas parvenue à devenir une capitale littéraire au même titre que Moncton, tout en réévaluant cette notion dans le contexte de l'exiguïté. En empruntant, pour se distinguer de la littérature de Sudbury, des voies esthétiques qui relèguent la représentation de l'espace au second plan, les auteurs d'Ottawa sont peu en mesure de contribuer au prestige littéraire de leur ville. Centre institutionnel de l'Ontario français, Ottawa n'en demeure pas moins une ville littéraire.

Static and dynamic behavior of the dry and saturated Ottawa sand are studied in the constitutive modeling laboratory, by using cubical multiaxial device with servo-controlled loading system and high speed automatic data acquisition system. In this investigation, the multiaxial cubical device with servo-controlled loading system and high speed automatic data acquisition system is used to apply independently the three-dimensional loading and measure corresponding strains and stress. The cubical multiaxial device is modified to include the servo-controlled pressure system and automatic data acquisition system. To understand the cyclic behavior and post cyclic behavior, comprehensive laboratory tests have been performed on the dry and saturated Ottawa sand, covering a number of relative densities and confinements.

This thesis employs a post-anarchist influenced lens and develops a collective capacity framework in order to explore how the media consumption and production practices of the Chinese Canadian, Latin American, and Somali Canadian communities in Ottawa, Canada, can strengthen these communities’ ability to facilitate the process by which immigrants become community members and form a sense of belonging in Ottawa. The thesis explores both how ethno-cultural media can help newcomers to form a sense of belonging and become part of a local ethno-cultural community, as well as how such media can help members of minority ethno-cultural communities become part of the broader local community and to form a sense of belonging in Ottawa, and Canada more broadly. Throughout, the thesis identifies and explores the differences that emerge between the three communities in order to gain better insight into the potential benefits of ethno-cultural media. In order to explore and to answer these questions, the thesis employs quantitative and qualitative methods. It relies on analysis of secondary literature, raw data from the OMMI 2012 Survey, raw content coding of local Chinese and Spanish language media carried out as part of the Ottawa Multicultural Media Initiative, and primary research consisting of content coding of a Somali Canadian television program. The main contribution of this thesis lies in offering a new lens through which to assess the integrative potential of ethno-cultural media. Approaching the question from a bottom-up, relationship-centred perspective has yielded different findings than those generally reported in Canadian ethno-cultural media research. Although there were significant differences in terms of media use and media production between the three communities, the findings revealed that all three used ethno-cultural media in ways that had the potential to help them in the process of settling down and taking root in a new city, and of helping them to form a sense of belonging.

Over the last three years the issue of street sex work has emerged as a contentious one in the Ottawa area. Many agencies in the community such as the police, social services and the municipal government each seek to deal with the matter. In considering this situation, I utilize Social Movement Theory to critically analyse a state-initiated social movement. This thesis presents the findings of a case study of the community group "Together for Vanier" in the east area of Ottawa. Drawing on documents produced by or about the group, observations at community meetings and interviews with key community players, the author argues that absent in Social Movement Theory is a consideration of silenced voices, rendering movements to appear more cohesive than they actually are. This paper suggests that "Together for Vanier" is not an authentic social movement, but rather a state generated one. The thesis concludes by utilizing ideas from Governmentality and Foucault to argue that "Together for Vanier" represents a form of governing at a distance and is thus a site of contestation. Key words: community mobilization, social movement, street sex work

The Ottawa Panhandlers' Union's use of nonviolent action provides a useful case to examine the relationship between nonviolence, power and truth. Dahl, La Boetie and Foucault's theories of power provide different perspectives from which to analyze the use of nonviolence by the OPU. Dahl and La Boetie's theories of power as capacity and consent respectively focus on the OPU's ability to force others to take particular actions, and choice in compliance in scenarios imposed by others. Alternately, Foucault's theory of power allows an examination of the union members' positions within power relations, and how tacit social understandings construct their knowledge of themselves and others. When the OPU's use of nonviolence is seen in this light, addressing positions within power relations, and identifying the tacit social understandings that construct them, become important elements in understanding nonviolent action. Keywords: Nonviolence, Power, Foucault, Truth, Panhandlers

La modélisation intégrée du système d’assainissement urbain offre la flexibilité nécessaire pour développer des solutions qui bénéficient le plus au système global, en mettant l'accent sur la quantité et la qualité de l'eau, Les modèles intégrés offrent des avantages par rapport aux modèles traditionnels des sous-systèmes individuels en facilitant l’analyse efficace des interactions entre ces différents systèmes individuels (c.-à-d. les bassins versants, les égouts, les stations d’épuration et les eaux réceptrices) dans une seule plateforme de modélisation. La complexité réduite de ce type de modèle diminue le fardeau de calcul par rapport à leurs homologues détaillés, ce qui permet une plus large gamme d'évaluations telles que l'analyse de scénarios, l'optimisation par contrôle en temps réel et l’analyse d'incertitude par approche Monte Carlo. Le potentiel de créer ces types de modèles intégrés représentatifs a été démontré dans de multiples études, mais les méthodes existantes pour développer ces modèles ne sont pas bien établies ni bien documentées et nécessitent donc un grand effort pour chaque nouveau cas d’étude. De plus, l'absence d'une méthode standardisée pour représenter la partie du modèle qui simule la quantité d'eau limite l'application de ces modèles pour des études de qualité de l'eau. Bien que la recherche soit nécessaire pour développer et optimiser toutes les méthodologies impliquées dans le développement de modèles intégrés de systèmes d'eaux usées urbaines, ce projet se concentre sur les modèles conceptuels simplifiés des bassins versants et des égouts pour la quantité d'eau. L'objectif de cette étude était de développer une procédure structurée pour traduire des modèles hydrologiques et hydrauliques détaillés en modèles conceptuels simplifiés utilisés dans la modélisation du système intégré des eaux usées urbaines. L'objectif était d'améliorer la répétabilité, la flexibilité et l'efficacité de l'approche générale, indépendamment de la plateforme de modélisation choisie. Cette tâche a été réalisée en extrayant les principales étapes et considérations tout en construisant deux modèles conceptuels simplifiés d'une étude de cas au centre d'Ottawa, au Canada. La partie urbaine centrale (6 400 ha) d'un modèle détaillé PCSWMM de la Ville d'Ottawa, contenant une combinaison d'égouts séparés, partiellement séparés et combinés, a été utilisée comme modèle de référence dans cette étude de cas. La tâche principale consistait à déterminer comment traduire ce modèle détaillé en modèle conceptuel simplifié de manière structurée, systématique et répétable en utilisant WEST comme plateforme. La procédure développée suit une séquence similaire à celle des protocoles examinés dans la revue de la littérature, tout en tenant compte des spécificités liées à l'agrégation des bassins versants et des égouts. Les quatre phases principales sont la définition du projet, le développement du modèle, la calibration et la validation. Deux versions du modèle conceptuel ont été créées : le premier a d'abord été créé avec un certain niveau d'agrégation, tandis que le deuxième était plus agrégé que le premier modèle, avec environ la moitié du nombre de bloques et de réservoirs. Les deux modèles ont été calibrés et comparés au modèle détaillé. Les résultats des simulations ont montré que le volume total et la dynamique des débits calculés par les modèles conceptuels ont bien émulé ceux du modèle détaillé (< < 10% de différence), tout en fournissant une réduction significative du temps de calcul (10 à 80 fois). La réduction du temps de simulation pour le modèle le plus agrégé n'était pas équivalente au niveau d'agrégation augmentée, principalement parce qu’il y a une quantité de code qui est présente dans les deux codes et prend donc le même temps de calcul. Comme généralement anticipé, des différences plus grandes, mais acceptables, ont été observées en validation. Ces différences ont été attribuées à plusieurs facteurs, tels que le manque de calibration avec des données sur une période longue, les représentations simplifiées des structures spéciales, les différences entre les mécanismes utilisés dans les modèles détaillés et conceptuels pour représenter le durée de pluie, et la configuration du code de modèle. Dans l'ensemble, la validation a été une réussite étant donné que la calibration a été effectuée à l'aide d'événements de courte durée alors que la validation a utilisé une longue série de données. En général, la procédure conçue a permis de réduire le travail manuel associé à la construction d'un modèle et à bien structurer la façon de construire des modèles conceptuels. Des connaissances pour chacune des différentes phases de modélisation ont également été acquises tout au long du processus du développement des deux modèles. Dans la phase ‹‹ Définition du projet ››, les objectifs du modèle conceptuel ont guidé la méthode de développement et de calibration du modèle. Les bassins versants et les égouts ont été délimités simultanément dans la phase de ‹‹ Développement du modèle ››, tout en tenant compte des emplacements des structures hydrauliques clés, des pluviomètres et des structures de débordement. La phase de ‹‹ Calibration ›› a permis l'avancement le plus systématique étant donné qu'un bon ordre de calibration a été défini et un ensemble limité de paramètres a été ciblé pour chacune des étapes de calibration. La phase de ‹‹ Validation ›› s'est révélée essentielle pour repérer des lacunes dans les hypothèses de base et les valeurs calibrées, afin de déterminer si le modèle est prêt à être utilisé ou doit être modifié. Une procédure efficace et structurée qui traduit les représentations des bassins versants urbains et des égouts de modèles détaillés en modèles intégrés conceptuels a été développée et appliquée avec succès à une étude de cas. Comme démontré dans ce projet, l'application de la procédure structurée mènera au développement efficace de modèles intégrés représentatifs, ce qui augmentera leur utilisation potentielle pour tester des scénarios réalistes. Pour raffiner et améliorer la procédure formulée, il est recommandé de l'appliquer à d’autres études de cas.
Modelling urban wastewater networks within integrated systems, focusing on both water quantity and quality, introduces flexibility to develop solutions with greatest benefit to the overall system. Integrated models provide benefits over traditional single sub-system models by facilitating efficient analysis of interactions between the individual components of urban water systems (i.e. catchments, sewers, treatment plants, and receiving waters) within a single modelling platform. The reduced complexity of this type of model decreases the computational burden compared to their detailed counterparts. This allows for a wider range of assessments such as scenario-testing, RTC optimization, and Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses. The potential to create these types of representative integrated models was proven in multiple studies, however, the current methods to develop these models are not well-established nor well documented, and therefore require significant work for each case study. Furthermore, the lack of a standardized method to represent the water quantity portion limits the wide-scale application of such models for water quality studies. Although research is required to further develop and optimize all methodologies involved with building Integrated Urban Wastewater System (IUWS) models, this project focuses on the simplified catchment and sewer conceptual models for water quantity. The objective of this study was to develop a structured procedure to translate detailed hydrologic and hydraulic models into the simplified conceptual models used in IUWS modelling. The aim was to improve repeatability, flexibility and efficiency of the general approach, regardless of chosen modelling platforms. This task was achieved by extracting the key steps and considerations while building two simplified conceptual models of a case study in central Ottawa, Canada. The central urban portion (6,400 ha) of a calibrated detailed PCSWMM model of the City of Ottawa, containing a mix of separated, partially-separated and combined sewer areas, was used as the reference model in this case study. The main task involved determining how to translate this detailed model into simplified conceptual models, using WEST as the platform, in a structured, systematic and repeatable way. The resultant developed procedure follows a similar sequence as the protocols reviewed in the literature review, while taking into consideration specifics related to aggregating catchments and sewers. The four main phases of this thesis are Project Definition, Model Development, Calibration and Validation. Two versions of the lumped model were created; the first was created with a certain level of aggregation, while the second was a further aggregation of the first model, resulting in about half the number of blocks and reservoirs. Both models were calibrated and compared to the detailed model as well as to each other. The simulation results showed that the volume and dynamics (ie. the shape of the hydrographs) of the conceptual models emulated those of the detailed model well (< < 10% differences), while providing a significant reduction in simulation-time speed-up (10 to 80 times faster than the detailed model). The simulation time reduction in the more aggregated model was not equivalent to the increased level of aggregation, mostly due to the fixed amount of basic calculation required in each model. As generally expected, larger but acceptable differences were found during the validation period compared to the calibration period. These differences were attributed to several factors, such as the lack of a long-time series calibration, oversimplified representations of special structures, the different mechanisms in the detailed and conceptual models used to represent wet weather flow, and the configuration of the model code. Overall, the validation was successful given the fact that the calibration was performed using events whereas the validation used an extended time series of 45 days. In general, the devised procedure helped reduce the manual labour associated with building a model and structured the approach to build the conceptual models. General findings from the various identified phases were also documented throughout the model building process. In the Project Definition phase, the conceptual model’s objectives guided the method of model development and calibration. The catchments and sewers were delineated concurrently in the Model Development phase, while taking into consideration the locations of the key hydraulic structures, raingauges and overflows. The Calibration phase allowed for the most systematic advancement of the model build, given that a good calibration order was defined and a limited set of parameters was targeted in each successive run. The Validation phase proved critical in pinpointing deficiencies in the initial assumptions and calibrated values, thus determining whether the model is ready for use or needs to be modified through one of the preceding phases. An efficient and structured procedure that translates catchment and sewer representations from detailed to conceptual models in IUWS was developed and successfully applied to a case study. As demonstrated in this project, applying the proposed structured procedure will lead to the efficient development of representative IUWS models, thus increasing their potential use to test real-life scenarios. To challenge and improve the formulated procedure, applying it to multiple case studies is recommended.

As the number of Indigenous people/s in Canadian cities is increasing, more research in the field of decolonization is needed to advance conceptual and empirical understanding of how to decolonize urban settler space. This thesis takes a critical qualitative and decolonization approach to investigate how Indigenous people/s experience urban settler space by using a case study of Indigenous students at the University of Ottawa. Through sharing circles, personal interviews, and reflexive journaling, I centre my participants’ experiences and perceptions of the University of Ottawa campus as space. In the first results chapter (Chapter 3), I present my participants’ perceptions of the built environment of the campus and in turn identify the contours of a settler space. In the next chapter (Chapter 4), I examine the participants’ experiences of the campus as a social space. Their responses reveal that settler spaces are imbued with settler norms – what I call settlernormativity – that often reproduce unequal settler-Indigenous relations in and through space. Drawing from my participants’ views on how to decolonize campus space, in Chapter 5, I propose acts of decolonization in space-time as a strategy to decolonize settler urban spaces.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a psychometric instrument called the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT), which attempted to determine the relative importance of mental skills required to achieve levels of excellence in sport performance. A review of the literature of sport psychology experts Anshel, (1987); Mahoney, (1989); Mahoney, Gabriel & Perkins, (1987); Orlick (1980, 1986, 1992); Seiler, (1992) and Vealey, (1988) was completed and served as the basis for the creation of the OMSAT questionnaire. The questionnaire was initially comprised of 14 scales including a total of 113 questions. The 14 scales were further divided into five major areas: (1) Foundation Skills (commitment, belief); (2) Affective Skills (stress reactions, fear, relaxing, energizing); (3) Cognitive Skills (goal-setting, imagery, mental practice, focus, refocus); (4) Competition Skills (simulation, competition planning); and (5) Team dynamics. The OMSAT questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 486 subjects who were divided into three groups based on their gender, sport discipline and athletic level of achievement. Following statistical analyses (i.e., internal consistency, frequency item distribution) of every question, a new condensed version of the OMSAT was formulated. This new version was comprised of 71 questions within 12 scales. Results of the condensed version of the OMSAT demonstrated high levels of internal consistency (alpha levels above.78), and acceptable levels of test-retest reliability (r levels above.63). Mean score differences indicated that elite athletes scored higher than competitive athletes, who in turn, scored higher than recreational athletes in nearly all of the OMSAT scales. Overall, the OMSAT appears to provide a potentially useful assessment and diagnostic tool for both understanding, and potentially, counselling athletes of different ability levels.

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the service needs of area youth "at risk". The main findings of this research indicate that persistent and serious adolescent offenders were more likely to have more negative composite profiles. In particular, they were more likely to come from families with: a single parent; another member with a criminal history; a lower class background; alcoholism; and poor relationships within the family. Similarly, persistent and serious adolescent offenders were significantly more likely to: be unemployed and not in school; be truant; and have dropped out of school. It was also discovered that area persistent and serious adolescent offenders were more likely to: have negative motivation/response to present intervention; have rejected or expelled from another program/service; be more aggressive; abuse alcohol and drugs; and have negative attitudes toward both their delinquency and the criminal justice system. Area social service agencies must begin to make more creative and effective use of existing resources. The educational system must recognize and capitalize upon its role in identifying youth "at risk". Finally, agents of the criminal justice system, particularly the police, must begin to become more involved in community-based interagency initiatives which focus on the preventative or proactive role of their activities. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The work conducted in Canadian television newsrooms has significant implications for journalism, news and society. This research investigates how the routines and decision-making processes of two local private television newsrooms form a "working ideology," potentially influencing choices relating to news content. Data were collected through interviews with employees of two Ottawa newsrooms, both technical and editorial. This thesis finds a 'dumbed down' routine may have serious implications for content, including increasing bureaucratic dependency and centralization of story choice. It finds that dwindling resources result in aggressive efficiencies, including the new emergence of a competency gap between newsroom needs and available skill sets of employees. Finally, it finds that soft integration between news and advertiser interests is occurring. The findings raise important questions about the ability of Canadian local television news to deliver the socially important stories the public expects. Keywords. Television journalism, work routines, news objectivity, professional ideologies, television news industry.

Enhancing primary care is key to the Canadian health care reform. Considered as an indicator of primary care access and quality, hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions are commonly reported by Canadian organisations as sentinel events signaling problems with the delivery of primary care. However, the literature calls for further research to identify what lies behind ACS hospitalisation rates in regions with a predominantly urban population benefiting from universal access to health care. A theoretical model was built and, using an ecological design, multiple regressions were implemented to identify which neighbourhood characteristics explained the socio-economic gradient in ACS hospitalisation rates observed in Ottawa. Among these neighbourhoods, healthy behaviour and - to a certain extent - health status were significantly associated with ACS hospitalisation rates. Evidence of an association with primary care accessibility was also signaled for the more rural neighbourhoods. Smoking prevention and cessation campaigns may be the most relevant health care strategies to push forward by policy makers hoping to prevent ACS hospitalisations in Ottawa. From a health care equity perspective, targeting these campaigns to neighbourhoods of low socio-economic status may contribute to closing the gap in ACS hospitalisations described in this current study. Reducing the socio-economic inequalities of neighbourhoods would also contribute to health equity.

As the population ages and income disparities increase, issues affecting older adults and marginalized individuals are examined more frequently. Despite this, little attention is paid to the community experiences of women over the age of fifty who face marginalization, criminalization and homelessness. This study is an institutional ethnography of older marginalized women in Ottawa, focusing on their identities, lives and their experiences of community life. Its findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork as well as interviews with 27 older marginalized women and 16 professionals working with this group. The women described their identities, social networks, daily activities and navigations of their communities as well as the policy and discursive framework in which their lives are situated. Regardless of whether the women had housing or were staying in shelters, upheaval, uncertainty and change characterized their experiences in the community, reflecting their current circumstances, but also their life courses. Their accounts also revealed how, through social support, community services, and personal resilience, older marginalized women negotiate daily life and find places and spaces for themselves in their communities. As an institutional ethnography, this research foregrounds participants’ responses, framing these with theoretical lenses examining mobilities, identity, social capital, governmentality, and stigma. Specifically, it uses the lenses of mobilities and identities to understand the nature of their community experiences, before moving outward to examine their social networks and the world around them. Governmentality theory is also used to describe the neoliberal context framing their community experiences. The study concludes with a reflection on the research and a set of policy recommendations arising from the study.

The dissertation develops a theory-based, state-centered revisionist explanation of the development of Canadian broadcasting policy during the years 1955 to 1968. The hypothesis contends that state officials seek their own preferred policy outcomes rather than reflecting the preferences of societal actors. The concept of decision points is used to explore the origins of the 1958 Broadcasting Act and the 1968 Broadcasting Act. The evidence suggests the content of these measures was largely determined by bureaucratic actors. Two aspects of the 1968 legislation (the power to approve broadcasting licenses and extension of broadcasting regulatory jurisdiction to cable television) are examined in detail. In both cases, the evidence points to the decisive role of state rather than societal actors in the policy process. Confirmation of the central hypothesis raises questions about society-centered theories of the democratic state.

The issue of municipal amalgamation has been the subject of much political debate in the Province of Ontario. The transition process in the Ottawa-Carleton region was viewed by the Ottawa Transition Board as more than just a simple amalgamation exercise. Rather, it was an attempt to drastically alter the way of doing politics and business at the local level. Although the provincial government and the Board's objectives and desired outcomes in the amalgamation process were clearly articulated at the outset, the path to their attainment was not as straightforward. Factors of scope and ideology as well as the serious time constraints imposed upon the Board contributed to its difficulties. Furthermore, the Board faced a number of effective prevailing democratic constraints. This thesis studies the decision-making process of the Ottawa Transition Board in order to examine its initial project and the degree to which this project was reflected in the Board's final recommendations.

This thesis examines the impact of urban water infrastructure on the Ottawa River through an exploration of the City of Ottawa's historical development from the early modern period to the present. The primary aim is to explain how the Ottawa River came to be removed or ignored from the City of Ottawa's urban development strategy. The thesis focuses on the periods of 1910-1920 (early modernity) and 1999-2012 (present). The theories applied are risk, risk management, normal accident theory and the politics of infrastructure. The data and information for this thesis were primarily retrieved from the City of Ottawa website as well as from the archives of the City of Ottawa. The thesis identifies several factors explaining why the Ottawa River has been mistreated over time, as well as the challenges involved in reforming present-day practices and infrastructure. Several recommendations to fix the situation are advanced.

The current opioid crisis has, among other things, resulted in soaring rates of fatal overdose across Canada, prompting officials to turn to harm reduction in hopes of combatting the epidemic. The Coroners Service of British Columbia issued a statement in March 2017 reporting an 80% increase in the number of deaths resulting from illicit drug use in 2016 from 2015 (Coroners Service of British Columbia, 2017). Despite the abundance of evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of supervised injection services (SIS) in Canada and worldwide, the implementation of this intervention has remained highly controversial, particularly in Ottawa. Guided by Michel Foucault’s theory of governmentality, this thesis explores the obstacles hindering the implementation of supervised injection services in Ottawa, Ontario. Through eight qualitative semi-structured interviews with front-line workers of harm reduction programs, this thesis identifies and explores several obstacles to the implementation of SIS, primarily bureaucratic obstacles stemming from the enactment of the Respect for Communities Act (2015).

Many existing bridges, especially those built before 1970, were designed with minimum or no seismic considerations. Past experience has shown that such bridges are very vulnerable when subjected to moderate and strong earthquake motions. This was illustrated during the 1989 Loma Prieta, the 1994 Northridge, and the 1995 Kobe earthquakes, when many existing bridge collapsed or were severely damaged. Such a poor performance of the bridges was attributed primarily to the fact that the seismic effects were underestimated in the pre-1970's design practice. In Ottawa region, a great expansion of highway bridges occurred in the 1950's to 1970's, before modern bridge design codes were developed. Statistics show that the number of existing bridges designed according to substandard seismic codes is significantly larger than the number of new, well-designed bridges. Given this, it is essential to develop methods for evaluation and retrofit of existing bridges in order to reduce the risk from seismic actions. In this study, seismic evaluation was conducted to eight bridges located in the Ottawa region and designed according to the pre-1970's bridge codes. In addition, one new bridge, built 1994, was analyzed and was used as a reference case for comparing the performance of older and new bridges. Inelastic models were developed for each bridge and nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted by using excitation motions compatible with the design spectrum for Ottawa, prescribed by the latest Canadian national code for bridge design. The performance of the bridges was assessed by analyzing the responses represented by curvature ductilities, shear demands, and lateral drifts. The results indicated that the performance of most of the selected bridges is acceptable for the seismic excitations used in this study.

As a French-Canadian, Catholic institution, the University of Ottawa's practices and policies traditionally reflected the philosophy that universities served primarily to train boys for the professions. This ideal remained in effect until the mid-1950s when the University of Ottawa first considered actively recruiting women students. In 1959, the University hired Eveline LeBlanc to organize an initiative to actively recruit women students. This thesis explores two issues of importance to the study of women's history. Firstly, the main theme of this thesis pertains to Eveline LeBlanc and her professional role as a person of authority within the all-male, Catholic based administrative structure at the University of Ottawa during its transition to a co-educational institution. Secondly, this thesis also looks at the experiences of women students at the University of Ottawa from the mid-1950s until the mid-1960s as they struggle to obtain acceptance and define their position in a predominantly male setting.