Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Orienting effects »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Fimm, Bruno, Klaus Willmes et Will Spijkers. « Differential Effects of Lowered Arousal on Covert and Overt Shifts of Attention ». Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no 7 (15 juin 2015) : 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000405.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractBased on previous studies demonstrating detrimental effects of reduced alertness on attentional orienting our study seeks to examine covert and overt attentional orienting in different arousal states. We hypothesized an attentional asymmetry with increasing reaction times to stimuli presented to the left visual field in a state of maximally reduced arousal. Eleven healthy participants underwent sleep deprivation and were examined repeatedly every 4 hr over 28 hr in total with two tasks measuring covert and overt orienting of attention. Contrary to our hypothesis, a reduction of arousal did not induce any asymmetry of overt orienting. Even in participants with profound and significant attentional asymmetries in covert orienting no substantial reaction time differences between left- and right-sided targets in the overt orienting task could be observed. This result is not in agreement with assumptions of a tight coupling of covert and overt attentional processes. In conclusion, we found differential effects of lowered arousal induced by sleep deprivation on covert and overt orienting of attention. This pattern of results points to a neuronal non-overlap of brain structures subserving these functions and a differential influence of the norepinephrine system on these modes of spatial attention. (JINS, 2015,21, 545–557)
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Mahoney, Jeannette R., Joe Verghese, Kristina Dumas, Cuiling Wang et Roee Holtzer. « Multisensory cueing and the attention network test in aging ». Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012) : 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646424.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Attention Network Test (ANT) assesses the effect of alerting and orienting cues on a visual flanker task measuring executive attention. Previous findings revealed that older adults demonstrate greater RT benefits when provided with visual orienting cues that offer both spatial and temporal information of an ensuing target. Given the overlap of neural correlates involved in multisensory processing and cueing (i.e., alerting and orienting), especially in the superior colliculus, thalamus, superior temporal and parietal regions, an investigation of multisensory cueing effects was warranted. The current study was designed to determine whether participants, both old and young, benefited from receiving multisensory alerting and orienting cues on a visual flanker task. Eighteen young (M = 19.17 yrs) and eighteen old (M = 76.44 yrs) individuals that were determined to be non-demented and without any medical or psychiatric conditions that would affect their performance were included. Results revealed main effects for the executive attention and orienting networks, but not for the alerting network. In terms of orienting, both old and young adults demonstrated significant orienting effects for auditory–somatosensory (AS), auditory–visual (AV), and visual–somatosensory (VS) cues. Benefits of multisensory compared to unisensory averaged orienting effects differed by cue type and age group; younger adults demonstrated significantly greater RT benefits for AS orienting cues whereas older adults demonstrated significantly greater RT benefits for AV orienting cues. Both groups, however, demonstrated significant RT benefits for VS orienting cues. These findings provide evidence for the facilitative effect of multisensory orienting cues, and not multisensory alerting cues, in old and young adults.
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Tovar, Mariela, et Gary Coldevin. « Effects of Orienting Activities and Instructional Control on Learning Facts and Procedures from Interactive Video ». Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, no 4 (novembre 1992) : 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n6km-0jdk-d87v-3p7b.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of orienting activities and locus of instructional control on the learning of factual and procedural knowledge via interactive video. Specifically, the interaction between three levels of instructional control (linear, mixed and learner) and two levels of orienting (orienting versus no orienting) was investigated. It was hypothesized that the provision of an orienting activity would show a greater impact on learning for the learner control condition than for the mixed control and linear control conditions. Subjects consisted of ninety-one university students majoring in either biology, chemistry or exercise science. The dependent variables were recall of facts, recall of procedures, and instructional time. The results did not support the predicted interaction between orienting activity and instructional locus of control. It was found that provision of the orienting activity significantly facilitated the recall of factual information from the lesson. Both linear and mixed control treatments were significantly superior to the learner control. No significant effects were found for the recall of procedural information. Analysis of the time variable showed that subjects provided with the orienting activity spent significantly more time with the program than those who did not have this activity.
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Correa, Ángel, et Anna C. Nobre. « Neural Modulation by Regularity and Passage of Time ». Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no 3 (septembre 2008) : 1649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90656.2008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The current study tested whether multiple rhythms could flexibly induce temporal expectations (temporal orienting) and whether these expectations interact with temporal expectations associated with the passage of time (foreperiod effects). A visual stimulus that moved following a regular rhythm was temporarily occluded for a variable duration (occlusion foreperiod). The task involved making a speeded perceptual discrimination about the target stimulus that reappeared after the occlusion. Temporal-orienting effects were measured by comparing performance and event-related potentials on conditions in which the timing for target reappearance was predictable (valid) versus unpredictable (invalid) according to the rhythm. Foreperiod effects were measured by comparing conditions in which the target was occluded for progressively longer periods of time (short, medium, and long foreperiods) and hence were increasingly predictable. The results showed strong interactions between temporal orienting and foreperiod effects during the facilitation of behavior and neural activity associated with late perceptual and response selection processes. Temporal orienting attenuated the N2 amplitude and decreased the P3 latency only at short foreperiods. Temporal preparation related to foreperiod effects abolished temporal orienting effects at medium and long foreperiods. Likewise, foreperiod effects attenuated the N1 and N2 amplitudes and decreased the P3 latency only in the invalid orienting condition as preparation related to temporal orienting abolished foreperiod effects in the valid condition. This high degree of neural overlap between the effects of temporal orienting driven by rhythms and foreperiod effects associated with the passage of time suggests the involvement of a common mechanism for temporal preparation.
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Danziger, Shai, Alan Kingstone et Robert D. Rafal. « Orienting to Extinguished Signals in Hemispatial Neglect ». Psychological Science 9, no 2 (mars 1998) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00021.
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This study tested for spatial orienting effects, without awareness, to signals presented in the neglected hemifield of 2 hemispatialneglect patients. The experiment adapted a spatial precuing paradigm for measuring the effects of visual attention. Contralesional orienting hastened subsequent target detection at the location of an extinguished precue. These findings validate a claim that orienting can occur independently of overt detection and indicate that location information is registered in the neglected field.
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Bahri, Toufik. « Covert Orienting of Attention Controls Vigilance Decrement at Low Event Rate ». Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no 1 (août 1994) : 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.83.
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Factors controlling sustained visual orienting were investigated by combining the paradigms of covert orienting and vigilance. Analysis suggests a close relationship between orienting of attention and vigilance which is dependent on the event rare during the vigilance task. At a low event rate both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of orienting are found. Vigilance decrement is related to the accumulation of inhibition over time, supporting Posner, et al.'s 1984 theory. Invalid cues reduce the decrement. At a high event rate, however, neither facilitation nor inhibition effects are reliable, and vigilance decrement is relared to limitations of the allocation of attentional capacity, supporting Parasuraman's multifactorial theory. The results suggest that facilitation and inhibition caused by orienting are important opposing mechanisms in visual attention, allowing the nervous system to control the distribution of attention both over visual space and over time.
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Zivony, Alon, Hadas Erel et Daniel A. Levy. « Predictivity and Manifestation Factors in Aging Effects on the Orienting of Spatial Attention ». Journals of Gerontology : Series B 75, no 9 (25 mai 2019) : 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz064.
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Abstract Objective Prior attention research has asserted that endogenous orienting of spatial attention by willful focusing may be differently influenced by aging than exogenous orienting, the capture of attention by external cues. However, most such studies confound factors of manifestation (locational vs symbolic cues) and the predictivity of cues. We therefore investigated whether age effects on orienting are mediated by those factors. Method We measured accuracy and response times of groups of younger and older adults in a discrimination task with flanker distracters, under three spatial cueing conditions: nonpredictive locational cues, predictive symbolic cues, and a hybrid predictive locational condition. Results Age differences were found to be related to the factor of cue predictivity, but not to the factor of spatial manifestation. These differences were not modulated by flanker congruency. Discussion The results indicate that the orienting of spatial attention in healthy aging may be adversely affected by less effective perception or utilization of the predictive value of cues, but not by the requirement to voluntarily execute a shift of attention.
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Berlucchi, Giovanni, Leonardo Chelazzi et Giancarlo Tassinari. « Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return ». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no 4 (juillet 2000) : 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562408.
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Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.
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Olk, Bettina, Elena Tsankova, A. Raisa Petca et Adalbert F. X. Wilhelm. « Measuring effects of voluntary attention : A comparison among predictive arrow, colour, and number cues ». Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 67, no 10 (octobre 2014) : 2025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.898670.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Posner cueing paradigm is one of the most widely used paradigms in attention research. Importantly, when employing it, it is critical to understand which type of orienting a cue triggers. It has been suggested that large effects elicited by predictive arrow cues reflect an interaction of involuntary and voluntary orienting. This conclusion is based on comparisons of cueing effects of predictive arrows, nonpredictive arrows (involuntary orienting), and predictive numbers (voluntary orienting). Experiment 1 investigated whether this conclusion is restricted to comparisons with number cues and showed similar results to those of previous studies, but now for comparisons to predictive colour cues, indicating that the earlier conclusion can be generalized. Experiment 2 assessed whether the size of a cueing effect is related to the ease of deriving direction information from a cue, based on the rationale that effects for arrows may be larger, because it may be easier to process direction information given by symbols such as arrows than that given by other cues. Indeed, direction information is derived faster and more accurately from arrows than from colour and number cues in a direction judgement task, and cueing effects are larger for arrows than for the other cues. Importantly though, performance in the two tasks is not correlated. Hence, the large cueing effects of arrows are not a result of the ease of information processing, but of the types of orienting that the arrows elicit.
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Cristescu, Tamara C., et Anna Christina Nobre. « Differential Modulation of Word Recognition by Semantic and Spatial Orienting of Attention ». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no 5 (mai 2008) : 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20503.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the present study, we investigated the ability to orient attention to abstract associative features of complex stimuli, more specifically, to the semantic categories of visual word stimuli. We compared the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of semantic orienting with those elicited by spatial orienting to word stimuli. Two parallel, cued lexical-decision tasks, with semantic- or spatial-orienting cues, were used. Results showed that both semantic and spatial orienting facilitated behavioral performance. The event-related potential analysis revealed different and non-overlapping patterns of modulation of word processing by semantic and spatial orienting. Modulation by semantic orienting started later, affecting only the potentials linked to conceptual or semantic processing (N300 and N400). The pattern of N300/N400 modulation in the semantic-orienting condition was similar to that observed in semantic-priming tasks, and was compatible with the operation of controlled semantic processes. Spatial orienting significantly enhanced the amplitude of the early visual potential P1 as well as the language-related N400 potential. These findings showed that the similar end-result of behavioral facilitation by semantic and spatial orienting is achieved through largely distinct mechanisms acting upon separate levels of stimulus analysis.
Thèses sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Spencer, Martin Bramwell Howard. « Effects of noise on visual orienting ». Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6697/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Eleven experiments are reported which examine the effects of 90 dB (A) white noise on the processes which govern orienting of attention in visual space. The selectivity hypothesis argues that noise alters the priorities which govern stimulus selection so that subjectively dominant aspects of the environment are attended to more fully than those which are non-dominant. The applicability of this hypothesis is examined with regard to attentional orienting. Three experimental paradigms are used. The first involves a central cue presented immediately prior to target onset. In the absence of eye movements reaction times to expected targets are faster than to unexpected targets, but noise has no effects on performance. It is concluded that the power of the central alerting cue is focussing attention in a maximal fashion and noise has no further effect on policies of allocation. A second task design involves the presentation of positional information prior to a block of trials. Under such conditions subjects fail to maintain orienting as trials continue. Noise enhances the ability to maintain orienting over time. This effect is discussed in the light of the selectivity hypothesis. It is argued that the inability to maintain orienting is not due to the inhibition which arises as a result of successive responding. Rather it is due to the difficulty involved in maintaining an active orientation. The third paradigm involves orienting to specific locations on the basis of information stored in short-term memory. When recall of this information is aided by a visual warning signal occurring prior to target onset noise has no effect on performance. Without this signal, noise alters performance and these data are compared to predictions based upon the selectivity hypothesis. These effects are discussed in terms of a noise-induced change in the strategy of performance, rather than an effect which is mechanistic.
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Tsiora, Stamatina. « The effects of nicotine on attention orienting ». Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/409a449a-870b-45cf-8b8d-ada8a9828912.
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Navigation through the environment requires the ability to select relevant information from a multitude of irrelevant stimuli. Under conditions of processing conflict, attention and cognitive control processes bias sensory input based on internal goals. These processes are supported by the interplay of a fronto-parietal attention network that exerts a top-down influence on information processing and a superior temporal network that operates in parallel and that responds in a stimulus-driven manner to behaviorally salient stimuli. It is often reported that nicotine can enhance top-down attention control and reduce distraction. In experiments 1 and 2, the effects of increasing control demands on behavior were assessed using electrophysiological (EEG) and behavioral measures in an auditory number parity decision task with different levels of distraction. Participants made forced choice ‘odd’ or ‘even’ number decisions, while ignoring preceding or simultaneous novel distractors. A group of non-smokers was compared to overnight abstinent smokers (9 hours) and after nicotine intake via 2 mg nicotine tablet or via smoke-inhaled nicotine. The results revealed that preceding distractors impaired task performance due to orienting to and reorienting from the distractor. Simultaneous distractors did not cause orientation of attention (indicated by absence of a P3a Event-Related Potential) and produced smaller increments in response latencies. However, this type of complex novel stimulus initiated processes of memory updating that significantly impaired response sensitivity and accuracy. Nicotine withdrawal enhanced these distraction effects, whereas nicotine intake, particularly via smoking, normalized performance. In experiment 3, dichotic listening performance in a group of non-smokers was compared to abstinent smokers (12 hours) using behavioral, EEG and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures. The perceptual salience of the stimuli was manipulated by systematically varying the Inter-aural Intensity Difference (IID) between them. The analysis pointed to distinct brain networks that differentially activate depending on the level of competition between sensory inputs and these effects were additionally modulated by nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal impaired behavioral performance supported by evidence of enhanced use of memory and attention resources, and some evidence of task-independent default mode network activation. Overall, the findings suggest that withdrawal from nicotine, particularly in heavy smokers, is associated with impairments in cognitive control and that subsequent intake of nicotine serves mainly to normalize performance.
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Butler, Joe. « Top-down and exogenous effects on covert and overt orienting ». Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/topdown-and-exogenous-effects-on-covert-and-overt-orienting(88a8f964-f569-444a-ad9d-803c36609366).html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Due to numerous bottlenecks, the human brain is unable to consciously process all data available at the retina. To overcome these constraints, evolution has developed a system that breaks down retinal information into fragments and subsequently analyses them according to current goals and expectations. This biasing system is frequently referred to as attention. Yet despite a long history of itself having been the focus of analysis, there are a number of questions about attention that are clearly unanswered by the literature. Therefore, we wanted to address three problems highlighted by our literature review. Specifically, we wanted learn, (I) Are the effects of probabilistic expectations, when instructed either by spatial blocking of the target location or through a central cue, on response latencies the product of a ballistic, attentional process, or the product of an information theoretical decision-making process? (II) Can the inhibitory aspects of spatial attention be pre-deployed by using a central cue to manipulate prior expectations of where a task-irrelevant distractor is likely to appear? (III) What is the relationship between attention and eye movements?We investigated this last question by way of testing healthy participants on covert and overt versions of the behavioural paradigms designed to address questions I and II, and then in a neuropsychology patient who presented with hypometric saccades, we investigated if eye movements and attention can be dissociated. Experiments 1-4, showed that the effects of target probability - when either spatially manipulated or instructed through a central cue - can neither be fully accounted for by attentional accounts or information theoretical accounts. Additionally, the outcome of target probability is context dependent. That is, outcomes depend on how target probability was instructed. Experiment 5 showed that spatial inhibition cannot be endogenously deployed using central cues. Although we found that distractor suppression takes place when targets are invalidly cued, suggesting distractor suppression takes place during reorienting. Experiments 6-7 showed that attentional orienting can be preserved in the presence of oculomotor impairment, indicating eye movements and attention can be structurally dissociated. Whereas the results of experiments 1-5 are consistent with claims that covert and overt orienting are similarly affected by expectations due to a common attentional process. We conclude that expectations influence a mechanism common to overt and covert responses, but ultimately, both processes are distinct. In the discussion chapter, we discuss a number of future avenues of research,including how electrophysiology could be used to further understand the phenomena presented here. Overall, the contribution of this body of research is to illustrate that the relationship between top-down expectations and exogenous effects is extremely complicated, and are, currently, inadequately captured by present models of attention.
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De, Cesarei Andrea <1978>. « Emotional engagement and orienting : the effects of picture size on affective response ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1450/1/de_cesarei_andrea_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For their survival, humans and animals can rely on motivational systems which are specialized in assessing the valence and imminence of dangers and appetitive cues. The Orienting Response (OR) is a fundamental response pattern that an organism executes whenever a novel or significant stimulus is detected, and has been shown to be consistently modulated by the affective value of a stimulus. However, detecting threatening stimuli and appetitive affordances while they are far away compared to when they are within reach constitutes an obvious evolutionary advantage. Building on the linear relationship between stimulus distance and retinal size, the present research was aimed at investigating the extent to which emotional modulation of distinct processes (action preparation, attentional capture, and subjective emotional state) is affected when reducing the retinal size of a picture. Studies 1-3 examined the effects of picture size on emotional response. Subjective feeling of engagement, as well as sympathetic activation, were modulated by picture size, suggesting that action preparation and subjective experience reflect the combined effects of detecting an arousing stimulus and assessing its imminence. On the other hand, physiological responses which are thought to reflect the amount of attentional resources invested in stimulus processing did not vary with picture size. Studies 4-6 were conducted to substantiate and extend the results of studies 1-3. In particular, it was noted that a decrease in picture size is associated with a loss in the low spatial frequencies of a picture, which might confound the interpretation of the results of studies 1-3. Therefore, emotional and neutral images which were either low-pass filtered or reduced in size were presented, and affective responses were measured. Most effects which were observed when manipulating image size were replicated by blurring pictures. However, pictures depicting highly arousing unpleasant contents were associated with a more pronounced decrease in affective modulation when pictures were reduced in size compared to when they were blurred. The present results provide important information for the study of processes involved in picture perception and in the genesis and expression of an emotional response. In particular, the availability of high spatial frequencies might affect the degree of activation of an internal representation of an affectively charged scene, and might modulate subjective emotional state and preparation for action. Moreover, the manipulation of stimulus imminence revealed important effects of stimulus engagement on specific components of the emotional response, and the implications of the present data for some models of emotions have been discussed. In particular, within the framework of a staged model of emotional response, the tactic and strategic role of response preparation and attention allocation to stimuli varying in engaging power has been discussed, considering the adaptive advantages that each might represent in an evolutionary view. Finally, the identification of perceptual parameters that allow affective processing to be carried out has important methodological applications in future studies examining emotional response in basic research or clinical contexts.
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De, Cesarei Andrea <1978>. « Emotional engagement and orienting : the effects of picture size on affective response ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1450/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For their survival, humans and animals can rely on motivational systems which are specialized in assessing the valence and imminence of dangers and appetitive cues. The Orienting Response (OR) is a fundamental response pattern that an organism executes whenever a novel or significant stimulus is detected, and has been shown to be consistently modulated by the affective value of a stimulus. However, detecting threatening stimuli and appetitive affordances while they are far away compared to when they are within reach constitutes an obvious evolutionary advantage. Building on the linear relationship between stimulus distance and retinal size, the present research was aimed at investigating the extent to which emotional modulation of distinct processes (action preparation, attentional capture, and subjective emotional state) is affected when reducing the retinal size of a picture. Studies 1-3 examined the effects of picture size on emotional response. Subjective feeling of engagement, as well as sympathetic activation, were modulated by picture size, suggesting that action preparation and subjective experience reflect the combined effects of detecting an arousing stimulus and assessing its imminence. On the other hand, physiological responses which are thought to reflect the amount of attentional resources invested in stimulus processing did not vary with picture size. Studies 4-6 were conducted to substantiate and extend the results of studies 1-3. In particular, it was noted that a decrease in picture size is associated with a loss in the low spatial frequencies of a picture, which might confound the interpretation of the results of studies 1-3. Therefore, emotional and neutral images which were either low-pass filtered or reduced in size were presented, and affective responses were measured. Most effects which were observed when manipulating image size were replicated by blurring pictures. However, pictures depicting highly arousing unpleasant contents were associated with a more pronounced decrease in affective modulation when pictures were reduced in size compared to when they were blurred. The present results provide important information for the study of processes involved in picture perception and in the genesis and expression of an emotional response. In particular, the availability of high spatial frequencies might affect the degree of activation of an internal representation of an affectively charged scene, and might modulate subjective emotional state and preparation for action. Moreover, the manipulation of stimulus imminence revealed important effects of stimulus engagement on specific components of the emotional response, and the implications of the present data for some models of emotions have been discussed. In particular, within the framework of a staged model of emotional response, the tactic and strategic role of response preparation and attention allocation to stimuli varying in engaging power has been discussed, considering the adaptive advantages that each might represent in an evolutionary view. Finally, the identification of perceptual parameters that allow affective processing to be carried out has important methodological applications in future studies examining emotional response in basic research or clinical contexts.
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Urbanczyk, Sally Ann. « The Effects of Voluntary Lateral Orienting on Positive Manifold for Lateralized Cognitive Tasks ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330689/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As an extension of previous studies (Urbanczyk, Angel, & Kennelly, 1988) examining the effects of unimanual finger tapping on lateralized cognitive tasks, lateral body orienting was added to an established dual task paradigm to generate differential hemispheric activation and shifts of attention. One hundred twenty university students retained sequences of digits or spatial locations for 20 seconds either alone or during finger tapping. By turning both head and eyes left or right, the hemisphere congruent with the sequences (LH for digits, RH for locations) or incongruent (vice versa) was activated. Activation had little effect on retention means but greatly affected resource composition supporting task performance. Congruent orientation produced significantly higher positive correlations between digit and location tasks than incongruent orientation. Females showed higher sequence retention correlations than males across both orienting groups. For females, congruent activation enhanced tapping rates and retention-tapping correlations. For males, activation affected neither of these. Discussed in light of neuroanatomical research, these results suggest that congruent attentional orienting may integrate regions of the less activated hemisphere into networks of the more activated hemisphere. This unification may occur more readily across the female corpus callosum, producing a greater dependence upon a general attentional resource than for males, who appear to depend more upon hemispheric resources.
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Jerome, Christian. « ORIENTING OF VISUAL-SPATIAL ATTENTION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY : EFFECTS OF SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL MULTI-MODAL CUES ». Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4141.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Advances in simulation technology have brought about many improvements to the way we train tasks, as well as how we perform tasks in the operational field. Augmented reality (AR) is an example of how to enhance the user's experience in the real world with computer generated information and graphics. Visual search tasks are known to be capacity demanding and therefore may be improved by training in an AR environment. During the experimental task, participants searched for enemies (while cued from visual, auditory, tactile, combinations of two, or all three modality cues) and tried to shoot them while avoiding shooting the civilians (fratricide) for two 2-minute low-workload scenarios, and two 2-minute high-workload scenarios. The results showed significant benefits of attentional cuing on visual search task performance as revealed by benefits in reaction time and accuracy from the presence of the haptic cues and auditory cues when displayed alone and the combination of the visual and haptic cues together. Fratricide occurrence was shown to be amplified by the presence of the audio cues. The two levels of workload produced differences within individual's task performance for accuracy and reaction time. Accuracy and reaction time were significantly better with the medium cues than all the others and the control condition during low workload and marginally better during high workload. Cue specificity resulted in a non-linear function in terms of performance in the low workload condition. These results are in support of Posner's (1978) theory that, in general, cueing can benefit locating targets in the environment by aligning the attentional system with the visual input pathways. The cue modality does not have to match the target modality. This research is relevant to potential applications of AR technology. Furthermore, the results identify and describe perceptual and/or cognitive issues with the use of displaying computer generated augmented objects and information overlaid upon the real world. The results also serve as a basis for providing a variety of training and design recommendations to direct attention during military operations. Such recommendations include cueing the Soldier to the location of hazards, and mitigating the effects of stress and workload.Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology
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Chung, Yongkuk. « Processing advertisements on the Web the effects of animation and arousing content on orienting, arousal, encoding, and storage / ». [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3183476.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2005.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 2763. Adviser: Annie Lang. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Frischen, Alexandra. « The time-course of attention orienting via observed gaze direction : facilitation, inhibition, and the effects of emotional expression ». Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411957.
Texte intégral
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Sciberras-Lim, Evatte. « It's all in the eye of the beholder : The effects of personality on the social orienting of attention ». Thesis, Sciberras-Lim, Evatte (2013) It's all in the eye of the beholder : The effects of personality on the social orienting of attention. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/18842/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We tend to shift our attention to wherever other people are looking, a phenomenon known as gaze-driven attentional orienting (Driver et al., 1999; Friesen & Kingstone, 1998). Gaze triggers attentional orienting primarily due to its social importance, and the reflexive shift of attention in the direction of another person’s gaze is widely documented (Friesen, Ristic, & Kingstone, 2004). Although much research has investigated the facial stimulus used to trigger orienting and how features of the face affect gaze cueing, few studies have examined the characteristics of the observer and how this might impact gaze driven attention. The present research used the gazecueing paradigm (Posner, 1980) to investigate whether the personality of the observer would influence reflexive orienting to gaze cues, and whether the observer’s personality characteristics would interact with stimulus characteristics such as perceived social dominance (experiment 1 and 2) and emotional expression (experiment 2) to impact the magnitude of the gaze cueing effect. Both reaction time and accuracy to a briefly presented target letter were measured to assess the magnitude of gaze cueing. The results showed that observer personality did not impact the magnitude of gaze cueing, although the effect of extroversion approached significance. Interestingly, the results also indicated that while dominance affects reaction time it does not affect accuracy. The effect of social dominance on gaze cueing was modulated by extroversion. Experiment 2 showed that emotional expressions did not influence gaze cueing magnitude, nor did emotional expression interact with either personality or perceived social dominance. The results provides some very preliminary suggestions that certain personality characteristics are associated with stronger gaze cueing and the effects of observer personality on gaze cueing magnitude should be further explored.
Livres sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Spence, Charles. Orienting Attention. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.015.
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The last 30 years or so have seen a rapid rise in research on attentional orienting from a crossmodal perspective. The majority of this research has tended to focus on the consequences of the covert orienting of attention (either to a sensory modality or spatial location) for both perception and neural information processing. The results of numerous studies have now highlighted the robust crossmodal links that exist in the case of both overt and covert, and both exogenous and endogenous spatial orienting. Neuroimaging studies have started to highlight the neural circuits underlying such crossmodal effects. Researchers are increasingly using transcranial magnetic stimulation in order to lesion temporarily putative areas within these networks; the aim of such research often being to determine whether attentional orienting is controlled by supramodal versus modality-specific neural systems that are somehow linked (this is known as the ‘separable-but-linked’ hypothesis). The available research demonstrates that crossmodal attentional orienting (and multisensory integration—from which it is sometimes hard to distinguish) can affect the very earliest stages of information processing in the human brain.
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Briihl, Deborah S. The effects of alcohol upon the orienting of attention. 1994.
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Lucas, Marsha Esther. The effects of fetal distress on the cardiac component of the orienting response in newborns. 1987.
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Margres, Matthew G. L. Bizarre imagery : The differential effects of orienting tasks and schematic bases on the recall of normal and bizarre images. 1987.
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Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.
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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Theeuwes, Jan. Spatial Orienting and Attentional Capture. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.005.
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The present review discusses basic findings and current controversies regarding spatial orienting and attentional capture. Endogenous and exogenous spatial orienting and their interaction are discussed in relation to recent debates regarding the role of orienting in the preparation of eye movements, in relation to subliminal cueing, and to the debate whether spatial attention is needed for the detection of basic features. The review also discusses whether it is possible to cue a distractor location in order to reduce its effect on target processing. Stimulus-driven attentional capture and contingent capture are discussed in relation to controversies regarding non-spatial filtering, the existence of assumed search modes, and the concept of the attentional window. The review concludes that contingent capture may be nothing other than endogenous orienting.
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Morin, Jean-François G., Maggie Harris et Patricia J. Conrod. A Review of CBT Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.57.
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This review article presents a summary of the existing literature on well-established CBT treatments for substance use disorder. It provides an overview of the origins, procedure, and evidence for six CBT treatment models: relapse prevention (RP) and mindful-based relapse prevention (MBRP), guided self-change (GSC), community reinforcement approach (CRA), behavioral couples therapy (BCT), and personality-targeted brief interventions. Common intervention components include orienting clients towards a meaningful goal, teaching necessary skills to reduce substance use and successfully achieve the goal, and establishing plans to face potential relapses, which generally appear to produce moderate to large effects across contexts and substance-related outcomes.
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Dobbins, Ian. The Uznadze effect : Evidence for the functional equivalence of Sokolov's inhibition of the orienting reflex and Gibson's adaptation with negative after-effect. 1994.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Dorros, Karen G., Nathan Brody et Susan Rose. « A Comparison of Auditory Behavior in the Premature and Full-Term Infant : The Effects of Intervention1 ». Dans The Orienting Reflex in Humans, 619–24. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171409-41.
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Stephenson, David. « The Effects of Representation of an Habituation Stimulus Coincident With a Period of High Arousal on Long-Term Habituation of the Electrodermal Orienting Response ». Dans The Orienting Reflex in Humans, 393–400. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171409-25.
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Ray, R. L. « The Effect of Stimulus Intensity and Intertrial Interval on Long-Term Retention of the OR ». Dans The Orienting Reflex in Humans, 373–79. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171409-23.
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Twohig, Michael P., Michael E. Levin et Clarissa W. Ong. « Session 1 ». Dans ACT in Steps, 47–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190629922.003.0004.
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This chapter outlines how a first session of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) might go. This first session typically includes two components: (1) orienting clients to what to expect from therapy generally and ACT specifically, and (2) beginning work on creative hopelessness. Key points emphasized in this chapter are learning about clients’ perception of therapy, clarifying clients’ treatment goals, collaboratively setting therapeutic expectations, exploring the effects and effectiveness of trying to control thoughts and feelings, and introducing an alternative to controlling thoughts and feelings (willingness). This content sets the stage for concepts to be covered in Chapter 5.
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Graber, Kathryn E. « Conclusion ». Dans Mixed Messages, 210–20. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750502.003.0009.
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This chapter reviews the effects of “mixed messages” produced and circulated in the region of Asian Russia. It analyzes how minority-language media are always “mixed” to some degree and media producers as well as consumers are orienting toward an idealized standard. It also talks about minority media institutions that are supposed to be indigenous but take forms that are assimilatory and hyperinstitutional. The chapter navigates the tensions and challenges for Buryats in Asian Russia and other ethnic minorities that grapple with the trappings of twentieth-century modernity and reorientation to new global publics in the twenty-first century. It also mentions Vladimir Zhirinovsky, who declared that Buryats, as a discrete ethnicity, did not exist.
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Gil, Alberto. « Fidélité créatrice als performative Größe und die Beziehung zwischen Hermeneutik und Kreativität in der Translation ». Dans zeta-textperformances, 109–27. Zeta Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/20215.
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Performance plays a decisive role in both everyday and artistic communication because it is always important to achieve effects. The question of the nature of this effect touches on central aspects of knowledge in general, i. e. whether it is about the realisation of a personal view of reality or whether reality itself realises its effect with the help of the transmitter. The classical concept of mimesis (i. e. the effort to imitate nature) strikes a balance between the subjective and the objective side of truthfinding. In translation studies, too, the concept of performance plays a central role, since every translation is in principle an assignment that is given specifically, with certain objectives. From a translatological point of view, one term of modern philosophy, or more precisely a term coined by Gabriel Marcel, proves to be particularly fruitful for this: fidélité créatrice. Faithfulness to the original is not strict reproduction, but rather the constant updating of essential elements in the service of a goal to be achieved. In this article, the translational performance thus understood will be presented in three variations and illustrated by means of examples. Firstly, it will be a matter of recognizing the performance of the original and trying to ‘effect’ it anew. Secondly, the performance underlying the multiple translation, which corresponds to new and changed intentions, will be examined. Thirdly, translation is to be seen as the performance of a translator as an individual who ‘puts his or her own stamp’ on it. It will be recognized that by orienting oneself towards the concepts of mimesis and fidélité créatrice, fidelity to the original in terms of an active search for deeper layers of its meaning is not only of hermeneutical significance, but also unfolds a relevant performative power.
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Rao, Suresh, Dipika Jayachander, Karadka Ramdas Thilakchand, Paul Simon, Antappa Govindaraju Rajeev, Rajesh Arora et Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga. « Radioprotective Effects of the Ocimum Flavonoids Orientin and Vicenin ». Dans Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, 1367–71. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00103-1.
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Preedy, Chloe Kathleen. « Representing Aerial Environments ». Dans Aerial Environments on the Early Modern Stage, 79–137. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843326.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter investigates how fictional aerial environments were evoked and represented in the open-air drama of Elizabeth and Jacobean England. Various plays from this period feature symbolically charged or geographically orientating references to the air quality of specific regions or locales, while others evoke meteorological and celestial phenomena that range from mists to comets. Collectively, these atmospheric effects advertise the representational scope of an English drama whose imaginative range reached from the caverns beneath the earth to the edge of heaven. Moreover, through such imagery, playwrights including Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and Thomas Middleton drew attention to the as if aerial environments of their drama in ways that might enable their audiences to scrutinize the relationship between these theatrical aerographies, the local playhouse atmosphere, and the actual space of the air.
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Kumar, Sunil, Ravi Prakash et Pralay Maiti. « Advanced Batteries and Charge Storage Devices based on Nanowires ». Dans Current and Future Developments in Nanomaterials and Carbon Nanotubes, 159–75. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050714122030012.
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Compositional designed electrodes exhibiting high specific capacities are of great interest towards align="center"high performance charge storage devices. Electrode surface can store charge or guest ions due to structural confinement effect. Ion storage capacity depends on the structural integrity of electrode (anode) materials of batteries. Electrolyte selection also decides the storage capacity of batteries and other charge storage devices. Volume expansion or variation can be minimized through structural variation of the electrode. align="center"The charging phenomenon proceeds through the continuous ion destruction process of adsorbed ions into semipermeable align="center"pores. Dimension controlled electrode materials possess superior ion storage capacity. The contemporary design is an effective way to improve the charge storage capacity of electrodes. Low dimension materials exhibit better charge storage capacity due to high surface density (surface to volume ratio) and efficient charge confinement. The confined dimensions (quantum confinement) play important roles in orienting the desired kinetic properties of nanomaterials, such as charge transport and diffusion. This chapter emphasizes critical overviews of the state-of-the-art nanowires based align="center"electrodes for energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Ions or charges can be percolated easily through nanowire networks due to fast adsorption and diffusion. High-rate capability is intensified align="center"over large electroactive surface in align="center"an ordered nanowire electrode.
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Bozio, Andrew. « The Perception of Place in King Lear ». Dans Thinking Through Place on the Early Modern English Stage, 98–122. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846567.003.0004.
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This chapter traces the relationship between perception and place in King Lear. Through a reading of Gloucester’s claim to “see” the world “feelingly,” it first argues that Shakespeare’s play both theorizes and enacts a phenomenology of place in the approach to Dover cliff. There, Edgar’s efforts to deceive his father as to the nature of his surroundings work not only reveal the role of perception within the phenomenology of place; they also disrupt that phenomenology, as Edgar’s suggestion that his father’s senses betray him leaves Gloucester with no way of orientating himself within the world. Similarly, Lear’s encounter with the storm shows that the inability to feel one’s surroundings can effect a kind of displacement, leading to a profound disorientation in madness. As such, the chapter furthers the book’s inquiry into the nature of ecological thinking by shifting the emphasis to moments in which such thinking fails, as characters struggle to orient themselves within increasingly imperceptible locations.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Han, Inhwan, B. J. Gilmore et M. M. Ogot. « Synthesis and Experimental Validation of Dynamic Parts-Orienting Devices ». Dans ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0108.
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Abstract Part orientation is an important aspect of factory automation. The parts-orienters presented by this paper are flexible to handle a variety of parts, passive (cost effective) and high-speed (i.e., include significant inertial effects). This paper presents a dynamic synthesis approach of gravity fed parts-orienters. In general, previous works were constrained by their quasi-static analyses. This research demonstrates the synthesis for dynamic parts-orienters based on the mechanics of the system using a simulation package as a design tool. The dynamic effects considered by this work include friction, inertial forces, impact with friction and contact/no-contact (changing kinematic constraints). The passive part orientation systems, which are developed by dynamic system synthesis in the presence of friction and impact, succeed in aligning a part into a specified orientation and through experiment are shown to be valid. This paper presents and experimentally validates a synthesis approach for dynamic mechanical systems with changing kinematic constraints. The experimental validation uses high speed video.
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Bajaj, Neil M., et Aaron M. Dollar. « Kinematic Optimization of a 2-DOF U, 2PSS Parallel Wrist Device ». Dans ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98108.
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Abstract The wrist plays the crucial role of orienting a hand or end effector without significant translational motion, a critical requirement of successful manipulation. In this paper, we present the kinematic design optimization a two degree of freedom universal, two-prismatic-spherical-spherical (U, 2-PSS) parallel wrist mechanism. By varying the geometric parameters of the mechanism, we examine configurations that maximize the Global Conditioning Index, a metric describing the quality of the motion and torque, over the desired workspace, which mimics a healthy human wrist range of motion in circumduction (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). We further investigate the effects of sizing constraints on the resulting optimized design which satisfies the imposed sizing constraints.
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Diana, Lorenzo, Patrick Pilastro, Edoardo N. Aiello, Aleksandra K. Eberhard-Moscicka, René M. Müri et Nadia Bolognini. « Saccades, attentional orienting and disengagement : the effects of anodal tDCS over right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal eye field (FEF) ». Dans ETRA '21 : 2021 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448018.3457995.
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Montesano, John, et Chandra Veer Singh. « Development of a Synergistic Damage Mechanics-Based Model for Predicting Multiaxial Effects in Progressive Failure of Composite Structures ». Dans ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38109.
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A major benefit of advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites is that they can be tailored and optimized to suit a particular structural application by orienting the reinforcing fibers along multiple directions. For practical load-bearing structural components manufactured from multidirectional laminates, predicting their mechanical behaviour is quite complex. This is specifically the case for progressive failure analysis of these materials when subjected to quasi-static or fatigue loading since local cracks will initiate and evolve in multiple directions simultaneously. The difficulty of the problem increases further when these laminates are subjected to complex multiaxial stress states. This is due to the fact that the multidirectional crack state will be subjected to additional crack driving stress components, which will ultimately alter the crack evolution characteristics. A synergistic damage mechanics (SDM) methodology has recently been developed to address these issues in progressive damage analyses of composite laminates containing multiple damage modes and subjected to uniaxial loading [1]. By combining micromechanics and continuum damage mechanics, the SDM methodology provides a rigorous and practical tool for accurate prediction of progressive damage behaviour in composite structures. This is essential for accurately predicting the integrity and durability of practical structures, which will lead to safer and more efficient designs.
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Ghasemi, E., Soheil Soleimanikutanaei et Cheng-Xian Lin. « Control of Turbulent Combustion Flow Inside a Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Using Plasma Actuators ». Dans ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49499.
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In this paper, effects of a standard plasma actuator on non-premixed turbulent reacting flows in a unique gas turbine combustion chamber have been studied numerically. The computational simulation is conducted by employing the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. Chemical reaction kinetics has been modeled using the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model. The numerical simulation has been carried out by Finite Element Methods. High voltage potential between two copper electrodes separated by a dielectric material has been applied which leads to the generation of plasma and an electric field, which creates a body force. It was found that by orienting the plasma force in the desired direction, combustion rate can be accelerated or controlled. The numerical results have been presented through velocity, temperature, and species concentration profiles under different combustion conditions.
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Milovanović, Vesna. « IMPROVING HOTEL PERFORMANCE IN THE “NEW NORMAL” BUSINESS CONTEXT ». Dans Tourism International Scientific Conference Vrnjačka Banja - TISC. FACULTY OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM IN VRNJAČKA BANJA UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52370/tisc22598vm.
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Fast technological advancement, combined with effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, has brought about numerous social and economic changes, and imposed challenges to the hotel industry. On the other hand, demographic changes, such as population ageing, also affect the demand side of the hotel business. The aim of this paper is to highlight the characteristics of a new business environment, often referred to as “new normal”, and to provide implications for hotel managers how to succeed in such an environment. The study reveals that the “new normal” business context demands changes in marketing approach, risk management and supply chain management. Accordingly, attention is drawn to the concepts of customisation, diversification and agility. Making hotel services accessible to a wider population is considered as a potential for improving hotel performance, as elderly and disabled population represent significant market segment which is often neglected. By orienting towards the needs of elderly, hotel companies proactively respond to emerging demographic changes.
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VESTRI, ALEC. « MASKING EFFECT IN ORIENTING OF ATTENTION ». Dans Proceedings of the International School of Biophysics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799975_0031.
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Renteria, Alondra, Parisa Sarmadi et Ian Frigaard. « Cementing Irregular Horizontal Wellbores ». Dans ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63517.
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Abstract In this work, we study the effect of borehole irregularities during primary cementing of a horizontal section of well. We use a simplified 2D gap-averaged model to compute the displacement of a drilling mud by a spacer within an elliptical annulus that represents an oval irregularity. We also present a series of 3D numerical simulations using a Volume of Fluid method to capture the interface between the fluids. The 3D model allows us to study the effects of more local irregularities such as wall roughness that can be imported from a caliper log. The dynamics of the displacement of two fluids in a horizontal uniform circular annulus is governed by buoyancy, eccentricity and the rheology of the fluids. A positive density difference combined with a slow mean pumping speed promotes slumping of the second fluid towards the bottom of the annulus. Nevertheless, high eccentricity values (e = 1-standoff) are common due to the weight of the casing pulling downwards, opposing the buoyancy force. Finally, the rheology of the fluids is relevant to determine the presence of un-displaced layers of mud, e.g. at the walls. The same competition described above holds true in the elliptical annulus. Results from the 2D gap-averaged model suggest that the elliptical shape incorporates an additional way of altering the velocity field around it. The effect is more evident when orienting the largest radius of the elliptical annulus at different angles. Results from 3D simulations show that the interface follows irregularities and the local roughness can improve the displacement by inducing secondary flows. However, enlargements result in poor displacement.
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Deljanin, Emir, Alex Coiret et Pierre-Olivier Vandanjon. « Simulation of road speed-sectioning by assessing the impact of traffic and road infrastructure ». Dans 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1081.
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In a context of climate change, lowering road vehicles consumption is a key point to meet CO2 reduction requirements. In addition to car technological advances, eco-driving is part of the solution but the road infrastructure should ensure its development. In a previous study, a gain of 5% in the spent energy was estimated on specific route by slightly moving some speed signs, but under the assumptions that drivers practice eco-driving and the traffic is free-flow. This paper deepens and widens these first results. The base of this research is to provide a simulation model to study the impact of traffic and speed-sectioning on the environment. Inside this model, the impact of different approach speeds to a speed-sectioning is assessed. The simulation is conducted within the Trafficware Synchro environment where parameters according to road infrastructure, vehicle and driver are based on real traffic data. Moving a speed limitation sign can contribute to a reduction of fuel consumption up to 8% depending on driver structure. This new methodology improves the accuracy of our first results and detects adverse effects as the possible emergence of congestion due to the modification of speed sectioning. In perspective this methodology represents a significant argument in road managers strategy. In addition it also represents an orienting point to investigate different action scenarios and a first step to a global optimization policy in managing road infrastructure.
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Cory, Trevor M., Ryan D. Edelson, Karen A. Thole, Tyler Vincent, San Quach et Dominic Mongillo. « Impact of Ceramic Matrix Composite Topology on Friction Factor and Heat Transfer ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2021 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59588.
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Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are of interest for hot section components of gas turbine engines due to their low weight and favorable thermal properties. To implement this advanced composite in a gas turbine engine, characterizing the influence of CMC’s surface topology on heat transfer and cooling performance is critical. However, very few published studies have reported the flow and heat transfer effects caused by this unique surface topology. This study is an experimental and computational investigation to evaluate the effect of weave orientations, relevant to CMC surfaces, on the resulting pressure loss and convective heat transfer within an internal channel. The weave pattern was additively manufactured as the walls of a scaled-up coupon containing a single channel. For each of the three weave orientations, bulk pressure losses and convective heat transfer coefficients were measured over a range of Reynolds numbers. Scaling the pressure losses in terms of a friction factor and convective heat transfer coefficients in terms of a Nusselt number showed the importance of choosing the appropriate definition of the hydraulic diameter, which was particularly important for the friction factor. A coupon having one wall with the weave surface increased pressure loss and heat transfer compared to a smooth wall with the largest increases occurring when the CMC weave strands were perpendicular to the flow. Friction factor augmentations were much higher than heat transfer augmentations. When adding the weave to a second channel wall, pressure loss and heat transfer were further increased. Orienting the CMC strands perpendicular to the flow consistently showed the largest augmentations in heat transfer over a smooth channel, but at a much higher pressure loss penalty than that seen with the CMC strands parallel to the flow.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Orienting effects"
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Nafakh, Abdullah Jalal, Franklin Vargas Davila, Yunchang Zhang, Jon D. Fricker et Dulcy M. Abraham. Workzone Lighting and Glare on Nighttime Construction and Maintenance Activities. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317379.
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Over the last two decades, an increasing number of highway construction and maintenance projects in the United States have been completed at night to avoid or alleviate traffic congestion delays. Working at night entails several advantages, including lower traffic volumes, less impact on local businesses, cooler temperatures for equipment and material, and fewer overall crashes. Although nighttime roadway operations may minimize traffic disruptions, there are several safety concerns about passing motorists and workers in the nighttime work zone. For instance, improper lighting arrangements or excessive lighting levels at the job site could cause harmful levels of glare for the traveling public and workers, which can lead to an increased level of hazards and crashes in the vicinity of the work zone. To address the issue of glare, the current report focuses on determining and evaluating disability glare on nighttime work zones in order to develop appropriate strategies for improving the safety of workers and motorists during nighttime highway construction and maintenance projects. Disability glare is the glare that impairs our vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort, and it can be evaluated using the veiling luminance ratio (VL ratio). In this study, disability glare values were determined by using lighting data (vertical illuminance and pavement luminance measurements) from the testing of 49 lighting arrangements. Two LED balloon lights, a metal-halide light tower, and an LED light tower were utilized for the field lighting experiments. The glare assessment analyzed the effects of the lighting system setup’s parameters, such as the mounting height, power output, rotation angle, and aiming angle of luminaires on the veiling luminance ratio values (which is a criterion for limiting disability glare). The study revealed the following key findings: (1) an increase in mounting heights of both balloon lights and light towers resulted in lower disability glare levels; (2) compared to the "perpendicular" and "away" orientations, orienting the light towers "towards" the traffic (45 degrees) significantly increases the disability glare levels of the lighting arrangement; and (3) increasing the tilt angles of portable light tower luminaries resulted in an increase in disability glare levels.