Articles de revues : « Organizational accidents »

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Marziale, Maria Helena Palucci, Fernanda Ludmilla Rossi Rocha, Maria Lúcia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi, Camila Maria Cenzi, Heloisa Ehmke Cardoso dos Santos et Marli Elisa Mendes Trovó. « Organizational influence on the occurrence of work accidents involving exposure to biological material ». Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, spe (février 2013) : 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692013000700025.

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OBJECTIVES: to analyze work accidents involving exposure to biological materials which took place among personnel working in nursing and to evaluate the influence of the organizational culture on the occurrence of these accidents. METHOD: a retrospective, analytical study, carried out in two stages in a hospital that was part of the Network for the Prevention of Work Accidents. The first stage involved the analysis of the characteristics of the work accidents involving exposure to biological materials as recorded over a seven-year period by the nursing staff in the hospital studied, and registered in the Network databank. The second stage involved the analysis of 122 nursing staff members' perception of the institutional culture, who were allocated to the control group (workers who had not had an accident) and the case group (workers who had had an accident). RESULTS: 386 accidents had been recorded: percutaneous lesions occurred in 79% of the cases, needles were the materials involved in 69.7% of the accidents, and in 81.9% of the accident there was contact with blood. Regarding the influence of the organizational culture on the occurrence of accidents, the results obtained through the analysis of the two groups did not demonstrate significant differences between the average scores attributed by the workers in each organizational value or practice category. It is concluded that accidents involving exposure to biological material need to be avoided, however, it was not possible to confirm the influence of organizational values or practices on workers' behavior concerning the occurrence of these accidents.

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Catino, Maurizio. « Apprendere dagli errori per migliorare sicurezza e affidabilitŕ organizzativa : il contributo della sociologia dell'organizzazione ». SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, n^o 114 (septembre 2009) : 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2009-114008.

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- The objective of this article is to examine which role the theory and sociology of organization might have in the accident analysis of organizations for the improvement of safety and reliability. The possible role for organizational research on accidents in organizations. The two main aims are: the analysis of two different logics of inquiry in case of accidents - the individual blame logic vs the functional-organizational logic-; the evaluation of the possible role and the practical difficulties in the implementation of an organizational approach if errors and organizational accidents occur. Main attention will focus on organizational research direct to have influence on social processes and conditions of extra-academic effect.Key words: organizational learning, organizational errors, blame culture, just culture, safety, organizational reliability

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Sha, Yongzhong, Junyan Hu, Qingxia Zhang et Chao Wang. « Systematic Analysis of the Contributory Factors Related to Major Coach and Bus Accidents in China ». Sustainability 14, n^o 22 (18 novembre 2022) : 15354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215354.

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The purpose of this study was: (1) to propose a classification system for the contributory factors behind major coach and bus accidents with mass casualties based on the human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS); and (2) to identify the main contributory factors behind accidents and the main indicators of the causal factors. Based on 56 official investigation reports of major coach and bus accidents with more than 10 fatalities, a qualitative content analysis was conducted to develop a modified classification system for the contributory factors behind these accidents, and a gray correlation analysis was conducted to identify the main causative factors and indicators by calculating the correlation degrees. The results showed that the modified classification system for the contributory factors behind major coach and bus accidents can be divided into seven levels: government regulations, the organizational influence of passenger transportation enterprises, unsafe internal operational supervision, preconditions for drivers’ unsafe acts, drivers’ unsafe acts, proximate causes other than the driver’s act, and moderating factors affecting accident severity and probability. The organizational influence of passenger transportation enterprises is the most significant factor affecting the accidents. Thus, passenger transport enterprises must systematically strengthen their responsibility and safety management to prevent accidents. Accident investigations should begin with the accident process to determine the proximate cause as well as the factors that influence the likelihood and severity of the accident.

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Mohsin Abbas, Mohsin Abbas. « The Trend of Occupational Accidents and Their Under-Reporting Estimations in the Factories of Pakistan ; 1993-2009 ». journal of King Abdulaziz University - Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 27, n^o 2 (10 avril 2018) : 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.27-2.5.

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This study aimed to investigate the occupational accidents trends and their under-reporting estimations in Pakistan during 1993-2009. Accident rates and Index value analysis method base on year 1993 used to compare the changing profile of occupational accidents. Occupational accidents underreporting (Ur) in non-reporting factories (NRFs) calculated by considering their proportional accident rate equal to the number of reported occupational accidents by RFs. Total 10330 occupational accidents investigated in RFs. Total 819 fatal accidents found with average fatality rate of 25 fatal accidents per 105 workers in RFs. Total 9511 non-fatal accidents found with an accident rate of 271 non-fatal accidents per 105 which was high (567 non-fatal accidents per 105) from 1993 to 1996. Occupational accidents Ur (77%) estimated three times higher than reported occupational accidents (23%) in RFs with their continuous increasing trend. This study concludes the weak organizational safety culture in Pakistan. Enforcement at governmental level for safety reporting and labor laws reforms required to reduce the Ur of occupational accidents in the factories of Pakistan.

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Kupriyanov, V. V., I. O. Temkin et I. S. Bondarenko. « Study of the Time Characteristics for Emergency Situations in the Coal Mines ». Occupational Safety in Industry, n^o 1 (janvier 2022) : 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-1-39-45.

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The problems directly related to ensuring safety of work in the coal mines are considered. Statistical, technical, and expert analyses was carried out using available research data on the causes and conditions of various underground accidents (methane and coal dust explosions, blockages and collapses, endogenous fires, etc.) at the coal mines in Russia and other coal-producing countries over the past 15 years. The results of studies of natural, technical, and organizational factors of accidents showed that there is a tendency to preserving their number. Possible reasons for a rather high accident rate in the mines, including fatal injuries to personnel, are as follows: insufficient time reserve to escape from the accidents, which, moreover, is not used to the full extent by the mine personnel and management dealing with safety issues during accidents; decisions on establishing the nature and causes of accidents are made on the basis of unreliable information; the development of accidents is influenced by the uncontrollable and beyond control factors. Temporary model of the accident development is proposed. In six different accidents, the structural pattern is established, which is expressed as a golden wurf. This fact shows that there is an optimal dependence between the available time margin and the time to recover from an accident of any complexity. Natural, technical, and organizational factors influencing the margin of time for recovery from the accidents are considered. The importance is shown concerning careful filtration of the digital and voice messages content for the mine personnel when analyzing accidents. The concept of filtration procedure is formulated.

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Kania, A., K. Cesarz-Andraczke, K. Więcek et R. Babilas. « Analysis of accidents in the context of work safety culture ». Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1-2, n^o 94 (1 mai 2019) : 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5120.

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Purpose: The article presents an analysis of accidents in the selected enterprise from the automotive industry. The analysis includes two workplaces: machine operator and warehouseman. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis of accidents at work in a selected production company includes the period from the beginning of 2016 to half of the 2018 year using the method based on the TOH model. This method determines three factors of accident causes: technical, organizational and human (TOH). Findings: In the paper, the workplaces analysis taking into account activities, type of work, working position and accidents at work is presented. The analysis of work accidents includes the age group, work experience etc. The TOH model determines causes related to accidental events. Research limitations/implications: The accidents at work are the result of a low or undesirable safety culture. Because of that, the safety culture should be constantly developed, maintained and continuously improved. Originality/value: Many methods and procedures can be used to investigate accidents at work. The TOH model is one of them. It determines the direct and indirect causes of accidents. Based on them, the corrective actions can be proposed and implemented.

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Procházková, Dana, Jan Procházka et Tomáš Kertis. « DOMAINS OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, WHICH NEED THE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ». Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 11 (28 août 2017) : 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.11.0053.

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The paper analyses the railway accidents sources in the Czech Republic on the basis of knowledge on complex system behaviour. It derives seven categories of sources of railway accidents. The individual categories include the accident sources from the same field domain. These domains are: technical related to rail traffic vehicles; technical related to rail infrastructure and railway station; railway operation control – organizational causes; railway operation control – cyber causes; control of rail traffic vehicles; attack on the train; domain legislative and other. The results show that for railway traffic safety improvement, it is necessary to pay attention to all categories, and especially to these that lead to organizational accidents origination.

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Park, Brian, et Rangaraj Ramanujam. « Myopic Organizational Learning from Accidents ». Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, n^o 1 (août 2017) : 14667. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.14667abstract.

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Abe, Seiji. « Transport Accident Investigation Status and Issues ». Journal of Disaster Research 6, n^o 2 (1 avril 2011) : 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0185.

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Railroad, aviation, and shipping transport accidents tend to be handled as organizational incidents. The objective of accident investigation is to effectively decrease and prevent accident recurrence, rather than to ascribe blame to any person. Such investigations clarify technological, system-based, and managerial shortcomings. By eliminating factors that cause accidents, we may be able to prevent similar recurrences. In this article, we first review the global status of accident, then, look at current situations and issues as they apply to accident investigation in Japan.

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Wright, Chris. « Routine Deaths : Fatal Accidents in the Oil Industry ». Sociological Review 34, n^o 2 (mai 1986) : 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1986.tb02702.x.

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This paper is a study in the relatively neglected field of the Sociology of Accidents and is concerned with fatalities in the UK Offshore Oil Industry. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the social and organizational causes of these accidents. Common sense and expert opinion both present industrial accidents as products of extra organizational abnormality but evidence from this research locates the causes of accidents in work organization and dependence on bureaucratic rationality. In particular it is shown that the hazardous situations in which the accidents occurred were themselves largely the products of two aspects of the formal organization of work, the ‘speed-up’ and the practice of ‘sub-contracting’. It is demonstrated that the common sense equation of the ‘normal’ and the ‘routine’ inhibited recognition of the organization causes of these accidents. Finally it is argued that, since there is little support for the view that the accident were produced by unique working conditions in the offshore industry, it is therefore likely that the causes of accidents in this industry will be found to exist in other industries.

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Yan, Mingwei, Wentao Chen, Jianhao Wang, Mengmeng Zhang et Liang Zhao. « Characteristics and Causes of Particularly Major Road Traffic Accidents Involving Commercial Vehicles in China ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 8 (7 avril 2021) : 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083878.

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Major accidents occurred frequently in the road transportation industry, and the resulting harm to drivers, property loss, and traffic interruption are very serious. This study investigated 11 particularly major accidents involving commercial vehicles in China, and performed analysis on accident characteristics regarding the time, location, types of vehicles, and accident causation at different levels based on the 24Model. Large buses and dangerous goods vehicles were involved in 10 accidents and they all occurred on a freeway. The months from May to August, especially during the time periods of 2:00–4:00 and 14:00–16:00 every day, were the most prone to accidents. The driver’s speeding and fatigued driving, and vehicle failure were the direct causes of most of the accidents. The defects in organizational safety management involved 12 system elements, such as safety accountability, education and training, etc. Procedures are of no use if they were not followed, and there was often no effective process to assess the implementation of procedures in many organizations. The weaknesses in organizational safety culture were the source of accidents, which was mainly manifested in members’ inadequate cognition of key elements in the aspects of safety importance, safety commitment, safety management system, etc. Understanding the characteristics and root causes of accidents can help to prevent the recurrence of similar mistakes and strengthen preventative measures in road transportation enterprises.

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Hoła, Bożena, Tomasz Nowobilski, Zuzanna Woźniak et Marta Białko. « Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Causes of Occupational Accidents Related to the Use of Construction Scaffoldings ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 11 (29 mai 2022) : 5514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115514.

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This article proposes a methodology for classifying occupational accidents involving scaffolding based on the knowledge of the causes that led to their occurrence. Each occupational accident is caused by several causes belonging to three generic groups (technical, organizational, human) occurring in a different configuration. The aim of this research was to determine the qualitative and quantitative structure of the causes of accidents caused by falling from scaffolding. Significant causes were selected from the set of all the causes identified in the analyzed set of accidents. For this purpose, Pareto–Lorenz analysis and the ABC classification were used. Then, a set of significant causes containing technical, organizational and human causes was created, which was the basis for determining the subsets of accidents caused by similar causes. The hierarchical cluster analysis method, the agglomeration clustering technique and the binding of objects using the Ward method were proposed to determine the number of characteristic clusters. Three subsets of accidents with a similar set of causes were obtained. Information on the quality and number of causes in individual subsets was used to estimate the probability of an accident caused by a given set of causes and to assess occupational risk in construction. Calculations were performed using Statistica software.

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Ciavarelli, Anthony P. « HFES 51st Annual Meeting : Assessing Safety Climate and Organizational Risk ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, n^o 20 (octobre 2007) : 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102007.

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Research conducted at the Navy Postgraduate School, over the past 10 years, has focused on key organizational factors that may influence the likelihood of an accident or organizational failure. The concept of “high-reliability-organizations”, originated by Dr. Karlene Roberts and her colleagues at UC Berkeley, California, and was used as a point of departure for understanding how different organizations manage the risk of accidents and other organizational failures. High-reliability organizations are those that are very successful at reducing the risks of operational hazards that typically underlie accidents and organizational disasters, such as the Challenger and Columbia Shuttle accidents. Included in the concept of high-reliability organizations are factors related to the safety culture of the organization. The author and his colleagues at the Naval Postgraduate School and UC Berkeley have developed and validated a web-based safety climate assessment and feedback system now in use in Naval Aviation and in other aviation, aerospace, and medical applications. This paper reviews recent findings in the application of safety climate and culture assessments conducted in naval aviation and US hospitals.

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von Thaden, Terry, Douglas Wiegmann et Scott Shappell. « Organizational Factors in Commercial Aviation Accidents ». International Journal of Aviation Psychology 16, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2006) : 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap1603_1.

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Salminen, Simo, Jorma Saari, Kaija Leena Saarela et T. Rasanen. « Organizational factors influencing serious occupational accidents. » Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & ; Health 19, n^o 5 (octobre 1993) : 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1463.

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Fa, Ziwei, Xinchun Li, Quanlong Liu, Zunxiang Qiu et Zhengyuan Zhai. « Correlation in Causality : A Progressive Study of Hierarchical Relations within Human and Organizational Factors in Coal Mine Accidents ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 9 (10 mai 2021) : 5020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095020.

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It has been revealed in numerous investigation reports that human and organizational factors (HOFs) are the fundamental causes of coal mine accidents. However, with various kinds of accident-causing factors in coal mines, the lack of systematic analysis of causality within specific HOFs could lead to defective accident precautions. Therefore, this study centered on the data-driven concept and selected 883 coal mine accident reports from 2011 to 2020 as the original data to discover the influencing paths of specific HOFs. First, 55 manifestations with the characteristics of the coal mine accidents were extracted by text segmentation. Second, according to their own attributes, all manifestations were mapped into the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), forming a modified HFACS-CM framework in China’s coal-mining industry with 5 categories, 19 subcategories and 42 unsafe factors. Finally, the Apriori association algorithm was applied to discover the causal association rules among external influences, organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts and direct unsafe acts layer by layer, exposing four clear accident-causing “trajectories” in HAFCS-CM. This study contributes to the establishment of a systematic causation model for analyzing the causes of coal mine accidents and helps form corresponding risk prevention measures directly and objectively.

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Pałęga, Michał, et Marcin Knapinski. « Analysis of Circumstances and Causes of Accidents Working in a Selected Industrial Undertaking ». New Trends in Production Engineering 2, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0097.

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Abstract The subject of this publication is to analyze the circumstances and causes of accidents at work in a selected industrial enterprise that provides services in the field of waterjet cutting and laser beam. The paper present the statutory definition of an accident at work and its basic categories (light, heavy, mortal and collective accident). It also discusses the most popular accident investigation method – the TOL method, which classifies the causes of accidents into three basic groups: material-technical, organizational and human. In the further part of the work the characteristics of the waterjet operator’s work station were made, including the scope of activities, possible occupational hazards and preventive actions. Next, the results of the analysis of the circumstances and causes of accidents at work were presented. In the period from 2013 to 2018 eight accidents were reported, resulting in minor injuries, such as cuts and cuts, fracture of the phalanx, overloading of the spine, leg twisting or knee injury.

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Koo, Chae-Chil, Dong-Hyun Seo et Pil-Hyeok Lee. « Analysis of Explosion Accidents in a Chemical Plant using STAMP, a Systematic Cause-and-effect Analysis Technique ». Fire Science and Engineering 35, n^o 5 (31 octobre 2021) : 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.ff34dc1f.

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The process safety management system for chemical plants was introduced approximately 25 years ago. With the improvement in the safety management levels for the safe operation of the chemical plants, the number of serious industrial accidents has gradually decreased; however, increased damages have been observed when accidents do occur. The cause of accidents has also increased in cases where several factors, including social and cultural factors, are complexly related, in addition to facility and human factors. The need for an overall integrated systemic approach related to society, technology, and organization, and a sequential approach for finding the direct cause of accidents, is growing while analyzing the accidents. For this reason, foreign countries have introduced and applied a method to analyze accidents in an integrated manner from a systemic point of view; however, reports of cases or research results used in Korea. In this study, the case of explosion accidents, which occurred during a trial operation at a domestic chemical plant, was analyzed using Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, a systematic accident analysis technique, to reveal the primary cause, organizational, and operational problems, so that it can be used for future investigations when other accidents occur.

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Bulatov, Sergey. « ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LIKELIHOOD OF ROAD ACCIDENTS ». Transport engineering 2022, n^o 6 (9 juin 2022) : 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2022-6-42-47.

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Objective: To identify and reduce deficiencies in the functioning of the road infrastructure in order to eliminate them and increase safety on public roads. Problem: To study the factors affecting the accident rate, analyzing the number and types of road accidents, as well as the main areas where accidents are frequent on the example of Orenburg region. Experimental studies were carried out by the method of observation and statistics on accidents. This paper is characterized by the complexity of considering and analysis of factors affecting the likelihood of road accidents. The accident rate can be reduced as part of implementing the activities of the regional project "Regional and Local Road Network", so by taking measures to control and supervise the arrangement of places of road works, introducing new organizational measures. The increase in the number of cameras for fixing traffic offences in cities and regions, installation of artificial irregularities, aboveground pedestrian crossings, etc., also contribute to the reduction of road accidents. In Orenburg region, the decrease in the number of road accidents in 2021 compared to 2020 reached 19.6%.

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Bellini, Maria Isabel Barros, Ines Amaro da Silva, Beatriz Gershenson et Michele Cardoso Correa. « Human Factor and Disasters : Possible Equations ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (mai 2019) : s137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003017.

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Introduction:This research starts from the assumption that work accidents, in addition to fortuitous or individual phenomena, imply social and organizational factors, and highlights the social character of the production of the accident at work. For this reason, this study investigates the living conditions and the ways of workers in the oil and gas industry in Brazil.Aim:To analyze the human factors in the relationship with work accidents on oil platforms from the social dimensions.Methods:It is qualitative research and it has as instruments of collection the focal group and individual interviews with workers and managers of the platforms, participant observation, and documentary analysis.Results:The research is still being carried out, but some reflections are possible so far: accidents at work depend on the direct or indirect relationship of workers with the work process itself, the modalities of production of work, and management of work. Possible causes underlying the accident are the quality of life and the conceptions of health and safety. Associated with it are social constructs and the multifactorial causes of occupational accidents including the relations between acts and unsafe conditions.Discussion:The increase in outsourcing and the decrease in training quality, as well as the prioritization of production, targets the detriment of meeting safety criteria. There is a need to reassess labor management, safety policies, and outsourcing processes. Lack of awareness of the proper use of safety equipment and the organization of the work environment are major causes of work-related accidents. The human factor focuses on the individual, group, organizational, and social dimensions in complex interactions. The identification of social processes between working groups in empirical reality, the influence of elements of culture, organizational management, and their impacts on relations and on safe work performance allows an understanding of social risks.

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Shimazoe, Junko. « Organizational Accidents Revisited : Situational Variables that Contribute to Organizational Inaction ». Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, n^o 1 (janvier 2016) : 14118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.14118abstract.

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Gamero, Nuria, Inmaculada Silla, Rubén Sainz-González et Beatriz Sora. « The Influence of Organizational Factors on Road Transport Safety ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n^o 9 (6 septembre 2018) : 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091938.

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Road transport safety is a major concern across Europe due to the human and socio-economic costs associated with work-related traffic accidents. Traditional approaches have adopted regulatory and technical measures to prevent road accidents leaving aside the organizational factors that might contribute to road transport safety. However, contemporary sociotechnical systems theory acknowledges the need to take into account organizational factors. This study adopts a sociotechnical approach and it examines the relationship between a number of organizational factors (organizational learning and training) and road traffic accidents in the organizations under study. Our sample was composed of 107 road transportation organizations from Spain. Binary logistic regression analyses were carried out to test our hypotheses. Organizational size and type of transport (goods or passengers) were included in the model as control variables. Results showed that in those organizations where organizational learning was supported, the occurrence of traffic accidents was less likely. Unexpectedly, the relationship between training and the occurrence of traffic accidents was not significant. Thus, findings partially supported the formulated hypothesis. Future research should shed light on the relationship between training and traffic accidents taking into account potential intervening variables.

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Hosseinnia Davatgar, Behnaz, Nicola Paltrinieri et Roberto Bubbico. « Safety Barrier Management : Risk-Based Approach for the Oil and Gas Sector ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n^o 7 (30 juin 2021) : 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070722.

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In the Oil and Gas sector, risk assessment and management have always been critical due to the possibility of significant accidents associated with the presence of large amounts of flammable hydrocarbons. Methods to provide accurate and reliable risk analysis for an oil platform usually focus on critical equipment and identify causes and consequences of loss of containment. Safety barriers are important elements of such accident scenarios, aiming to reduce the frequency of unwanted events. Estimating the performance of safety barriers is essential for the prevention of major accidents. This work first focuses on the application of risk-based analysis on the process area equipment of the floating platform Goliat. Such an approach is secondly extended to the most relevant safety systems to prevent fires and explosions and consequent catastrophic domino effects. An additional challenge resides in the fact that safety barriers cannot always be classified as equipment, as they are often composed of operational and organizational elements. Through the application of the ARAMIS Project (Accidental Risk Assessment Methodology for Industries in the Context of the Seveso II Directive) results, the frequency modification methodology based on TEC2O (TEChnical Operational and Organizational factors) and the REWI (Resilience-based Early Warning Indicators) method, it is possible to quantify the safety barrier performance, to reduce the frequency of unwanted events. While conducting this study, the importance of the management factor in combination with technical and technological aspects of safety barrier performance was analyzed. Starting from the initial project conditions, applying worsening technical factors, and simulating n organizational management for the safety systems, it is possible to quantify the performance of the safety barriers, highlighting the importance of management factors in terms of prevention of major accidents, and to assess the dynamic risk for the overall plant.

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Clarke, David M. « Review essay : Organizational accidents and human error ». Journal of Risk Research 6, n^o 3 (juillet 2003) : 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1366987032000076218.

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Sagir, Zeynep, et Ertugrul Tacgin. « The evaluation of common contemporary occupational accident models using two accident investigations ». International Journal of Business Ecosystem & ; Strategy (2687-2293) 2, n^o 4 (27 mars 2021) : 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v2i4.229.

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The purpose of this paper is to compare three contemporary accident causation models, namely the Swiss Cheese, HFACS, and Fu (2018) Model-based on two accidents existing in the literature. The accidents reviewed are a mine explosion accident and an electrical plant accident. In this way, the validity of the models can be evaluated and weaknesses and strengths revealed. This study discussed the advantages and possible limitations of these models, and according to this discussion, all these models include human and organizational factors and have been found scientific and systematic. According to the results, Fu (2018) and HFACS are more modern, since they were developed based on Swiss Cheese. The product of this research will be a recommendation for safety investigators and accident inspectors which way to turn when choosing the most applicable accident analysis method

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Moore, William H. « The Grounding of Exxon Valdez : An Examination of the Human and Organizational Factors ». Marine Technology and SNAME News 31, n^o 01 (1 janvier 1994) : 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1994.31.1.41.

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Just after midnight on March 24, 1989 the tankship Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef inPrince William Sound, Alaska. The consequences of the accident were the loss of 258 000 barrels of crude oil resulting in substantial environmental and economic loss. The vessel possessed the best technologies available to the tanker industry and was the pride of the Exxon fleet. However, the complexity and the potential catastrophic consequences of using these new technologies is leading to the examination of a more critical element: the human factor. It has been determined that approximately 65% of catastrophic marine-related accidents have been the result of compounded human and organizational errors (HOE) during operations. Consequently, tanker operators and regulatory agencies have begun to realize the importance of examining the critical human factor element in tankship operations. Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) procedures using influence diagramming are currently being developed to examine the effects of HOE in marine-related accidents. This paper examines (1) the human and organizational elements which led to the grounding of ExxonValdez, (2) structuring of the accident cause-effect relationships into an analytical framework, (3)methods for probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) of HOE in the accident, (4) changes in operational and regulatory policy in post-Exxon Valdez era, and (5) methods for determining HOE management alternatives for future tanker operations.

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Jiang, Wei, Wei Han, Jiankai Zhou et Zhishun Huang. « Analysis of Human Factors Relationship in Hazardous Chemical Storage Accidents ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 17 (27 août 2020) : 6217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176217.

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Human factors are important causes of hazardous chemical storage accidents, and clarifying the relationship between human factors can help to identify the logical chain between unsafe behaviors and influential factors in accidents. Therefore, the human factor relationship of hazardous chemical storage accidents was studied in this paper. First, the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS), which originated from accident analysis in the aviation field, was introduced. Since some items were designed for aviation accident analysis, such as the item “Crew Resource Management”, it is not fully applicable to the analysis of hazardous chemical storage accidents. Therefore, this article introduced some modifications and changes to make the HFACS model suitable for the analysis of hazardous chemical storage accidents. Based on the improved HFACS model, 42 hazardous chemicals storage accidents were analyzed, and the causes were classified. After analysis, we found that under the HFACS framework, the most frequent cause of accidents is resource management, followed by violations and inadequate supervision, and finally the organizational process and technological environment. Finally, according to the statistical results for the various causes of accidents obtained from the improved HFACS analysis, the chi-square test and odds ratio analysis were used to further explore the relevance of human factors in hazardous chemical storage accidents. The 16 groups of significant causal relationships among the four levels of factors include resource management and inadequate supervision, planned inappropriate operations and technological environment, inadequate supervision and physical/mental limitations, and technological environment and skill-based errors, among others.

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Dyer, Michael G. « Hazard and Risk in the New England Fishing Fleet ». Marine Technology and SNAME News 37, n^o 01 (1 janvier 2000) : 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2000.37.1.30.

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The United States Coast Guard and the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center studied the 102 serious fishing vessel accidents (1993–1997) in Coast Guard District 1 (New England and Long Island, New York), U.S. national fleet accident data, and international fishing vessel safety programs for the purpose of establishing risk factors and formulating options for future action by the Coast Guard to enhance fleet safety. The 102 regional accidents involved total vessel losses and/or death(s), excluding strictly occupational cases. Each accident was studied in detail to determine causality among human and organizational, fishery and operational, and preventive safety factors. Causality in each case was assigned among the factors, summing to 1.0 and weighted according to the outcome of the accident, i.e., numbers of deaths and injuries. The results quantify (1) the aggregate "significance" of the causal factors; (2) the average weighted outcome of accidents by type (e.g., capsize, collision); and (3) the sensitivity of (1) and (2) to varied relative weightings of vessel losses and deaths.

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Bortnovsky, V. N., et K. N. Buzdalikin. « THE ORGANIZATIONAL BASICS OF MEDICAL AND SANITARY SUPPORT OF REACTION PARTICIPANTS IN A RADIATION ACCIDENT ». Health and Ecology Issues, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2014) : 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2014-11-4-23.

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Construction of a new radiation hazardous project in the Republic of Belarus and extension of the maintenance term of existing nuclear reactors, building of storages of waste fuel beside its borders, increasing risks for terrorist threats raise the demands for readiness for radiation accidents, including organization and realization of medical and sanitary support activities for participants of accident reaction. The article summarizes practical proposals to create a crisis center for medical support of accident reaction participants in emergency situations with a radiation factor.

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Haro, Elizabet, Yu-Hsiu Hung, Hyun Seung Yoo et Robin Littlejohn. « Implicit Biases in Blame Allocation of Accidents across Organizational Components (Worker, Supervisor and Organization) ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, n^o 16 (octobre 2009) : 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905301613.

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The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between implicit biases and blame allocation of accidents across organizational components (workers, supervisors, and organization). The ‘European American-African American’ and created ‘Latino-African American’ Implicit Association Tests (IAT) were used to measure the participants' implicit biases. The Accident Blame Allocation instrument was used to measure the participants' blame allocations, which included accident scenarios with pictures of male and female faces of European Americans, African Americans and Latinos. A total of 102 students, aged from 18 to 23, participated in the study. Results of the two IATs showed that the participants did not have obvious preference tendencies toward any ethnicity, and the ‘European American-African American’ and ‘Latino-African American’ IATs have a positive correlation with score of 0.48 ( p < 0.0001). Results of this study showed that implicit bias did not significantly correlate with accident blame allocation but that the participants' attitudes toward different ethnic groups affected their accident blame allocation patterns.

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Li, Zhen, Rui Mao, Qing Feng Meng, Xin Hu et Hong Xian Li. « Exploring Precursors of Construction Accidents in China : A Grounded Theory Approach ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 2 (7 janvier 2021) : 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020410.

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The implementation of precursor management can improve safety performance of construction projects through effectively managing the correlations between construction accidents and their precursors. However, a system of comprehensive knowledge about what precursors mean within the context of construction safety is still lacking. This study aims to capture the nature of precursors in the construction industry and explore the process of a precursor event evolving into a construction accident to fill this gap. Based on 135 construction accident reports in China, this study adopts grounded theory to identify different types of accident precursors and explore their interactions with the development of the accident. An indicator system of precursors for construction accidents was developed, which included two major categories of precursors: behavioral factors and physical factors and five minor categories of precursors: individual behavior factors, organizational driving factors, objective physical factors, construction environmental factors, mechanical equipment factors. In addition, a precursor management strategy that includes the three stages of identification, response and effectiveness testing was established. The results of the study reveal the correlations between precursors and construction accidents, which can promote construction professionals’ better understanding about precursors and improve their capabilities of managing precursors in practice.

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Yu, Fengjie, Lijing Zhang et Gang Tao. « Research on Behavior Cause of Limited Space Accident Based on “2-4” Model ». E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020) : 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804010.

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In order to prevent accidental casualties in the course of limited space operation, the behavioral safety “2-4” model is used to study the behavioral causes of typical limited space operation accidents. First, the causes of one-time and habitual behavior are studied from the individual level, that is, unsafe action, physical state and safety knowledge, consciousness; then, the research of operational behavior and guiding behavior is studied from the organizational level. Finally, the prevention and control suggestions are put forward to reduce the occurrence of such accidents.

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Darongke, Chyntia Christina, et Yusuf Latief. « Development of Safety Cost on Upper Structure Building Based on Work Breakdown Structure ». Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, n^o 2 (1 février 2020) : 864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8733.

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Construction as one of the most influencing industry to the country’s economy on the other hand also have the highest number of workplace accidents. Based on the data, 32% of accidental cases in Indonesia happened on constructional sectors. Hazard combine with work environments, workers behavior, organizational factor are the few reasons on the high number of workplace accident. In order to controlling the accidents, the safety risks in the construction industry need to be addressed. This paper aims to developing the standardized work breakdown structure for upper structure in building as a series of task in the form activities and to identify the safety risks in construction project based on work breakdown structure in order to effectively listing the workplace safety risk to maximizing the prevention. The risks listed also following by the prevention needed for controlling the risks, and the prevention would help to develop the component needed for cost of safety. In the end, the component of the cost of safety based on the prevention on the risk for each work breakdown structure will be more detailed and accurate.

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Kim, Euisin, et Mooweon Rhee. « Learning from Alliance Membership : An Empirical Study of Learning from the Failure of Their Alliance Members, Liability and Environmentally Sustainable Airline ». Sustainability 13, n^o 21 (26 octobre 2021) : 11794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111794.

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Through this research, we examined whether airlines vicariously learn more from accidents of alliance members. We set organizational learning as our dependent variable and defined it as a reduction in the subsequent accident rate. Our research also examined the moderating effect of liability (U.S. air carriers) by hypothesizing that U.S. air carriers are more likely to learn from alliance memberships. In sum, the results of our analyses showed that an airline is more likely to learn from alliance members’ failure experiences. Furthermore, findings of the moderating effect of liability (U.S. air carriers) revealed that U.S. air carriers are more likely to learn from alliance memberships. In addition, findings on the moderating effect of environmentally sustainable airlines revealed that an environmentally sustainable airline is more likely to learn from alliance memberships. This research was examined using the accidents database from the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of world commercial airlines from 2008 to 2018. We contributed to the previous line of research that explored factors influencing organizational learning and the benefits of forming alliances. The findings of this research could apply to other fields with alliances and accidents.

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Kufner, Brian E., et Laura E. Plybon. « The Moderating Effect of Organizational Safety Climate on Text Message Use and Work-Related Accidents ». International Journal of Social and Organizational Dynamics in IT 2, n^o 4 (octobre 2012) : 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsodit.2012100104.

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Employers’ increased acceptance and use of mobile technology has provided employees with the ability to be in constant contact with their employer and clients through multiple communication platforms. While mobile technology has increased employee productivity, research is beginning to show an association between an upward trend of mobile technology use to an increase of fatal and nonfatal accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine if organizational safety climate influences the relationship between text message use and work-related accidents. A significant relationship was found between text message use and work-related accidents. However, there was no statistically significant main effect of organizational safety climate on work-related accidents, or interaction effect of text message use and organizational safety climate on work-related accidents. Additional research is recommended to investigate the relationships between the variables – both quantitative with larger and more diverse samples and qualitative for more in depth information about the phenomenon.

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Niciejewska, Marta, Adam Idzikowski et Katarína Lestyánszka Škurková. « Impact of Technical, Organizational and Human Factors on Accident Rate of Small-Sized Enterprises ». Management Systems in Production Engineering 29, n^o 2 (21 mai 2021) : 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2021-0018.

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Abstract The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of technical, organizational and human factors on accident rate in small-sized enterprises. The research was carried out using the authors’ questionnaire. The results were verified using the method of direct interview with elements of observation. The results were compared with the trends prevailing in enterprises of EU countries. The respondents, i.e. production company workers, indicate technical factors as those which most significantly affect the occurrence of accidents at work. However, the assessment of the factors changes with the age of the respondents. Older workers, more often than younger employees, indicate the ones related to man or work organization as the most important factors affecting accidents at work and, consequently, the level of occupational safety. The presented results are a part of a larger whole project the authors of this paper are working on.

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Syed, M. Z., A. Khalique, M. D. Idrees, A. Jamil, A. Sami, A. Abdullah, N. Sajid, K. Khan et S. Rizvi. « Prioritization of Occupational Accident Causes in the Automotive Manufacturing ». Engineering, Technology & ; Applied Science Research 12, n^o 3 (6 juin 2022) : 8718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4774.

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The automotive industry is a significant contributor to the economy. Additionally, it is prone to occupational accidents. The current study focuses on organizational accidents in high-risk activities, particularly occupational accidents in the automobile and manufacturing industries. This investigation aims to rank and quantify the causes of occupational accidents. These reasons are identified through a literature review and are investigated utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). An AHP model is built based on a literature review. This model created a questionnaire and its evaluation via a survey of experts' opinions. This study shows that the most significant and dominant elements in accidents are human and organizational factors since they receive roughly equal weighting, whereas environmental factors weigh less.

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Song, Yinghui, Junwu Wang, Denghui Liu et Feng Guo. « Study of Occupational Safety Risks in Prefabricated Building Hoisting Construction Based on HFACS-PH and SEM ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 3 (29 janvier 2022) : 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031550.

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As the concern for environmental pollution and occupational safety caused by the construction industry is gradually increasing worldwide, the prefabricated building model has become a type of construction promoted by sustainable societies. In China, the management codes of prefabricated buildings are not mature enough and safety accidents occur frequently during the construction process. Therefore, how to analyze and determine the main factors that affect the safety of the construction of prefabricated buildings has become a problem to protect the lives and health of construction workers. In this study, we focused our research on the accident-prone component-hoisting construction phase. First, through the questionnaire and accident data, the traditional human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) was improved into the HFACS–prefabricated building hoisting (PH) risk model. This study also established a comprehensive safety prevention and control system for the component-hoisting process of prefabricated buildings by combining the factor analysis of using structural equation modeling (SEM). The prevention and control measures to avoid the occurrence of prefabricated building component-hoisting accidents were also proposed from four aspects: external environment, organizational factors, prerequisites for triggering accidents, and unsafe leadership behaviors. The results showed the following: (1) For the external environment, occupational safety and health system standards should be established and safety supervision responsibilities should be implemented. (2) For organizational factors, safety management systems should be improved with more capital investment. (3) For unsafe leadership behaviors, safety education and training should be strengthened to ensure workers’ optimal physical and psychological states. (4) For the prerequisite of accidents, it is necessary to create a good hoisting work environment.

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Filho, J. M. Jackson, E. D. Fonseca, F. P. A. Lima et F. J. C. M. Duarte. « Organizational factors related to occupational accidents in construction ». Work 41 (2012) : 4130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0708-4130.

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Gephart, Robert P., et Robert Pitter. « The Organizational Basis of Industrial Accidents in Canada ». Journal of Management Inquiry 2, n^o 3 (septembre 1993) : 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105649269323004.

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Salminen, Simo, Jorma Saari et KaijaLeena Saarela. « Organizational factors and risk-taking in occupational accidents ». Journal of Occupational Accidents 12, n^o 1-3 (juin 1990) : 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(90)90086-b.

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Hosmer, Larue Tone. « Lessons From The Wreck Of The Exxon Valdez ». Ruffin Series of the Society for Business Ethics 1 (1998) : 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ruffinx1998112.

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Investigations of large scale industrial accidents generally take one of two alternative approaches to identifying the cause or causes of those destructive events. The first is legal analysis, which focuses on the mechanical failure or human error that immediately preceded the accident. The second is socio-technical reasoning, which centers on the complexities of the interlocking technological and organizational systems that brought about the accident. Both are retrospective, and provide little insight into the means of avoiding industrial accidents in the future. This article looks at six levels of managerial responsibility within a firm, and suggests specific changes at all levels that should logically help in the prevention or mitigation of these high impactllow probability events. The most basicneed, however, is for imagination, empathy, and courage at the most senior level of the firm.

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Tabor, Joanna. « Importance of Accident Analysis Methods for Improvement of OHS Management ». System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment 4, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2022-0028.

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Abstract The aim of the work is to review the basic methods of accident analysis in terms of the possibility of using them to improve occupational safety management. Analyzing accident events is a very good way to obtain information on the practical functioning of OSH management. Although the analysis of accidents and near misses is included in the reactive activities, the changes that will be introduced as a result of this analysis are the most proactive. These irregularities can be related to all elements and aspects of the functioning of the organization from the technical, organizational, human, environmental and management side, and the accident analysis helps to identify them. The paper reviews and characterizes the basic methods of accident analysis, with particular emphasis on accidents at work. Moreover, the basic classification criteria and the main guidelines for the selection of these methods are presented in such a way that they can be effectively used to improve the OSH management system.

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Andrzej Szymanek. « System Approach in Road Safety Studies ». Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2020) : 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.201-210.

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The road safety management methodology should be based on a system approach. This means that the road transport must be formalized as a complex system (CS), and then safety can be interpreted as an emergent feature of such a system. Road accidents should be interpreted as "organizational accidents". They should be studied using concepts such as "normal accident theory" (NAT) and "highly reliable organization" (HRO). The main purpose of the article is to show the usefulness of these concepts for the road safety and risk management, especially in Polish conditions. The system approach to road safety research (and transport safety) will allow for the better safety results.

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Dmitrieva, Tat'yana L., Viktor G. Kudrin et Sergei V. Deordiev. « Approaches to enhancing the efficiency of research into accidents of steel structures ». Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, n^o 1 (2022) : 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-1-28-39.

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Abstract. This article reviews publications investigating accidents at buildings and civil engineering structures. According to the conducted analysis, such publications commonly describe the circum-stances of specific accidents, rather than identify their causes. Classifications of accident causes are often published without disclosing the information sources. No publications have been found on as-sessing the impact of the human factor, including design errors, rolled metal defects, poor-quality manufacturing or installation, as well as violations of the operational rules. In the majority of publica-tions, outdated methods are used for analysing and processing data on accidents. In order to improve the current situation, organizational and methodological measures are proposed. The importance of using the methods of systems analysis and content analysis for searching and processing information is substantiated. It is shown that the main conditions for accident prevention involve strict compliance with reliability requirements at the design, constructional, and operational stages, organization of the maintenance service of structures, their timely inspection, as well as preventive and overhaul repairs. In this regard, the accumulation of statistical data on damages and accidents, grouped according to a unified scientifically-based methodology, appears to be of great importance. It is proposed to create a unified form for data representation on accidents that should be placed on web portals in open access for the purpose of its continuous replenishment.

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Kim, Ja Young, et Hee Cheon Choi. « Effect of Organizational Traits and Result-Orientation on Safety Culture in Seoul Firefighting Organization ». Crisis and Emergency Management : Theory and Praxis 18, n^o 11 (30 novembre 2022) : 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2022.18.11.121.

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Until now, the studies about firefighters' accident cases have focused mostly on accident itself not on organizational culture. Because firefighters' accidents often caused by pursuing excessive operational performance, it is necessary to check the relation between result orientation and safety culture. The study’s independent variables are institution, accident experience, external expectation, communication, and risk acceptance. Parameter variable is result orientation and dependent variable is safety culture. The result with SPSS regression and AMOS structural equation model have shown that institution(-), accident experience(+), external expectation(+), communication(-), and risk acceptance(+) have significant impact on result orientation. Institution(+) and communication(+) have significant effects on safety culture. The result orientation has negative impact on the safety culture. The effect of accident experience on result orientation has the opposite results with the hypothesis, which requires further studies. Strategies for improving safety culture should be approached by both organizational and individual dimension.

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Maslyakov, V. V., Yu E. Barachevsky, O. N. Pavlova, A. V. Pimenov, A. G. Proshin, A. V. Polyakov et A. A. Pimenova. « Organizational Aspects of Providing Emergency Care to Victims in Road Transportation Accidents with Damage to the Facial Skeleton ». Disaster Medicine, n^o 2 (juin 2021) : 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2021-2-65-67.

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The aim of the study is to investigate the organizational aspects of providing emergency medical care to victims of road traffic accidents with injuries of the facial skeleton. Materials and research methods. The study included 75 victims of road accidents that occurred in the city of Saratov in 2010–2019. In the total number of injured men – 42 (56.0%), women – 33 (44.0%). The age of the victims is 18–70 years, the average age is (37.5 ± 6.0) years. The study did not include: victims under the age of 18; victims with neck trauma, damage to the cerebral section of the skull and to other parts of the body. All the victims got medical assistance from the personnel of the ambulance brigades. Covering sheets, outpatient cards and medical records were used as primary documentation. Study criteria: time during which the ambulance was provided; who provided emergency medical care; correctness of its rendering. Research results and their analysis. Analysis of injuries to the facial skeleton showed: injuries of the facial skeleton are an actual pathology in victims of road traffic accidents in Saratov; victims of road accidents got open and closed injuries of the facial skeleton. With closed injuries, moderate and severe injuries were found in 23 (30.7%) victims, with open injuries — in 19 (23.3%) victims; majority (90.7%) of victims of road accidents got high-quality emergency medical aid in a timely manner. In 9.3% of cases, the quality of care was insufficient due to an incorrect assessment of severity of the victims’ condition and, as a consequence, due to non-fulfillment of anti-shock measures; scope of the provision of emergency medical care to victims of road accidents included temporary hemostasis, treatment of wounds and anti-shock measures; from the accident site were evacuated: to level III trauma centers — 24.0% of victims; to level II — 48.0; to level I trauma centers — 28.0% of victims; complications in the form of purulent-septic processes were observed in 16.0% of victims; competent and timely implementation of anti-shock measures determined an insignificant mortality rate — 4.0%.

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Xie, Zhenyu, et Benhong Peng. « A Framework for Resilient City Governance in Response to Sudden Weather Disasters : A Perspective Based on Accident Causation Theories ». Sustainability 15, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2023) : 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032387.

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With climate change, urban resilience is becoming a critical concept for helping cities withstand disasters and accidents. However, current research often focuses on concept identification, leaving a gap between concept and implementation. This study aims to investigate the lack of urban resilience in the face of sudden weather disasters, with a focus on the inadequate capacity of urban systems to effectively govern such events. The Zhengzhou subway flooding accident on 20 July 2021, serves as a case study for this research, and the accident causation theories, such as the Swiss cheese model, Surry’s accident model, and trajectory intersection theory are used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the accident’s causes. Through this analysis, the paper identifies vulnerabilities in the natural, technical, and man-made systems of the urban system, and reveals deficiencies in four aspects of urban resilience: natural, technological, institutional, and organizational. Based on this analysis, the study proposes a resilient city governance framework that integrates the “Natural-Technical-Man-made” systems, offers relevant recommendations for urban resilience governance, and discusses potential challenges to urban resilience implementation.

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Hosmer, Larue T. « Lessons from the Wreck of the Exxon Valdez : The Need for Imagination, Empathy, and Courage ». Business Ethics Quarterly 8, S1 (1998) : 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1052150x00400102.

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Abstract:Investigations of large scale industrial accidents generally take one of two alternative approaches to identifying the cause or causes of those destructive events. The first is legal analysis, which focuses on the mechanical failure or human error that immediately preceded the accident. The second is socio-technical reasoning, which centers on the complexities of the interlocking technological and organizational systems that brought about the accident. Both are retrospective, and provide little insight into the means of avoiding industrial accidents in the future. This article looks at six levels of managerial responsibility within a firm, and suggests specific changes at all levels that should logically help in the prevention or mitigation of these high impact/low probability events. The most basic need, however, is for imagination, empathy, and courage at the most senior level of the firm.

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Dimitroff, Robert D., Lu Ann Schmidt et Timothy D. Bond. « Organizational Behavior and Disaster : A study of conflict at NASA ». Project Management Journal 36, n^o 2 (juin 2005) : 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875697280503600204.

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This paper examines how groupthink led to conflict in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), with a focus on the Challenger and Columbia shuttle tragedies. We will show that, although there were technical causes of the accidents, there are deeper root causes that constitute a recurring thread. Throughout NASA's history, there have been budgetary and scheduling constraints. In an attempt to meet these externally imposed restrictions, management has unconsciously and repeatedly fallen into the psychological tendencies of groupthink. A bulletproof attitude amongst NASA officials was a direct cause of the Challenger accident. Management began tolerating increasing amounts of “acceptable flight risks.” Management compromised safety, one of the quality components of the project management “triple constraint” of schedule, budget, and quality. As a result of this disdain for managing quality, the second accident occurred with a chilling sense of déjà vu. We will examine the root causes of the pressure on management, as well as the traps of conflict that have befallen management.

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