Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Organisation 2D »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Organisation 2D"
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Moura, Felipe Arruda, Juliana Exel Santana, Nathália Arnosti Vieira, Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago et Sergio Augusto Cunha. « Analysis of Soccer Players’ Positional Variability During the 2012 UEFA European Championship : A Case Study ». Journal of Human Kinetics 47, no 1 (1 septembre 2015) : 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0078.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyse players’ positional variability during the 2012 UEFA European Championship by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to data gathered from heat maps posted on the UEFA website. We analysed the teams that reached the finals and semi-finals of the competition. The players’ 2D coordinates from each match were obtained by applying an image-processing algorithm to the heat maps. With all the players’ 2D coordinates for each match, we applied PCA to identify the directions of greatest variability. Then, two orthogonal segments were centred on each player’s mean position for all matches. The segments’ directions were driven by the eigenvectors of the PCA, and the length of each segment was defined as one standard deviation around the mean. Finally, an ellipse was circumscribed around both segments. To represent player variability, segment lengths and elliptical areas were analysed. The results demonstrate that Portugal exhibited the lowest variability, followed by Germany, Spain and Italy. Additionally, a graphical representation of every player’s ellipse provided insight into the teams’ organisational features throughout the competition. The presented study provides important information regarding soccer teams’ tactical strategy in high-level championships that allows coaches to better control team organisation on the pitch.
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Eydeland, A., et E. van Groesen. « An extended self-organisation principle for modelling and calculating the dissipation of 2D confined vortices ». Nonlinearity 2, no 3 (1 août 1989) : 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/2/3/006.
Texte intégral
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Jeulin, Dominique, et Maxime Moreaud. « SEGMENTATION OF 2D AND 3D TEXTURES FROM ESTIMATES OF THE LOCAL ORIENTATION ». Image Analysis & ; Stereology 27, no 3 (3 mai 2011) : 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v27.p183-192.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We use a method to estimate local orientations in the n-dimensional space from the covariance matrix of the gradient, which can be implemented either in the image space or in the Fourier space. In a second step, two methods allow us to detect sudden changes of orientation in images. The first one uses an index of confidence of the estimated orientation, and the second one the detection of minima of scalar products in a neighbourhood. This is illustrated on 2D Transmission Electrons Microscope images of cellulose cryofracture (to display the organisation of cellulose whiskers and the points of germination), and to 3D images of a TA6V alloy (lamellar microstructure) obtained by microtomography.
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Badel, E., R. Bakour et P. Perré. « Investigation of the Relationships between Anatomical Pattern, Density and Local Swelling of Oak Wood ». IAWA Journal 27, no 1 (2006) : 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000137.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We coupled a digital X-ray imaging system with a humid air conditioner. This new configuration allows the shrinkage behaviour of thin samples to be measured. In order to control both the temperature and the relative humidity in the chamber, an air generator was developed which ensures very stable conditions even over several months. The X-ray beam passes through the chamber to the 2D detector. Twelve samples can be placed on a rotating sample holder. The strain field due to the moisture content variations is determined by an image correlation algorithm, which compares X-ray images collected at different moisture conditions. Moreover, inspection by X-ray simultaneously produces complementary data: the local density and the spatial organisation of the tissues within the anatomical pattern. Twelve oak samples, chosen for their wide variability of the anatomical pattern, were characterised using this device.Some models available in the literature are used to predict the swelling. fThe comparison between measurements and prediction is rather poor. The variable anatomical structure of the annual rings permits some explanations for this decrepancy and leads to the conclusion that the complete spatial organisation of the tissues has to be quantified to understand and to predict the behaviour of oak wood.
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Klenovšek, Tina. « Modularity of the dorsal and lateral view of the skull in the European ground squirrel ». Acta Biologica Slovenica 63, no 1 (1 juillet 2020) : 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/abs.63.1.15910.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Modular organization is a general characteristic of biological systems from cellular to organismal level. The mammalian skull is a complex structure that can in general be divided into two functional components, the neurocranium and the viscerocranium. The two-module organisation of the skull of the European ground squirrel Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) has already been confirmed on the ventral cranium, while different studies of integration and modularity of squirrel skulls in general gave mixed results. Studies using 2D geometric morphometrics capture and analyse different views of the skull separately, and often the eventral cranial view is considered as the most suitable. In this study, the hypothesis of the two-module organisation of the S.citellus skull was re-evaluated and confirmed also on the dorsal and lateral cranial view. Nevertheless, the lateral cranium was more integrated than the dorsal cranium. Allometry had almost no effect on the pattern of modularity. This and the previous study of the S. citellus skull modularity show that different cranial views can give different results. Advisably, all three views should be considered also because the lateral view of the skull shows morphological variation in the sagittal plane that is not visible along the frontal plane, when only the ventral and/or dorsal views are considered.
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Loginova, Dina B., Anastasia A. Zhuravleva et Olga G. Silkova. « Random chromosome distribution in the first meiosis of F1 disomic substitution line 2R(2D) x rye hybrids (ABDR, 4× = 28) occurs without bipolar spindle assembly ». Comparative Cytogenetics 14, no 4 (9 octobre 2020) : 453–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v14.i4.55827.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The assembly of the microtubule-based spindle structure in plant meiosis remains poorly understood compared with our knowledge of mitotic spindle formation. One of the approaches in our understanding of microtubule dynamics is to study spindle assembly in meiosis of amphyhaploids. Using immunostaining with phH3Ser10, CENH3 and α-tubulin-specific antibodies, we studied the chromosome distribution and spindle organisation in meiosis of F1 2R(2D)xR wheat-rye hybrids (genome structure ABDR, 4× = 28), as well as in wheat and rye mitosis and meiosis. At the prometaphase of mitosis, spindle assembly was asymmetric; one half of the spindle assembled before the other, with simultaneous chromosome alignment in the spindle mid-zone. At diakinesis in wheat and rye, microtubules formed a pro-spindle which was subsequently disassembled followed by a bipolar spindle assembly. In the first meiosis of hybrids 2R(2D)xR, a bipolar spindle was not found and the kinetochore microtubules distributed the chromosomes. Univalent chromosomes are characterised by a monopolar orientation and maintenance of sister chromatid and centromere cohesion. Presence of bivalents did not affect the formation of a bipolar spindle. Since the central spindle was absent, phragmoplast originates from “interpolar” microtubules generated by kinetochores. Cell plate development occurred with a delay. However, meiocytes in meiosis II contained apparently normal bipolar spindles. Thus, we can conclude that: (1) cohesion maintenance in centromeres and between arms of sister chromatids may negatively affect bipolar spindle formation in the first meiosis; (2) 2R/2D rye/wheat chromosome substitution affects the regulation of the random chromosome distribution in the absence of a bipolar spindle.
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Charmant, W. M., B. A. M. Snoeker, H. P. J. van Hout, I. N. Nauta, F. Boonstra, E. Geleijn, C. Veenhof et P. W. B. Nanayakkara. « Facilitators and barriers for the implementation of a transmural fall-prevention care pathway for older adults in the emergency department ». PLOS ONE 19, no 12 (31 décembre 2024) : e0314855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314855.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background Older adults at the emergency department (ED) with fall-related injuries are at risk of repeated falls. National guidelines state that the ED is responsible for initiating fall preventive care. A transmural fall-prevention care pathway (TFCP) at the ED can guide patients to tailored interventions. In this study, we investigated the facilitators and barriers for the implementation of the TFCP for older adults following a fall-related ED visit from the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals. Methods In this qualitative study, we used semi-structured interviews with ten older adults who had a recent ED visit due to a fall. Furthermore, we organised focus groups with 13 healthcare professionals involved in TFCP. Two researchers independently coded the transcripts using inductive thematic analysis. Results We revealed facilitators and barriers on three key themes: 1) Communication, 2) organisation & execution, and 3) personal factors, and thereunder 12 subthemes. Our specific finding were 1a) communication between healthcare professionals and patients, 1b) interprofessional communication and 1c) communication between patients and their family or friends can have both positive and negative impact on the implementation of a TFCP. For the organisation & execution, facilitators and barriers were mentioned for 2a) processes at the ED, 2b) the fall risk assessment, 2c) patient engagement, 2d) finances, 2e) time, and 2f) responsibilities. Personal factors such as 3a) emotions and behaviour, 3b) knowledge, and 3c) motivation play a crucial role in the success of patient participation. The competence of healthcare professionals in geriatric care facilitate the process of tailoring of care to patients’ needs. Conclusion When implementing a TFCP, it is crucial to be aware that facilitators and barriers from the perspective of patients and healthcare professionals exist in the processes of communication, organisation & execution, and personal factors. These factors guide the development of tailored implementation strategies in ED and primary care settings.
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Wilson, Christopher J. L., Vladimir Luzin, Sandra Piazolo, Mark Peternell et Daniel Hammes. « Experimental deformation of deuterated ice in 3D and 2D : identification of grain-scale processes ». Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no 1 (2015) : 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15011.
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Major polar ice sheets and ice caps experience cycles of variable flow during different glacial periods and as a response to past warming. The rate and localisation of deformation inside an ice body controls the evolution of ice microstructure and crystallographic fabric. This is critical for interpreting proxy signals for climate change, with deformation overprinting and disrupting stratigraphy deep under ice caps due to the nature of the flow. The final crystallographic fabric in polar ice sheets provides a record of deformation history, which in turn controls the flow properties of ice during further deformation and affects geophysical sensing of ice sheets. For example, identification of layering in ice sheets, using seismic or ice radar techniques, is attributed to grain size changes and fabric variations. Such information has been used to provide information on climate state and its changes over time, and as the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report (Solomon et al. 2007) points out there is currently still a lack of understanding of internal ice-sheet dynamics. To answer this we have recently conducted experiments at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) to collect fully quantitative microstructural data from polycrystalline heavy water (D2O) ice deformed in a dynamic regime. The ice and temperature (–7°C) chosen for this study is used as a direct analogue for deforming natural-water ice as it offers a unique opportunity to link grain size and texture evolution in natural ice at –10°C. Results show a dynamic system where steady-state rheology is not necessarily coupled to microstructural and crystallographic fabric stability. This link needs to be taken into account to improve ice-mass-deformation modelling critical for climate change predictions.
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Firsov, Yu G. « Modern digital hydrography and the new international hydrographic organisation bathymetric survey standards ». Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 16, no 1 (14 mars 2024) : 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2024-16-1-17-36.
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The current state of the International Hydrographic organization bathymetric survey Standards S44 (6.1.0) is examined in this study. The introduction of the S44 survey Standards fourth edition in 1998 heralded the beginning of a new era of modern digital hydrography based on the concept of the survey orders resulting from implementation of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems of positioning and hydrographic information systems. The fundamental changes between the 4th and 6th editions of the Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (S-44) are described. The differences between the 5th and 6th editions of the Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (S-44) are evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual evolution of such definitions as “bathymetric model” and “ features detection”. The main new S44 (6.1.0) survey Standards paradigm became the concept of “bathymetric coverage” and the rejection of the “ full sea floor coverage” concept which was introduced in the previous 5th edition. Introducing the “bathymetric coverage” and “ feature search” notions in the 6th S44 (2022) survey Standards provides the possibility to avoid the implementation of such previously important hydrographic definition as “line spacing”. It is especially emphasized that the introduction and combined application of such definitions as “bathymetric coverage”, “ feature detection” and “ feature search” necessitate the usage in the 6th S44 (2022) survey Standards of the new special tool named “specification matrix”. This tool is important for hydrographic survey drafting taking into consideration the various stakeholder requirements as well as providing a short hydrographic survey description. The introduction of gridding concept in hydrography provided in the S44 (6.1.0) survey Standards for the first time is also mentioned. Critical comments on the interpretation of gridding methods provided in the annex D which are not considered as the part of the Standards are presented. Some recommendations concerning general quality control requirements and survey posteriori quality control provided in the annex C and B are also commented on. It should be especially emphasized that three last editions of S44 Standards use the “standard deviation” term without specifying its confidence level for position uncertainty (Total Horizontal Uncertainty — THU) calculation. The position uncertainty (2D) quantities are stated as “standard deviation” multiplied by coefficient 2.45. The “standard deviation” term needs additional explanation and clarification; it should not be confused with the widely used term «position standard deviation =distance root mean squared». It is also pointed out the insufficient study of the 3D hydrographic technology provisions presented in the 6th S44 survey Standards edition associated with the alternative method of sea level correction determination based on the precise ellipsoid (geodetic) heights measurements of the tide gauges benchmarks and chart datum using GNSS observations. The necessity of inclusion of the requirements for survey posteriori quality control as the result of survey data post-processing, using statistical comparison of check lines crossing the regular lines, is substantiated. Finally, the urgency of developing new Russian hydrographic standards and specifications based on IHO S44 (6.1.0) on the basis of modern technology is emphasized.
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Dumas, D., C. Gigant, N. Presle, C. Cipolletta, G. Miralles, E. Payan, J. Y. Jouzeau et al. « The role of 3D‐microscopy in the study of chondrocyte–matrix interaction (alginate bead or sponge, rat femoral head cap, human osteoarthritic cartilage) and pharmacological application ». Biorheology : The Official Journal of the International Society of Biorheology 37, no 1-2 (janvier 2000) : 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0006355x2000037001002014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The potentialities of a new non‐invasive optical scanning microscopy technique were evaluated through 3D analysis of chondrocyte–matrix interactions. Five different 2D or 3D culture systems were used: (1) MonoLayer (ML) of human chondrosarcoma cell line; (2) rat or human chondrocytes encapsulated in Alginate Bead (AB); (3) human chondrocytes encapsulated in Alginate Sponge (AS); (4) Rat Femoral Head Cap (RFHC); (5) slices of knee human Osteoarthritic Cartilage (HOAC). Chondrocytes ML, AB, RFHC were incubated for 24 h in vitro in the presence of recombinant human interleukin1‐β (rhIL1‐β) and the effects on cytoskeleton organisation (F‐actin filament), Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) expression (tyrosine kinase), collagenase B expression (metalloprotease) were studied. Furthermore, the production of intracellular IL1‐β by LPS‐ or rhIL1‐β‐stimulated chondrocytes was shown to be partly suppressed by rhein (active metabolite of diacerhein) in all culture systems. This high resolution light microscopy gave complementary information that could be important for a better understanding of the interaction of chondrocytes with the extracellular matrix in a variety of culture devices.
Thèses sur le sujet "Organisation 2D"
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Saywell, Alexander. « 2D organisation of complex organic molecules ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14588/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The self-assembly of two-dimensional molecular systems is of significant interest, offering an insight into the fundamental interactions which drive the formation of complex supramolecular structures. A careful choice of the molecular 'building blocks' for such self-assembled systems potentially allows the design and production of nanoscale architectures with pre-determined geometries and specific chemical functionalities. Within this thesis the two-dimensional structures formed by the self-assembly of complex organic molecules, deposited on an Au(111) surface held in an ultrahigh vacuum (URV) environment, are studied using a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), molecular dynamics (MD), and density functional theory (DFT) techniques. A UHV electrospray deposition (URV-ESD) technique is employed to facilitate the introduction of thermally labile molecules into the URV environment. Bi-molecular networks, formed from perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and melamine, have previously been observed to assemble on the Au(111) surface. Several more complex phases are reported here, as characterised by S'I'M, with the balance between isotropic and anisotropic interactions giving rise to a variety of structures. Chemical functionality may be added to these networks by incorporating functionalised derivatives of PTCDI. Alternative structures produced by altering the shape of the molecular 'building blocks' are also discussed. The URV-ESD technique is demonstrated here to be compatible with the deposition of the fullerene C60,the single molecule magnet Mn12012(02CCR3h6(H20)4 (Mn12(acetate)16), and porphyrin based oligomers (P4 and P6) and polymers (Pn). The URV-ESD of C60on the clean AU(ll1) surface, and on a surface prepatterned with a PTCDI/melamine network, results in similar structures to those previously observed to be produced by sublimation. Mn12(acetate)16 and the porphyrin oligomers and polymers represent complex molecules which are thermally labile and possess, respectively, novel magnetic and electronic properties. Mn12(acetate) 16is observed to form filamentary aggregates due to the anisotropic nature of the molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions, while P4, P6 and Pn form highly ordered close-packed domains driven by the interdigitation of the alkyl chains attached to the porphyrin cores. The findings presented within this thesis demonstrate that self-assembled molecular structures can be understood in terms of intermolecular interactions, and that for systems containing complex molecules the molecule-molecule interaction potential can lead to the formation of novel structures.
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TALEB, ABDELHAFED. « Organisation en 2d et 3d de nanoparticules : synthese et proprietes specifiques ». Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066632.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dans ce travail, nous avons utilise les micelles inverses d'aot comme microreacteurs pour la synthese et le controle de taille des nanoparticules d'argent et de cobalt. Apres synthese, nous avons utilise des techniques d'extraction et de tri pour reduire la distribution en taille des particules jusqu'a environ 12%. Par microscopie electronique a transmission nous avons montre que les particules ainsi obtenues s'auto-organisent pour former des structures bidimensionnelles (2d) sous un reseau hexagonale et tridimensionnelles (3d) sous un reseau cubique faces centrees. Ces nanostructures montrent de nouvelles proprietes specifiques. Par spectroscopie uv-visible, nous avons etudie les proprietes optiques de structures 2d et 3d de nanoparticules d'argent. Les spectres de plasmon obtenus pour les structures 2d montrent clairement un elargissement et un deplacement de la bande de plasmon vers les faibles energies ce que nous avons explique par une modification de l'environnement dielectrique des particules. Dans le cas de structures 3d, la reponse optique est caracterisee par un affinement de la bande ce qui traduit une augmentation du libre parcours moyen des electrons de conduction sur plusieurs particules du reseau probablement par effet tunnel. La spectroscopie uv-visible, par reflexion pour differentes polarisations, nous a permis egalement de mettre en evidence une anisotropie optique dans une monocouche de nanoparticules d'argent. Ce que nous avons attribue a des interactions dipolaires ou a un transfert d'electrons entre particules ou particules support. Dans le cas de nanoparticules de cobalt une etude magnetique a ete menee pour la premiere fois sur une structure 2d. Les resultats ont permis de faire une comparaison par rapport a ceux de la particule isolee. Les mesures magnetiques de l'aimantation en fonction de la temperature (zfc/fc) ont montre un deplacement de 5k de la temperature de blocage des particules deposees sur support par rapport a celle des particules en solution. De meme le cycle d'hysteresis est sensiblement modifie, une augmentation de l'aimantation remanente ainsi qu'une saturation a des champs plus faibles a pu etre mis en evidence. Cet effet est due tres vraisemblablement aux effets collectifs dans l'organisation attribuee aux interactions entre particules.
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Fernandez, Hugo. « structure et auto-organisation de polymères conducteurs en films ultraminces ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1322.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les poly(3-alkylthiophènes) (P3ATs) sont des polymères conducteurs électroniques intégrés par exemple dans des cellules photovoltaïques ou des transistors à effet de champ sous forme de films épais (≈ 20-200 nm d’épaisseur) typiquement élaborés par spin coating. Les propriétés conductrices des P3ATs sont fortement dépendantes de leur organisation. Ces travaux de thèse visent à utiliser la technique des films de Langmuir pour élaborer des films ultraminces organisés de P3ATs et à étudier les relations entre leur structure et leurs propriétés conductrices. Nous avons caractérisé la structure des films de Langmuir de poly(3 hexylthiophène) (P3HT), de poly(3-butylthiophène) (P3BT) et de poly(3-décylthiophène) (P3DT) dont la longueur des chaînes latérales varie, ainsi que du poly[3-(potassium-7-heptanoate)thiophène-2,5-diyl] (P3PHT) qui diffère du P3HT par la présence d’un groupement hydrophile COOK à l’extrémité des chaînes latérales. Pour cela, plusieurs techniques de diffusion des rayons X ont été utilisées. Dans certains cas, des simulations atomistiques des spectres de diffraction ont permis de positionner précisément les chaînes de polymères au sein de la structure. Le P3HT et le P3BT forment une bicouche très organisée de 3 à 4 nm d’épaisseur, en orientation edge-on sur l’eau. La structure du P3HT présente des similitudes avec la forme I observée dans les films épais de P3ATs, alors que celle du P3BT est intermédiaire entre les deux formes I et II. La morphologie de ces films consiste en un tapis de nanofils. Le film de P3DT présente quant à lui une coexistence de deux polymorphes voisins des formes I et II dans les films épais et sa morphologie est également différente. L’introduction d’un groupement hydrophile avec le P3PHT conduit à une modification drastique de structure puisqu’une monocouche compressible peu organisée est obtenue. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés au dopage des films de P3ATs avec du F4TCNQ (2,3,5,6-tétrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tétracyanoquinodiméthane) en utilisant deux méthodes : la voie par co-déposition du dopant et du polymère et la voie séquentielle. Dans les deux cas, la bicouche de P3HT ou de P3BT s’épaissit du fait de l’insertion du F4TCNQ entre les deux monocouches superposées, et la maille 2D se contracte dans la direction de l’empilement π-π, suite à la formation de polarons mis en évidence par spectroscopie UV-visible. Lors du dopage du P3DT, seule la forme I est modifiée, indiquant un dopage partiel du film. La conductivité électronique du film de P3DT est significativement inférieure à celle du film de P3HT ou de P3BT. Dans le cas du P3HT, une conductivité électronique maximale de 0.1 S/cm est mesurée lorsqu’on introduit une molécule de F4TCNQ pour deux unités bithiophène. Elle peut être augmentée à 5 S/cm en superposant seulement cinq couchesPoly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) are electronically conducting polymers used as active layers for example in photovoltaic cells or field-effect transistors typically elaborated as thick films (≈ 20-200 nm-thick) by spin-coating. Conductive properties of P3ATs are strongly dependant on their organization. Hence, this thesis work focuses on the Langmuir film technique to develop ultrathin organized films and study the relationship between structure and conductive properties. We have characterized Langmuir film structure of poly(3 hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) and poly(3-decylthiophène) (P3DT) having different side chain length, and poly[3-(potassium-7-heptanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3PHT) differing from P3HT by the presence of a hydrophilic COOK side chain end group. For this, several X-ray scattering techniques have been used and in certain cases, atomistic simulations of diffraction spectra allowed the precise positioning of polymer chains within the structure. P3HT and P3BT form highly organized bilayers 3 to 4 nm-thick with an edge-on conformation on water. P3HT structure has similitudes with the form I observed in P3ATs thick films, while that of P3BT is intermediate between forms I and II. Morphology of these films corresponds to a nanofiber carpet. P3DT film shows coexistence of two polymorphs close to form I and II in thick films and its morphology is also different. The presence of a hydrophilic group with P3PHT causes a drastic modification of the structure consisting in a poorly organized compressible monolayer. We also studied doping of P3ATs films with F4TCNQ using two methods, either co-deposition of dopant and polymer or sequential doping. In both cases, F4TCNQ insertion into the P3HT or P3BT bilayer induces a thickening of the films accompanied by a contraction of the 2D lattice in the π-stacking direction due to the formation of polarons, as evidenced by UV-visible spectroscopy. Upon doping of P3DT, only form I is changed, indicating partial doping of the film. The electronic conductivity of the P3DT film is significantly lower than that of the P3HT or P3BT film. For the P3HT film, conductivity reaches a maximum of 0.1 S/cm when the doping level corresponds to one F4TCNQ molecule for two bithiophene units. It can be increased up to 5 S/cm with only five stacked layers
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Hurtut, Thomas. « Analyse et recherche d'oeuvres d'art 2D selon le contenu pictural ». Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426645.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les institutions culturelles mènent depuis une vingtaine année une politique de sauvegarde numérique exhaustive de leurs collections conduisant à la création de bases d'images de plus en plus grandes. Les oeuvres d'art se différencient des images naturelles car elles sont souvent stylisées. Cette caractéristique influence notre interprétation de l'image et l'impression visuelle qui nous est transmise. Nous proposons dans cette thèse des descripteurs et mesures de similarité spécifiques au contenu pictural et les testons dans le cadre de la recherche par le contenu d'images similaires. Le premier aspect du contenu pictural auquel nous nous sommes intéressés concerne l'organisation spatiale globale des couleurs. Nous modélisons le problème de la comparaison entre deux organisations spatiales des couleurs par un problème de transport optimal appliqué à des imagettes. Dans le cadre de la recherche d'images dans une base, nous proposons également un seuil adaptatif sur cette distance de transport fondé sur une approche "a contrario". Le deuxième aspect du contenu pictural que nous étudions concerne les caractéristiques du contenu géométrique lié aux lignes dans les dessins au trait. Pour cette approche nous développons un détecteur de contours de trait sans paramètre reposant sur un filtrage topologique de l'arbre des lignes de niveau significatives de Desolneux et al., ainsi qu'un ensemble de méthodes d'extraction de caractéristiques visuelles incluant les extrémités de trait, les jonctions et les coins. Nous évaluons ces deux approches en utilisant sept bases différentes totalisant environ 65000 images.
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Lacatus, Monica Elena. « Organisation moléculaire dirigée par le groupe CONH2 en 2D et 3D ». Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9216.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Notre étude a pour objet la conception, la synthèse ainsi que l’étude structurale
d’architectures supramoléculaires obtenues par auto-assemblage, en se basant sur les
concepts de la tectonique moléculaire. Cette branche de la chimie supramoléculaire
s’occupe de la conception et la synthèse de molécules organiques appelées tectons, du grec tectos qui signifie constructeur. Le tecton est souvent constitué de sites de reconnaissance
branchés sur un squelette bien choisi. Les sites de reconnaissance orientés par la géométrie du squelette peuvent participer dans des interactions intermoléculaires qui sont suffisamment fortes et directionnelles pour guider la topologie du cristal résultant. La stratégie envisagée utilise des processus d'auto-assemblage engageant des interactions réversibles entre les tectons. L’auto-assemblage dirigé par de fortes interactions intermoléculaires directionnelles est largement utilisé pour fabriquer des matériaux dont les composants doivent être positionnés en trois dimensions (3D) d'une manière prévisible.
Cette stratégie peut également être utilisée pour contrôler l’association moléculaire en deux dimensions (2D), ce qui permet la construction de monocouches organisées et
prédéterminées sur différents types des surfaces, tels que le graphite.Notre travail a mis l’accent sur le comportement de la fonction amide comme fonction de reconnaissance qui est un analogue du groupement carboxyle déjà utilisé dans
plusieurs études précédentes. Nous avons étudié le comportement d’une série de composés contenant un noyau plat conçu pour faciliter l'adsorption sur le graphite et modifiés par l'ajout de groupes amide pour favoriser la formation de liaisons hydrogène entre les molécules ainsi adsorbées. La capacité de ces composés à former de monocouches organisées à l’échelle moléculaire en 2D a été examinée par microscopie à effet tunnel, etleur organisation en 3D a également été étudiée par cristallographie aux rayons X. Dans notre étude, nous avons systématiquement modifié la géométrie moléculaire et d'autres paramètres afin d'examiner leurs effets sur l'organisation moléculaire. Nos résultats
suggèrent que les analyses structurales combinées en 2D et 3D constituent un important atout dans l'effort pour comprendre les interactions entre les molécules adsorbées et l’effet de l’interaction avec la surface du substrat.Our study involves the design, synthesis and structural analysis of supramolecular architectures obtained by self-assembly, based on the concepts of molecular tectonics. This branch of supramolecular chemistry explores the properties of molecules called tectons,from the Greek word tectos, meaning builder. Tectons typically incorporate sites of recognition connected to well-chosen skeletons with defined geometries. The sites of recognition, oriented by the geometry of the skeleton, can participate in intermolecular interactions that are sufficiently strong and directional to control the topology of the resulting assembly. This strategy is thereby based on self-assembly processes involving reversible interactions between tectons. Self-assembly directed by strong directional intermolecular interactions is widely used to produce materials whose components must be positioned in three dimensions (3D) in a predictable way. This strategy can also be used to control molecular association in two dimensions (2D), thereby allowing the construction of predictably organized and predetermined nanopatterns on various surfaces, such as graphite.Our work has focused on the behavior of the amide groups as primary sites of intermolecular interaction. These groups are analogues of carboxyl groups, which have been widely used in previous studies of directed molecular assembly. We have studied the 3D and 2D association of compounds with flat cores designed to favor the formation of sheets and to facilitate adsorption on graphite, modified by the addition of amide groups to promote the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The ability of these compounds to form predictably ordered 2D nanopatterns has been examined by scanning tunneling microscopy, and their organization in 3D has also been investigated by X-ray crystallography. In our study, we have systematically altered molecular geometry and other parameters to examine their effect on molecular organization. Our results suggest that combined structural analyses in 2D and 3D are an important asset in the effort to understand why molecules aggregate in particular ways and how these preferences can be altered by underlying surfaces.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Organisation 2D"
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Lisiecki, Isabelle, S. Turner, S. Bals, M. P. Pileni et G. Van Tendeloo. « Enhanced stability against oxidation due to 2D self-organisation of hcp cobalt nanocrystals ». Dans EMC 2008 14th European Microscopy Congress 1–5 September 2008, Aachen, Germany, 273–74. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85226-1_137.
Texte intégral
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Meyer, Patrick. « Sub-study 2d : Scale Development ». Dans Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, 123–30. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37500-3_21.
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Haynes, Ronald. « Evolving Standards in Digital Cultural Heritage – Developing a IIIF 3D Technical Specification ». Dans 3D Research Challenges in Cultural Heritage III, 50–64. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35593-6_3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework) is a collection of open web standards, broadly used for presenting and annotating high resolution images and audiovisual content, adopted by hundreds of GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, museums) organisations worldwide, and permit the reuse and recombination of digital assets across traditional digital institutional boundaries. While these standards have been successful for 2D images and AV (Audio/Video) data, there is a growing interest in how they might be applied to 3D content. An example of this would be to combine shards of pottery from disparate collections into a single whole within a viewing experience. The IIIF 3D Community Group has been collaboratively considering common challenges and potential solutions to key areas, with major 3D developers and researchers, and ongoing dialogue with VIGIE2020/654 study colleagues, forming the IIIF 3D Technical Specification Group, engaging even more widely with other specialists and representatives across user communities and standards bodies.
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Heijst*, G. J. F. van, H. J. H. Clercx*, S. R. Maassen* et J. B. Fl ór**. « Stably Stratified Flow in a Rectangular Container : Cell Pattern Formation and Anomalous Diffusion ». Dans Mixing and Dispersion in Stably Stratified Flows, 289–308. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198500155.003.0018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In contrast to three-dimensional (3D) turbulence, two-dimensional (2D) turbulence is characterised by an inverse energy cascade, i.e. a spectral transfer of kinetic energy to larger scales of motion. This process may lead to self organisation of the 2D flow, as can be observed from the formation of coherent vortex structures. This process has been demonstrated in numerical simulations [1, 2], and also by laboratory experiments in soap films [3], in rotating fluids [4, 5] and in density-stratified fluids [6, 7, 8]. Strictly speaking, the flow in these experiments was not exactly 2D, owing to boundary effects (tank bottom) and other disturbing features. In the stratified flow experiments, for example, the vortices take on the appearance of thin pancake-shaped structures, in which the motion is planar. Because of vertical gradients in the planar flow, the motion is not purely 2D. Notwithstanding these “mild” 3D effects, the flow evolution shows the emergence of coherent vortex structures as in purely 2D flows, and is hence referred to as quasi-2D.
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Brown, Ross, et Rune Rasmussen. « Virtual Environment Visualisation of Executable Business Process Models ». Dans Virtual Technologies for Business and Industrial Applications, 68–87. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-631-5.ch004.
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Business Process Modelling is a fast growing field in business and information technology, which uses visual grammars to model and execute processes within an organisation. However, many analysts present such models in a 2D static and iconic manner that is difficult to understand by many stakeholders. Difficulties in understanding such grammars can impede the improvement of processes within an enterprise due to communication problems. In this chapter, we present a novel framework for intuitively visualising animated business process models in 3D Virtual Environments. We also show that virtual environment visualisations can be performed with present 2D business process modelling technology, thus providing a low barrier to entry for business process practitioners. Two case studies are presented from film production and healthcare domains that illustrate the ease with which these visualisations can be created. This approach can be generalised to other executable workflow systems, for any application domain being modelled.
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Howard-Hill, T. H. « General Bibliographies Of And Guides To British Literature ». Dans British Literary Bibliography, 1970–1979, 1–6. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198181835.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract 6 Thompson, James. English studies; a guide for librarians to the sources and their organisation. [2d ed. rev. and enl.). London, C. Bingley, 1971; [Hamden, Conn.], Linnet books, [1971). (First pub. with var. title, 1968). 155p. 21cm. 7 Kennedy, Arthur G. and D.B. Sands. A concise bibliography for students of English. 5th ed. rev. by William E. Colburn. Stanford, Calif., Stanford U.P., 1972. (First pub. 1940; 4th ed. 1960). ix,3oop. 21cm. 8 Howard, Patsy C. Theses in English literature, 1894-1970. Ann Arbor, Mich., Pierian pr., 1973. xix,387p. 23cm.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Organisation 2D"
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Coleman, Grant A., et Scott J. Miller. « Integrating ILI Data With Publicly Available Mapping Solutions ». Dans 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31382.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Today’s’ high resolution ILI tools often incorporate extremely accurate Inertial Mapping Units (IMU) which provide spatial coordinates for every feature within a pipeline. This data may be useful across many levels of an organisation and so it is important to make the information available and practical. Google provides two near universally available mapping packages that may be easily leveraged to display GIS style data while in the field or in the office; Google Maps™ displays 2D information, while Google Earth™ provides 3D viewing. This paper presents several case studies where the use of Google Earth imagery combined with high resolution; inertially mapped MFL data provides immediate value to the pipeline operator.
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Buchón-Moragues, Fernando Francisco, Josep Benedito Nuez, Francisco García García et José Manuel Melchor Monserrat. « AN INTEGRATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES (SFM–GPR–TLS) AS A VIRTUAL TOOL FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATEGY : THE CASE OF THE ROMAN SITE OF THE PLAZA DE LA MORERÍA IN SAGUNTO (SPAIN) ». Dans ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia : Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12095.
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Integration of non-destructive techniques (NDTs) and archaeological documentation offers a high potential for contributing in archaeological research strategies. NDTs, in addition to mapping and accurately detecting a site, can be an important factor that influence decision making in archaeological strategies. This integration helps to understand spatial organisation and stratigraphic potential in order to make decisions about which levels to excavate and which to remove, especially when archaeological horizons are overlapping. This methodology is demonstrated through a study of the Roman site Plaza de la Morería located in the urban area of Sagunto (Spain). The main task was to design a suitable archaeological strategy to recover the Roman funerary space prior to the first century AD by deciding whether or not to remove the pavement of a domus from a third century AD that covered the burial remains. This article describes the methodology carried out through the combined use of NTDs based on the documented archaeological findings. The integration of the methods structure from motion (SFM), ground penetrating radar (GPR) and laser scanner (TLS), georeferenced on the same reference frame defined by topographic methods, was proposed. The high resolution of 2D and 3D virtual visalitation features of GPR technique made it possible to pinpoint and map the existence of Roman overlapped horizons and buried structures in study zone. The multidisciplinary study configured a flexible design that was crucial for adapting the strategies to each proposed phase to recover the Roman funerary space prior to the first century AD. This integration of NDTs and documented archaeological data can impact decision making process and decision made in archaeological strategies, opening new perspectives in interventions of location, study, management, conservation and planning in archaeological heritage research.
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Smith, Valance, James Smith-Harvey et Sebastian Vidal Bustamante. « Ako for Niños : An animated children’s series bridging migrant participation and intercultural co-design to bring meaningful Tikanga to Tauiwi ». Dans LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.142.
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This presentation advances a case study for an ongoing intercultural animation project which seeks to meaningfully educate New Zealand Tauiwi (the country's diverse groups, including migrants and refugees) on the values, customs and protocols (Tikanga) of Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand). Ako For Niños (‘education for children’), implemented by a migrant social services organisation and media-design team, introduces Latin American Tauiwi to Tikanga through an animated children’s series, developed with a community short story writing competition and co-design with a kaitiaki (Māori guardian/advisor). Māori are recognised in Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the founding document of New Zealand) as partners with Pākeha (European New Zealanders), and Māori knowledge and Tikanga are important to society and culture in Aotearoa. Notwithstanding, there has been a historic lack of attention paid to developing meaningful understandings of Māori perspectives for New Zealand Tauiwi. Ako For Niños endeavours to address current shortages of engaging resources on Māori worldviews for Tauiwi communities, create opportunities for Tauiwi to benefit from Māori epistemologies, and foster healthy community relationships between Māori and Latin American Tauiwi. Through the project’s short story competition, Tauiwi were given definitions of Tikanga through a social media campaign, then prompted to write a children’s tale based on one of these in their native language. This encouraged Tauiwi to gain deeper comprehension of Māori values, and interpret Tikanga into their own expressions. Three winning entries were selected, then adapted into stop-motion and 2D animations. By converting the stories into aesthetically pleasing animated episodes, the Tikanga and narratives could be made more captivating for young audiences and families, appealing to the senses and emotions through visual storytelling, sound-design, and music. The media-design team worked closely with a kaitiaki during this process to better understand and communicate the Tikanga, adapting and co-designing the narratives in a culturally safe process. This ensured Māori knowledge, values, and interests were disseminated in correct and respectful ways. We argue for the importance of creative participation of Tauiwi, alongside co-design with Māori to produce educational intercultural design projects on Māori worldviews. Creative participation encourages new cultural knowledge to be imaginatively transliterated into personal interpretations and expressions of Tauiwi, allowing indigenous perspectives to be made more meaningful. This meaningful engagement with Māori values, which are more grounded in relational and human-centred concepts, can empower Tauiwi to feel more cared for and interconnected with their new home and culture. Additionally, co-design with Māori can help to honour Te Tiriti, and create spaces where Tauiwi, Pākeha and Māori interface in genuine partnership with agency (rangatiratanga), enhancing the credibility and value of outcomes. This session unpacks the contexts informing, and methods undertaken to develop the series, presenting current outcomes and expected directions (including a screening and exhibition). We will also highlight potential for the methodology to be applied in new ways in future, such as with other Tauiwi communities, different cultural knowledge, and increased collaborative co-design with Māori.
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Hou, J., J. Dubke, K. Barlow, S. Slater, L. Harris, S. Calcuttawala et W. Beres. « 3D Crack Growth Analysis and Its Correlation With Experiments for Critical Turbine Components Under an International Collaborative Program ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2008 : Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50548.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Following a reanalysis of the original material data plus supplementary Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) specimen testing, an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) reduced the low cycle fatigue life limits for a number of turbine components. To ascertain the validity of the new life limits, an international collaborative spin rig test program was initiated to provide more accurate low cycle fatigue life limits. The program covered a broad range of activities including, Finite Element (FE) stress analyses, cyclic spin rig testing, fractographic assessment and fatigue crack growth (FCG) analyses. This paper describes the 2D and 3D crack growth analyses of critical turbine components in a turboprop gas turbine engine, comparison of predicted results obtained using different software and also correlations with spin test results from the program. First, FE stress analyses of selected turbine components were carried out under both engine operating conditions and spin-rig test configurations in order to determine the maximum and minimum operating speeds required to match the stress ranges at the critical location specified by the OEM under engine operating conditions. Second, 2D and 3D crack growth analyses were performed independently by three organisations for a disk bolthole using the state-of-the-art software. Third, the predictions from different software were compared, and the relative technical merits of each software were evaluated. Finally, the predicted results were correlated against the striation counts determined by the OEM from the results of spin rig tests.