Thèses sur le sujet « Opposition to enforcement proceedings »

En droit de l’exécution des peines, deux procès essentiels peuvent se jouer pour le condamné : le procès disciplinaire et le procès d’application des peines. En dépit du clivage droit privé-droit public qui les caractérise, ces deux procès se sont inscrits ces dernières années dans une même logique juridictionnelle. Souvent envisagés de manière distincte, l’intérêt de notre étude sera de démontrer qu’au delà du polymorphisme du droit et des organes juridictionnels ou non juridictionnels auxquels ces procès se rattachent, ces derniers ont connu une évolution concomitante en termes de reconnaissance de garanties procédurales. Ainsi, aujourd’hui, on peut affirmer qu’un véritable droit commun de l’exécution des peines est né. Néanmoins, ce tronc commun présente encore de nombreuses insuffisances au regard des principes qui doivent caractériser un procès équitable (indépendance, impartialité, publicité...). Malgré cela, les juridictions françaises refusent toujours de reconnaître l’applicabilité de certains principes supra-législatifs au milieu carcéral en se fondant sur des critères qui leur sont propres et sur une qualification erronée du contentieux disciplinaire. Dès lors, cette étude se propose de mettre en exergue la véritable qualification "pénale" de ce contentieux et prône le principe d’unicité de l’action répressive. De ce fait, il s’agira de déterminer l’organe le mieux à même de protéger les droits des condamnés. Se posera alors la question de l’hypothèse d’un procèscommun par la prise en compte du lien existant entre les procès de l’exécution des peines au travers des retraits de réductions de peine
In the law of enforcement of the sentences, two essential proceedings are at stake for the sentenced person : the disciplinary proceeding and the enforcement proceeding. In recent years and despite the division between private law and public law that characterizes them, these proceedings have come within the framework of a unique jurisdictional logic. Although they are often envisaged as different, the interest of this study is to demonstrate that beyond the polymorphism of the law, on the one part,and the jurisdictional and non jurisdictional organs to which these proceedings are connected, on the other part, the last ones have known a concomitant evolution in terms of recognition of procedural safeguards. Thus, today, we can assert that a real general law of enforcement of the sentences was born. Nevertheless, this common-core syllabus still shows numerous inadequacies towards the principles which must characterize a fair trial (independence, impartiality, public hearing…). In spiteof this, French courts still refuse to admit the applicability of certain supra-legal principles in prison environment, basing themselves on proper criteria and on an erroneous legal definition of disciplinary proceedings. Therefore, this study intends to underline the real criminal definition of these proceedings and advocates the principle of unity of law enforcement. As a matter of fact, the question is to determine the organ best to protect the rights of the sentenced person. Then, will arise thequestion of the hypothesis of a common proceeding by taking into account the existing link between the enforcement of the sentence proceeding, through revocations of reductions of sentences

Le Code de procédure civile écarte expressément, de l’exercice de la tierce-opposition, la « partie » et le « tiers représenté » sans définir ce dernier. L’exclusion de la partie ne pose pas de difficulté, la notion de sa définition peut être trouvée dans le régime de l’appel. En revanche, à la question de savoir qui est « tiers représenté » aucune réponse n’est donnée. Ni la qualité de tiers, ni celle de partie, ne soulève a priori de difficultés, à l’inverse de celle de « tiers représenté ». C’est donc que cette représentation constitue un élément perturbateur des qualifications classiques, en conduisant à la remise en cause de la dichotomie de « tiers » et « partie ». Représentation qui ne produit pas de représentation du représenté (qui reste tiers), il ne s’agirait que d’une étrangeté dont il faudrait s’accommoder au seul motif de sa consécration textuelle. Les auteurs en font d’ailleurs état en mettant l’accent sur sa spécificité, sans autre justification que les dispositions du code et le régime prétorien secrété en la matière, en majeure partie sous l’empire de l’ancien code de procédure civile. Au-delà de la pluralité des cas de figure, ressort la préexistence de cette « représentation » reconnue en droit substantiel, préalablement à tout litige. Il ne saurait être alors question d’une particularité processuelle. L’étude à l’aune du droit processuel de ces décisions permet de détecter la constance de l’absence d’un droit propre du « représenté », soit qu’il n’en a pas, soit que ceux dont il est titulaire n’ont pas été affectés par la décision rendue. Le « représenté » est donc soit un tiers sans intérêt, soit une partie. La représentation ne constitue ici aucunement un critère de rattachement à une catégorie intermédiaire qui serait celle de « tiers représenté ». L’exerçant n’est donc jamais, en définitive, « tiers représenté » qui n’est qu’une description et non une prescription, ni une catégorie de rattachement. Cette représentation n’est d’aucun apport au droit processuel, et l’article 583 alinéa 1er du Code de procédure civile ne fait que consacrer la réception d’un élément exogène perturbateur. Cette disposition pourrait être abrogée, et la« représentation du tiers » tout comme la notion, sinon le concept, de « tiers représenté » qui en procède, être abandonnés
In accordance with article 583 of the Code of Civil Procedure “any person who shows an interest if he was neither a party to nor he is represented in the judgement which he impugns, will be admissible to bring third party proceedings”. The law hereby introduces the notion of a “represented third party”, but fails to define it. Neither party nor third party, the “represented third party” seems to be an incongruity that the jurist should accommodate with solely because of its textual recognition. A procedural law analysis of the judicial decisions regarding third-party proceedings consistently reveals the absence of a direct claim pertaining to the “represented third party”. This leads to the conclusion that the “represented third party” is either a third party who has no claim, or a party. As a matter of fact, the representation of this so-called third party is merely a description, and has no impact on procedural law. It rather is a disturbing exogenous element of no legal consequence. Hence, the concept of a representation of a third party, as well as that of a “represented third party” ought to be withdrawn from the Code of Civil Procedure

O presente trabalho estuda a proposta de criação de um Fundo de Garantia das Execuções Trabalhistas no Brasil. Partindo de considerações acerca da efetividade processual e da crise da execução trabalhista, estudamos os Projetos de Lei regulamentadora do artigo 3º da Emenda Constitucional n. 45 de 2004. Para tanto, analisamos as instituições de garantia de créditos trabalhistas no Direito Internacional e no Direito Comunitário (União Europeia), sobretudo o Fondo de Garantía Salarial, instituição de garantia de créditos trabalhistas existente na Espanha que inspirou a disposição constitucional derivada. A seguir, foram analisados o Projeto de Lei n. 4.597-A, de 2004, o Projeto de Lei n. 6.541, de 2006, e o Projeto de Lei do Senado n. 246, de 2005. Finalmente, foram feitas considerações sobre a regulamentação do Fundo de Garantia das Execuções Trabalhistas no Brasil.
This dissertation studies the proposal to establish a Guarantee Fund for Labor Enforcement Proceedings in Brazil. Based on considerations about the effectiveness of proceedings and the labor enforcement proceedings crisis, we studied the bill drafts to regulate the Article 3 of the Constitutional Amendment 45/2004. To this end, we analyze the labor credit guarantee institutions in International Law and in Community Law (EU), especially the Fondo de Garantía Salarial, a labor credit guarantee institution existing in Spain that inspired the Constitutional Amendment. Next, we analyzed the Bill Draft 4.597-A/2004, the Bill Draft 6.541/2006, and the Senate Bill Draft 246/2005. Finally, we present our considerations on the regulation of the Guarantee Fund for Labor Enforcement Proceedings.

Виконавче провадження є примусовою формою реалізації судових та інших актів. Примусове здійснення вимог стягувача та обов'язків боржника - невід'ємна частина юрисдикційної діяльності щодо захисту порушених або оспорюваних прав, свобод і законних інтересів. Суд є одним із основних елементів у виконавчому провадженні. Згідно із Цивільно-процесуальним кодексом України та Законом України «Про виконавче провадження» роль суду в системі виконавчого провадження є багатосторонньою і важливою. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36727

An issue in investment treaty arbitration is the extreme effort needed to obtain recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award. Even though the 1958 New York Convention was signed to simplify the process of recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, in the new digital world, the recognition and enforceability risks of authenticating an investment treaty arbitral award need to be reconsidered. Ultimately, it is the enforceability of the award that gives credence to the entire arbitration process and justifies the costs and time that the parties of a dispute have invested in the resolution process. Thus, upcoming technologies like blockchain could be a part of the future in Investment Treaty Arbitration (ITA) to provide more efficiency and benefits for the rendering an arbitral award. With blockchain, ITA awards could be rooted in digital code, stored in a transparent platform, and protected from removal, tampering, and modification, resolving the necessity to prove the existence of a duly rendered award, previnting additional costs and procedures. The thesis discusses how blockchain could solve recognition and enforcement issues in an investor-state dispute resolution (ISDS) scenario. It introduces legal aspects of the possible application of blockchain technology in investment treaty disputes. It has the purpose to study the possible benefits that blockchain could bring to Investment Treaty Arbitration with particular attention to the recognition and enforcement of investment treaty arbitration awards. The peculiarity of blockchain technology is that it might represent an opportunity to restructure the investments protection paradigm by implementing a trustworthy, transparent, more affordable, highly standardized, time-stamped and automated recognition and enforcement of ITA arbitral awards. Finally, blockchain might not be the solution to all the problems of ISDS. However, it offers a foundation that can bring a new entire value chain by guaranteeing immediate recognition and enforceability of arbitral awards and getting rid of the deficiencies that the actual system has. This would give more legal certainty to the parties of the ITA in the recognition and enforcement of award on investor-state disputes.

Inspiré par une croyance fondée sur l’inégalité des parties, le droit del’exécution poursuit le dessein d’un recouvrement rapide, sûr et peu coûteux descréances. Afin de relever ce défi, le droit OHADA a fait de la sécurité juridique uneexigence fondamentale devant démontrer son aptitude à répondre aux attentes desdifférentes parties. Cependant, la pratique du recouvrement permet d’identifier dessources d’insécurité juridique préjudiciable au climat de confiance voulu par lelégilateur communautaire. Ainsi, le caractère quasi-informel du recouvrementamiable, la résistance des juridictions nationales ou l’ineffectivité de certainesdécisions judiciaires perturbent la prévisibilité inhérente à l’exigence de sécuritéjuridique. Conçu comme un système cohérent, le droit de l’exécution OHADA offredes ressources interprétatives propices à la correction des lacunes observées. Dansces conditions, le juge occupe un rôle central dans la promotion de la sécuritéjuridique. D’une part, il assure le contrôle des prérogatives individuelles des partiesdans le sens de réguler les conflits d’intérêts induits par des attentes souventcontradictoires. Dans cette optique, l’une des finalités de l’intervention du juge estd’assurer le respect du recours à la contrainte dans l’exécution. D’autre part,l’exigence de sécurité juridique servira au juge à établir une meilleure corrélationentre toutes les techniques garantissant le paiement du créancier dans un souciconstant d’efficacité. En l’absence d’une consécration explicite de la sécuritéjuridique, la proposition d’une relecture de la théorie de l’exécution en droit privé offrel’opportunité de voir tous les mécanismes de son intégration dans le recouvrementdes créances en tenant compte de la réalité juridico-économique de la créance
Inspired by the belief grounded on inequalities between parties, theenforcement law continues to design a fast, safe and inexpensive debt recovery. Tomeet this challenge, the OHADA law made legal certainty requirement which mustshow its ability to live up to the expectations of the different parties. However, therecovery practice identifies sources of legal uncertainty detrimental to the climate oftrust advocated by the Community legislature. Thus, the quasi-informal nature of debtcollection, the resistance of national courts or the ineffectiveness of certain judicialdecisions disrupt the predictability pertaining to the requirement of legal certainty.Designed as a coherent system, The OHADA enforcement law affords interpretativeresources conducive to the rectification of the flaws spotted. In these circumstances,the judge plays a central role in promoting legal certainty. On the one hand, hemonitors the individual prerogatives of the parties in the direction of regulatingconflicts of interest arising from the often conflicting expectations. In this context, oneof the purposes of the intervention of the judge is to ensure compliance of coercion inthe execution. On the other hand, the demand of legal certainty will allow the judge toestablish a better correlation between all techniques guaranteeing the payment of thecreditor for the constant sake of efficacy. In the absence of an explicit consecration oflegal certainty, the proposal for a reinterpretation of the theory of enforcement lawprovides the opportunity to see all the mechanisms of its integration in debt recovery,taking into account the legal and economic substance of the claim

The thesis aims to reconstruct the procedural rules that apply whenever the simulation of contract becomes an issue within a civil proceeding.To this end, a different method is followed from that commonly used by the courts and in the scholarly literature, which have mostly deduced the content of these rules assuming, as a starting point, a certain solution to the problem of the nature of simulated contracts. The courts, that still adhere to the traditional doctrine of nullity of the simulated contract, state that the rules of the civil code dedicated to the action and the objection of nullity shall also apply to the action and objection of simulation. Part of the scholars, rejecting such premises, uphold interpretative solutions that are at odds with those supported by the courts. On the contrary, in this thesis, the legal notion of simulation is assumed as a starting point. Such a legal notion describes the set of facts that lead to a simulation of a contract and to the legal consequences set forth in articles 1414 and ff of the civil code; these facts are thus material to the process in which the simulation is an issue. Hence, the first part of the thesis (chapters 1 to 4) aims at framing the legal notion of simulation within the main categories of civil procedure, and starts from the definition of the legal notion of simulation by critically assessing the two main conceptions of the simulation phenomenon that emerge from the conspicuous literature on the subject: a “negative” conception, which sees the simulation as the lack of an essential element of the contract, and a “positive” conception, which sees the simulation as an agreement between the parties with the aim of excluding the legal effects of a contract between them (simulation agreement). The arguments in support of this last conception are set forth; after that, the question of the structure of the so-called “concealed contract” and the role of the simulation agreement on its formation and effectiveness is examined. The framing of the simulation in the fundamental categories of the process is then carried out through the observation of the legal effects that the simulation activity produces with regard to third parties, and the procedural classification of the substantial categories referred to in Articles 1415 and 1416 of the Italian Civil Code (in particular, unopposability). Finally, the objective scope of the process in which the ascertainment of the simulation of a contract is requested (action of simulation) is defined by critically examining the prevailing doctrine, according to which the said action aims at ascertaining the lack of a “contractual relationship”. Another doctrine is then examined, according to which simulation and nullity may be described as authonomous legal effects capable of being ascertained within a judgment having the force of res judicata. The second part (chapters 5 and 6) is dedicated to the discussion of selected issues of “procedural dynamics”, namely: a) the objection of absolute simulation, and the problem wether the judge may decide upon it ex officio in both the processes aimed at enforcing a simulated contract, and in those that aim, on the contrary, at the declaration of nullity, or at the annulment, rescission or termination of the same contract; b) the multiple facets that the issue of absolute simulation presents in the course of a forced expropriation proceeding undertaken against an “apparent owner”; c) the form of the concealed contract and the extent to which the simulants may prove a relative simulation by witnesses, particularly in the event that the relative simulation of the price of a sale contract is alleged as an objection to an avoidance action promoted by the bankruptcy trustee; d) the stading to an action of simulation; e) the objective scope of the res judicata in the same action.
La tesi mira a ricostruire la disciplina processuale della simulazione negoziale, ossia le regole concernenti l'attività compiuta nel processo dalle parti e dal giudice, ogniqualvolta la simulazione di un negozio giuridico sia oggetto di allegazione, prova e decisione (nella forma della mera cognizione o dell'accertamento). Si segue, a tal fine, un metodo diverso da quello comunemente impiegato dalla giurisprudenza e dalla dottrina, le quali hanno perlopiù dedotto il contenuto di tali regole a partire dalla soluzione di volta in volta prescelta al problema della qualificazione del contratto simulato. La giurisprudenza, muovendo dalla tesi della nullità del contratto simulato, conclude per la diretta applicabilità delle norme del codice civile dedicate all'azione e all'eccezione di nullità. Parte della dottrina, discostandosi da quella premessa, propone soluzioni applicative di segno opposto. Al contrario, nel presente lavoro, la centralità solitamente assegnata al contratto simulato, è occupata dalla simulazione, ossia dalla fattispecie degli effetti che gli artt. 1414 e seguenti designano quali “effetti della simulazione”. Detta fattispecie è infatti quanto forma oggetto dell'attività dei soggetti del processo (l'allegazione, la prova, la cognizione e l'accertamento). La ricostruzione della disciplina processuale della simulazione muove pertanto dalla collocazione della fattispecie simulatoria entro le categorie che informano il contenuto di quella disciplina, e cioè la qualificazione della simulazione come tema di prova, come questione di merito oggetto di mera cognizione, nonché, infine, come oggetto del processo e dell'accertamento munito di autorità di cosa giudicata. La prima parte della tesi (capitoli da 1 a 4) si occupa esattamente di tale inquadramento, prendendo le mosse dalla definizione della fattispecie simulatoria e dalla discussione critica delle due opposte concezioni del fenomeno simulatorio che emergono dalla cospicua letteratura sul tema: una concezione “negativa”, che vede nella simulazione una forma qualificata di difetto della fattispecie negoziale, e una concezione “positiva”, che ravvisa la fattispecie simulatoria in un negozio distinto da quello simulato (il c.d. accordo simulatorio). Enunciate le ragioni a sostegno di quest'ultima concezione, si prende in esame la questione della struttura del contratto dissimulato e del ruolo dell'accordo simulatorio sulla formazione e l'efficacia del medesimo. L'inquadramento della simulazione nelle categorie fondamentali del processo prosegue mediante l'osservazione degli effetti giuridici che l'attività simulatoria produce riguardo ai terzi, e l'inquadramento processuale delle categorie sostanziali richiamate negli artt. 1415 e 1416 c.c. (segnatamente, l'inopponibilità). Infine, si definisce l'oggetto dell'azione di simulazione, mettendo di fronte la prevalente tesi che detto oggetto fa coincidere con il rapporto fondamentale contrattuale, e quella minoritaria che addita le azioni di simulazione e nullità quali esempi di processi di accertamento di situazioni giuridiche preliminari. Si sottopone quindi a critica la tesi del rapporto fondamentale. La seconda parte (capitoli 5 e 6) è dedicata alla discussione di profili scelti di dinamica processuale, segnatamente: l'eccezione di simulazione assoluta, e il problema della sua rilevabilità d'ufficio nei processi diretti all'esecuzione del contratto simulato, nonché in quelli che mirano, al contrario, alla dichiarazione della nullità, ovvero all'annullamento, alla rescissione o alla risoluzione dello stesso contratto; le molteplici sfaccettature che presenta la cognizione della simulazione assoluta nel corso (o a lato) dell'espropriazione forzata intrapresa contro il titolare apparente; la forma del contratto dissimulato e l'ampiezza dei poteri istruttori dei simulanti che intendano dar prova della simulazione relativa, e per suo tramite del contratto dissimulato, particolarmente nel caso in cui la simulazione relativa del prezzo venga addotta per contrastare l'azione revocatoria promossa dal curatore fallimentare contro una compravendita immobiliare “a prezzo vile”; la legittimazione ad agire nell'azione di simulazione; i limiti oggettivi del giudicato di accertamento della simulazione.

The master thesis first deals with definition of business contractual relationship (sources, formation, freedom of contract) and indicates ways of resolving disputes arising from it within the Czech legal code. Through defining the concept of cross-border element the master thesis attains on how to resolve business disputes over contractual obligations at the EU level. Core topic of thesis deals with jurisdiction in commercial matters, the law applicable to contractual obligations, alternative dispute resolution as well as the recognition and enforcement of judgements or of different rulings. The last part of the thesis deals with a practical procedure which shows how to resolve dispute between domestic businessman and foreign businessman via legal proceedings.

Jusqu’à l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006 relative aux sûretés, le créancier désireux de réaliser sa sûreté était tenu d’emprunter les procédures octroyées à tout créancier pour mettre en œuvre son droit de gage général. Les effets de la sûreté réelle ne se manifestaient qu’après la vente forcée du bien grevé, par le désintéressement préférentiel du créancier au cours de la procédure de distribution du prix. La réforme du droit des sûretés opérée en 2006 a modifié cette situation en généralisant l’attribution judiciaire et en légalisant l’attribution conventionnelle du bien grevé. Ces modes de réalisation sont réputés plus simples et rapides que les voies d’exécution traditionnelles, mais également plus efficaces pour écarter les créanciers concurrents. Le créancier titulaire d’une sûreté réelle est désormais avantagé dès l’exercice de ses prérogatives à l’encontre du débiteur défaillant. Pour exercer son pouvoir de contrainte, il bénéficie de voies d’exécution qui lui sont spécifiques. Le législateur a pris soin d’encadrer ces techniques d’attribution afin de protéger les intérêts du débiteur. Toutefois, le régime de ces modes de réalisation mérite d’être aménagé afin d’en améliorer la sécurité juridique, l’efficacité, et par conséquent, l’attractivité. Les effets des ces modes de réalisation à l’égard des créanciers concurrents de l’attributaire sont moins clairs. L’attribution est régulièrement présentée comme une technique garantissant au poursuivant un désintéressement exclusif, les prétentions des autres créanciers inscrits étant reléguées sur l’éventuel reliquat consigné. Quoique les autres créanciers ne puissent prendre part à la procédure, rien ne justifie qu’il soit porté atteinte à leurs droits. Il importe donc de déterminer comment concilier la faculté d’attribution du bien grevé avec les droits des créanciers concurrents
Up until the order of 23 March 2006 on security rights, a creditor aiming at realizing his surety had to resort to the procedures of execution available to any creditor in order to implement his general right of pledge. The effects of the real surety would manifest only after the execution sale of the encumbered property, through the preferential satisfaction of the creditor during the proceedings of the price distribution. The 2006 reform of the law of security rights has altered this situation by generalizing the judicial attribution and by legalizing the conventional attribution of the encumbered property. These modes of realization are deemed to be simpler and faster than the traditional enforcement proceedings, but also more efficient to shut out the other competing secured creditors. From now on, the creditor benefiting from a real surety is favoured as soon as he exercises his rights against the defaulting debtor. In order to exercise his power of constraint, he may rely on all the enforcement proceedings that are specific to the real surety. The legislator has carefully provided guidelines to use these attribution techniques to protect the interests of the debtor. However, the legal framework applicable to these modes of realization deserves to be adjusted in order to improve their legal certainty, their efficiency, and therefore their attractiveness. The effects of these modes of realization against the competing secured creditors of the recipient are not completely clear. Attribution is often presented as a technique that ensures the plaintiff an exclusive satisfaction, while the competing creditors’ claims are redirected on a hypothetical consigned remainder. Although the other creditors cannot take part in the procedure, nothing justifies that their rights be undermined. It is therefore important to determine how to reconcile the optional attribution of the encumbered property and the rights of the competing secured creditors

La sentence est une notion complexe qui partage différentes caractéristiques avec le contrat, l’acte juridictionnel ou la décision de justice. En effet, la nature juridictionnelle de la sentence est aujourd’hui admise, mais en raison de son origine conventionnelle, elle demeure un acte privé. Ainsi, son régime d’acte juridictionnel est-Il modifié par un élément conventionnel – dès la désignation des arbitres appelés à rendre la sentence jusqu’à son exécution. L’étude du droit comparé montre que la notion et le régime de la sentence sont différemment appréciés en droit français et russe – tout est question d’interprétation des critères de qualification, bien qu’ils s’avèrent être les mêmes. Ainsi, convient-Il de faire ressortir ces différences à travers l’étude de la notion de la sentence et de son régime dans les deux ordres juridiques, sauf à démontrer que l’une et l’autre contribuent à la préservation du caractère particulier de la sentence qui ne peut et ne doit pas être assimilée, en définitive, à une décision de justice
The arbitral award is a complex legal notion, sharing characteristics with the contract, the jurisdictional act and the judicial decision. Indeed, the jurisdictional dimension of the arbitral award has now been admitted, though, because of its contractual source, it is still considered as a private legal act. The legal regime of this jurisdictional act is therefore influenced by a contractual bias – as from the arbitrators’ appointment up to the enforcement of the arbitral award. A comparative approach shows that the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime are differently considered in French and Russian laws. The differences lie mainly in the interpretation of the legal qualification criteria, though the latter are similar in the two legal systems. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the said differences through the study of the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime in French and Russian laws, which might lead to consider that the specificity of the arbitral award should be preserved instead of considering the award as a judicial decision

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The work seeks to defend the feasibility of an interpretation of the fraud against creditors in execution actions based on objective good faith. In the first part, it presents the historical origins of objective good faith in Private Law and defends the possibility of its adoption in Public Law. In the second part, it examines the distinction between fraud against creditors and fraud against creditors in execution actions, it demonstrates the interpretative application of objective good faith and it indicates the arising duties. In the third part, it points out certain situations and seeks solutions in interpreting the objective good faith, as well as it discuss how to defend the purchaser against the recognition of fraud
O trabalho busca defender a viabilidade de uma interpretação da fraude à execução com fundamento na boa-fé objetiva. Na primeira parte, apresenta as origens históricas da boa-fé objetiva no Direito Privado e defende a possibilidade de sua adoção no Direito Público. Na segunda parte, analisa as distinções entre a fraude contra credores e a fraude à execução, bem como demonstra a aplicação interpretativa da boa-fé objetiva e indica os deveres dela recorrentes. Na terceira parte, aponta determinadas situações e busca soluções na interpretação pela boa-fé objetiva, além de discorrer sobre forma de defesa do terceiro adquirente contra o reconhecimento da fraude

L'article 493 du Code de procédure civile définit l'ordonnance sur requête comme une " décision provisoire rendue non contradictoirement dans les cas où le requérant est fondé à ne pas appeler de partie adverse ". Proche, dans sa nature, de l'ordonnance de référé, elle s'en démarque par son aspect unilatéral, qui en conditionne l'efficacité. L'ordonnance sur requête est au cœur de nombreuses controverses, d'une part sur sa qualification, d'autre part sur l'autorité dont elle doit être revêtue. Ces incertitudes rendent inconstant le régime des ordonnances sur requête, dont l'application varie fortement selon les juridictions. La notion de provisoire, combinée à la considération du caractère unilatéral de la procédure, doit servir de guide pour lever ces doutes. L'analyse de l'ordonnance sur requête sous ce prisme aboutit à la conclusion que l'ordonnance sur requête est une mesure procédurale d'attente, provisoire en ce qu'elle permet de préparer l'intervention du juge du principal sans le lier dans la sa décision.

Le droit procédural de l’action en contrefaçon de brevet d’invention n’est pas un droit autonome. En effet, si l’action en contrefaçon de brevet dépend majoritairement de règles procédurales qui lui sont propres, elle repose également sur une multitude de règles appartenant à des systèmes normatifs plus généraux, tels que, notamment, le droit judiciaire privé, le droit des biens, le droit des contrats, ou encore les droits fondamentaux. L’instance en contrefaçon de brevet, qui relève pour sa part essentiellement du droit judiciaire privé général, intègre un certain nombre de règles spécifiques qui lui confèrent ainsi une physionomie originale. Seule l’étude des rapports existant entre ces différents systèmes normatifs, à chaque étape de l’action et de l’instance, permet de clarifier les aspects procéduraux de l’action en contrefaçon de brevet d’invention et de sécuriser les justiciables dans l’exercice de leurs droits
The procedural law of patent infringement action is not an autonomous law. Indeed, if patent infringement action largely depends on its own procedural rules, it also relies on a multitude of rules belonging to more general normative systems, such as, in particular, the private judicial law, property law, contract law, or human rights. The patent infringement proceedings, which fundamentaly depends on private judicial law, integrates some specific rules, which thus give it a unique legal physionomy. Only the study of the relationship between these different normative systems at each stage of both the action and the proceedings, clarifies the procedural aspects of the action of patent infringement and secure as well as protecting litigants while exercizing their rights

Arbitration as an alternative method of settling dispute. The development of Arbitration Law in England. The Arbitration Act 1996 versus the UNCITRAL Model Law: an objective and comparative analysis. Recent trends in International Commercial Arbitration: an empirical analysis.

Пчелін, В. Б. Організація адміністративного судочинства України:правові засади : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук : 12.00.07 / В. Б. Пчелін; МВС України, Харк. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2017. - 478 с.
Дисертацію присвячено аналізу правових засад організації адміністративного судочинства України. Визначено сутність, особливості та завдання організації адміністративного судочинства України. Охарактеризовано систему нормативно-правового регулювання та принципи організації адміністративного судочинства в Україні. Здійснено характеристику адміністративних судів як провідних суб’єктів адміністративного судочинства в Україні, зокрема з’ясовано їх поняття та окреслено види, розкрито сутність та особливості їх юрисдикції, поняття, види та особливості підсудності їм публічно-правових спорів. Запропоновано визначення поняття та здійснено класифікацію учасників адміністративного процесу. Виокремлено особливості правового статусу осіб, які беруть участь у справі, суб’єктів, які обслуговують адміністративний процес, обізнаних осіб. З’ясовано сутність і особливості процесуального представництва та процесуального правонаступництва в адміністративному судочинстві. Визначено поняття та охарактеризовано види забезпечення адміністративного судочинства України. Встановлено особливості участі правоохоронних органів в адміністративному судочинстві України. Запропоновано шляхи удосконалення законодавства, що регламентує організацію та здійснення адміністративного судочинства України.
Dissertation is devoted to the analysis of legal principles of organization of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine. Essence, features and objectives of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine are determined. The system of legal regulation and the principles of Administrative Proceedings in Ukraine. The author carried out the characteristics of administrative courts as leading subjects of Administrative Proceedings in Ukraine. In particular, concepts of administrative courts and their species are clarified. We also revealed concept, types and features of administrative court’s jurisdiction. A definition and the classification of members of the administrative process are proposed. We singled out features of the legal status of persons involved in the case, entities serving administrative process, knowledgeable people. The essence and characteristics of procedural representation and procedural succession in administrative proceedings are found. It was determined the concept and types of collateral of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine. The peculiarities of participating of law enforcement agencies in Ukrainian administrative proceedings are established. The author proposed ways of improving of legislation regulating the organization and implementation of the Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine.
Диссертация посвящена анализу правовых основ организации административного судопроизводства Украины. Проанализирована генеза развития административного судопроизводства в Украине. Определены сущность, особенности и задачи организации административного судопроизводства Украины. Охарактеризована система нормативноправового регулирования организации административного судопроизводства в Украине. Установлена сущность и осуществлена классификация принципов организации административного судопроизводства в Украине. Охарактеризованы современные модели административной юстиции зарубежных стран и выяснено их влияние на организацию административного судопроизводства Украины. Осуществлена характеристика административных судов как ведущих субъектов административного судопроизводства в Украине, в частности выяснено их понятие и обозначены их виды. Раскрыты сущность и особенности юрисдикции административных судов Украины. Определены понятие, виды и особенности подсудности публично-правовых споров административным судам. Осуществлен анализ организации деятельности административных судов по рассмотрению и разрешению публичноправовых споров на отдельных стадиях административного процесса. Предложено определение понятия и осуществлена классификация участников административного процесса. Выделены особенности правового статуса лиц, участвующих в деле. Охарактеризованы особенности реализации правового статуса лицами, обслуживающих административный процесс. Установлены особенности правового статуса осведомленных лиц в административном процессе Украины. Выяснены особенности, значение и правовые основы процессуального представительства в административном судопроизводстве. Определены сущность и особенности процессуального правопреемства в административном судопроизводстве. Установлены организационноправовые основы обеспечения административного судопроизводства Украины. Выяснены сущность и виды обеспечения административного судопроизводства Украины. Охарактеризованы особенности материальнофинансового, информационного и кадрового обеспечения административного судопроизводства Украины. Проанализированы особенности участия правоохранительных органов в административном судопроизводстве Украины. Выяснены особенности правового статуса правоохранительных органов как участников административного процесса. Установлены особенности деятельности правоохранительных органов по обеспечению административного судопроизводства Украины. Предложены пути совершенствования законодательства, регламентирующего организацию и осуществление административного судопроизводства Украины.

Гусєва, В. О. Теоретичні основи методики розслідування злочинів проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук. : 12.00.09 / Гусєва Влада Олександрівна; МВС України, Харк. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2021. - 538 с.
Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню методологічних та теоретичних основ методики розслідування злочинів проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності. У дослідженні розроблено криміналістичну класифікацію злочинів зазначеної категорії, визначено елементи методики розслідування злочинів проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності. Охарактеризовано елементи криміналістичної характеристики зазначених злочинів, обставини, що підлягають встановленню, а також особливості початку кримінального провадження, типові слідчі ситуації та відповідні їм алгоритми слідчих (розшукових) дій на початковому та наступному етапах розслідування. Установлено особливості планування, організації та взаємодії слідчого з іншими суб’єктами під час розслідування злочинів проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності.
The dissertation is devoted to the complex research of methodological and theoretical basic principles of crime investigation methodology against authority of public authorities in the field of law enforcement activity. The forensic classification of crimes of this category is developed in the study, the elements of the methodology of crimes investigation against the authority of public authorities in the field of law enforcement are identified. The elements of the forensic characteristics of these crimes, the circumstances to be established, as well as the features of the beginning of criminal proceedings, typical investigative situations and the corresponding algorithms of investigative (search) actions at the initial and subsequent stages of the investigation are described. The specificities of planning, organization and interaction of the investigator with other subjects during the investigation of crimes against the authority of public authorities in the field of law enforcement are established.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию методологических и теоретических основ методики расследования преступлений против авторитета органов государственной власти в сфере правоохранительной деятельности. В исследовании разработаны криминалистическая классификация преступлений указанной категории, определены элементы методики расследования преступлений против авторитета органов государственной власти в сфере правоохранительной деятельности. Охарактеризованы элементы криминалистической характеристики указанных преступлений, обстоятельства, подлежащие установлению, а также особенности открытия уголовного производства, типичные следственные ситуации и соответствующие им алгоритмы следственных (розыскных) действий на начальном и последующем этапах расследования. Установлены особенности планирования, организации и взаимодействия следователя с другими субъектами при расследовании преступлений против авторитета органов государственной власти в сфере правоохранительной деятельности.

L’exécution forcée est une pierre essentielle à l’effectivité d’un système juridique. Ce constat, conjugué à l’omniprésence du compte bancaire dans les différents patrimoines a motivé cette étude sur l’état de la saisie en compte bancaire dans trois principaux modèles juridiques européens : la France, l’Allemagne et l’Angleterre. Un amalgame de convergences et de spécificités nationales en est ressorti, articulé autour d’une balance abstraite pesant les intérêts respectifs du créancier et du débiteur. A la confrontation entre droit à l’exécution du créancier et droit de l’exécution, qui garantit le respect des droits fondamentaux du débiteur, s’est ajoutée la prise en compte de différents intérêts susceptible d’être également présents : intérêt général, créanciers saisissants concurrents, collectivité de créanciers lors d’une procédure collective, etc. De plus, la protection spécifique de l’intérêt du débiteur-personne physique démontre la recherche des droits nationaux à protéger l’individu et sa dignité. Ce partage d’une philosophie de l’exécution interroge avec le phénomène d’européanisation des relations entre créancier et débiteur du au marché intérieur de l’Union européenne. Face au maintien de la fragmentation d’un espace juridique, coordonné par la politique de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice, l’Union a déjà posé la première pierre grâce à la procédure d’ordonnance européenne de saisie conservatoire. Grâce aux analyses des droits nationaux étudiés et à celle du droit européen, l’élaboration en deux temps d’une saisie d’exécution européenne en compte bancaire fut permise afin de bâtir une procédure européenne d’exécution forcée
Enforcement is essential for the effectiveness of a legal system. This observation, combined with the omnipresence of the bank account in the different patrimonies, motivated this study on the bank account attachment in three main European legal models: France, Germany and England. An amalgam of convergences and national specificities emerged, based on an abstract balance weighing the respective interests of the creditor and the debtor. In addition to the conflict between the creditor's right to performance and the civil enforcement proceedings, which guarantees respect for the debtor's fundamental rights, various interests that may also be present were also taken into account : public interest, competing between creditors, collective creditors in collective proceedings, etc. The balance between the creditor's right to performance and the right to enforcement was also taken into account. Moreover, the specific protection of the debtor's interest as a natural person demonstrates the search for national rights to protect the individual and his dignity. This sharing of a philosophy of enforcement raises questions with the phenomenon of the europeanisation of relations between creditor and debtor due to the internal market of the European Union. Faced with the continuing fragmentation of a legal area coordinated by the area of freedom, security and justice, the Union has already laid the first stone with the European attachment order procedure. Thanks to the analysis of the national laws studied and the analysis of European law, the development in two stages of a European attachment order for bank accounts was made possible in order to build a European enforcement procedure

L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire
Pas de résumé en anglais

C’est le droit des entreprises en difficulté qui a permis de mettre en évidence la complexité que pouvait revêtir la détermination de la date de naissance des créances. Or, celle-ci apparaît fondamentale en droit privé. Constituant le critère d’application de certains mécanismes juridiques, elle incarne l’existence de la créance et représente dès lors un enjeu pour toute règle de droit ayant celle-ci pour objet ou pour condition. Deux courants doctrinaux s’opposent, la thèse classique fixe la date de naissance au stade de la formation du contrat, tandis que des thèses modernes la fixent au stade de l’exécution du contrat. La thèse matérialiste, fondée sur le droit des entreprises en difficultés, fait naître la créance de prix au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de la contre-prestation. La thèse périodique, reposant sur une réflexion doctrinale quant aux contrats à exécution successive, fait renaître toutes les créances du contrat à chaque période contractuelle. L’examen des thèses moderne à l’aune des mécanismes juridique qui ne peuvent qu’incarner la véritable date de naissance de l’authentique créance aboutit à leur invalidité. La thèse classique se trouve donc à nouveau consacrée. Mais la résistance que lui oppose le droit des entreprises en difficulté ne peut reposer sur la technique d’une fiction juridique, car d’autres manifestations du même phénomène peuvent être mises en évidence en dehors de ce domaine. Un changement de paradigme s’impose donc pour résoudre le hiatus. Derrière ce phénomène persistant se cache en réalité une autre vision, une autre conception de la créance, la créance économique qui vient s’articuler avec la créance juridique dans le système de droit privé pour le compléter. La dualité des dates de naissance recèle donc en son sein une dualité du concept de créance lui-même, la créance juridique classique et la créance économique. La créance économique n’est pas un droit subjectif personnel. Elle n’est pas la créance juridique. Elle n’est pas autonome de la créance juridique et ne doit pas être confondue avec une créance née d’un cas d’enrichissement sans cause. La créance économique représente la valeur produite par le contrat au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de sa prestation caractéristique. Elle permet de corriger l’application ordinaire du concept de créance juridique par en assurant la fonction de corrélation des produits et des charges d’un bien ou d’une activité. Ses domaines d’application sont divers. Outre son utilisation dans les droits comptable et fiscal, la créance économique permet la détermination de la quotité cédée dans le cadre d’une cession de contrat, la détermination du gage constitué par un patrimoine d’affectation dans le cadre de la communauté légale, de l’EIRL ou encore de la fiducie, ainsi que la détermination du passif exempté de la discipline d’une procédure collective. Dans ces domaines, ce n’est donc pas la date de naissance de la créance juridique qui s’applique, mais la date de naissance de la créance économique. La cohérence du système de droit privé se trouve donc ainsi restaurée quant à la date de naissance de la créance
It is the laws governing companies experiencing difficulties which have revealed the complexity of determining the dates of the origination of the claims. And yet this appears to be fundamental in private law. As it constitutes the criterion for implementing certain legal mechanisms, it epitomizes the existence of the claim and hence represents a challenge for any rule of law in which the existence of this claim is a goal or condition. There are two conflicting doctrinal currents: the traditional approach sets the date of origination at the stage of the formation of the contract, while modern approaches situate it at the stage of the execution of the contract. The materialistic approach, based on the law governing companies experiencing difficulties, staggers the origination of the price debt over the period of the execution of the service. The periodical approach, which relies on a doctrinal reflection on successive execution contracts, is that of the re-origination of all the claims under the contract at each contractual period. An examination of the modern approaches, under the auspices of the legal mechanisms which can only epitomize the true date of origination of the authentic claim leads to the invalidity thereof. The traditional approach is therefore once again consecrated. But the resistance constituted by the laws governing companies in difficulty cannot rely on the technique of legal fiction, because other manifestations of the same phenomenon can be identified outside this domain. Therefore, a change of paradigm is in order if the hiatus is to be resolved. Behind this persistent phenomenon lies in fact another vision, another concept of the claim: the economic claim which, interwoven with the legal claim in the private law system, supplements it. The duality of the dates of origination therefore conceals in its bosom the duality of the very concept of a claim, the traditional legal claim and the economic claim. The economic claim is not a subjective personal right. It is not a legal claim. It is not autonomous of the legal claim and must not be confused with a claim originating in a case of unwarranted enrichment. The economic claim represents the value produced by the contract as the service which characterizes it is provided. It permits the rectification of the ordinary application of the concept of legal claim by ensuring the function of correlating the proceeds with the costs of a commodity or an activity. Its domains of application are varied. In addition to its use in accounting and fiscal law, the economic claim permits the determination of the portion transferred in the context of the transfer of a contract, the determination of the collateral consisting in a special-purpose fund in the context of a legal joint estate, a limited liability individual contractor or a trust, as well as the determination of the liabilities which escape the discipline of collective proceedings. In these domains, it is therefore not the date of origination of the legal claim which applies, but the date of origination of the economic claim. The coherence of the private law system is therefore restored as concerns the date of the origination of the claim

碩士
國立高雄大學
法律學系碩士班
103
Abstract Preemption of real estate dispersion in civil law, the Land Law and related special regulations, as co-owner preemption of real estate, rent land for housing preemption, the first refusal of arable land, preemption of dian-holder, the preemption of distinguish between all constructional base of co-owner, the preemption of distinguish between all constructional of co-owner, emphyteusis of pre-emption, Preemption of Failing urban planning land use , the preemption of adjacent to the existing arable farming land and other pre-emptive rights ... etc. However, with the provisions of Article of the Land Act 34-1 of the terms, intended to limit the total number of people increased, simplifying total relationship, so that the land was all alone to improve efficiency in the use of real estate, and the Land Law Article 104, paragraph 1, and the Civil Law Act 462-2 of the relevant provisions, aimed at promoting home ownership thereof on the base all the people together under one head, significant economic benefits to the land-use and simplify legal relations; and as for agricultural land reclassified provisions of Act 5 tie in expanding agricultural land management scale, maintaining agricultural land reclassified the results, but also because of this, In addition to the terms of preemption , there are provisions of the order of preemption , in order to reach the above legislative intent. But people who have the preemption, usually because the co-owner or owner may sell real estate, intentionally or not know the terms did not notice them, which led to preemption people unable to exercise the preemption to buy the right to priority support according to law, and therefore the seller the transfer of ownership of immovable property registered with a third person, so that the relationship can not use the real estate as the legislative intent expect attributed to efficiency or the use of simple, but tends to be more complex. It is a breach of the law when the seller did not notice the preemption, should give the legal effect for Registration back to the original owners or be compensated to the preemption, however, the same preemption violations, it was inconsistent of legal interpretation between the theory and the practice, led to different legal effect. The effect in on property is different from claims, The difference between the ways is the lawsuit type the former can ask the seller and the buyer into the legal effect for Registration back to the original owners, the latter can only claim damages. Where the interests of distinction？It is interesting to be explored. In addition, the court forced implementation the real estate of the co-owner, it is also different from private trading, although the Supreme Court considered the forced implementation also subject to preemption of people's legal notice regulations, the people of preemption can exercise the preemption. But if court didn’t notice the people of preemption, how dose the preemption people claim for his damage? Thus we will start with the kind of preemption and co-owner of the preemption, it continue the discussion the legal effect in the execution of the program while the co-owner can not to exercise the preemption.

The purpose of my thesis is to compare civil enforcement and tax enforcement. My thesis also investigates which proceedings is more effective. Civil enforcement is the legal proceedings regulated in Act No. 120/2001 Sb. On Executors and Execution Proceedings. Tax enforcement is regulated in different Act No. 280/2009 Sb. Tax Code. Both legal institutions are designated to enforce legal decision with order to pay the money. There are different subjects applies the law in these legal proceedings. The aim of the civil enforcement is enforce a debt for human beings or artificial person, but tax enforcement is used for enforce receivable of state to state budget or to different public budget. I describe this differences in my thesis. The thesis is composed of eight chapters, each of them contains analysis of important parts these legal adjustments. Chapter one is introductory and shows goal and purpose of the thesis. This chapter also explains terms which are used in the thesis. Chapter two focuses on history of civil enforcement and tax enforcement. Chapter three characterizes subjects in the proceedings and is subdivided into four parts. Chapter four is subdivided into four parts too. This chapter explicates the role of court in enforcement proceedings. Civil courts has different significance for civil...

Reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings Abstract Thesis Reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings describes and evaluates selected concepts concerning the reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings. The primary goal is to describe essence of reimbursement of costs and to answer this common question: "Who shall pay it in the end?" Thesis is dived into three parts. The thesis starts with introduction where author sets goals of the thesis and methods of scientific work to compile and process assigned subject. Furthermore there is briefly defined distinction between reimbursement of costs and payment of costs. The part is concluded with description of the goals of costs in proceedings and types of systems of reimbursement of costs. The first part of the thesis is concerned with reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings. The first chapter starts with reimbursement of costs in trial and adversarial proceedings. This chapter is the most extensive. It consists of description of reimbursement of costs and types of costs. There is also dedicated part to decisions and remedies concerning the reimbursement of costs. The second chapter is concerned with reimbursement of costs in trial and non-adversarial proceedings. This...

The purpose of the thesis Reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings is to provide a comprehensive view of the legal regulation on the topic of reimbursement of costs in trial and enforcement proceedings and subsequently to critically evaluate this regulation and to try to find a way to more appropriate solutions. The thesis consists of an introduction, two parts dealing separately with the reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and the reimbursement of costs in the enforcement proceedings and a conclusion. The introduction specifies the topic of the thesis and its purpose. The first part of the thesis, which covers the reimbursement of costs in the trial proceedings, is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter generally defines the concept of costs. The second chapter then describes the specific types of costs that may be incurred in trial proceedings. The third chapter discusses the aspect of efficiency of costs, which is a very important factor in the decision to pay the costs. The subject of the fourth chapter is the specification of the obligation to pay the costs. The fifth chapter describes in detail the reimbursement of costs of the contentious trial proceedings, both in terms of legislation and in terms of general principles that are relevant to the...

This diploma thesis Reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings describes the main aspects related to reimbursement of costs in the two kinds of civil procedure. Reimbursement of costs is seen as a secondary topic, but can cause serious property issues to the parties. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive look at the issue of reimbursement of costs in trial and enforcement proceedings. The thesis is composed of an introduction, two main sections which are dealing with reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and reimbursement of costs in the enforcement proceedings and conclusion. In the introduction I'm dealing with the reasons why I've chosen this topic. The actual text of the thesis is divided into two main parts - reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and reimbursement of costs in the enforcement proceedings. The first part deals with selected kinds of costs, with an emphasis on case law, and also deals with the issues connected with the abolition of regulation No. 484/2000 Coll. Within subchapters 1.2 and 1.3 I analyze reimbursement of costs in the contentious and non-contentious proceedings, individual principles governing the reimbursement of costs and institutes related to reimbursement, specifically pre- action appeal and the...

Reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings Abstract Thesis reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings describes and evaluates selected concepts concerning the reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings. The primary goal is to describe essence of reimbursement of costs and to answer this common question: "Who shall pay it in the end?". Thesis is dived into four parts. The thesis starts with introduction where author sets goals of the thesis and methods of scientific work to compile and process assigned subject. In the first part author briefly defines terms trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings in order to clarify subject of the thesis. Furthermore there is briefly defined distinction between reimbursement of costs and payment of costs. The second part of the thesis is concerned with reimbursement of costs in trial and adversarial proceedings. This part is the most extenstive and most evaluated. It consists of description of reimbursement of costs and types of costs. There is also dedicated part to decisions and remedies concerning the reimbursement of costs. Third part is concerned with reimbursement of costs in trial and non-adversarial proceedings. Third part is divided into three chapters according to the...

1 Summary This thesis investigates the main perspectives of the reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings. During the process of the judicial decision- making is often the issue of reimbursement of costs in trial proceedings and enforcement proceedings considered as of lesser importance. Nevertheless, the extent of professional discussion and frequent amendments of relevant legal regulations testify the very opposite. For this reason, one of the basic aims of this study was to perform a solid analysis of relevant legal adjustments, to point out the real problems while applying them and also to bring the suggestions of possible changes of particular legal regulations. The parts of this thesis are as following - introduction, five chapters, and conclusion. In the introductory part, the author defines the issue and aims of the work which are further described in following chapters. It also contains a definition of basic and key terminology. The first chapter introduces an overview of types of particular costs in trial proceedings, which are essential for understanding the principles and their consequent reimbursements. Alongside with a summary of historical evolution, the author also included practical enforcement and last but not least - the most frequent difficulties of...

Фесенко Ю. В. Публічно-управлінське забезпечення виконання судових рішень : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 281 "Публічне управління та адміністрування" / наук. керівник Т. І. Бутченко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 118 с.
UA : Мета дослідження: розкрити перспективи оптимізації публічно- управлінського забезпечення виконання судових рішень в Україні. Об’єкт дослідження: суспільні відносини, які виникають у сфері публічно-управлінського забезпечення виконання судових рішень в Україні. Предмет дослідження: шляхи та умови публічно-управлінського забезпечення виконання судових рішень в Україні. Методи дослідження: аналіз, синтез, історичний, логічний, наукової абстракції, узагальнення, аналіз статистичних даних, формально-юридичний, функціональний. Гіпотеза: зростання правового забезпечення виконання судових рішень, яке сприяє підвищенню ефективності діяльності органів та осіб, які здійснюють публічно-управлінське забезпечення виконання судових рішень та престижу державної служби, виступає гарантом забезпечення виконання волі держави яка виражена в рішеннях суду, відіграє важливу роль у забезпеченні перспективи кожної людини, яка стає стороною виконавчого провадження. Висновки: 1. Адаптація публічно-управлінського забезпечення виконання судових рішень до стандартів Європейського Союзу зумовлює необхідність як переосмислення ряду теоретичних положень інституту виконавчої служби, так і вдосконалення її правового регулювання. 2. Доцільним здається застосування стратегічних напрямів реформування системи примусового виконання рішень, які вимагають застосування системного підходу до вирішення важливих проблем для підвищення ефективності забезпечення виконання судових рішень. 3. Результатом реформи має стати система правозастосовних процедур, яка забезпечує належне виконання публічно-управлінських рішень та правових норм, є прозорою, передбачуваною і орієнтованою на клієнта, на стійке економічне зростання та стимулює підприємництво та інвестиції.
EN : Objective of the research: to reveal prospects of optimization of public administration support for execution of court decisions in Ukraine. Object of the research: public relations that arise in the field of public administration support for execution of court decisions in Ukraine. Subject of the research: ways and conditions of public administration support for execution of court decisions in Ukraine. Methods of the research: analysis, synthesis, historical, logical, scientific abstraction, generalization, statistical data analysis, formal legal, functional. Hypothesis: there is a level of growth of legal support for the execution of court decisions, which helps to increase the efficiency of bodies and individuals who provide public administration support for the execution of court decisions and the prestige of the civil service, acts as a guarantor of ensuring the implementation of the will of the state, which is expressed in court decisions, plays an important role in ensuring the prospects of every person who becomes a party to enforcement proceedings. Conclusions: 1. Adaptation of public administration support for execution of court decisions to the standards of the European Union necessitates both rethinking a number of theoretical provisions of the institute of executive service, and improving its legal regulation. 2. It seems expedient to apply strategic directions of reforming the system of enforcement of decisions, which require the application of a systematic approach to solving important problems to improve the efficiency of enforcement of court decisions. 3. The reform should result in a system of law enforcement procedures that ensures the proper implementation of public administration decisions and legal norms, is transparent, predictable and customer-oriented, focused on sustainable economic growth and stimulates entrepreneurship and investment.

Baseado em dez anos de experiência na acção executiva, enquanto agente de execução, em que os primeiros momentos foram de procura de soluções face à mudança do paradigma na acção executiva, e em resultado da grande reforma do processo executivo que se iniciou com o DL 38/2003 de 8 de Março e que culminou agora com publicação da Lei 41/2013 de 26 de Junho, procede-se a uma breve análise à reforma executiva. A reforma da acção executiva operada em 2003 tinha como objectivo principal reduzir a actuação do juiz e dos tribunais, criando a figura do solicitador de execução, pretendendo combater a morosidade processual e desjudicializar assim o processo de execução. Porém, as mudanças previstas em 2003 para a acção executiva ficaram aquém do expectável, motivado pelo facto de desde logo não terem sido criados mecanismos técnicos e processuais, previstos na reforma então anunciada, deixando os solicitadores de execução e restantes operadores à deriva na tramitação processual. A par disso, alguns elementos do corpo do tribunal, olharam para os solicitadores de execução como autênticos entraves na justiça, considerando que deveriam ser desde logo afastados do sistema e do processo. A pretendida e anunciada desjudicialização da reforma da acção executiva, com a consequente transferência de poderes dos magistrados para os solicitadores de execução, que dependia de determinadas condições logísticas e de um fácil acesso à base de dados, ficou assim longe do pretendido pelo legislador. Assim, o legislador em 2008 entendeu necessário proceder a uma série de ajustes na acção executiva, cujas alterações viriam a entrar em vigor em Março de 2009, numa autêntica reforma da reforma de 2003. Com esta nova reforma pretendeu-se tornar as execuções mais simples, eliminando formalidades desnecessárias, mas ao mesmo tempo restringiu as competências do juiz de execução, tendo atribuído ao agora denominado agente de execução um papel mais preponderante no processo, o qual se deveria manter imparcial e transparente na sua actuação. Todavia esta nova reforma da reforma trouxe consigo outros erros, visto que estas novas alterações não tendo sido em certa medida as melhores escolhas do legislador, deram origem a novos conflitos de interesses entre exequentes e executados, dando um grande domínio de poderes aos denominados grandes litigantes em detrimento dos agentes de execução. Novas mudanças então perspectivaram-se, numa constante alteração legislativa a que não foi alheia a crise económica presente em Portugal, abrindo-se assim lugar para um novíssimo Código Processo Civil, criado pela Lei 41/2013, o qual se aplicará a todas as execuções pendentes. Esta reforma da acção executiva, que se espera final, devolve ao juiz de processo parte das atribuições que haviam sido retiradas em 2008, alterando e clarificando alguns aspectos da acção executiva, prevendo a criação de meios capazes de concretizarem a desejada desjudicialização do processo de execução, centrando no agente de execução o papel fundamental para esse sucesso.
Based on ten years of experience in the enforcement proceedings as an enforcement agent, wherein the first moments were looking for solutions due to the paradigm change in the enforcement proceedings, and in result of major reform of the executive process that began with the DL 38 / 2003 of 8th March and culminated now with the publication of Law 41/2013 of 26th June, it follows a brief review of the enforcement reform. The reform of enforcement proceedings operated in 2003 had as its main objective to reduce the action of the judge and the courts, creating the figure of the enforcement solicitor, intending to fight processing delays and thus reducing judicial involvement in the process of enforcement. However, the changes in this 2003 enforcement reform fell short of the expected caused by the fact that since then there haven't been created the much acclaimed technical and procedural mechanisms as provided in the announced reform, leaving the enforcement solicitors and other agents adrift in the proceedings. Alongside this, some elements of the court looked to enforcement solicitors as authentic barriers to justice, considering that they should be immediately removed from the system and process. The intention of reducing the judicial involvement announced in the reform of enforcement proceedings, with the consequent transfer of powers from the magistrates to the enforcement solicitors, which depended on certain logistical conditions and an easy access to the database, stayed far from the intended by the legislator. Therefore, in 2008 the legislator considered necessary to make a number of adjustments in the enforcement proceedings, whose changes were to come into force in March 2009, in a genuine reform of the 2003 reform. With this new reform it was intended to make executions simpler by eliminating unnecessary formalities, but at the same time it restricted the powers of the enforcement judge, and gave to the now called enforcement agent a more important role in the process, who should remain impartial and transparent in his/her actions. However this new reform of the reform brought with it other errors, since these new changes have not been to some extent the best choices of the legislator, it led to new conflicts of interest between creditors and debtors, and it gave a large domain of powers to the so-called big litigants to the detriment of the enforcement agents. New changes were then foreseen, in a constant legislative change which was not unrelated to the current economic crisis in Portugal, thus giving rise to a new Civil Procedure Code, introduced by Law 41/2013, which will be applied to all pending executions. This reform of the enforcement proceedings, which is expected to be the final version, gives back to the judge part of the tasks that had been removed in 2008, amending and clarifying some aspects of the enforcement proceedings, foreseeing the creation of means able to materialize the desired reduction of judicial involvement in the execution process, giving to the enforcement agent the key role to that success.

Orientação: Maria Emília Raposo
O modelo escolhido em Portugal para a ação executiva, foi o modelo Francês. Em 2003 foi efetuada uma reforma de processo executivo. Em 2008 foi efetuada outra. (entrada em vigor em 2009) Em 2013 foi efetuada outra ainda. Existem três formas de processo executivo: - Para pagamento de quantia certa, onde consideramos existirem 4 fases fundamentais. A primeira fase – em que se efectua a análise do processo e se determinam os procedimentos; A segunda fase – a da penhora; A terceira fase – a da citação, seja esta efectuada antes ou depois da penhora; A quarta fase – a venda. Na ação para entrega de coisa certa, entendemos só existirem 2 fases. A primeira fase – a citação; A segunda fase – a entrega da coisa; E a ação para prestação de facto, sendo que nesta existe uma única fase. A citação; É com a citação que o sujeito é chamada ao processo e toma conhecimento dele pela primeira vez, sendo que só após a citação concretizada aquele se constitui parte no processo e se pode defender. A citação pode ser prévia ou após penhora ou ainda em simultâneo com a penhora. Pretendemos com este trabalho, abordar a primeira fase do processo executivo, com a análise do título executivo e aflorar em que fase é o executado citado, dependendo da forma da ação.
The model chosen in Portugal for executive action, was the French model. In 2003 was made a reform of Executive process. In 2008 was made another. (entry into force in 2009) In 2013 was made yet another. There are three forms of Executive process: -For payment of certain amount, where we consider there are 4 fundamental phases. The first phase – in which the analysis of the process and determine the procedures; The second phase – the attachment; The third stage – the quote, whether made before or after the attachment; The fourth phase – the sale. In the action to deliver right thing, we believe there are only 2 stages. The first phase – the quote; The second phase – the delivery of the thing; And the action for providing that, being that there is a single phase. The quotation; Is with the quotation that the subject is called to process and acknowledge him for the first time, and only after the following quote that is party to the proceedings and can't defend himself. The quote can be prior or after attachment or even simultaneously with the attachment. With this work, we address the first phase of the Executive process, with the analysis of the instrument and touch on what stage is executed quoted, depending on the shape of action.

Orientação: Maria Emília Raposo
O tema deste trabalho é, essencialmente, a aplicação das principais alterações do Novo Código de Processo Civil, no âmbito da acção executiva. No decorrer do mesmo irão ser analisadas diversas alterações que sucederam com a entrada em vigor da nova legislação, nomeadamente, as alterações inerentes às competências do agente de execução, a redução dos títulos executivos, a distinção entre a forma ordinária e a forma sumária na tramitação da acção executiva, as alterações da tramitação da penhora de créditos e de depósitos bancários e as causas da impenhorabilidade. De acordo com o exposto será de salientar, ainda, que durante esta análise será feita a comparação entre a actual legislação e aplicação das anteriores.
The theme of this work, is essentially, the application of the New Code of Civil Procedure main changes, under executive action. Throughout the work, there will be examined several changes that followed the new legislation, namely, the inerent changes in the powers of the enforcement agent, the reduction of executive titles, the distinction between the ordinary form and summary form in the processing of executive action, the changes in the processing of the garnishee order and bank deposits, and the causes of unseizability. Acording to the above, shall be also noted that in this analysis, a comparison between the current law and the application of the previous ones will be made.

The thesis contains a historical overview of the origin and development institute of protection of the rights of third parties in enforcement proceedings. In this section, the focus is on the period of the Roman Empire and then follows the development from the 19th century untiltoday. The fundamental part of the work focuses on the description of the current state of enforcement proceedings under the Act no. 120/2001 Coll. The Executors and Execution, his status in the legal order of the Czech Republic, the basic principles of management and everything in relation to the protection of the rights of third parties in enforcement proceedings. Distributes third party to various groups and describes their rights and obligations under the legislation. It focuses on the means of protection and defense. In conclusion provides an overview of the most important novels enforceable rights in relation.

ABSTRACT OF THE PHD THESIS Grounds to refuse the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award pursuant to the New York Convention prepared by Stanisław Sołtysik under the supervision of prof. dr hab. Karol Weitz with the participation of dr Marcin Dziurda (acting as the auxiliary supervisor) The PhD thesis titled „Grounds to refuse the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award pursuant to the New York Convention” is focused on a segment of the broad issue of proceedings to recognize and enforce a foreign arbitral award – namely on the norms which form the substantive basis of the state court’s decision. The object of the thesis is a holistic characterization the content of the said norms (which are referred to in the thesis as grounds) regulated by Article V of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards done in New York on June 10, 1958 (text published in the Official Polish Journal of Laws under No. Dz.U.1962.9.41 – hereinafter as the Convention). The PhD thesis comprises of 6 chapters. The first chapter is designed as an introduction to the object of the thesis. It contains an attempt at presenting the position of the grounds to refuse the recognition and enforcement in the proceedings to recognize and enforce a foreign arbitral award and at describing the character of the said grounds. Additionally, this chapter characterizes the Convention as the most important treaty regulating specific salient aspects of the said proceedings, in particular the grounds to refuse the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award. The second chapter of the thesis discusses issues common to all of the grounds to refuse the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award. It contains, in particular, an attempt at presenting the division of the said groundsaccording to different criteria and the deliberations on the interpretation of Article V of the Convention (and other provisions of the Convention) as the provision of a treaty (i.e. an instrument of international law). Much of this chapter is devoted to the issue of the basis to apply the criteria (institutions) of preclusion and causality under the Convention as well as to the problem of whether the Convention affords the state court the liberty to grant the motion to recognize and enforce a foreign arbitral award if any of the grounds to refuse this under the Convention is met. The next four chapters of the thesis are an attempt to comprehensively characterize each of the grounds under the Convention – based on one of the divisions discussed in chapter 2 of the thesis. The respective grounds are analyzed in detail according to uniform criteria – first of all the object and function of each ground is being presented, then its historical background is outlined and finally the specific contentious issues related to the said ground are being described and resolved. Going through the last four chapters one by one, the third chapter contains the characterization of the grounds related to the competence of the arbitral tribunal – concerning the lack of capacity to arbitrate and the invalidity of the arbitration agreement (Article V(1)(a) of the Convention) and the excess by the arbitral tribunal of its jurisdiction and/or of its competence to decide the dispute (Article V(1)(c) of the Convention. The focus of chapter four is on the grounds which pertain to the course of the arbitral proceedings – the one regulating the inability of the party to present its case (Article V(1)(b) of the Convention) and the one generally touching upon the problem of irregularities in the arbitration proceedings (Article V(1)(d) of the Convention). Chapter five in turn discusses the ground directly concerning the arbitral award itself and its binding force (Article V(1)(e) of the Convention). Finally, chapter six presents the grounds which safeguard the most import ant interests of the country, the court of which is deciding on the recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award. It discusses thus the lack of arbitrability (Article V(2)(a) of the Convention) and the public policy exception (Article V(2)(b) of the Convention). Since both these grounds directly refer to the law of the country of the court deciding on the recognition and enforcement, this chapter also characterizes the relevant provisions of the Polish law regulating the arbitrability and forming part of the Polish ordre public.
Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej pt.: „Podstawy odmowy uznania i wykonania zagranicznego orzeczenia arbitrażowego według Konwencji nowojorskiej” jest wycinek szerokiej problematyki postępowania w przedmiocie uznania albo stwierdzenia wykonalności wyroku zagranicznego sądu polubownego w postaci norm stanowiących merytoryczną podstawę orzekania sądu powszechnego w tej kwestii. Celem pracy jest próba całościowego scharakteryzowania treści tych norm (określanych w treści pracy mianem podstaw) uregulowanych w art. V Konwencji o uznawaniu i wykonywaniu zagranicznych orzeczeń arbitrażowych sporządzonej w Nowym Jorku dnia 10 czerwca 1958 roku (Dz.U.1962.9.41 – Konwencja). Rozprawa doktorska składa się z 6 rozdziałów. Rozdział pierwszy stanowi wprowadzenie do omawianej tematyki. Zawiera on próbę przedstawienia miejsca ww. podstaw w postępowaniu w przedmiocie uznania albo stwierdzenia wykonalności wyroku zagranicznego sądu polubownego i próbę określenia ich charakteru. Dodatkowo w rozdziale tym przedstawiona jest specyfika Konwencji jako najistotniejszego aktu prawa międzynarodowego regulującego wybrane kwestie tego postępowania, w tym zawierającego podstawy odmowy uznania albo stwierdzenia wykonalności wyroku zagranicznego sądu polubownego. Rozdział drugi omawia kwestie wspólne dotyczące ww. podstaw. Zawiera on więc m. in. próbę przeprowadzenia ich podziału według różnych kryteriów oraz przedstawienie problematyki wykładni art. V Konwencji na tle ogólnych zasad interpretacji przepisów konwencyjnych jako przepisów umowy międzynarodowej. Istotne miejsce w tym rozdziale zajmuje także omówienie podstaw dla stosowania w postępowaniu w przedmiocie uznania albo stwierdzenia wykonalności wyroku zagranicznego sądu polubownego kryteriów (instytucji) prekluzji oraz kauzalności, a także problemu istnienia lub nieistnienia kompetencji sądu powszechnego dla wydania pozytywnego rozstrzygnięcia w takim postępowaniu mimo stwierdzenia zaistnienia jednej z podstaw konwencyjnych. Kolejne cztery rozdziały pracy stanowią próbę kompleksowego omówienia poszczególnych podstaw konwencyjnych wedle jednego z podziałów omówionych w rozdziale drugim rozprawy doktorskiej. Będące przedmiotem każdego z tych rozdziałów podstawy są w nim szczegółowo roztrząsane według ustandaryzowanych kryteriów – wpierw więc przedstawiony jest cel i funkcja każdej z nich, a następnie jej rys historyczny, po czym podjęta zostaje próba rozstrzygnięcia poszczególnych zagadnień spornych wynikających na jej tle. Przedstawiając te rozdziały kolejno, w rozdziale trzecim scharakteryzowane są podstawy odnoszące się do kompetencji arbitrów – dotyczące braku zdolności stron umowy o arbitraż lub jej nieważności (art. V ust. 1 lit. a Konwencji) oraz przekroczenia przez sąd polubowny zakresu jego właściwości lub kompetencji do rozstrzygnięcia sporu (art. V ust. 1 lit. c Konwencji). Rozdział czwarty zawiera omówienie podstaw mających za swój przedmiot przebieg postępowania arbitrażowego – tej regulującej uniemożliwienie stronie przedstawienia jej sprawy (art. V ust. 1 lit. b Konwencji) oraz tej ogólnie dotykającej problemu nieprawidłowości w postępowaniu arbitrażowym (art. V ust. 1 lit. d Konwencji). Rozdział piąty z kolei traktuje o podstawie dotyczącej bezpośrednio samego wyroku sądu polubownego i jego mocy wiążącej – a więc tej uregulowanej w art. V ust. 1 lit. e Konwencji. Wreszcie, rozdział szósty przedstawia podstawy zabezpieczające najistotniejsze interesy państwa, którego sąd orzeka o uznaniu albo stwierdzeniu wykonalności wyroku zagranicznego sądu polubownego. Omówione są w nim więc brak zdatności arbitrażowej przedmiotu sporu (art. V ust. 2 lit. a Konwencji) oraz sprzeczność uznania lub stwierdzenia wykonalności wyroku z porządkiem publicznym tego państwa (art. V ust. 2 lit b Konwencji). Z uwagi przy tym na to, że obie te podstawy wprost odwołują się do prawa krajowego państwa fori, scharakteryzowane są w nim także przepisy prawa polskiego regulujące obie wymienione kwestie.

The issue of the enforcement of judgments in family cases is a topical issue in our society, since the various changes this legal area has recently experienced. The main change in the procedural field was the separation of so-called undisputed proceedings into a new Act on Special court proceedings, while the Civil Procedure Code remained a subsidiary act. This new Act also contains the sole regulation of the enforcement proceeding in cases relating to domestic violence and in cases of child custody, since these two areas are the most distinct from the enforcement of other pecuniary and non-pecuniary performance. In the first two chapters, the thesis focuses on the background of the enforcement proceedings as well as on its development, principles and functions. The second chapter ends with the outline of the enforcement in the Act on Special court proceedings. The third chapter deals with the enforcement of judgements in domestic violence cases, focusing particularly on the Police Eviction Instrument and the Special Preliminary ruling on the Protection against Domestic Violence. Their subsequent enforcement is then evaluated and analyzed. The fourth chapter focuses on the legal regulation of the child custody, with an emphasis on the comparison of the different modes of enforcing the decisions, as...

Притуляк В.М. Повноваження суду при примусовому виконанні судових рішень у цивільних справах: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.03 / Притуляк Валерій Миколайович. - Одеса, 2016. - 205 с.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.03 - цивільне право і цивільний процес; сімейне право; міжнародне приватне право. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2016. Дисертація є першим у науці цивільного процесуального права України спеціальним комплексним дослідженням повноважень суду при примусовому виконанні судових рішень у цивільних справах. Досліджено становлення та розвиток системи примусового виконання судових рішень у цивільних справах. Визначено правову природу примусового виконання судових рішень у цивільних справах. Розглянуто особливості взаємодії суду з органами державної виконавчої служби при примусовому виконанні судових рішень у цивільних справах. Досліджено повноваження суду при зверненні рішення у цивільних справах до виконання. Проаналізовано повноваження суду при розгляді та вирішенні питань щодо застосування примусових заходів до боржника в процесі виконання рішень, процесуальні дії суду, спрямовані на сприяння належному виконанню судових рішень, а також повноваження суду при вирішенні процесуальних питань, пов’язаних із поворотом виконання. Охарактеризовано повноваження суду із здійснення попереднього та подальшого контролю на стадії виконання рішень у цивільних справах. Сформульовано теоретично обґрунтовані пропозиції щодо удосконалення цивільного процесуального законодавства у сфері примусового виконання судових рішень у цивільних справах.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.03 - гражданское право и гражданский процесс; семейное право; международное частное право. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2016. Диссертация является первым в науке гражданского процессуального права Украины специальным комплексным исследованием полномочий суда при принудительном исполнении судебных решений по гражданским делам. Исследован процес становления и развития системы принудительного исполнения судебных решений по гражданским делам. Обоснован вывод о том, что в исполнительном производстве реализуется правозащитная функция государства, которая предусматривает принудительное исполнение решений суда по гражданским делам в отношении обязанных по правовым актом лиц. Определена правовая природа принудительного исполнения судебных решений по гражданским делам. Сделан вывод о том, что принудительное исполнение судебных решений по гражданским делам является завершающей стадией судебного производства. Рассмотрены особенности взаимодействия суда с органами государственной исполнительной службы при принудительном исполнении судебных решений по гражданским делам. Исследованы полномочия суда при обращении решения по гражданским делам к исполнению. Проанализированы полномочия суда при рассмотрении и разрешении вопросов по применению мер принудительного характера к должнику в процессе выполнения решений, процессуальные действия суда, направленные на содействие надлежащему выполнению судебных решений, а также полномочия суда при решении процессуальных вопросов, связанных с поворотом исполнения. Охарактеризованы полномочия суда по осуществлению предварительного и последующего контроля на стадии исполнения решений по гражданским делам. Обоснована необходимость закрепления на законодательном уровне перечня оснований, усложняющих исполнение судебных решений и являющихся основанием для отсрочки или рассрочки исполнения, изменения или установления способа и порядка исполнения. Сформулированы предложения по усовершенствованию положений Гражданского процессуального кодекса Украины в части рассмотрения категории дел о временном ограничении лица в праве выезда за пределы Украины, о предоставлении права на принудительное проникновение в жилье или другое владение лица. Сделан вывод о том, что исполнение судебного решения является неотъемлемой составляющей процесса судебной защиты прав, сформулированный исходя из практики Европейского суда по правам человека при применении положений ст. 6 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основоположных свобод; Сформулированы теоретически обоснованные предложения по совершенствованию гражданского процессуального законодательства в сфере принудительного исполнения судебных решений по гражданским делам.
The thesis for the degree of a candidate of legal sciences, specialty 12.00.03 - Civil Law and Civil Procedure; Family law; Private International Law. - National University «Odessa Law Academy», Odessa, 2016. The dissertation is the first in the science of civil procedural law of Ukraine special complex research of the court’s authority in enforcement of court desicions in civil cases. The formation and development of the system of enforcement of court decisions in civil cases is researched. The legal nature of enforcement of court desisions in civil cases is defined. Peculiarities of interaction of the court with the bodies of the state executive service in the process of enforcement of desisions in civil cases is researched. The powers of the court while referring court’s decisions in civil cases for execution are examined. The powers of the court in considering and deciding on the application of coercive measures against the debtor in the implementation of court’s decisions, procedural actions of the court, aimed at facilitation of proper execution of court decisions, and powers of court in resolving procedural issues related to restitution were analyzed. The power of court to exercise preliminary and subsequent control at the stage of implementation of decisions in civil cases is characterized. Theoretically justified proposals on improvement of civil procedural legislation in the sphere of enforcement of court decisions in civil cases were formulated.

Praca ma na celu przedstawienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego w Księstwie Warszawskim i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1808–1823 z uwzględnieniem praktyki polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości oraz prac legislacyjnych w Radzie Stanu oraz próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy wszechobecny w ówczesnej debacie publicznej sprzeciw wobec francuskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych doprowadził do przywrócenia modelu znanego w okresie przedrozbiorowym, czy może to przywrócenie dawnych rozwiązań nazywanych „narodowymi” było w istocie rodzima korektą, która tworzona była, paradoksalnie, w oparciu o wzory francuskie i formalizm znany z napoleońskich kodyfikacji. Tematyka teorii i praktyki postępowania egzekucyjnego, jak i postępowania cywilnego w ogóle, z francuskiego kodeksu postępowania cywilnego z 1806 r. na ziemiach polskich była dotychczas w naukach historycznoprawnych poza zainteresowaniem badaczy, którzy skupiali się raczej na Kodeksie Napoleona i prawie cywilnym materialnym. Rozprawa stoi na stanowisku, że polska praktyka sądowa najpierw wypełniła francuską procedurę cywilną pozakodeksową treścią wynikającą z tradycji staropolskiej oraz doświadczeń pruskich, a następnie tak zmodyfikowaną procedurę zaakceptowała i uznała niemal za rodzimą w akcie obrony przed ustawodawstwem rosyjskim. W okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego i początku Królestwa Polskiego odwoływano się do przedrozbiorowych polskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych, które rozumiane były bardzo powierzchownie – jak polityczne hasła, znaczenia których nie pamiętano lub nie rozumiano. Rozprawa składa się z wprowadzenia, pięciu rozdziałów i zakończenia wraz z bibliografią. Wstęp zawiera szczegółowy katalog źródeł – drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych – na których oparta została praca. Wśród nich dominowało ustawodawstwo z epoki rozszerzone o źródła praktyki sądowej. W rozdziale pierwszym przedstawione zostały ogólne zagadnienia związane z francuską procedurą cywilną, jej recepcja w XIX-wiecznej Europie, krótka charakterystyka samego postępowania cywilnego wraz z organizacją sądownictwa w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim oraz modele egzekucji sądowej w przedrozbiorowej Polsce, a następnie w Prusach. Rozdział drugi poświęcony jest urzędnikom egzekucyjnym — czyli burgrabiemu i komornikowi sądowemu w Polsce, a huissier de justice we Francji — ich historii, kompetencjom, pozycji w wymiarze sprawiedliwości oraz różnic, które wynikały z pozakodeksowych aktów normatywnych obu państw. Rozprawa skupia się również na ewolucji i zmianach, które dotknęły profesji urzędnika wykonawczego w Polsce i we Francji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jego korzeni i odmiennej tradycji w obu państwach. W rozdziale trzecim omówione zostały szczegółowo najważniejsze środki egzekucyjne — w porządku kodeksowym — zapowiedzenie, zajęcie i sprzedaż ruchomości oraz zajęcie i sprzedaż nieruchomości z uwzględnieniem środków odwoławczych służących stronom, na różnych etapach egzekucji sądowej. Znajduje się tam również omówienie problematyki stosowania moratorium dla dłużników w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim ze względu na szczególny związek tej instytucji ze sprzedażą licytacyjną nieruchomości, a także z tzw. sumami bajońskimi. Kwestia związana z obrotem nieruchomościami była szczególnie doniosła na co dodatkowo nałożyła się trudna sytuacja kredytowa licznych właścicieli ziemskich na początku XIX w. w związku z zadłużeniem powstałym jeszcze w czasach pruskich. Praca wykazuje, że zarówno wierzyciele jak i dłużnicy bardzo szybko nauczyli się posługiwać środkami zarówno w poparciu, jak i przeciw egzekucji sądowej wedle francuskiej procedury cywilnej. Rozdział czwarty dotyczy dwóch instytucji o znacznej doniosłości praktycznej, a które w samym Kodeksie z 1806 r. na tle całości przepisów o egzekucji wyroków wydają się ledwie dostrzegalne: aresztu cywilnego, czyli przymusu osobistego dłużników w sprawach cywilnych, będącego de facto nadzwyczajnym środkiem egzekucyjnym, oraz pomocy wojskowej udzielanej w przypadku napotkania przez burgrabiego lub komornika sądowego oporu przeciwko czynnościom egzekucyjnym. Stanowiły one duży problem ze względu na konieczność współpracy pomiędzy wymiarem sprawiedliwości, administracją municypalną, a także wojskową. Rozprawa wykazuje, że liczne rządowe akty normatywne nie znajdowały lub znajdowały z trudem po licznych interwencjach wymiaru sprawiedliwości zastosowanie w praktyce, co dotyczyło zarówno nieprawidłowości przy areszcie cywilnym, jak i pomocy wojskowej w egzekucji – obie instytucje w znacznym stopniu ingerowały w wolność i bezpieczeństwo mieszkańców. W rozdziale piątym przedstawiona została częściowa reforma egzekucji sądowej w Królestwie Polskim w 1823 r., której celem miało być zastąpienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego modelem narodowym zgodnie z powszechną i bardzo ostrą krytyką rozwiązań francuskich w przedmiocie egzekucji sądowej, towarzyszącej procedurze cywilnej niemal od momentu jej wprowadzenia w Księstwie Warszawskim. Zawiera on szczegółową analizę przepisów zgodnie z metodą dogmatyczną, a także projektów postanowień namiestnika Królestwa Polskiego na różnych etapach pracy w Radzie Stanu i Radzie Administracyjnej. Pracę wieńczy zakończenie, podsumowujące najważniejsze tezy oraz ustalenia, w którym wykazano, że treść dwóch postanowień namiestnika z 1823 r., mające być w zamyśle swoistym prowizorium do czasu przyjęcia narodowego kodeksu procedury cywilnej, mimo antyfrancuskiej retoryki legislatorów była oparta na rozwiązaniach francuskich (język, technika etc.) z niewielkimi modyfikacjami, które w praktyce zamieniły najważniejszy środek egzekucyjny – sprzedaż licytacyjną nieruchomości – na licytacyjne wydzierżawienie. „Prowizorium” to przetrwało aż do 1876 r., kiedy weszła w życie rosyjska procedura cywilna. Autor rozprawy dowodzi, że nauka polska nie zauważyła, że sama sprzedaż licytacyjna w systemie prawnym przetrwała i sporadycznie można ją było spotkać w praktyce egzekucyjnej później, co prowadzi do konkluzji, że uzgodnienie francuskiego prawa egzekucyjnego z polskimi warunkami i tradycją doprowadziło do stworzenia instytucji, która cieszyła się większą popularnością niż poprzednia, mająca jedynie francuską proweniencję.
A dissertation presents French model of enforcement proceedings in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland from 1808 to 1823 including practice of Polish justice system as well as legislative work of State Council and other legislative bodies and committees. The main goal of this dissertation is to check the hypothesis whether the ubiquitous opposition against French enforcement proceedings solutions led to restoration in 1823 model from “old Poland”, i.e. from times before the last partition of Poland (1795), or whether that restoration of national solutions was indeed Polish modern reform based on French patterns and formalism taken from Napoleonic codes rather than based on ancient Polish customary law. The subject of the theory and practice of enforcement proceedings, as well as civil proceedings in general, from the French code of civil procedure of 1806 in Poland was beyond the interest of researchers (legal historians) who focused more on Napoleonic Code and civil law. This dissertation firmly states that Polish judicial practice in the first place filled French procedure with contents, deriving from Polish legal tradition and Prussian experience, that did not have any ground on legal text (codes) and then accepted it as “own” and even “national” in the defence process against the attempts to introduce Russian legislation in Poland. A dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, and conclusions. Introduction includes large and thorough catalogue of historical sources (printed and manuscripts) which were essential for the title subject. Chapter one introduces methodology and main issues regarding French civil procedure, its reception in XIX Century Europe, short description of this procedure as well as judicial organisation in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland, model of enforcement proceedings from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth era and later in Prussia. Second chapter focuses on courts’ enforcement officials – bailiff (burgrabia or komornik) in Poland and a huissier de justice in France. It includes a professional tradition, powers, place within justice system and comparative differences which resulted from other-than-codes normative acts (lower in hierarchy of legal texts as for example national regulations). That part includes evolution and changes that occurred to enforcement officers in both Countries from 1808 to 1823 and later as a symbol of strong national tradition that could not have been changed despite having the same French code of civil procedure. Third chapter is devoted to the system of enforcement proceedings mean and institutions in the code of civil procedure order: execution’s announcement (zapowiedzenie), seizure of movable property, foreclosure of immovable property, court’s bidding sale of seized goods with proper description of theory and practice of legal remedy and appellation for both parties – debtor and creditor – during every stage of civil and enforcement proceedings. I try to describe problems of moratorium for creditors in the Duchy of Warsaw regarding enforcement proceedings as it was applied only to the fraction of all cases and bidding sale of seized goods. A large part was devoted to the issue of sums of Bayonne (sumy bajońskie), however they were rather of political matter than judicia. The general view of the chapter is that real estate issue was essential for the Polish state because of the fact that it was the biggest asset of the nobility estate which was in very bad condition as the property was usually highly indebted. However, Polish debtors did not need much time to learn details of French enforcement proceedings means to use it to protect their property as they exploited a formalism of code of civil procedure of 1806 in many ways with great support of attorneys. Fourth chapter carries out description and conceptualisation of two particular and practical institutions. First, I introduce “civil arrest” .i.e. special kind of prison for debtors which was a mean to recover a debt by putting a debtor into the prison (run for non-criminals convicts only). Second, I describe the institution of military help within enforcement proceedings which was granted for bailiffs in case if they met any resistance during their professional duties. I reconstruct both institutions using a very rare historical sources from judicial and extrajudicial archives as it was a field of cooperation of prosecutors and bailiffs from the one side and the army and municipal administration from the other side. I show that especially local administration faced many problems with implementation of the provisions of the code of civil procedure. These wrongdoings were traced and corrected by the national government but their big number and recurrence shows deep problems of state institutions. Chapter five focuses on partial reform of the enforcement proceedings law from 1823 which was believed to switch from French model into Polish (national) one. It includes a very detailed description and meaning of provisions of two legal acts – regulations of the Viceroy (Namiestnik) of the Kingdom of Poland. In the conclusions I highlight the most important thesis and findings of the dissertation. So-called “national” regulations from 1823 were indeed heavily based on French model and logic and were in force for almost 53 years despite the fact that their creators’ intentions were rather temporarily. I firmly stand on the thesis that Polish researchers did not recognize that the most essential French institution – bidding sale of immovable property – was not forbidden, but there was another institution added to the system – bidding lease of the immovable property – that was far more popular than the French one.

The topic of preliminary injunctions (injunctive relief) in civil proceedings has not been monographically processed and published in the Czech Republic for more than one hundred years. That is in spite of the practical relevance and topical debates pertaining to the topic. A whole array of problematic questions connected to preliminary injunctions is controversial and also legal opinions in Czech commentary literature considerably diverge in respect to particular issues. The thesis offers a systematic approach to preliminary injunctions and proceedings governed by the Czech Civil Proceedings Code and the Statute on Special Court Proceedings ("OSŘ" and "ZŘS"). Attention is paid to historic developments and comparable jurisdictions (especially Germany and Austria), which are used as a reference in cases where Czech sources are insufficient. The aim of the work is to pose and answer fundamental questions of the "law of preliminary injunctions". The work deals with function, typology, relation to the proceedings based on merits, interlocutory character, limits, means, effects, particularities (such as demonstration, justification), requirements for granting and possibilities of enforcement of preliminary measures, further with relation to relative legal creatures (i.e. preliminary enforceability) and...

The issue of the enforcement of judgments in family cases is of a specific nature and differs from the enforcement of other civil law decisions by the specific legal regulation and the nature of the subject matter of the enforcement of decisions, where the subject matter are persons, especially minors, and not thed pecuniary and non-pecuniary performance as in other cases of enforcement. In connection with the recodification of private substantive law, a new Act No. 292/2013 Coll., on Special court proceedings, which contains special legal regulations on the enforcement of judgments in matters of protection against domestic violence and in matters of custody of minors, was adopted. At the same time, Act No. 99/1963 Coll., The Code of Civil Procedure, was novelized and remained a subsidiary act. This thesis deals with special procedures for the enforcement of judgements in family cases, which we find in the second part of the fifth section of the Special court proceedings Act. In the first chapter, the thesis deals with the issue of civil proceedings, the enforcement proceedings and execution of decisions, with emphasis on its development, principles, functions and legal regulations. The second chapter focuses on the enforcement of judgements in family cases and on their specifics. The third chapter...

1 Abstract This dissertation deals with investment protection in the European Union from several points of view. The first part deals with the history of investment protection and its main basis and grounds for current legislation and proposals for future regulation, particularly within the EU. In subsequent parts, current legislation and intra-European Union investment protection is analysed in detail, including the question of validity and applicability of Intra-EU BITs, i.e. bilateral treaties concluded between two EU Member States. The analysis is made from the perspective of EU law, as well as from the point of view of public international law. The dissertation further deals with their relationship and demonstrates contradictions between them in two crucial cases, Eureko/Achmea and Micula. Additional themes of this dissertation are the powers of the European Union regarding investment protection and the conclusion of international treaties such as CETA and TTIP. This dissertation further deals with the status, jurisdiction and functioning of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), demonstrating the relatively smooth and widely accepted investment dispute settlement mechanism. In this regard, the proposed EU Multilateral Investment Court project in analysed, including a...

Text in Afrikaans
In hierdie verhandeling ontleed ek die oproeping van ʼn verband op ʼn onroerende saak in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Indien ʼn verbandskuldenaar wanpresteer, kan die verbandskuldeiser sy beperkte saaklike reg afdwing deur die verband op te roep ten einde die uitstaande skuld te delg. Om dit te bereik, word die sekerheidsobjek op ʼn eksekusieverkoping te gelde gemaak, nadat die regte prosedure gevolg is. Die oproepingsproses is in die laaste dekade ingrypend verander, grotendeels as gevolg van artikel 26 van die Grondwet, 1996, en artikels 129 en 130 van die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. Die volgende stadiums in die oproepingsproses word onderskei: die voorverhoorprosedure; jurisdiksiebepaling; die hofprosedure; beslaglegging en die eksekusieverkoping. Wetgewing en regspraak het onlangs ingrypende veranderings ten aansien van die voorverhoorprosedure en die hofprosedure teweeggebring. Alhoewel die oproepingsproses tans bevredigend deur wetgewing en in die regspraak gereël word, is daar nog verontrustende aspekte van eksekusieverkopings wat die wetgewer se aandag verdien.
In this dissertation I analyse the calling up of a mortgage bond over immovable property under South-African law. If a mortgagor defaults, the mortgagee can enforce his limited real right by calling up the mortgage bond to satisfy the outstanding debt. To accomplish this, the secured property will be sold at an execution sale, after the correct procedure has been followed. Over the past decade, foreclosure proceedings have undergone significant changes, largely owing to section 26 of the Constitution, 1996, and sections 129 and 130 of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005. The following stages in the foreclosure process are identified: pre-trial debt enforcement procedure; determination of jurisdiction; court procedure; attachment and execution sale. Both the pre-trial debt enforcement procedure and the court procedure have recently been substantially amended by legislation and case law. Although legislation and case law currently regulate the foreclosure process satisfactorily, some disturbing aspects of execution sales remain and these deserve the legislator’s attention.
Private Law
LL.M.

The Minor in the Civil Procedure JUDr. Jana Sladká Hyklová Abstract The thesis deals with the topic of the minor in civil procedure. This topic has not been yet properly compiled in Czech legal literature although the issues of participation of minors within civil proceedings are still actual and their importance is increasing. The basic legal source covering the chosen topic is Act No. 99/1963 Coll., Civil Procedure Code, which had to be amended more than 120 times. Procedural law in family law matters, which form substantial part of the content of this thesis topic, is firmly connected with substantive law. Substantive legislation is nowadays represented by Civil Code and Family Law, which are supposed to be replaced on 1 January 2014 with new code of civil law, Civil Code (Act No. 89/2012 Coll.). This is the reason why the thesis pays attention to the existing legislation as well as to novelties brought by the new code. Where needed, an analysis of new legislation in terms of proper procedural protection of the rights of minors is provided. New legislation of civil law brings the question of preparation of appropriate procedural code. On spring 2012 the draft of law of non contentious procedure which includes main principles and outline of this brand new procedural regulation was published. Where...