Bibliographies thématiques / Opportunismo

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Opportunismo »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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Karamanoli, Vassia, Kyriaki Fousiani et Maria Sakalaki. « Preference for Non-Cooperative Economic Strategies is Associated with Lower Perceived Self-Efficacy, Fewer Positive Emotions, and Less Optimism ». Psychological Reports 115, no 1 (août 2014) : 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/09.07.pr0.115c10z5.

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The goal was to investigate the association of economic opportunism with self-efficacy, optimism, and positive emotion. It was hypothesized that economic opportunists should experience lower self-efficacy, less positive thinking, and less optimism. Study 1 ( N = 206) showed that economic opportunism was negatively correlated with self-efficacy, optimism, and positive affect, and positively correlated with negative affect. Study 2 ( N = 128) indicated that individuals reporting higher self-efficacy were less likely to defect on their counterparts in a game situation. These findings show the negative association of opportunistic propensity with self-efficacy and positive emotions. Implications for experimental research on economic opportunism and positive emotions are discussed.
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Semenova, I. A., et A. S. Gerbulova. « CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOUR OF FIRM's PERSONNEL ». Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no 1 (12 février 2021) : 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-1-30-36.

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The article discusses the importance of implementing mechanisms of optimization of employee opportunistic behaviour in a company. With growing transactional and transformational expenses of the firm, employees’ dissatisfaction with their salary rates, reduced control over the activities of employees by employers, the emergence of opportunities to organize a remote form of labor relations and the lack of effective evaluation systems and incentives for labor, the costs of opportunistic behavior of company personnel increase. The problem connected with employee opportunistic behaviour in companies is becoming crucial due to the complication of qualitative and quantitative estimation of the costs of opportunistic behaviour. The article analyzes causes of opportunism emerging in firms’ internal relations. The authors define the term of “opportunistic behaviour”. The role of a company director is also assessed. The article discovers the essence and content of opportunism’s consequences in firms. The classification of forms of opportunism in firms is given. The authors analyze the practical experience of opportunism restriction by the example of “Essen Production AG” company and other Russian enterprises. The authors discuss the major mechanism of opportunistic behaviour restriction and evaluate the method of motion and time study used in the process of identifying opportunism. The effect, which is likely to be obtained as a result of opportunism restriction, is substantiated.
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Fennimore, Anne. « Natural born opportunists ». Management Decision 55, no 8 (18 septembre 2017) : 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2016-0786.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adapt research conducted on subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians to conceptualise false agents in transaction cost economics (TCE). Both opportunism and information asymmetry provide a means to manipulate contractual relationships, pursuing existing loopholes for self-interest, while uncertainty and small-numbers bargaining allow false agents to exploit existing agreements during periods of rapid change, growth, and development. Considering differences in contract length preference may inform our understanding of subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians. Contextually, the rise of “quasi-governmental” hybrid organisations may produce an ideal prospect for “natural born” opportunists to reap self-interested benefits through contractual loopholes. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper addresses social norms and blind trust in contractual relationships. In turn, blind trust may provide clues about the environmental conditions that facilitate manipulation by subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians during negotiations of contract term length. Findings Williamson’s (1975) TCE framework provides a novel approach to subclinical psychopathic and Machiavellian behaviour by agents. Assumptions about behavioural norms may differ between the contracting party and the agent, leading to positive behavioural expectations of trust such as confidence, reciprocity, and history. The length of the contractual relationship may distinguish subclinical psychopaths from Machiavellians. The subclinical psychopath is more likely to behave opportunistically in short-term contracts, while Machiavellians more likely amass goodwill to behave opportunistically in long-term contracts. The role of uncertainty, small-numbers bargaining, information asymmetry, and opportunism is particularly relevant in quasi-governmental organisations when agents are “natural born” opportunists. Originality/value This theoretical paper adds to discussion of TCE related problems in organisations. “Natural born” opportunistic agents are more likely to take advantage of principals who extend trust as a goodwill gesture in a contractual relationship. Trust often represents a mental shortcut, based on “gut” reactions to save time, especially in dynamic environments. Hybrid organisations represent one such environment, in which contracting of goods and services renders comprehensive monitoring impracticable. Yet, scholarship adheres to legal mechanisms as safeguards against opportunism without acknowledging social norms that guide blind trust. Finally, contrasting motives between principals and false agents creates an inherent relationship asymmetry.
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Tan, Yean Chu, et Chin Chuan Gan. « The Role of Post-Purchase Emotional Dissonance on Product Return Intentions ». GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no 1 (14 janvier 2014) : 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(10).

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Objective Retailers often impose strict returning policies to control product returns without understanding the consumers' returned intention in the first place. Past research has shown that product return policies have little effect on product returns. As such, the aim of this research is to identify the underlying factors of emotional dissonance, which focus on high product involvement, consumer opportunism and switching barriers, and as well as its effect on product return intentions. Methodology/Technique - A total of 250 respondents who is smartphone users and aged between 17 and 35 were invited to participate in the self-administered online questionnaire with a total of 24 items included to measure the construct. Findings A The finding reveals that high product involvement has no significant effect on emotional dissonance and product return intentions. Whereas, switching barriers has significant effect on emotional dissonance, but no significant effect on product return intentions. Consumer opportunisms havea significant effect on emotional dissonance, thus forming product return intentions. Novelty This study is important in assisting the retailers in managing their customer relationships better, whereby consumers deem the connection with the purchased product as part of the buying experience with the retailers. Type of Paper: Empirical paper Keywords: Customer Opportunism; Emotional Dissonance; Post-Purchase; Product Involvement; Return Intensions; Switching Barriers.
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Chai, Linlin, Jin Li, Thomas Clauss et Chanchai Tangpong. « The influences of interdependence, opportunism and technology uncertainty on interfirm coopetition ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 34, no 5 (3 juin 2019) : 948–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2018-0208.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and the conditions of coopetition at the inter-organizational level. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on survey research methodology and analyzes the data from 138 companies regarding the antecedents and the conditions of their coopetition. Findings The results indicate that the interdependence between partners (i.e. the antecedent) positively affects interfirm coopetition, and that this relationship is contingent on the joint occurrence of opportunism (a behavioral condition) and technology uncertainty (a contextual condition). Specifically, highly interdependent firms are more likely to be involved in a coopetitive relationship when both opportunism and technology uncertainty are high. Interestingly, the authors’ data also show that opportunism or technology uncertainty alone may not be adequate in moderating the interdependence–coopetition relationship. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the current literature in two meaningful ways. First, it empirically examines interdependence as a potential antecedent of interfirm coopetition. Second, it improves our understanding of the behavioral and contextual conditions that facilitate the formation of coopetitive relationships by examining the moderating roles of opportunisms and technology uncertainty in the relationship between interdependence and interfirm coopetition. The limitations of this study lie in its confined method of cross-sectional survey from the focal firm’s perspective. Future research may advance beyond this study through experimental and/or longitudinal research designs. Practical implications This study provides managers with two important practical insights in coopetition management. First, the findings suggest a two-step approach to help a firm assess and manage the level of coopetition in its relationship with a business partner. In addition, the findings provide a counterintuitive suggestion to managers that the joint conditions of high opportunism and high technology uncertainty indeed prime the relationship for the rise of coopetition, provided that managerial efforts are made to somewhat increase the level of interdependence in the relationship. Originality/value Despite the growing number of studies on coopetition, research still lacks knowledge about the antecedents and the conditions of inter-organizational coopetition, and this study aims to fill this gap.
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Tse, Wicky W. K. « Opportunism in Foreign Affairs in First Century BCE China : Chen Tang, His Fellows, and Their Patrons ». T’oung Pao 107, no 3-4 (8 septembre 2021) : 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10703010.

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Abstract By examining the career of a contingent of action-prone mid-level military officers and diplomats, this article aims to explore how opportunism functioned in foreign affairs during the last decades of the Former Han dynasty (202 BCE–9 CE). To safeguard and advance the empire’s interests, especially in Central Asia, these characters would carry out their missions with expediency, usually by the means of assassination and surprise attacks, and sometimes without formal authorization. Yet their successful operations always earned, if retrospectively, the endorsement of the imperial court, which in turn encouraged further ventures. The investigation of the front-line opportunists and their patrons presents a lively picture of the politics and political culture of the time.
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Reolid, Matías. « Microfossil assemblages and geochemistry for interpreting the incidence of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) in the south-eastern Iberian Palaeomargin (External Subbetic, SE Spain) ». Journal of Micropalaeontology 39, no 2 (4 décembre 2020) : 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-233-2020.

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Abstract. By studying the facies, geochemistry, and microfossil assemblages of the uppermost Pliensbachian and lower Toarcian of the Cueva del Agua section, I was able to appraise the impact of the Jenkyns Event in the eastern part of the South Iberian Palaeomargin (Western Tethys). Depleted oxygen conditions are envisaged for the Polymorphum–Serpentinum Zone boundary (lower Toarcian), represented by dark marls, precisely in a laminated interval. The decrease in the α diversity of foraminifera and ostracods, along with greater proportions of opportunists such as Lenticulina, Eoguttulina, and Cytherella just before the negative carbon isotopic excursion (CIE), would indicate a disturbance of the environmental conditions during the initial phase of the biotic crisis. The peak of the biotic crisis is characterized by an absence of trace fossils, increased organic matter content, an increased Mo∕Al ratio, and negative CIE and δ18O, as well as fewer specialist forms and more opportunists. This biotic crisis peak is related to oxygen-depleted conditions in the bottom waters and in the sediment pore water, while warming negatively affected microfauna – to the point of leaving a barren benthic horizon in the record. Recovery is evidenced by the occurrence of carbonate layers with hummocky cross-stratification and a decrease in organic matter content, the Mo∕Al ratio, and the trace fossil record. In terms of microfauna, the first phase of recovery shows highly abundant foraminifera, ostracods, and microgastropods, mainly opportunist forms. After the proliferation of opportunist forms, a second phase of recovery is marked by a progressive increase in α diversity.
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LePage, C., et P. Cury. « Population viability and spatial fish reproductive strategies in constant and changing environments : an individual-based modelling approach ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no 10 (1 octobre 1997) : 2235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-132.

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A spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) helps to explain how two reproductive strategies, described as obstinate and opportunist, may be acting at the population level. Factors such as the spatial structure and the dynamics of the environment, the shape of the reproductive function, and spawning season duration are considered. Five simulations are presented to explore the importance of these factors in the success of two reproductive strategies experiencing in a first step, a constant, and in a second step, a changing environment. Simulations show that the obstinate strategy is characterized by high inertia and mainly selects optimal environmental conditions in the long term, whereas the opportunist strategy maintains diversity in site choice and allows the individual to explore environmental variability. Under drastic environmental changes, only a population combining both strategies avoids extinction. A low percentage of opportunists (about 1%) coupled with a high proportion of obstinates (about 99%) ensure population viability. Similar percentages have been observed in nature for philopatric species. The respective percentages of inertia and innovation that are needed in the functioning of natural systems are discussed.
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Pothmann, Ute. « Ein gescheiterter Opportunist ». Vierteljahrschrift f??r Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 108, no 3 (2021) : 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2021-0011.

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Popov, Evgeny V., et Evgenia V. Ersh. « Institutions for Decreasing of Employee Opportunism ». MONTENEGRIN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, no 2 (20 mai 2016) : 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845.2016/12-1/2.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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Grine, Ghiles. « Méthanogènes : entre commensalisme et opportunisme ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0623.

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Dans la première partie de notre Thèse, nous avons revu la littérature de l’ensemble des espèces méthanogènes retrouvées dans les différents microbiotes de l’homme. Nous avons également fait un point sur les diverses méthodes utilisées en microbiologie clinique pour rechercher et identifier ces microorganismes. Dans une seconde partie de notre thèse, nous avons montré que le tractus digestif humain est colonisé par M. smithii dès le premier jour de la vie posant ainsi la question des sources potentielles d’acquisition de ce méthanogènes. Nous avons détecté et isolé M. smithii et M. oralis dans le colostrum et dans le lait maternel suggérant ainsi une contamination mère-enfant par allaitement. Concernant les prélèvements vaginaux, M. smithii est détecté dans 97 % des prélèvements collectés chez des patientes ayant une vaginose bactérienne. Par la suite, nous avons rapporté la détection de méthanogènes, M. oralis et M. smithii dans le fluide salivaire d'individus ne souffrant d'aucune maladie bucco-dentaire. Dans la troisième partie de notre thèse, nous avons montré pour la première fois que les méthanogènes font partie du microbiote urinaire dans lequel nous avons trouvé M. smithii avec une prévalence de 9 %. Enfin, nous avons optimisé les méthodes de recherche et d’isolement des méthanogènes. Nous avons développé une méthode chimique de production d’H2. L’expertise acquise et les résultats obtenus au cours de cette Thèse, nous invitent à poursuivre des travaux de recherche en microbiologie clinique des méthanogènes, en questionnant plus particulièrement leurs rôles en physiologie et en pathologie buccodentaire
In the first part of our thesis, we reviewed the literature of all the methanogenic species found in the different microbiota of humans. We also reviewed the various methods used in clinical microbiology to research and identify these microorganisms. In a second part of our thesis, we have shown that the human digestive tract is colonized by M. smithii from the first day of life thus posing the question of potential sources of acquisition of this methanogen. We detected and isolated M. smithii and M. oralis in colostrum and breast milk suggesting mother-to-child contamination by breastfeeding. For vaginal specimens, M. smithii is detected in 97% of the samples collected from patients with bacterial vaginosis. Subsequently, we reported the detection of methanogens, M. oralis and M. smithii in the salivary fluid of individuals with no oral disease. In the third part of our thesis, we have shown for the first time that methanogens are part of the urinary microbiota in which we found M. smithii with a prevalence of 9%. Finally, we have optimized the methods of research and isolation of methanogens. We have developed a chemical method for producing H2. The expertise acquired and the results obtained during this thesis, invite us to continue research work in clinical microbiology of methanogens, questioning more particularly their roles in physiology and oral pathology
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Ngidjima, Loleke Lotshangola Jose. « Etude de la performance de la coopétition par le capital social : le cas des mines artisanales de diamant au Kasai, en République Démocratique du Congo ». Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0038/document.

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Dans une économie globalisée actuelle, où l’environnement entrepreneurial est défini comme incertain et turbulent, les entreprises choisissent les stratégies de coopétition pour avoir des avantages et performances. Mais, selon la littérature spécialisée, si les avantages et les performances, sont mis en avant pour justifier la pertinence des stratégies de coopétition, la notion d’opportunisme du partenaire est elle aussi largement investie et identifiée par des recherches comme un frein à la coopétition. C’est de cette façon, qu’on peut constater dans cette littérature, deux thèses différenciées qui caractérisent les analyses sur la coopétition ; une relation entre concurrents, source de performances hors normes et une relation fragile et instable à tout instant, à raison de l’opportunisme présumé du partenaire. L’opportunisme du partenaire s’avère particulièrement problématique en ce qu’il conduirait à limiter les performances et avantages attendus de la coopétition. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’établir un lien entre la performance de la coopétition et le capital social. Partant de l’opportunisme du partenaire, nous avons posé que la performance d’une coopétition est fonction de deux préalables : la réduction de l’opportunisme et l’augmentation de l’engagement des acteurs en relation. Une étude empirique est menée auprès des coopétitions des TPE minières exploitant le diamant au Kasaï, en République Démocratique du Congo. Une méthodologie qualitative permet le recueil des données par entretiens semi-directs, puis l’exploitation des termes des discours en se servant de l’outil lexicometrique, « Iramuteq ». L’objectif est de repérer les éléments déterminés de manière théorique, et qui traduisent soit les enjeux de la coopétition pour les TPE d’un environnement difficile, soit la pertinence du capital social dans la performance de la coopétition. Des liens établis entre la réduction de l’opportunisme, l’augmentation de l’engagement et les avantages tirés de la coopétition avec le capital social, constituent l’apport de cette recherche. Apport qui concerne les connaissances tant en management de la coopétition, que relatives aux TPE de contexte difficile. La variable-clé, « opportunisme » du partenaire, est la source du lien constaté entre la performance de la coopétition et le capital social. La logique suivie se décline en réponse aux interrogations formulées dans la littérature par différents auteurs au sujet de l’opportunsme qui conduit à la fragilité et à l’instabilité de la coopétition. Ce qui nous autorise de formuler un modèle vertueux de la performance de la coopétition par le capital social. A l’issu de notre étude empirique, une discussion sur des implications managériales est menée, aboutissant à une forme spécifique de coopétition mobilisant deux niveaux de réseau et des préconisations sont envisagées
In today’s global economy, where the entrepreneurial environment is defined as uncertain and turbulent, companies choses coopétition strategies to have advantage and performance. But, according to the specialized literature, if the advantage and the performance are highlighted to justify the relevance of the strategies of coopetition, the notion of opportunism of the partner is also widely invested and identified by research as a brake on coopetition. It is in this way that we can see in this literature two differentiated theses which goods the analyses on coopetition; a relationship between competitors, a source of exceptional performance and a fragile and unstable relationship at all times, on account of the supposed opportunism of the partner. The opportunism of the partner is particularly problematic in that it would lead to limiting the performance and advantages from expected coopetition. The aim of the research is to establish a link between the performance of coopetition and social capital. Based on the opportunism of the partner, we have posited that the performance of a coopetition depends on two prerequisites: the reduction of opportunism and the increase in the commitment of the actors in relationships. Year empirical study is being carried out on the coopetition of very small mining companies of diamond in kasaï in Democratic Republic of Congo. A qualitative methodology allows the collection of data by semi direct interviews and the operation of the terms of speech using the lexicon metric tool “Iramuteq”. The objective is to identify the theoretically determined elements, which reflect either the stakes of coopétition for very small mining companies in a difficult environment or the relevance of social capital in the performance of coopetition. The link between the reduction of opportunism, the increase in commitment and the advantages of coopetition with social capital are the contribution of the research, contribution that concerns the knowledge both in management if coopetition, and relating to the very small mining companies of difficult context. The key variable “opportunism” of the partner is the source of the link between the performance of coopetition and social capital. The logic followed us in response to the questions raised in the literature by different authors about the risk of opportunism that leads to the fragility and instability of coopetition. This allows us to formulate a virtuous model of the performance of coopetition through social capital. At the end of our empirical study, a discussion on managerial implications is conducted; leading to a specific form of coopetition invoicing two levels of network and recommendations are envisaged
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Kayello, Lima. « Opportunism and cognition in birds ». Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119422.

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Animals vary in their response to the distribution of resources in time and space. Opportunistic foraging is evident in many species and has indirectly been shown to be linked to measures of cognition such as innovation and problem solving. However, in the field of cognitive ecology, the operationalization and empirical use of opportunism is problematic. In chapter 1, I review the concept of opportunism in the zoological literature and propose an operational definition. The review suggests that many definitions of the concept are not useful, in particular those that equate it with generalism or use it to describe random choice in foraging. With the operational definition I propose ('latency to switch to a new, abundant, food source'), the relationship between ecological flexibility and cognition is then addressed through a small-scale comparative study in chapter 2. Here, the purpose is to determine if an opportunistic species will perform better at problem solving, and have lower neophobic tendencies, than a less opportunistic species. The study compares two sister species of Thraupidae with different foraging strategies: the Barbados bullfinch (Loxigilla barbadensis), an opportunistic forager, and the black-faced grassquit (Tiaris bicolor), a conservative forager. In the field, I carried out focal observations along with opportunism and neophobia experiments. In captivity, wild-caught individuals were run through a set of behavioural and cognitive tests, which included a neophobia test and a problem-solving obstacle removal task. Results show that although both species share overlapping foraging modes, territorial habits and neophobic tendencies, the Barbados bullfinch is much more opportunistic, bolder and better at problem-solving than the black-faced grassquit.
Les animaux diffèrent dans leurs réponses à la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources. Plusieurs espèces manifestent un mode opportuniste de quête alimentaire et des preuves indirectes suggèrent que l'opportunisme est associé à des mesures de cognition telles que l'innovation et la résolution de problèmes. Toutefois, dans le domaine de l'écologie cognitive, la définition et l'opérationalisation de l'opportunisme pose problème. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, je fais une revue de littérature du concept d'opportunisme et j'en propose une définition opérationelle. La revue suggère que plusieurs acceptions du concept sont peu utiles, en particulier celles qui le confondent avec le concept de 'genéralisme' et celles qui lui donnent le sens de 'capture au hasard' de proies. A partir de la définition opérationelle que je propose ('la latence d'exploitation d'une nouvelle et abondate source de nourriture'), la relation entre l'opportunisme et la cognition est testée au chapitre 2 dans une étude comparative à petite échelle. Je prédis qu'une espèce opportuniste sera plus rapide à résoudre un problème alimentaire et sera moins néophobe qu'une espèce conservatrice. L'étude compare deux espèces génétiquement très proches, le sporophile de la Barbade (Loxigilla barbadensis), une espèce opportuniste, et le sporophile cici (Tiaris bicolor), une espèce conservatrice. J'ai effectué sur le terrain des observations focales et des expériences sur l'opportunsime et la néophobie. En captivité, j'ai soumis des individus piégés sur le terrain à des tests de néophobie et d'enlèvement d'obstacle pour atteindre de la nourriture. Les résultats révèlent que le sporophile de la Barbade est plus opportuniste, moins néophobe et meilleur à résoudre le problème que le sporophile cici, mais que ni sa territorialité ni son mode d'alimentation sur le terrain ne diffèrent suffisamment de celui du sporophile cici pour expliquer les différences de cognition.
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Talagrand, Emilie. « Diversité, complexité et adaptation au comportement pathogène au sein du genre Aeromonas ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT123/document.

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Le genre Aeromonas regroupe des bactéries ubiquitaires vivant essentiellement dans les environnements hydriques. Ces pathogènes opportunistes de l’homme et de nombreux animaux possèdent un large répertoire de facteurs associés à la virulence. Bien que des pathotypes aient été proposés et que certaines espèces semblent plus fréquemment isolées en clinique humaine et vétérinaire, leur pouvoir pathogène demeure mal compris, notamment en raison du faible nombre d’études fonctionnelles et du manque d’investigations tenant compte de la diversité génétique et de la complexité des comportements biologiques du genre Aeromonas.Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que chez un pathogène opportuniste d’origine environnementale aussi polyvalent et ubiquitaire qu’Aeromonas, la structuration en complexes d’espèces avec une remarquable diversité génétique/génomique des populations, le polymorphisme des facteurs de virulence et les interactions au sein de communautés « pathogènes » puissent être des facteurs d’adaptation au comportement pathogène. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié i) la diversification au sein d’un complexe d’espèces, « A. media », utilisé comme modèle au moyen d’une étude de population intégrant la génétique et la phylogénie multilocus, les mécanismes d’évolution, la génomique comparative mais également les données phénotypiques, de modes de vie et d’habitats et, ii) la patho-génomique de facteurs de virulence reconnus (aérolysine, entérotoxines thermostable et thermolabile, exotoxine A, protéase à sérine, composants et effecteurs du système de sécrétion de type III, et flagelline latérale) pour une population représentative de la diversité des espèces actuellement connue dans le genre (30 espèces) et iii) le comportement pathogène in vivo (modèle Caenorhabditis elegans) et in vitro (cytotoxicité et cytoadhésion, production de biofilm, motilité) et la signalisation intercellulaire (quorum-sensing de type I) à l’échelle de populations impliquées dans les aéromonoses mixtes (5% des aéromonoses humaines) définies par l’isolement d’au moins 2 clones distincts d’Aeromonas.Le phénomène de spéciation décrit avec l’exemple du complexe A. media, agrégeant 3 espèces génomiques, démontre qu’Aeromonas possède une structure de population en complexes d’espèces dont la diversité génétique et génomique ainsi que les modes d’évolution (mutations et recombinaisons) révèlent divers potentiels adaptatifs et patho-adaptatifs associés à l’émergence de lignées. Au sein du complexe A. media, l’espèce A. rivipollensis semble plus adaptée à un mode de vie associé à des hôtes et possède des gènes spécifiques de résistance à des stress environnementaux. Aeromonas possède de nombreux facteurs de virulence présentant diverses histoires évolutives. Certains montrent une phylogénie dépendante de l’évolution du core-génome, suggérant l’implication de ces gènes dans des processus de spéciation en relation avec l’adaptation à diverses niches. L’étude des performances de PCRs de virulence a révélé des insuffisances majeures dans la sensibilité des méthodes évaluées principalement liées au polymorphisme génétique des facteurs de virulence. Nous avons également montré que des populations mixtes d’Aeromonas isolées d’échantillons cliniques pouvaient modifier le déroulement de l’infection en modèles in vivo et in vitro probablement par mécanisme de coopération ou de compétition avec mise en jeu de signaux de communication cellule-cellule.L’importante complexité d’Aeromonas retrouvée à travers la structure de population, le polymorphisme des facteurs de virulence et les comportements de multicellularité sont autant de facteurs potentiels d’adaptation au comportement infectieux qui permettent d’expliquer au moins en partie les difficultés rencontrées dans l’élucidation de pouvoir pathogène de ces bactéries
Aeromonas groups ubiquitous bacteria mainly living in aquatic environments. These opportunistic pathogens for human and numerous animals have a large repertoire of virulence-associated factors. Although pathotypes were proposed and despite some species are more frequently isolated in human and animal infections, their pathogenicity is still poorly understood, mostly because very few comprehensive functional studies are available and because investigations taking into account the genetic diversity and the biological complexity within the genus are lacking.We assumed that for an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of environmental origin as versatile and ubiquitous as Aeromonas, the population structure in complex of species, the outstanding genetic/genomic diversity, the polymorphism of virulence factors and the interactions within pathogenic populations can act as factors driving the adaptation to a pathogenic behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we studied i) the diversification within “A. media”, a complex of species used as a model by a population study that included multilocus genetics, phylogenetics, evolutionary features, comparative genomics, as well as phenotypics, lifestyle and habitat ii) the patho-genomics of well-known virulence factors in aeromonads (aerolysin, thermolabile and thermostable enterotoxins, exotoxin A, serine protease, components and effectors of type III secretion system, and lateral flagellin) in a population that is representative of the known taxonomic diversity in the genus (30 species) and iii) the pathogenic behaviour using an in vivo model (Caenorhabditis elegans), an in vitro model (cytotoxicity, cytoadhesion, biofilm production, motility), and intercellular signals production (type I quorum-sensing) for populations involved in mixed aeromonosis, i.e. 5% of human aeromonosis defined by the isolation of at least 2 distinct clones.The phenomenon of speciation described in the complex “A. media” that aggregates 3 genomic species demonstrates that Aeromonas harbours a population structured in complexes of closely related species whose genetic and genomic diversity, as well as evolution mode (mutations and recombinations) reveal a wide adaptative and patho-adaptative potential linked to lineage emergence. Among the complex “A. media”, the species A. rivipollensis seems to be more adapted to a host-associated lifestyle and harbours specific genes for the resistance to environmental stress. Aeromonas has a wide range of virulence-associated genes, which presented diverse evolutive history. Some of them display a phylogeny linked to the core-genome evolution. These results suggest that these genes are involved in speciation processes probably related to niches adaptation. The evaluation of performances of virulence PCRs revealed major lacks of sensitivity of tested methods mainly due to the genetic polymorphism of the virulence factors. By using in vivo models and in vitro models, we also showed that Aeromonas mixed populations recovered from clinical samples could change the course of infection, likely through a cooperative or competitive mechanism that involves cell-to-cell signalling.The high complexity of Aeromonas results from its population structure, virulence factors polymorphism and multicellular behaviours. They are all putative adaptation factors to a pathogenic behaviour that may explain at least partially the difficulties encountered to elucidate pathogenicity of these bacteria
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Antelo, Muñiz Fátima. « Managerial opportunism, US conveyancing and blockchain ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668333.

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This thesis is structured in three chapters. In chapter 1, I address managerial opportunism towards workers. I present a theoretical model and test it. Results suggest that outside opportunities are key to hinder or stimulate managerial opportunism towards the workforce. In chapter 2, I study price-setting practices in the US title insurance industry. I test both the presence of a bilateral monopoly, insurers and lawyers, and the increase in the title insurers' market concentration levels. Results suggest that the increased concentration led to an increase in prices. In chapter 3, I explore the application of blockchain technology to land property institutions. I develop an analytical framework acknowledging the customizable nature of blockchain and discuss diverse initiatives currently being developed in several countries. I conclude blockchain is bringing sorne changes but it has not been disruptive to existing systems.
Esta tesis está estructurada en tres capítulos. En el capítulo 1, abordo el oportunismo gerencial hacia los trabajadores. Presento un modelo teórico y lo testeo. Los resultados sugieren que las oportunidades externas son clave para prevenir o estimular el oportunismo gerencial hacia los trabajadores. En el capítulo 2, esdudio las prácticas de establecimiento de precio en la industria de seguro de título de EEUU. Testeo tanto la presencia de un monopolio bilateral, aseguradoras y abogados, como el incremento de los niveles de concentración en el mercado de las aseguradoras de títulos. Los resultados sugieren que el incremento de la concentración ha conllevado un incremento de los precios. En el capítulo 3, exploro la aplicación de la tecnología blockchain a las instituciones de título. Desarrollo un marco análitico en base a la naturaleza configurable del blockchain y discuto diversas iniciativas actualmente en desarrollo en varios países. Concluyo que blockchain está trayendo algunos cambios a los sistemas existentes pero no de forma disruptiva.
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El, Harrak Ahmed. « Tanger : opportunisme socio-culturel et puzzle urbain ». Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30016.

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L absence d une strategie coherente du developpement socioeconomique en milieu rural s ajoute a la secheresse et aux mauvaises recoltes pour accentuer le depeuplement de la campagne vers un espace "convenable" qui est tanger. La morphologie socio-urbaine de tanger montre l expulsion des demunis a la peripherie de la ville. La differenciation sociale de l espace n est pas un fait du hasard mais l expression des facteurs ideologiques, politiques, economiques et sociologiques. La segregation urbaine est le resultat de la division du travail et de la repartition geographique des classes sociales. La crise socio-urbaine a tanger est multiple, elle touche aussi l identite culturelle et les structures de la societe oscillant entre la tradition et la modernite. Rester dans la confusion de cette dualite c est aggraver la crise de l identite culturelle et retarder le progres socio-economique, notamment l emancipation de la femme
The absence of any coherent strategy for the socio-economic rural environment was added to the drought and bad corps, to increase the depopulation of the country towards a more convenient space, the town of tangier. The socio-urban morphology of tangier shows the poor are expelled towards the suburbs. The social differentiation of space is not lefts to chance, but is the expression of geographical, political factors. Urban segregation is the result of the division of labour and the geographical repartition of social classes. The socio-urban crisis in tangier has many faces, it is also concemed with the society structures, wavening between tradition and modernity to remain in this confusion is to increase the identity crisis and to slow down socio-economic progress, mainly woman's emancipation
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Vorwerk, Michael Conrad. « A mathematical study of mimicry and opportunism ». Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28944.

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Timmermans, Sarah. « Opportunism and the neostriatalhyperstriatum complex in birds ». Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30757.

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This research seeks to pinpoint the telencephalic structures most closely correlated with feeding flexibility, which is operationalised as feeding innovation rate per taxon. By calculating a weighted average per taxon of 1030 feeding innovations collated from five zones of the world (western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and India), the study shows that relative size of the hyperstriatum ventrale and, to a lesser extent, the neostriatum , best predicts weighted innovation rate; these two structures are thought to be functionally equivalent to the mammalian neocortex. The worst telencephalic predictors of innovation rate are two structures respectively thought to be involved in primary visual projection and the control of stereotyped, species-specific behaviour, the wulst area and the paleostriatum.
A second presumed correlate of behavioural flexibility, taxonomic variation in the use of urbanised and other anthropogenically-modified habitats, shows a consistent pattern in four geographical zones (Great Britain, North America, Australia and New Guinea), as well as a qualitative association with the relative size of the forebrain. There is no linear correlation, however, between urbanisation rate per taxon and either forebrain size or innovation rate, suggesting that other variables like diet, tameness and neophilia may have to be quantified at finer taxonomic levels in future studies of opportunism in habitat use.
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Williams, Laura (Laura Lynne). « Infrastructural opportunism inhabiting the Los Angeles hinterland ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106426.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 164-165).
Los Angeles is a vast, dense, and notorious city that overshadows the individualities of its outlying territories. California is likewise divided between urban center and middle land, with inland acting as producer and collector, and coast as consumer. However, there is the potential in this middle zone, stuck between the urban and rural, to re-imagine the way that cities develop and function based on infrastructural opportunities. North of Los Angeles over the San Gabriel mountains, Palmdale, Victorville, and Bakersfield operate together as the production and logistics staging grounds for Los Angeles, a collective back of house to the largest city on the west coast. Of these, Palmdale is used as the testing ground for infrastructural opportunism and edge expansion; but while Palmdale acts as producer, staging ground, and dormitory for Los Angeles, it will not be defined by this adjacency. Instead, Palmdale and its neighbors are re-imagined as a collective of edge cities that signify a new region both in service of and independent from Los Angeles: The High Desert Triangle. To address the edge region, this thesis proposes a new typology for expansion that identifies infrastructural overlaps between road, rail, and water as opportunities to link across fragmented city fabric. This method of aggregation and stitching operates at an urban scale within Palmdale, a territorial scale between cities, and site-specifically in bridging the scalar gap between humans and logistics. By operating opportunistically with infrastructure, this thesis proposes that 1] concentrating infrastructure and logistics development at multi-modal intersections reduces redundancy and de-fragments city fabric, 2] demographic segmentation can be altered by mixing communities and improving access to transit both locally and regionally, and 3] the cost efficiency of bundling infrastructures allows for iteration and experimentation at the architectural scale to address changing programmatic and demographic needs. The aim of this thesis is not to imitate existing city fabric, but instead to design the typological tools for urban edge development and re-imagine how essential logistics spaces can be integrated with living spaces. It does not propose to segment, buffer, or zone out the overlaps between logistics and people, but rather seeks out those intersections as infrastructural opportunities with inherent value.
by Laura Williams.
S.M.
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Ali, Awos K. « Previous hop routing : exploiting opportunism in VANETs ». Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27991.

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Routing in highly dynamic wireless networks such as Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is a challenging task due to frequent topology changes. Sustaining a transmission path between peers in such network environment is difficult. In this thesis, Previous Hop Routing (PHR) is poposed; an opportunistic forwarding protocol exploiting previous hop information and distance to destination to make the forwarding decision on a packet-by-packet basis. It is intended for use in highly dynamic network where the life time of a hop-by-hop path between source and destination nodes is short. Exploiting the broadcast nature of wireless communication avoids the need to copy packets, and enables redundant paths to be formed. To save network resources, especially under high network loads, PHR employs probabilistic forwarding. The forwarding probability is calculated based on the perceived network load as measured by the arrival rate at the network interface. We evaluate PHR in an urban VANET environment using NS2 (for network traffic) and SUMO (for vehicular movement) simulators, with scenarios configured to re ect real-world conditions. The simulation scenarios are configured to use two velocity profiles i.e. Low and high velocity. The results show that the PHR networks able to achieve best performance as measured by Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Drop Burst Length (DBL) compared to conventional routing protocols in high velocity scenarios.
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Livres sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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1942-, Agamben Giorgio, dir. Sentimenti dell'aldiqua : Opportunismo, paura, cinismo nell'età del disincanto. Roma : Theoria, 1990.

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Luitzen, Jan. Opportunist. Amsterdam : Querido, 2002.

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Banoun, Arnaud, et Lucas Dufour. L'opportunisme : Une approche pluridisciplinaire. Paris : Lavoisier, 2011.

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Ferrante, Glauco. Gli opportunisti. Foggia : Bastogni, 1985.

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Ferrante, Glauco. Gli opportunisti. Foggia : Bastogi, 1985.

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Poincaré, Henri. Scientific Opportunism L’Opportunisme scientifique. Sous la direction de Laurent Rollet. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8112-8.

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Schauwecker, Philipp. Opportunismus im Exportgeschäft. München : Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486715965.

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Hickel, Alexander. Opportunismus in Geschäftsbeziehungen. Wiesbaden : Gabler Verlag, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6614-8.

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Thießen, Friedrich. Opportunismus und Finanzmärkte. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6404-5.

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Steiff, Julian. Opportunismus in Franchisesystemen. Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81815-7.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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Mahoney, Joseph T. « Opportunism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1174–77. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_588.

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Mahoney, Joseph T. « Opportunism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–4. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_588-1.

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Mackinnon, Alex, et Barnaby Powell. « Opportunism ». Dans China Counting, 36–45. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230251038_3.

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Neuberger, Oswald. « Opportunismus ». Dans Wörterbuch der Mikropolitik, 196–98. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11890-9_85.

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Gooch, Jan W. « Opportunist ». Dans Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 912. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14391.

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Hammond, Kristian, Timothy Converse, Mitchell Marks et Colleen M. Seifert. « Opportunism and Learning ». Dans Case-Based Learning, 85–115. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3228-6_4.

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Thießen, Friedrich. « Die Entdeckung der Ungleichheit : Das Hässliche an den Finanzmärkten ». Dans Opportunismus und Finanzmärkte, 11–45. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6404-5_1.

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Thießen, Friedrich. « Einige biologische Grundlagen des Finanzmarktgeschehens ». Dans Opportunismus und Finanzmärkte, 47–74. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6404-5_2.

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Thießen, Friedrich. « Das Prinzip der Arbeitsteilung als Folge des Entscheidungsverhaltens ». Dans Opportunismus und Finanzmärkte, 75–88. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6404-5_3.

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Thießen, Friedrich. « Typische Entscheidungssituationen ». Dans Opportunismus und Finanzmärkte, 89–117. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6404-5_4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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Devroye, Natasha, et Petar Popovski. « Receiver-side Opportunism in Cognitive Networks ». Dans 6th International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.crowncom.2011.245868.

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Lewis, Matthew, Antoine Hiolle et Lola Cañamero. « Pleasure, Persistence and Opportunism in Action Selection ». Dans Artificial Life 14 : International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. The MIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-32621-6-ch151.

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Erbas, Cengiz, et Bahar Celikkol Erbas. « Software development under bounded rationality and opportunism ». Dans 2009 ICSE Workshop on Software Development Governance (SDG). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sdg.2009.5071331.

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Kozlova, Elena. « Prerequisites For Collective Opportunism At Corporate Enterprises ». Dans IV International Scientific Conference "Competitiveness and the development of socio-economic systems" dedicated to the memory of Alexander Tatarkin. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.40.

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Samuels, Linda C., et Bernardo Teran. « Infrastructural OpportunismI-11_A Next Generation Infrastructure Case Study ». Dans 2017 ACSA Annual Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.amp.105.7.

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Federal transportation legislation known as MAP-21 brought renewed attention to a proposed interstate corridor (I-11) connectingLas Vegas and Southern Arizona to complete a new Canada to Mexico, or CANAMEX, corridor. Using I-11 as a case study, our studio explored three key ways otherwise status quo infrastructure can be transformed into innovative, sustainable solutions: by intervening in the design and planning process, by transforming the existing mono-functional freeway prototype, and by evolving the freeway paradigm from an “engineering only”to a “sustainability first” model. Students and faculty from architecture, planning and landscape architecture investigated the possibilities of transforming the proposed I-11freeway from a limited use, auto-dominant roadway (the “red arrow” scenario) into a sustainable, multi-functional, ecologically and socio-economically focused Super corridor (the“green arrow” scenario). The results of this work, summed up on this poster, exhibit the advantages of infrastructure opportunism –leveraging investments intended for status quo infrastructure towards more broadly inclusive, design-centric, next generation proposals.
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Pletnev, Dmitri. « Context Of The Term “Opportunism” In Economic Science ». Dans X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text : Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.128.

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Song Gao et Zhixiong Zhang. « Opportunism and alliance risk factors in asymmetric alliances ». Dans 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4686484.

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Yin, Guangyang, et Chun Jin. « The Effects of Conflict and Opportunism on Guanxi ». Dans 3rd International Conference on Advances in Management Science and Engineering (IC-AMSE 2020). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200402.025.

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Hayes, Barry. « Using key object opportunism to collect old objects ». Dans Conference proceedings. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/117954.117957.

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Song, Yu, et Qi Zhang. « Bounded Rationality, Opportunism and Corporate Entrepreneurs' Incentive and Supervision ». Dans 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660483.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Opportunismo"

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Mahoney, Paul. Trust and Opportunism in Close Corporations. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, novembre 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6819.

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Moszoro, Marian, et Pablo Spiller. Third-Party Opportunism and the Nature of Public Contracts. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, décembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18636.

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Hawkins, Timothy G. Opportunism in Buyer-Supplier Relations : New Insights From Quantitative Synthesis. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mars 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada445429.

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Bagwell, Kyle, et Robert Staiger. Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Bilateral Opportunism and the Rules of GATT. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, avril 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7071.

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Chinsinga, Blessings, et Mirriam Matita. The Political Economy of the Groundnut Value Chain in Malawi : Its Re-Emergence Amidst Policy Chaos, Strategic Neglect, and Opportunism. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.010.

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This paper explores the political economy of the groundnut value chain in Malawi. The paper uses a combination of insights from the theoretical perspectives of political settlement, rents and policymaking to examine this value chain. Fused together, these theoretical perspectives underpin a political economy analysis framework, which entails systematically mapping all key actors in an issue area; identifying their interests and recognising their forms of power (political, economic, social, and ideological); understanding their relationships with each other; and appreciating the issues, narratives, and ideas that shape how and why they interact with each other.
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