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1
HOFFMAN, EMILY P. « Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Female Poverty ». Growth and Change 22, no 2 (avril 1991) : 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1991.tb00546.x.
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Bavier, Richard. « Rising Income among Families with Members Receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) ». Journal of Human Resources 33, no 4 (1998) : 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146407.
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Alshrari, Abdullah. « Changes from AFDC to TANF in the welfare reform ». International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no 8 (août 2021) : 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.08.015.
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This study seeks to present a conceptual framework on the importance of the federal government increase the funds for child care programs. United States Congress passed an act: “Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)” and was signed by President Bill Clinton and in 1997, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act become the “Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act (TANF). In 1996, the grants were no dependent on state spending on welfare and were earmarked to provide time-limited benefits to a border range of low-income families. The AFDC was replaced by TANF. TANF changes the time limit to five years for receiving cash assistant and required most recipients to work. AFDC was a program that entitled. So that any family meets the federal and the state requirement should receive cash assistance. TANF is funded by the federal government and individual states, TANF provides support to low-income families with children. Also, one biological parent must be absent. TANF replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program which began in 1935 in order to support widows and orphans. The purpose of welfare reform is to increase state flexibility, keeping the children in their homes and parents depending on themselves rather than the government. The federal government should increase the funds for the child care program. This study has reached an understanding of the necessity of reconsidering the rules of Welfare care programs.
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Blank, Rebecca M. « Policy Watch : Proposals for Time-Limited Welfare ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no 4 (1 novembre 1994) : 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.4.183.
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This paper summarizes the Clinton administration's welfare reform proposal and views the available evidence on the effects of time-limiting cash assistance and requiring work among long-term Aid to Families with Dependent Children users. The reforms are designed to increase employment among Aid to Families with Dependent Children recipients. Given changes in the labor market for less-skilled workers, it is not clear that this will increase income among these families. The reform proposals would shift antipoverty spending toward work subsidies, child support collection efforts, and subsidized jobs that support mandated employment. It is unclear that this will produce either a cheaper or more effective antipoverty system than the current one.
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Meyer, Daniel R., et Maria Cancian. « Economic Well-Being Following an Exit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children ». Journal of Marriage and the Family 60, no 2 (mai 1998) : 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353863.
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DERRICKSON, JODA, IRIS MAEDA, SHERRIE SONOMURA et KATHRYN BRAUN. « Nutrition Knowledge and Behavioral Assessment of Participants of Aid for Families with Dependent Children ». Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, no 10 (octobre 1995) : 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00311-8.
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Nersesian, William S., Michael R. Petit, Ruth Shaper, Don Lemieux et Ellen Naor. « Childhood Death and Poverty : A Study of All Childhood Deaths in Maine, 1976 to 1980 ». Pediatrics 75, no 1 (1 janvier 1985) : 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.1.41.
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All child deaths occurring from 1976 to 1980 in Maine were studied. All children who were participating in social welfare programs (Medicaid, Food Stamps, or Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC]) at the time of death were categorized as children from "low-income" families. This group of children had an overall death rate 3.1 times greater than children who were not on a social welfare program at the time of death. Children from low-income families were at higher risk for disease-related deaths (3.5:1), accidental deaths (2.6:1), and homicide deaths (5.0:1), but not for suicides. These data suggest that excess mortality is occurring among infants and children from low-income families in spite of Medicaid and other poverty programs and that this excess mortality has important public health and social policy implications. Pediatricians and others interested in the well-being of children should support improvement of current health care delivery and social welfare programs, because the current system is failing to provide an optimal health outlook for every child.
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Lee, Li-Ching, Jonathan B. Kotch et Christine E. Cox. « Child Maltreatment in Families Experiencing Domestic Violence ». Violence and Victims 19, no 5 (octobre 2004) : 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.5.573.63682.
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This study examined the association between physical domestic violence (PDV) and reported child maltreatment in a cohort of children at risk for maltreatment. Participants were 219 6- to 7-year-old children and their caregivers. PDV was measured by combining caregivers’ self-reports and children’s reports, while child maltreatment was based on state Division of Social Services Central Registry records. Among 219 child-caregiver pairs studied, 42 (19.2%) had at least one maltreatment report in the 2 years following the interviews. PDV consistently predicted child maltreatment, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 2.96 to 3.46. In addition, we investigated interactions between PDV and other predictors of child maltreatment. Among Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) participants, PDV was highly associated with child maltreatment. However, this pattern was not observed among subjects who did not have AFDC. There is an increased incidence of child maltreatment reports in families experiencing PDV. AFDC participation intensified the probability of child maltreatment in the presence of PDV. Findings also suggest that in households experiencing PDV, social supports may protect children from maltreatment.
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Moffitt, Robert. « Historical Growth in Participation in Aid to Families with Dependent Children : Was There a Structural Shift ? » Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 9, no 3 (mars 1987) : 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1987.11489628.
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Chambers, Valrie, et Anthony P. Curatola. « Child Tax Credit in Divorced Families ». ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 7, no 1 (1 janvier 2009) : 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2009.7.1.90.
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ABSTRACT: For more than 50 years, Congress has responded to the needs of families with various tax breaks ranging from exemptions, the adoption of Head of Household status, Child and Dependent Care Credit, increased Earned Income Credit (EIC) for those with dependent children, and the Child Tax Credit. With so many different tax breaks, tax planning for divorced parents has been dynamic and at times confusing. Part of the confusion originates from the intent of the special tax rules for divorced couples, divorce decrees, and federal income tax laws. This confusion was exacerbated with the passage of the Child Tax Credit, which is intended to aid parents in the cost of raising a child. Yet, Congress tied the tax credit to the dependency exemption and not to the person who actually cares for the child of divorced or separated parents. Although Congress has tinkered with this policy over the past few years, they still have failed to fix the problem. In fact, we contend that this latest round of legislation has increased the likelihood of additional litigation between former spouses.
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Gleason, Philip, Anu Rangarajan et Peter Schochet. « The Dynamics of Receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children among Teenage Parents in Inner Cities ». Journal of Human Resources 33, no 4 (1998) : 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146406.
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Kerpelman, Larry C. « Effect of a Monetary Sanction on Immunization Rates of Recipients of Aid to Families With Dependent Children ». JAMA 284, no 1 (5 juillet 2000) : 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53.
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Stevans, Lonnie K. « Aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) and non-marital births in the USA : an examination of causality ». Applied Economics 28, no 4 (avril 1996) : 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368496328542.
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LONDON, REBECCA A. « The Difference Between Divorced and Never-Married Mothers' Participation in the Aid to Families With Dependent Children Program ». Journal of Family Issues 17, no 2 (mars 1996) : 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251396017002002.
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In this study, I examine the way in which divorced and never-married single mothers differ in their decisions to participate in Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC). Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), I find that divorced mothers are twice as likely to receive AFDC benefits than never-married mothers. When the gap between the participation rates is decomposed, I find that at most 25% is due to differences in the distribution of measured characteristics. The remaining portion is due to differences in the AFDC decision-making process. Hence, in attempting to move disadvantaged single mothers off welfare, policies need to address issues broader than modifying individual behavior. The decision-making process potentially encompasses influences from family and the community. Without addressing these forces, many single mothers will prefer to remain AFDC participants given their set of available options.
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Pawl, Jeree H. « Impact of Day Care on Parents and Family ». Pediatrics 91, no 1 (1 janvier 1993) : 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.1.222.
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In addressing the impact of day care on parents and families, including the children who are in day care, one must first acknowledge the wide heterogeneity of the families who use day care. They include single parents who need to work to support themselves; single parents who are engaged in work-preparation programs in an effort to end their reliance on Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC); single parents receiving AFDC who do not work and who, for various reasons, may have little hope of working, but where it is agreed that they need day care as respite or structure or as an educational or socioaffective experience for the child (a common but often vain intervention, given the quality of care such children are likely to receive); two-parent families who could not afford the most basic expenses without two incomes; two-parent families who could not afford the things they need and want without two incomes; two-parent families where both parents find great pleasure in working; two-parent families where neither really wants to be at home; two-parent families whose careers would suffer grievously if disrupted; and two-parent families where only one parent works but where the parents still choose to have their child in day care. There are certainly many more scenarios, but the point is that one must be careful when talking about the impact of day care because its quality, the reasons for which it is used, and by whom are key factors in determining what the impacts are.
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Kim, Hyunil, et Brett Drake. « Duration in Poverty-Related Programs and Number of Child Maltreatment Reports ». Child Maltreatment 22, no 1 (5 décembre 2016) : 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559516679512.
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This study examined the relationship of a family’s duration in poverty-related programs (i.e., Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and Medicaid) to the subject child’s number of maltreatment reports while considering race and baseline neighborhood poverty. Children from a large Midwestern metropolitan area were followed through a linked cross-sector administrative database from birth to age 15. Generalized multilevel models were employed to account for the multilevel structure of the data (i.e., nesting of families within neighborhoods). The data showed a unique and significant contribution of duration in poverty-related programs to the number of maltreatment reports. The predicted number of maltreatment reports increased by between 2.5 and 3.7 times, as duration in poverty-related programs increased from 0 to 9 years. This relationship was consistent between Whites and non-Whites (over 98% Black), but non-Whites showed a significantly lower number of total maltreatment reports while controlling for duration in poverty-related programs. We were unable to find a significant association between child maltreatment reports and baseline neighborhood poverty.
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Blank, Rebecca M., et Patricia Ruggles. « When Do Women Use Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Food Stamps ? The Dynamics of Eligibility Versus Participation ». Journal of Human Resources 31, no 1 (1996) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146043.
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Katz, Michael B., et Lorrin R. Thomas. « The Invention of “Welfare” in America ». Journal of Policy History 10, no 4 (octobre 1998) : 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007144.
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In the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon referred to Aid to Families with Dependent Children as “the program we all normally think of when we think of ‘welfare.’” When President Bill Clinton promised to “end welfare as we know it” in the early 1990s, everyone knew that he meant AFDC. “Welfare” had become a code word for public assistance given mainly to unmarried mothers, mostly young women of color. Few terms evoked as much hostility among Americans as “welfare.” No other public benefits carried its stigma. The political left, right, and center all attacked it.
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Sten-Gahmberg, Susanna. « Student Heterogeneity and Financial Incentives in Graduate Education : Evidence from a Student Aid Reform ». Education Finance and Policy 15, no 3 (juin 2020) : 543–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00294.
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In this paper, I study heterogeneity in graduate students’ responses to financial incentives. The incentive was given by a student aid reform in Norway that was intended to increase the proportion of students who graduate on time by offering a reduction of their student loan. Using a difference-in-difference strategy and detailed Norwegian register data, I find considerable variation in the treatment effect by student characteristics. Male students, students from low-income families, students in the middle of the ability distribution, and students with dependent children responded more strongly to the reform than others. Both employment rates and earnings of treated students were significantly reduced in the reform period, but the take-up of loans was not largely affected. In summary, male students mainly responded by reducing working hours, whereas female students largely exited employment. Students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds must have adapted through other channels than employment, earnings, or take-up of loans. Students with dependent children responded by increasing their take-up of loans. There is an understudied relationship between student characteristics and student behavior. By learning more about this relationship, it might be possible to design policies that affect student behavior more efficiently than the ones that are in place today.
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WADDAN, ALEX. « Redesigning the Welfare Contract in Theory and Practice : Just What Is Going on in the USA ? » Journal of Social Policy 32, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006852.
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The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 was a landmark in American social policy. There were a number of objectives, but the primary purpose was to end the Aid to Families with Dependent Children programme which was a cash benefit paid to poor, very largely single-parent, families. The underlying theme was that AFDC had constituted a ‘something for nothing’ programme which had violated the primacy of work. The Act acknowledged that government had an initial duty to aid those falling on hard times, but also stated that there comes a time when government's obligation diminishes. This legislation has generated much interest in the UK, but there is a danger of important elements of the American story being overlooked. In order to understand, therefore, just what is going on this paper looks at the US welfare-to-work experiment on its own terms. The article looks at the movement behind reform and at why, despite evidence of increased hardship for some, five years on from passage the conventional wisdom is that PRWORA has been a success.
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Caputo, Richard K. « Family Poverty and Public Dependency ». Families in Society : The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 78, no 1 (février 1997) : 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.733.
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The author used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, survey year 1993, to identify determinants of public benefits among families above and below the official poverty line in 1992. The relative effects of sociodemographic and attitudinal/cultural characteristics were assessed to determine the likelihood of male and female respondents receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children, food stamps, and/or unemployment-compensation benefits. Results indicated that many sociodemographic characteristics exerted similar influence on men and women regarding the likelihood of using public assistance regardless of poverty status. Marital status and education were notable exceptions. Findings suggested that men and women used public assistance as a buffer against economic vulnerability and that increased education might be a less effective means to self-sufficiency than commonly thought. Antipoverty policy implications are discussed.
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Spurlock, Carl W., M. Ward Hinds, Joseph W. Skaggs et Calixto E. Hemandez. « Infant Death Rates Among the Poor and Nonpoor in Kentucky, 1982 to 1983 ». Pediatrics 80, no 2 (1 août 1987) : 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.2.262.
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The mortality rates of infants born in Kentucky during 1982 and 1983 were analyzed to determine whether there were differences between poor and nonpoor infants. We used computer matching with the Social Insurance Food Stamp files and with the Aid for Families With Dependent Children files to define poor and nonpoor Kentucky resident families. The crude death rate for poor infants was 13.7/1,000 births, and the nonpoor death rate was 10.8/1,000 births. After adjusting for several important variables, we found that the poor infant was at a significantly greater risk for death than the nonpoor infant but only during the postneonatal period (relative risk 2.04, P = .0003). Some differences by sex and race were noted. Sudden infant death syndrome and infections were largely responsible for the poor infants' higher postneonatal mortality risk.
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Joffe, Alain. « COLLATERAL DAMAGE ». Pediatrics 97, no 1 (1 janvier 1996) : 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.1.78.
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As the welfare-reform debate begins to boil, the place to begin is with an elemental fact: no child in America asked to be here. Each was summoned into existence by the acts of adults. And no child is going to be spiritually improved by being collateral damage in a bombardment of severities targeted at adults who may or may not deserve more severe treatment from the welfare system. Phil Gramm says welfare recipients are people "in the wagon" who ought to get out and "help the rest of us pull." Well. Of the 14 million people receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 9 million are children. Even if we get all these free-riders into wee harnesses, the wagon will not move much faster.
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Michelmore, Molly C. « No Unnecessary Burden : Taxpayers and the Politics of Work, Family, and Welfare ». Modern American History 4, no 2 (juillet 2021) : 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2021.15.
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The history of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 illuminates the contours of fiscal citizenship. This watershed law created both work requirements for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients and new policy instruments, including federal child support enforcement, to compel poor men to fulfill their financial obligations to their families. Welfare reformers claimed that such changes were necessary to protect the rights of taxpayers against the “criminal” predations of welfare recipients. These policy changes initiated in 1967 redefined poor women's non-work, as well as their sexual and reproductive decisions, as crimes against taxpayers. Welfare recipients contested this logic and the policies that flowed from it by insisting on the value of their own domestic labor and rejecting a narrow view of taxpaying citizenship. The resolution of these questions played a critical role in revising the American social contract.
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Lesemann, Frédéric, et Pierre Joseph Ulysse. « Welfare , workfare et citoyenneté aux États-Unis ». Lien social et Politiques, no 34 (2 octobre 2002) : 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005143ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Pour les conservateurs, le welfare constitue une menace autant pour l'institution familiale que pour celle du travail. La réforme récente de l'aide sociale (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) vise à forcer les pères absents à assumer leurs responsabilités financières vis-à-vis de leurs enfants et à faire en sorte que les bénéficiaires fournissent du travail (workfare) et conquièrent progressivement leur autonomie économique. La participation à l'économie formelle apparaît de plus en plus comme une condition préalable à l'accès à la pleine citoyenneté. Les politiques gouvernementales risquent donc d'exclure ceux qui ne contribuent pas à leur propre subsistance et plus largement à l'enrichissement de la nation.
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Lee, W. « Poverty and Welfare Dependency : The Case of Los Angeles County in the 1980s ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 29, no 3 (mars 1997) : 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290443.
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A time-series regression analysis of Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseload movements in Los Angeles during the pre-Reagan and post-Reagan time period points to local demographic change as a main cause of rapid caseload expansion. Growing numbers of female-headed households swelled the total number of potential recipients. Meanwhile, a stagnant labor market for low-skilled workers, and the rising cost of living in the locality, further stimulated caseload increases. Results indicate that the extension of restrictive welfare policies will not so much reduce service dependency, as increase extreme poverty and generate longer term welfare dependency in a major urban area.
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Ratcliffe, Caroline E. « Premarital Childbearing and Welfare Receipt : The Role of Mothers' Receipt ». ILR Review 56, no 1 (octobre 2002) : 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600109.
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This study uses the 1968–91 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine the relationship between mothers' receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) welfare benefits and their daughters' premarital childbearing and welfare receipt. The results for black females suggest that black daughters from welfare-recipient households were more likely to become adult welfare recipients than were black daughters from non-welfare-recipient households, but that there was only a weak relationship between mothers' welfare receipt and daughters' premarital childbearing. These results suggest that premarital childbearing was not an important variable mediating intergenerational transmission of welfare use in black families. Other results call into question previous findings using PSID data that suggest the existence of intergenerational welfare transmission among non-blacks. Specifically, it appears that the sample of non-black daughters in the PSID is insufficient to provide a satisfactory answer to the question of welfare transmission for that group.
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Fetler, Mark. « School Dropout Rates, Academic Performance, Size, and Poverty : Correlates of Educational Reform ». Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 11, no 2 (juin 1989) : 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737011002109.
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Educational policy makers have questioned the effects of school reforms on at-risk students. Are higher academic standards associated with greater numbers of dropouts? This study examines school average dropout rates for 2 consecutive years in conjunction with percentage covered by Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC), total enrollment, achievement, and academic course enrollments for all of California’s regular public high schools. Both AFDC percentage and total enrollment were associated with higher dropout rates. Higher achievement was associated with lower dropout rates even after statistically controlling AFDC percentage and total enrollment. The year-to-year stability of school dropout rates and their correlations with the other study variables were assessed. The findings suggest that school effectiveness measures that result in higher student achievement may also enhance the effectiveness of dropout treatment programs.
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Bertram, Eva C. « The Institutional Origins of “Workfarist” Social Policy ». Studies in American Political Development 21, no 2 (2007) : 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x07000181.
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Between 1971 and 1975, congressional leaders quietly transformed the character and politics of public assistance in the United States. Three legislative initiatives were passed in quick succession and with little debate—the Talmadge Work Incentive amendments (WIN II), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Although they drew little attention at the time, their combined impact was significant in two respects. First, by redefining the terms and target populations of income assistance, they established the elements of a workfarist approach to federal antipoverty policy, one that turned the ends and means of federal assistance away from traditional needs-based New Deal welfarism and toward the principle of rewarding, encouraging, and enforcing work. In addition, the initiatives helped to create the political capacity for subsequent retrenchment of traditional welfare programs, notably Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).
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Schor, Edward L. « Foster Care ». Pediatrics In Review 10, no 7 (1 janvier 1989) : 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10.7.209.
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A SYSTEM OVERLOADED: THE FOSTER CARE CRISIS "The children are now buffeted by countless rejections and severe stress. They often become angry, depressed, and violent. Few of them understand that they are the littlest victims of a system that, by all accounts, has been overwhelmed" (The New York Times, March 15, 1987). Seemingly on a daily basis, especially in our larger cities, newspapers report the crisis in foster care. State departments of social services are being sued for neglecting children in their care, caseworkers are being accused of malfeasance, and children placed in foster care for their own best interests are reported to have experienced further abuse and some have died. Pediatricians who care for foster children, and who need as well to be their advocates, should understand the foster care system—its origins, mandates, objectives, and how well it has fared. Although its roots are in the English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601, foster care as we know it today in the United States grew out of the federal initiative Aid to Dependent Children which was enacted as title IV-A of the Social Security Act of 1935. The objective of this entitlement program was to provide financial assistance to widows and widowers with children to avoid the breakup of families because of economic hardship.
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Chung, Alicia, Peng Jin, Jesse Moore, Joao Nunes, Azizi Seixas et Giardin Jean-Louis. « 640 Regular bedtime routines and biological obesity risk among 9-year old children from the Fragile Families Child and Wellbeing Study ». Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (1 mai 2021) : A250—A251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.638.
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Abstract Introduction Obesity rates among Hispanic (26%) and Black (22%) children are considerably higher compared to their white counterparts (14%), which evidence suggests may be attributable to biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors affecting the family unit. Bio-behavioral factors in the household may affect child health behaviors, including sleep, a known predictor for obesity. Hispanic and Black children report shorter sleep duration, later bedtimes, and are often lacking in bedtime routines, compared to white children. Evidence suggests that early childhood routines are highly predictive of overweight status in children. Herein, we investigate whether bedtime routines are associated with the genetic allele for obesity in a racially diverse sample of children. Methods Data for the present analysis emanated from wave 5 (Year 9--2007–2010) cohort of the Fragile Families Child and Wellbeing Study dataset. During home visits, interviews with children’s mother and father during home visits, around the target child’s ninth birthday collected data on home routines and other parent-child relationship and school connectedness topics. Saliva samples were also collected at Year 9 to assess telomere length and DNA methylation levels and changes. The independent variable was regular bedtime routine, and biological variable for fat mass and obesity (rs9939609) was the dependent variable. Adjusted covariates included child’s age and BMI, and parent household income. Results Analysis of the final sample of 466 children showed 52% of the children were male and were 9 years old, on average; 35% were White, 46% Black, 20% Hispanic, 4% Asian and 5% other. The median family income was $42,500. The child’s sleep measures captured was ‘children have a regular bedtime routine’ was associated with (β = -0.137, p = 0.01) decrease in the odds of having the genetic allele for obesity. Conclusion Regular bedtime routines among 9-year old Black and Hispanic children may be associated with genetic alleles related to fat mass and obesity. Regular bedtime routines could aid in promoting healthy weight in children. Support (if any) NIH (T32HL129953, K07AG052685, R01MD007716, R01HL142066, K01HL135452, R01HL152453.
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Bieker, Richard F. « Recent Changes in Federal Welfare Legislation and the Impact of Regional Economic Growth on Poverty, Dependency and Work Incentives : Some Findings ». Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 14, no 1 (avril 1985) : 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000738.
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Regional economic growth based on private sector job creation is often proposed as a policy for reducing the incidence of regional unemployment, poverty and dependency. One factor that could limit the impact of economic growth on the employment and poverty status of an area's indigenous population is the area's public assistance system. This study evaluates the impact of recent changes in federal welfare legislation (HR 3982) on the work incentives and the poverty and dependency status of Delaware female household heads receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance. Specifically, the study estimates the implicit marginal tax rates that such household heads would face by accepting employment in private sector jobs to which they are potential entrants under the pre and post HR 3982 conditions. In addition, the study examines the effect of the HR 3982 changes on the poverty and dependency status of such households.
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SLEDGE, DANIEL. « Policy Escalation : Richard Nixon, Welfare Reform, and the Development of a Comprehensive Approach to Health Insurance ». Journal of Policy History 35, no 3 (juillet 2023) : 354–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030623000039.
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AbstractI argue that health insurance emerged as an important aspect of Nixon’s domestic policy agenda as a result of “policy escalation.” By policy escalation, I mean a cascading line of reasoning that causes policy makers focused on one apparently discrete issue to formulate approaches for dealing with other interconnecting policy areas. Policy escalation serves as an internal agenda-setting mechanism: as policy makers contemplate policy changes, they may attempt to imagine the ways in which change will affect the rationale, fiscal position, and execution of programs in other policy areas. In the case of health insurance, the Nixon administration’s proposal for replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children with a guaranteed minimum income forced policy makers to consider how the new program would interact with the existing Medicaid program. Consideration of this question ultimately led them to formulate an approach to overhauling the nation’s entire health insurance system.
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Bloch, Stefano. « An autoethnographic account of urban restructuring and neighborhood change in Los Angeles’ San Fernando Valley ». cultural geographies 27, no 3 (13 octobre 2019) : 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474019881997.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Suburbs have long been glossed over by critical urbanists for being culturally, even if not spatially, less than urban. In Los Angeles, it is the San Fernando Valley that has received such treatment as scholars have tended toward the metropolitan basin. In this article, I aim to help re-center the San Fernando Valley as a complex and conflictual cultural landscape through an autoethnographic exploration of four moments of urban restructuring in the Panorama City neighborhood. I provide a personal account of how a succession of events – the 1992 LA Riot, 1993 General Motors Plant closure, 1994 Northridge earthquake, and 1996 dismantling of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children welfare program – led to the disruption and partial destruction of a neighborhood. I situate these moments of crisis within the context of a civil gang injunction and outbreak of abject violence during this time period, which further destabilized the neighborhood and informed my own decision to pick up a gun.
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Griffith, Janet D., et Charles L. Usher. « A Quasi-Experimental Assessment of the National Impact of the 1981 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (Obra) On the Aid To Families With Dependent Children (Afdc) Program ». Evaluation Review 10, no 3 (juin 1986) : 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x8601000304.
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LoSasso, Anthony T., et Deborah A. Freund. « A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effect of Medi-Cal Managed Care on Supplemental Security Income and Aid to Families With Dependent Children Enrollees in Two California Counties ». Medical Care 38, no 9 (septembre 2000) : 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200009000-00007.
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Plotnick, Robert D., et Richard F. Winters. « A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution ». American Political Science Review 79, no 2 (juin 1985) : 458–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956660.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study integrates models of income redistribution developed by economists, who suggest that citizens voluntarily redistribute because of interdependent preferences and rely on the state for implementation owing to the public-good nature of redistribution, and political scientists, who focus on conditions that lead to demands that the state intervene to assist the poor and on the development of institutions that facilitate such demands. We propose a testable theory of redistribution and apply it to data from the American states.The empirical analysis addresses determinants of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children guarantee, adjusted for Medicaid and food stamps to which a family receiving the guarantee would be entitled. We posit significant links between the guarantee and both observable explanatory variables, such as per-capita income, and latent constructs, such as liberal party control. We specify observable indicators for the latent constructs and use the LISREL method to estimate parameters for the indicators and structural coefficients. The findings show that both political and economic variables significantly affect the level of the guarantee.
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Dowell, Richard C., Elizabeth Winton, Shani J. Dettman, Elizabeth J. Barker, Katie Hill et Graeme M. Clark. « Speech Perception Outcomes in Older Children Who Use Multichannel Cochlear Implants : Older is Not Always Poorer ». Annals of Otology, Rhinology & ; Laryngology 111, no 5_suppl (mai 2002) : 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894021110s520.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Speech perception outcomes for early-deafened children who undergo implantation as teenagers or young adults are generally reported to be poorer than results for young children. It is important to provide appropriate expectations when counseling adolescents and their families to help them make an informed choice regarding cochlear implant surgery. The considerable variation of results in this group makes this process more difficult. This study considered a number of factors in a group of 25 children who underwent implantation in Melbourne between the ages of 8 and 18 years. Each subject completed open-set speech perception testing with Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentences before and after implantation and preoperative language testing with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Data were collected regarding the type of hearing loss, age at implantation, age at hearing aid fitting, audiometric details, and preoperative and postoperative communication mode. Results were submitted to a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with postoperative open-set sentence scores as the dependent variables. The analysis suggested that 3 factors have a significant predictive value for speech perception after implantation: preoperative open-set sentence score, duration of profound hearing loss, and equivalent language age. These 3 factors accounted for 66% of the variance in this group. The results of this study suggest that children who have useful speech perception before implantation, and higher age-equivalent scores on language measures, would be expected to do well with a cochlear implant. Consistent with other studies, a shorter duration of profound hearing loss is also advantageous. The mean sentence score for this group, 47%, was not significantly different from the mean result across all children in the Melbourne program.
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WADDAN, ALEX. « A Liberal in Wolf's Clothing : Nixon's Family Assistance Plan in the Light of 1990s Welfare Reform ». Journal of American Studies 32, no 2 (août 1998) : 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875898005842.
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When President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in August 1996, it brought to an end the much vilified sixty-one-year-old Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) programme. Although few mourned the passing of AFDCper se many liberals were alarmed by the nature of the changes. AFDC had effectively been a cash maintenance programme for poor single-parent families with the costs shared between federal and state governments. The PRWORA repealed AFDC and some smaller related programmes, with Washington giving its former share of funding to the states in the form of a new block grant, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The existing entitlement nature of AFDC was ended with the states given new discretion in determining TANF eligibility. Overall considerable responsibility for the implementation of welfare policy was devolved to the states. The bill, however, did set a maximum time limit for individual receipt of federal TANF funds. After two years, welfare recipients must engage in a recognized work effort to continue to receive help, with a total five-year limit on TANF money. Opposition to these measures was overwhelmed by the demand for significant reform of the welfare system. Previously this demand had been thwarted through a combination of Washington gridlock and the limited scale of those changes which were enacted. In 1996, however, the dam holding back reform was breached at the high tide of anti-welfare sentiment. The despair this provoked among liberals should perhaps have caused them to reflect on their part in blocking previous attempts at an overhaul of AFDC. In particular, the elder statespersons of liberalism might regret their role in helping defeat President Nixon's Family Assistance Plan (FAP).
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S.M, Ar Uma, Dr B. Shankar et Aparna Agaram Krishnan. « A Study of Traditional Toy Making in Channapatna, and Proposal of an Artisan Village ». International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no 4 (30 novembre 2021) : 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6492.1110421.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Toys are objects made for a child to play with and explore their surroundings. Toys aid in the physical, emotional, cognitive and social development of children. Channapatna toys are soft-wood toys that are made in Channapatna, about 60 km southwest of Bangalore. The toys are eco-friendly, non-toxic and child safe and have been recognized as GI tagged commodities. Artisans majorly acquire the skills from their families who are into toy making since generations, or from a master craftsmen who acts as a head of a group of artisans. It is a craft that is passed on from generation to generation. The toys are also exported and have buyers in an international market. In this research paper, the process of traditional toy making, raw materials required, and methods have been studied in detail, along with the challenges faced by artisans. The artisans engaged in the craft form are mostly dependent on middle-men, and are unaware of benefits and facilities that are available. The paper briefly outlines possible architectural interventions that can improve the working conditions of artisans, and preserve the traditional craft form.
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Graebner, William. « The End of Liberalism : Narrating Welfare's Decline, from the Moynihan Report (1965) to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (1996) ». Journal of Policy History 14, no 2 (avril 2002) : 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0011.
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Between 1965 and the end of the century, welfare—that is, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)—expanded dramatically; came under attack from conservatives, libertarians, and liberals; and then, in the 1990s, was virtually eliminated as a federal program through legislation that had broad, bipartisan support. Throughout that process of growth and declension, social scientists played central roles in shaping perceptions of welfare, most significantly by examining the impact of welfare on the work ethic, on family structure, on gender relations, on poverty, and on inner-city, black communities. This is an enormously complex story, and I have engaged it by focusing on four influential texts, each by a prominent social scientist: Daniel P. Moynihan's The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965), otherwise known as the Moynihan Report; Charles Murray's Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1982); Martin Anderson's Welfare: The Political Economy of Welfare Reform in the United States (1978); and David T. Ellwood's Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family (1988). Although this approach inevitably oversimplifies somewhat, it also makes possible a more intensive critical reading of these key historical documents.
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Smith, Anna Marie. « Response to Kathleen R. Arnold's review of Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation ». Perspectives on Politics 6, no 4 (13 novembre 2008) : 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759270808198x.
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Let me begin by thanking Kathleen R. Arnold for her comments and Jeffrey Isaac for the invitation to participate in this exchange. Clearly, Kathleen and I are both indebted to the Marxist and Foucauldian traditions. For my part, however, I find the Gramscian insistence on the historically specific, complex, and contradictory character of every historical bloc and hegemonic institution more compelling than the social theories that envision the social structure as a closed totality (Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri) or construct state power in an ahistorical and one-dimensional manner (Giorgio Agamben). Contemporary welfare reform, for example, resembles the racially exclusionary “substitute father” rule of Aid to Families with Dependent Children. But welfare reform, with its workfare requirement, child support enforcement, family cap, fatherhood programming, abstinence education, and marriage promotion dimensions, is also somewhat unique. The Gramscian paradigm encourages us to be skeptical when it appears as if the state in a late-modern developed society is becoming either a simple instrument of capital that is obediently shrinking into irrelevance, or an omnipotent machine whose seamless coherence and unbroken continuity leaves democratic forces absolutely no strategic opportunity for constructing a counterhegemonic bloc and fighting back.
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Howard, Christopher. « Protean Lure for the Working Poor : Party Competition and the Earned Income Tax Credit ». Studies in American Political Development 9, no 2 (1995) : 404–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001371.
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The development of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has been extraordinary. What started in 1975 as a minor amendment to a forget-table tax bill became in the 1980s one of the most popular programs in Washington. The national media and policymakers from both parties repeatedly praised the program. The New York Times, for example, hailed the EITC as “a wonderful but little-known anti-poverty weapon…the best means available for lifting the working poor out of poverty.” Republicans embraced the program as a superior alternative to welfare (meaning Aid to Families with Dependent Children), to a higher minimum wage, and to government-run day-care centers. President Bill Clinton made expanding the EITC central to his plans for reforming welfare, increasing the progressivity of the tax system, and improving the economic security of low-wage workers. One would be hard-pressed to find any government program that received such universal acclaim among political elites. By the early 1990s, it had become the policy equivalent of penicillin. Only in the spring of 1995, as congressional Republicans sought to balance the budget within seven years, did some policymakers seriously consider cutting this program.
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Alkhayat, Laila Saud, et Mohamed Ibrahim. « Assessing the effect of playing games on the behavior of ASD and TD children ». Advances in Autism 6, no 4 (31 août 2020) : 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-11-2019-0046.
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Purpose Previous researches point that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show particular interests in computers and other multimedia electronics (Mazurek et al., 2012). Experts in pediatric care contemplate the possibility of exploiting this relationship to inform the interventions among children with Autism. This paper aims to explore how video games can be used to aid the cognitive and social development among children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC). Design/methodology/approach The study design used was experimental, with 112 children as the main participants. The researchers watched the behaviors of the children through controlled observation as they compared the behaviors with their established models. In this case, the structured models worked as the control group in the experiment. To understand the relationship between the variables: exposure to video games and children's social interactions, the researchers used multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and correlation coefficients Findings The predictor model was effective because it accounted for at least 26% of the variation in the dependent variables at a statistical significance level of p < 0.000. Other than the structured models, there were also individual predictors, which also established that when families played games with children, the children tended to calm down their negative behaviors. Hence, family playing games with children can help ease the symptoms of children with ASD and TDC at (t = 2.631, 4.180 and 0.024, p = 0.05). However, the duration of watching or playing the games did not contribute to children negative behavior such as poor school performance, failing to complete homework, playing games past bedtime and feeling agitated or isolated. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is original, and it is first to report the findings of this type of study. This research used unique sample sizes and variables, though within the existing theoretical framework of social science experiments. All borrowed ideas have properly been cited to original owners’ efforts.
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Butler, Jay C., Peter L. Havens, Susan E. Day, Michael J. Chusid, Anne L. Sowell, Dan L. Huff, Dan E. Peterson, Robert A. Bennin, Richard Circo et Jeffrey P. Davis. « Measles Severity and Serum Retinol (Vitamin A) Concentration Among Children in the United States ». Pediatrics 91, no 6 (1 juin 1993) : 1176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.6.1176.
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Background. Studies in developing countries have shown that children with measles have low serum retinol concentrations and that lower retinol levels are associated with measles-related mortality. Vitamin A therapy has been shown to reduce mortality among African children with acute measles. Objectives. To determine whether serum retinol concentration is low among children with measles in the United States and to determine whether retinol concentration is associated with illness severity. Setting. Pediatric referral hospital and clinic in Milwaukee, WI, during the measles outbreak of 1989-1990. Patients. One hundred fourteen patients ≤5 years of age evaluated for serologically confirmed measles with serum obtained within 5 days following rash onset. Methods. Serum retinol concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Clinical data were collected by hospital record review. A modified Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score was used to assess physiologic instability as a measure of illness severity. Results. Retinol concentrations ranged from 0.25 to 1.18 µmol/L (median 0.58 µmol/L); 82 (72%) patients had low retinol concentration (≤0.70 µmol/L). Median retinol concentrations were lower among hospitalized patients (0.56 vs 0.70, P = .006) and patients with pneumonia (0.52 vs 0.64, P = .02) but higher among children with otitis media (0.63 vs 0.54, P = .01). Higher modified PRISM scores, reflecting greater physiologic instability, were associated with lower retinol concentration (β coefficient -.0147, P = .025). In multivariate analysis, higher modified PRISM scores were associated with lower retinol concentration (β coefficient -.0144, P = .025) even after controlling for hospitalization, presence of complications, race, age, receipt of Aid to Families With Dependent Children, gender, and interval from rash onset until serum was collected. Conclusions. Among these children with measles in an urban United States community, retinol concentrations were depressed, and the degree of depression was associated with illness severity. Vitamin A therapy should be considered for children with measles in the United States who require hospitalization.
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Deluca, Stefanie, et Peter Rosenblatt. « Does Moving to Better Neighborhoods Lead to Better Schooling Opportunities ? Parental School Choice in an Experimental Housing Voucher Program ». Teachers College Record : The Voice of Scholarship in Education 112, no 5 (mai 2010) : 1443–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811011200504.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background Previous research has demonstrated that children growing up in poor communities have limited access to high-performing schools, while more affluent neighborhoods tend to have higher-ranking schools and more opportunities for after-school programs and activities. Therefore, many researchers and policy makers expected not only that the families moving to low-poverty neighborhoods with the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program would gain access to zone schools with more resources but also that mothers would be more likely to meet middle-class parents who could provide information about academic programs and teachers, leading them to choose some of these new higher-quality-zone schools. However, research evaluating the effects of the MTO program on child outcomes 4-7 years after program moves found that while the schools attended by the MTO children were less poor and had higher average test scores than their original neighborhood schools, the differences were small: Before moving with the program, MTO children attended schools ranked at the 15th percentile statewide on average; 4-7 years after the move, they were attending schools that ranked at the 24th percentile on average. Purpose The fact that the residential changes brought about by the MTO experiment did not translate into much larger gains in school academic quality provides the impetus for our study. In other words, we explore why the experiment did not lead to the school changes that researchers and policy makers expected. With survey, census, and school-level data, we examine where families moved with the MTO program and how these moves related to changes in school characteristics, and how parents considered schooling options. Setting Although the MTO experiment took place in five cities (New York, Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Baltimore), we use data from the Baltimore site only. Population The sample in our study includes the low-income mothers and children who participated in the Baltimore site of the MTO housing voucher experiment. Ninety-seven percent of the families were headed by single black women. The median number of children was two, and average household income was extremely low, at $6,750. Over 60% received Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) as their primary source of income (at program entry in 1994), over 77% of household heads were unemployed, and 40% of the women had no high school degree or GED. Program The Moving to Opportunity program gave public housing residents in extremely poor neighborhoods in Baltimore, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Boston a chance to apply for the program and move between 1994 and 1998. Families were randomly assigned into one of three groups: an experimental group that received housing counseling and a special voucher that could only be used in census tracts with 1990 poverty rates of less than 10%; a second treatment group, the Section 8 group, that received a regular voucher with no geographic restrictions on where they could move; and a control group that received no voucher through MTO, although they could continue to reside in their public housing units or apply for other housing subsidies (usually a regular Section 8 voucher). The program did not provide assistance with transportation costs, job searches, or local school information after the family relocated. Research Design We use survey data, census data, school-level data, and interviews from the Baltimore site of a randomized field trial of a housing voucher program. We present a mixed-methods case study of one site of the experiment to understand why the children of families who participated in the Baltimore MTO program did not experience larger gains in schooling opportunity. Conclusions Our article demonstrates that in order to discover whether social programs will be effective, we need to understand how the conditions of life for poor families facilitate or constrain their ability to engage new structural opportunities. The described case examples demonstrate why we need to integrate policies and interventions that target schooling in conjunction with housing, mental health services, and employment assistance. Future programs should train mobility counselors to inform parents about the new schooling choices in the area, help them weigh the pros and cons of changing their children's schools, and explain some of the important elements of academic programs and how they could help their children's educational achievement. Counselors could also assuage parents’ fears about transferring their children to new schools by making sure that receiving schools have information about the children and that little instruction time is lost in the transition between schools.
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Flanagan, Patricia J., Margaret M. McGrath, Elaine C. Meyer et Cynthia T. Garcia Coll. « Adolescent Development and Transitions to Motherhood ». Pediatrics 96, no 2 (1 août 1995) : 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.2.273.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objective. To use both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the experience of motherhood during adolescence and to evaluate developmental influences on the concept of maternal role. Design. (1) A grounded theory approach was initially used to generate a hypothesis. Focus groups and individual interviews were analyzed for concept and theme. (2) A quantitative method using correlational analysis was used to test the hypothesis generated by qualitative study. A structured interview using five specific, scored questions about self and about motherhood was used to examine the relationship between developmental complexity of responses to questions about self and questions about motherhood. Setting and Participants. The qualitative study involved group and individual interviews with 42 teenage mothers. The quantitative study involved individual interviews with 25 mothers, ages 14 to 18 years, at an innercity clinic for young parents and their infants. Race and ethnicity were heterogeneous, and 100% received Aid to Families With Dependent Children. Results. The major hypothesis generated from the qualitative analysis was that an adolescent mother's conceptualization of her maternal role is related to her own psychosocial and cognitive development. The quantitative study revealed a strong correlation between the developmental complexity of responses to questions about self and the complexity of responses to questions about motherhood (r2 = .81). Conclusion. The experience of motherhood and the conceptualization of the maternal role in adolescence is related to young mothers' psychosocial cognitive development.
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Howard, Christopher. « Sowing the Seeds of “Welfare” : The Transformation of Mothers' Pensions, 1900–1940 ». Journal of Policy History 4, no 2 (avril 1992) : 188–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006941.
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Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) had come to symbolize everything that is wrong with the American welfare state. Benefit levels have always varied significantly from state to state and seldom have been adequate anywhere to move recipients above the poverty line. Until the 1960s some local administrators discriminated against certain categories of recipients, particularly blacks and unwed mothers. Overt discrimination is now rare; instead, potential beneficiaries must negotiate a series of seemingly neutral administrative hurdles whose cumulative effect is to discourage many of those eligible from applying. Conservatives claim that AFDC subsidizes a broad range of socially-undesirable behaviors, from idleness and a lack of civic obligation to out-of-wedlock births and permanent dependence on public assistance. Liberals dispute these claims but cannot or will not make an affirmative case for the program. Program administrators at the national and local levels have never been strong champions. Opinion polls consistently show that most Americans favor “helping the poor” but not “welfare,” which they equate with AFDC. Finally, beneficiaries view receipt of AFDC as stigmatizing and degrading. Low benefit levels and the lack of decent-paying jobs create a moral climate in which many single mothers receiving AFDC must lie to the Internal Revenue Service and their case workers about working on the side in order to make ends meet.
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Hoekstra, S., K. Klockow, R. Riley, J. Brotzge, H. Brooks et S. Erickson. « A Preliminary Look at the Social Perspective of Warn-on-Forecast : Preferred Tornado Warning Lead Time and the General Public’s Perceptions of Weather Risks ». Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no 2 (1 avril 2011) : 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1076.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Tornado warnings are currently issued an average of 13 min in advance of a tornado and are based on a warn-on-detection paradigm. However, computer model improvements may allow for a new warning paradigm, warn-on-forecast, to be established in the future. This would mean that tornado warnings could be issued one to two hours in advance, prior to storm initiation. In anticipation of the technological innovation, this study inquires whether the warn-on-forecast paradigm for tornado warnings may be preferred by the public (i.e., individuals and households). The authors sample is drawn from visitors to the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma. During the summer and fall of 2009, surveys were distributed to 320 participants to assess their understanding and perception of weather risks and preferred tornado warning lead time. Responses were analyzed according to several different parameters including age, region of residency, educational level, number of children, and prior tornado experience. A majority of the respondents answered many of the weather risk questions correctly. They seemed to be familiar with tornado seasons; however, they were unaware of the relative number of fatalities caused by tornadoes and several additional weather phenomena each year in the United States. The preferred lead time was 34.3 min according to average survey responses. This suggests that while the general public may currently prefer a longer average lead time than the present system offers, the preference does not extend to the 1–2-h time frame theoretically offered by the warn-on-forecast system. When asked what they would do if given a 1-h lead time, respondents reported that taking shelter was a lesser priority than when given a 15-min lead time, and fleeing the area became a slightly more popular alternative. A majority of respondents also reported the situation would feel less life threatening if given a 1-h lead time. These results suggest that how the public responds to longer lead times may be complex and situationally dependent, and further study must be conducted to ascertain the users for whom the longer lead times would carry the most value. These results form the basis of an informative stated-preference approach to predicting public response to long (>1 h) warning lead times, using public understanding of the risks posed by severe weather events to contextualize lead-time demand.
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Freedman, Stephen, Jianling Xie, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre, Bonita Lee, Linda Chui, Xiao-Li Pang, Ran Zhuo et al. « Relationship Between Enteropathogen and Acute Gastroenteritis Disease Severity : A Prospective Cohort Study ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017) : S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.886.
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Abstract Background Little is known about the association between specific enteropathogens and disease severity in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis. Recent advances in diagnostics enabling the rapid and simultaneous detection of common enteropathogens have become readily available. While such knowledge can be used to optimize therapy it also has the potential to predict disease severity. Such knowledge can aid clinical decision making, can clarify guidance and expectations provided to families, and can guide public health policy. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of children with acute gastroenteritis who were brought for emergency department care. The primary outcome measure was the 20-point Modified Vesikari Scale (MVS) score calculated from symptom onset until day14 of follow-up (total MVS score). Stool and/or rectal swab specimens were collected and analyzed for 18 unique pathogens by molecular diagnostic assays (in-house 5 virus panel, Luminex xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel) and/or bacterial culture. An enteropathogen was deemed to be present if a candidate pathogen was identified in the rectal swab or stool specimens by any testing method. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between pathogens (including all pathogens as present or not) and disease severity with the dependent variable being the total MVS score categorized as severe (11–20 points) vs.. non-severe (0–10 points). Results The mean total MVS score (SD) was 12.8 (3.2) and 73.0% (807/1102) of participants experienced severe disease. A pathogen was identified in 72.8% (802/1102) of study participants. Rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus were identified in 26.6% (293/1102), 23.0% (253/1102) and 16.0% (176/1102) of participants respectively. After adjusting for other pathogens significant predictors of severe disease were: rotavirus (OR=8.0; 95% CI: 4.8, 13.2), Salmonella (OR=5.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 24.4), adenovirus (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3), and norovirus GII (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6). Clostridium difficile (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 0.96, 2.6) and Aeromonas (OR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.2, 4.7) were not significantly associated with severe disease. Conclusion In children with acute gastroenteritis, the enteropathogens associated with severe disease included rotavirus, Salmonella, adenovirus and norovirus GII. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.