Bibliographies thématiques / Off-Site Architecture

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Off-Site Architecture »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Luo, Jianing, Hong Zhang et Willy Sher. « Insights into Architects’ Future Roles in Off-Site Construction ». Construction Economics and Building 17, no 1 (31 mars 2017) : 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v17i1.5252.

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Today’s construction industry is overflowing with new ideas about its future. Off-Site Manufacture and Construction (OSCM) is at the heart of the modern construction industry. Much has been written about the state and context of OSCM in different countries regarding its perceived benefits and barriers to implementation. Off-site production (OSP) plays an important role in improving fragmented construction processes. Although most OSP research targets the attitudes and practices of OSP adoption, there is limited understanding of the philosophical issues underpinning OSP-related architecture. The roles of the architects’ personal philosophies are neglected and this hampers their implementation of OSCM (which has had a largely technical focus). This paper explores the traditional thinking patterns of architects in China and predicts possible future roles for them. It then conceptualizes an “architectural work” mode and a “building product” mode of design and construction and identifies the shortcomings of architects in an OSCM environment. The arguments made are based on practitioners’ perceptions and the first author’s practical experiences of leading several real-life projects in recent years. The findings reveal the implications and significance of the transformation from an “architectural work” mode to a “building product” mode. We foresee a study approach that focuses on the order and rules for OSCM, resulting in architects’ existing mindsets being changed to thinking patterns and design methodologies better suited to OSCM.
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Nawari, Nawari O. « BIM Standard in Off-Site Construction ». Journal of Architectural Engineering 18, no 2 (juin 2012) : 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000056.

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Arif, Mohammed. « Special Issue on Off-Site Construction ». Journal of Architectural Engineering 18, no 2 (juin 2012) : 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000090.

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Boyd, Neville, Malik M. A. Khalfan et Tayyab Maqsood. « Off-Site Construction of Apartment Buildings ». Journal of Architectural Engineering 19, no 1 (mars 2013) : 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000091.

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Stariolo, Daniel A., et Jeferson Arenzon. « Off-equilibrium dynamics of the site frustrated percolation model ». Computer Physics Communications 121-122 (septembre 1999) : 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4655(06)70142-4.

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Abanda, F. H., J. H. M. Tah et F. K. T. Cheung. « BIM in off-site manufacturing for buildings ». Journal of Building Engineering 14 (novembre 2017) : 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.10.002.

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Kazmi, Zaheer Abbas, et Mahmoud Sodangi. « Modeling the Constraints to the Utilization of the Internet of Things in Managing Supply Chains of Off-Site Construction : An Approach toward Sustainable Construction ». Buildings 12, no 3 (21 mars 2022) : 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030388.

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Despite persistent calls for cleaner production and improved automation of construction processes, the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in managing the supply chains of off-site construction businesses has been discouraged due to various constraints. This paper methodically identifies and prioritizes the crucial factors that impede the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in off-site construction. Content analysis and an expert-based evaluation strategy were used to identify and evaluate the constraints affecting Internet of Things adoption in off-site construction. The ISM, MICMAC, and DEMATEL techniques were used to analyze the data. This study identifies the “lack of clear strategy for governing IoT utilization in supply chain management” as the most significant factor that impedes the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in off-site construction businesses. The outcomes also provide a rich source of insights into off-site construction businesses to clearly recognize the implications of utilizing IoT technologies in managing the supply chains of businesses and what to expect when applying IoT technologies and solutions. While this paper advocates for improved green construction practices, cleaner production, and automation in the construction industry, it has set the stage for integrating IoT technologies in the supply chain management of off-site construction businesses.
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Alvanchi, Amin, Reza Azimi, SangHyun Lee, Simaan M. AbouRizk et Paul Zubick. « Off-Site Construction Planning Using Discrete Event Simulation ». Journal of Architectural Engineering 18, no 2 (juin 2012) : 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000055.

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Arif, Mohammed, Jack Goulding et Farzad Pour Rahimian. « Promoting Off-Site Construction : Future Challenges and Opportunities ». Journal of Architectural Engineering 18, no 2 (juin 2012) : 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000081.

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Lozanovska, Mirjana. « Space and Culture : Quarantine ». Space and Culture 24, no 2 (16 avril 2021) : 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331220938653.

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The dead, not unlike the sick, are historically quarantined from the space of the living. Spatial separation is a constituent of civilization and this is epitomized by an architectural and urban separation, indeed division, between the space of the dead and the space of the living. Cemeteries are historically located on the periphery, quartered off by a clearly demarcated boundary, or in a separate site altogether as it is called, the City of the Dead. Architecture manifests a clarity of distinction between the living and the dead as spatially distinct building block of civilization. Yet we know this cannot be the whole story. This paper will draw on the death drive from psychoanalytic theory to discuss an architecture of quarantine.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Kenvin, Ryan James. « ReThinking Modular Architecture ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25289.

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Undertaking a work of architecture utilizing modular construction is, in most cases, a design project dominated, or at least driven by, the most technical aspects of architecture. Technical aspects which haven't been completely figured out yet. Rather than making the decision to use a pre-determined structural system in the project before going through the design process, my thesis offers an example of how a more traditional and balanced approach can improve resulting buildings. In addition, rather than allowing the technology of the module to create the form of the building, show how a thorough study of program and form can influence the structure, even in an endeavor which usually requires such hard-nosed engineering.
Master of Architecture
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Parsley, Christopher M. « Anticipating Change : Integrating Off-Site Fabrication With Adaptable Design Strategies ». Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1242326595.

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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Elizabeth Riordan. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 28, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: adaptable; prefab; prefabrication; design for disassembly; Open Building; off-site fabrication; building adaptation. Includes bibliographical references.
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Conner, Katherine B. « Millennial House : A Modular Systems Approach to 21st Century Dwelling ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277141419.

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TOOMBS, DAVID E. « DIGITALLY FABRICATED OPEN BUILDING : EXPLORING FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES IN CONVENTIONAL ARCHTECTURE ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179437509.

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Doesburg, Chloe. « The North House as Component Based Architecture ». Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5031.

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The North House is a proof-of-concept prefabricated solar powered home designed for northern climates, and intended for the research and promotion of high-performance sustainable architecture. Led by faculty at the University of Waterloo, the development and design of the project involved a broad collaboration between faculty and students at the University of Waterloo, with Ryerson University and Simon Fraser University. The North House prototype competed in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon in October of 2009. This thesis identifies the North House as a component-based building. It illustrates in detail the components of which the house is composed, the sequence by which they are assembled, and the details that allow for the building’s rapid assembly and disassembly. Finally, the thesis explores the possibilities afforded by componentbased architecture including adaptability, off-site fabrication and demountability. Drawing on this, the thesis projects future ways of designing buildings sustainable to both manufacture and operate.
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Livres sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Nava, Consuelo. Design driven innovation "off-shore" e "off site" : Progetto di ricerca "S2 Home" dal concept al prototipo. Canterano (RM) : Aracne, 2019.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Wei, Liuming. « Literature review : BIM-based methodology implemented in off-site construction ». Dans Advances in Civil Function Structure and Industrial Architecture, 493–98. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305019-69.

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« Site, Non-Site, Off-Site ». Dans Art and Architecture. I.B.Tauris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755695812.ch-001.

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« On/Off Site ». Dans Adaptation Strategies for Interior Architecture and Design, 164–87. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474221702.ch-007.

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Luo, Jianing. « Construction-Oriented Architectural Design in Off-Site Construction Towards Lean Construction and Management ». Dans Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220925.

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The rapid development of Off-site Construction (OSC) has closely linked it to Lean Construction (LC). The importance of design has been highlighted in LC as the primary means to produce value to clients. However, the adoption of lean thinking is still modest in design. Although most research target the lean design theories and their adoption in LC or OSC, there is limited understanding of terminological and cross-sectoral problems without sufficiently considering the different contexts (incompatibilities) among manufacturing, construction, and architecture, hindering the effective use of lean thinking in the design stage, especially in architectural design. This paper clarifies the OSC architectural design methods and presents how design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) guidelines are considered as design principles to incorporate lean thinking into OSC architectural design to achieve a constructible design towards lean construction goals in OSC projects. This study shows new insights into the cross-sectoral understanding of incorporating lean design from the manufacturing industry to architectural design. An interdisciplinary study pathway is explored focusing on coordinating lean design and Architectural design to achieve lean management.
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Yarrow, Thomas. « Dripping With History ». Dans Architects, 86–94. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738494.003.0019.

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We are on a site visit to St. Andrew’s Church, in Tom’s car, a people carrier. He apologizes for the detritus of children’s toys and discarded food wrappers, the material culture of a family life I have glimpsed only in relief. Sometimes Tom leaves early or arrives late to work when he picks up or drops off his boys at school. He talks often and fondly about them, even as he acknowledges the trials and tribulations of fatherhood, as part of a life packed with too many commitments: “Juggling too many things.” We drive along winding lanes, through the claustrophobically narrow valleys of Stroud, then up onto the tops, where the dark earth of freshly plowed autumn fields exposes a skeleton of drystone walls. This is a familiar landscape for Tom. As we drive he points out places of interest, houses the firm has built and projects that didn’t come off, along with buildings and details of architectural interest....
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Yarrow, Thomas. « A Particular Kind of Practice ». Dans Architects, 27–29. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738494.003.0005.

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Unlike the practices on which architectural critics and indeed ethnographers have tended to focus, MHW is not famous. Employing ten architects during the period I did my work, the practice is slightly smaller than the U.K. national average of just under fourteen.19 In their mid-thirties, the two directors are relatively young, as is the staff profile of the practice more generally. All are in their twenties and thirties, with the exception of David, the father of Tomas. This youth is something they often present as a virtue, making representational capital through coupling that word with others with which it is popularly associated; “dynamic,” “creative,” “innovative,” “fresh,” “original” are words that feature on their website. As a small-to-medium-size practice, MHW rarely takes on projects with budgets of less than £100,000 and is mostly focused on large domestic extensions and renovations, one-off new builds, and small public buildings. The firm’s projects involve close working relationships with individual clients, planners, builders, engineers, and other building specialists contracted as consultants when needed. Design and then construction work involves regular site visits. Involvement in these various aspects of the process of design and construction is at one level a necessity for a practice of this size. At another level they see these working practices as a virtue tying into a broader philosophy. Unlike larger practices where specialism and fragmentation are more common, the company takes pride in aiming to connect processes of design and construction, celebrates the “ownership” of projects by individual architects, and aims to keep organizational structures flat....
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Seo, Sungyoul, Hyeonchan Lim, Soyeon Kang et Sungho Kang. « Off-chip test architecture for improving multi-site testing efficiency using tri-state decoder and 3V-level encoder ». Dans 2017 18th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isqed.2017.7918315.

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Gines, Matthew. « Practicing Design-Build ». Dans AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.15.3.

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The disconnect from academia to practice from design to construction is carrying the Architecture profession out to sea. Students and young professionals are further disconnected from the reality behind the representation of each line. This paper discusses a studio structured to mimic the professional environment while at the same researching through prototyping pre-fabrication, modular building, DfD (Design for Disassembly), and panelization theory including on-site/off-site construction methods.
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Chung, Daniel, et Kihong Ku. « Digitally-driven Fabrication of Fiber-reinforced Composite Panels for Complex Shaped Envelopes ». Dans AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.16.2.

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Composite materials have been explored in architecture for their high performance characteristics that allow customization of functional properties of lightness, strength, stiffness and fracture toughness. Particularly, engineering advancements and better understanding of fiber composites have resulted in growing applications for architectural structures and envelopes. As most new developments in material fabrication start outside the realm of architecture such as in automobile and aeronautical industries, there is need to advance knowledge in architectural design to take advantage of new fabrication technologies. The authors introduce results of new digitally driven fabrication methods for fiber-reinforced composite sandwich panels for complex shaped buildings. This presentation discussed the material properties, manufacturing methods and fabrication techniques needed to develop a proof of concept system using off-the-shelf production technology that ultimately can be packaged into a mobile containerized facility for on-site panel production. The researchers conducted experiments focusing on developing a digitally controlled deformable mold to create composite relief structures for highly customized geometrical façade components. Research findings of production materials, fabrication methods and assembly techniques, are discussed to offer insights into novel opportunities for architectural composite panel fabrication and commercialization.
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McCarty, Justin, et Adam Rysanek. « The New Normals : Architecture Under Climate Change Uncertainty ». Dans 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.32.

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This paper discusses design research that utilized an existing project development phase to test a methodology for involving multiple projections of climate change in the design a of a present-day institutional building. In the paper an initial argument is laid out for the need for this type of design method. This is followed by a brief explanation of the methodology borrowed from charrette scenario planning and climate impact assessment. A schematic design that is the result of this planning process is then displayed as a jumping-off point to discuss design decision-making under the auspices of an unknown future climate system and the need for site-climate calibration in passive architecture. This design is the composite of three possible “optimal” buildings that represent one program designed for using climate scenarios from three major socioeconomic carbon emissions pathways. The final design is the resultant interpretation of these three futures and the needs they impose on the program and the building as a formal bioclimatic object. Concluding remarks follow the presentation of the design and decision-making theory behind its elements.
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Singh, Surya P. N., et Kenneth J. Waldron. « GL-Link : A Novel Telerobotics-Based Platform Supporting Distributed Mechatronic Research Via the Internet ». Dans ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42093.

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Mechatronics and robotics research efforts of large complexity are increasingly interdisciplinary involving collaboration between software, hardware, controls, and scientific teams. Traditionally, the level of integration has either required repeated site-visits or location of the teams at a common site. As the teams become increasingly diverse and disperse, there is a need for distributed operations platform that not only facilitates smooth communications, but also allows for remote experimentation and control of a common robot or device. By separating the principal design functions, a modular communications platform was developed to support the distance learning and experimental requirements of ambitious mechatronic development projects. This separation results in a modular system that is scalable and customizable to the particular conditions governing an experiment. The platform leverages off-the-shelf hardware and software and the presence of Internet connectivity. Where possible, open-source options were used to make the platform extensible to a variety of platforms and applications. The system is modular and consists of: a video observation/conferencing module, a file-transfer module, and a robot teleoperation module. This allowed multiple teams to test the operation of a robot independently and asynchronously without corrupting the work being conducted by another team member. It also allowed for new forms of interaction and reduced the need for travel between the multiple geographically-distributed research teams. Novel features of this work include a modular multiplatform architecture and an integration of basic telerobotics principles to extend PC-based collaboration/conferencing technologies from a basic communications platform to a means for supporting multi-site (robotics) research experiments. This paper describes the design considerations and evaluations associated with the development of the Great Little Inter link (GL-Link) architecture. This platform was motivated by robotics research ongoing between Stanford and Ohio State Universities. The platform was tested over several months as part of the design of a high-speed quadruped robot. Results from this trial highlight the impact of highly sensitive audio and video inputs and show the need for robustness to bandwidth fluctuations.
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Haure, J. M. « RCCE-E 2005 Creator of Confidence Between Nuclear Safety Authority, Owner, and Suppliers ». Dans 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30369.

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The paper deals with the design rules included in the RCCE code applicable to electrical, and instrumentation and control systems and components contributing to safety-class functions. It is a major document in the relationships between the Owner and its suppliers and the safety authorities. The code is periodically submitted to the Nuclear Safety Authority Assessment. Initially used for the French PWR program and published by the French Society for Design and Construction rules for Nuclear Island Components (AFCEN), the code evolves to comply with third generation PWR nuclear islands and aims to comply with national regulations if needed in addition to French regulations. It gathers within one set of rules, the design and construction practices of, the electrical and I&C systems and components, and installation engineering documents. Brief presentation of some items is proposed: - Relationships between Safety Analyses Report plant system and installation engineering; - Off-site and on-site sources requirements; - Periodic tests and permanent monitoring requirements to guarantee the safety function availability; - I&C architecture and Human Machine Interfaces; - Digital I&C systems requirements; - Establishing qualification to ambience conditions, that includes normal and mild conditions and, harsh and severe accident conditions. Custom-made approach based on the families of ambience defined as a combination of equipment mission time, and normal and abnormal conditions (pressure, temperature, radiation) enabling to cope better with environmental conditions; - High and Low frequencies disturbances protections (Lightning, GSM, DECT, WiFi); - Project data used by any supplier or designer such as site data, temperature of rooms, maximum design temperature of equipment, the voltages and frequency variation range and tolerances of the alternative current and direct current electrical networks, the decoupling data of environmental conditions; - Electrical equipment separation requirements and isolation and decoupling solutions designs; - Electrical enclosures design requirements. A conclusion on the evolution of AFCEN organization in charge of comprehensive set of technical codes on the design, construction and surveillance of civil work structures, fire protection, mechanical structures, the core and fuel design, the electrical and I&C equipment and systems of PWR nuclear island.
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Cooper, Benjamin, et Andrei Zagrai. « Investigation of Low Velocity Impact Damage in Aluminum Alloys ». Dans ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8145.

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In structural health monitoring (SHM), impact detection and characterization techniques often focus on identifying parameters of impact such as the location and velocity of an impacting object. A distributed network of sensors is used to passively detect the mechanical wave created by the impact. Various techniques are used to analyze the signals based on time of arrival, amplitude and phase. A simpler architecture could be used to determine whether an impacting event was benign or caused damage and requires further evaluation. This research focuses on detecting attributes of impact-generated elastic wave signals that are indicative of local damage at the impact site. Waveforms deviate insignificantly for undamaged materials, however, when a material is stressed to plastic deformation or damaged the waveform of propagation through the material is noticeably affected. This change in wave speed may be detectable by SHM sensors, and can be used as an indicator of damage. Low velocity impact experiments were conducted on thin aluminum plates instrumented with piezoelectric and magneto-elastic sensors at various locations. The sensors acquired the initial passage of the impact wave signal before reflections off the boundaries became a significant element. By inspecting the signal for deviations induced by damage (such as plastic deformation), a routine for evaluating damage can be inferred. Further work may correlate features of the signal with damage severity providing an extra level of information in determining the next step in evaluating the damage. Using this approach, it may be possible to evaluate impact damage using limited numbers of passive sensors.
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Betz, Fred, et David Archer. « Biodiesel Fueled Engine Generator With Heat Recovery : Comparing Biodiesel to Diesel Performance ». Dans ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90123.

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Carnegie Mellon University’s departments of Architecture and Mechanical Engineering have designed and installed a biodiesel fueled engine-generator with heat recovery equipment to supply electric and thermal power to an office building on campus, the Intelligent Workplace (IW). The installation was completed in early September 2007, and was commissioned through April of 2008 with standard off-road low sulfur Diesel (LSD) fuel. Additional baseline testing was conducted with LSD until October 2008, when the transition was made to a 100% soybean oil based biodiesel. The turbocharged diesel engine-generator set is operated in parallel with the local electric utility and the campus steam grid. The system is capable of generating 25 kW of electric power while providing 18 kW of thermal power in the form of steam from an exhaust gas boiler and 19 kW in the form of heated water from the engine coolant. The steam is delivered to a double-effect Lithium-Bromide (Li-Br) absorption chiller, which supplies chilled water to the IW for space cooling in the summer or hot water for space heating in the winter. Furthermore, the steam can be delivered to the campus steam grid during the fall and spring when neither heating nor cooling is required in the IW. The thermal energy recovered from the coolant provides hot water for space heating in the winter, and for regenerating a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system in summer. All relevant temperatures, pressures, and flows for these systems are monitored via a building automation system. Pressure versus time versus crank angle measurements are recorded in each cylinder of the engine. Emissions of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are also monitored. The performance testing thus far indicates that biodiesel fuel performs just as well as Diesel fuel in the CHP system, providing similar amounts of electrical and thermal energy at the similar temperatures and flows at a similar overall efficiency. As expected, the engine consumes more biodiesel fuel due to the lower energy density of biodiesel fuel compared to LSD. Upon completion of the system performance testing with different types of biodiesel fuel, the operation of the engine generator with its heat recovery components will be integrated with the other HVAC components of the IW including a parabolic trough solar thermal driven Li-Br absorption chiller, a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system, and multiple types of fan coils and radiant heating and cooling devices. This integrated energy supply system is expected to reduce the IW’s primary energy consumption by half in addition to the 75% site energy savings already realized by architectural features as compared to the average US office space.
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Wettergreen, M., B. Bucklen, W. Sun et M. A. K. Liebschner. « Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering in Whole Bone Replacement Treatment ». Dans ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82000.

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Tissue engineering is developing into a less speculative field involving the careful interplay of numerous design parameters and multi-disciplinary professionals. Problem solving abilities and state of the art research tools are required to develop solutions for a wide variety of clinical issues. One area of particular interest is orthopaedic biomechanics, a field that is responsible for the treatment of over 700,000 vertebral fractures in the U.S alone last year. Engineers are currently lacking the technology and knowledge required to govern the subsistence of cells in vivo, let alone the knowledge to create a functional tissue replacement for a whole organ. Despite this, advances in Computer Aided Tissue Engineering (CATE) are continually growing. Using a combinatory approach to scaffold design, patient-specific implants may be constructed. Computer aided design (CAD), optimization of geometry using voxel finite element models or other optimization routines, creation of a library of architectures with specific material properties, rapid prototyping, and determination of a defect site using imaging modalities highlight the current availability of design resources. Our study represents a patient specific approach for constructing a complete vertebral body via building blocks. Though some of the methods described cannot be realized with current technology, namely complete construction of the vertebral body via FDM, the necessary advances are not far off. Computing power and CAD programs need to improve slightly to allow the rapid generation of complex models that would ease the fabrication of an appropriate number of building blocks. The main bottleneck of the process described in this study is the general lack of knowledge of human mechanobiology and the role of cellular interactions on artificial substrates including immune responses, and foreign body reactions. Assuming these biological parameters can be identified, a scaffold may be designed with a proper pore size and interconnectivity, microstructure, degradation rate, and surface chemistry. The advantage of the outlined process lies in adjustment of the vertebral compliance first, to ensure adequate load transfer, an important property for vertebral replacement. Subsequently, net biological properties can be fine tuned by simply scaling the final construct. Mixing and matching of geometries may be utilized to design asymmetric scaffolds, or scaffolds that exhibit a discontinuous microstructural stiffness with the goal of accentuating fluid flow. Finally, while these techniques lend themselves to the formulation of bone constructs, they can be used for other parts of the body as well that do not require load-bearing support.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Off-Site Architecture"

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Atkinson, Dan, et Alex Hale, dir. From Source to Sea : ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, septembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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