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Thévenot, Celine. "Inequality in OECD countries." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 18_suppl (2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817713108.
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This article recalls the state of play of inequality levels and trends in OECD countries, with a special focus on Nordic countries. It sheds light on explaining the drivers of the rise in inequality and its economic consequences. It addresses in particular the issue of redistribution through taxes and transfers. It concludes with an overview of policy packages that should be considered to address the issue of rising inequalities.
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Gani, Azmat. "Measures of tolerance and economic prosperity." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 1 (2015): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2014-0077.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a wide range of measures of tolerance, considered from social and institutional perspective relate to growth in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical framework is based on a growth regression equation with a specification that is common in the growth literature. The estimation includes the generalized least squares, fixed and random effects methods. The empirical analysis is based on cross-country data from a sample of countries from the OECD. Findings – The findings on social measures of tolerance provide strong support that OECD countries are tolerant toward migrants and women’s participation in economic activities and national policy making. The findings also provide evidence that political rights, civil liberties and rule of law as indicators of institutional tolerance, are strongly associated with growth. Practical implications – The findings presented here from OECD countries lead to the conclusion that tolerance matters for the prosperity of nations. The findings of this study have policy implications beyond the OECD countries and particularly relevant to the developing economies. Originality/value – This paper makes a new empirical contribution to the tolerance literature.
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Malyovanyi, Mykhaylo, Nataliia Ivanova, Kateryna Melnyk, Oleksandr Nepochatenko, and Oleksandr Rolinskyi. "Assessment of the social expenditure impact on the economic growth in OECD countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 3 (2018): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.31.
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Economic growth is exposed to many socio-economic factors that impact both the formation and allocation of resources. The theoretical part of this article discusses studies by various authors on the social expenditure impact on economic growth, the dependence of this influence on selected funding principles and social policy models. In the empirical part, using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) procedure and the Fixed Effect Model, the impact of social expenditure on the economic growth in OECD countries is determined. An increased focus is put on assessing the long-term impact of the main types of social expenditures (public and private), based on different financing principles (distribution and accumulation), on the economic growth rates both in OECD in general and in the context of countries (based on the Esping-Andersen’s typology) grouped according to social policy models. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) an increase in the share of total social expenditures in the country’s GDP negatively affects economic growth; 2) an increase in the share of private social expenditures in the country’s GDP contributes to economic growth; 3) the obtained indicators of impact assessment are different depending on a social policy model chosen. The analysis is based on OECD panel data for the period 1980–2013.
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PASICHNYI, Mykola. "TAX POLICY IN OECD COUNTIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(54) (2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.01.127.
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Introduction. Globalization intensifies the necessity for intergovernmental cooperation aiming to implement the measures on the tax and customs regulation. Considering both the economic cyclicality and historical retrospective, it is expedient to study the advanced and emerging market economies’ experience in the field of developing and implementing a set of fiscal policy measures during the economic expansion, recession, stagnation, and post-crisis recovery periods. The purposeis to systemize the experience of the government tax policy preparation and implementation in the OECD countries in the long-term retrospective, and to assess the tax structure and the level of taxation impact on economic growth. Results. Based on methods of economic regression to evaluate the fiscal policy in the OECD countries over 1981–2016 period, it was determined that increase in the tax burden did not provoke any significant destructive effect on the economy. At the same time, in the context of the tax structure, the taxes on capital had a negative impact on the real GDP growth rates, the taxes on labor had a lower degree of influence, and the effect of the taxes on consumption was almost neutral. The main measures of the tax regulation aimed to create the most favorable conditions for a long-term economic growth were investigated. The tax revenues structure’s complex analysis was carried out; the main tendencies of taxation were generalized. Conclusion. Tax policy is as an adaptive mechanism allowing to regulate the country’s economic development. The OECD countries consistently implement the systematic measures to reduce the income tax rate. This practice is caused by the need to create the most favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development. Regarding the universal consumption taxes, a gradual rise in their rates was recorded. That fact is reflected by an increase in these taxes’ fiscal importance (taking into account the neutrality of their impact on the economic agents’ business activity). The transformation in the import operations’ model of taxation as well as the implementation and active intensification of free trade policies led to a reduction in the specific weight of customs duties. In modern conditions, the tax legislation’s unification as well as the strengthening of the supranational tax regulation’s role outline an important trend in the development of taxation systems both in advanced and emerging market economies.
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Feshchenko, Nikolay V. "PENSION REFORMS POLICY: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 19, no. 2 (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2022-19-2-53-60.
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This paper reviews the issues of reform as an important political priority of the OECD countries. The pension schemes of these countries are characterized as partly matching, but still different in some details. The last decades have been a period of socio- economic transformation, at the same time pension reform has taken a central place on the OECD agenda
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CANES-WRONE, BRANDICE, and JEE-KWANG PARK. "Electoral Business Cycles in OECD Countries." American Political Science Review 106, no. 1 (2012): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000529.
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Studies of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have generally failed to detect real economic expansions in preelection periods, casting doubt on the existence of opportunistic political business cycles. We develop a theory that predicts that a substantial portion of the economy experiences a real decline in the preelection period if the election is associated with sufficient policy uncertainty. In particular, policy uncertainty induces private actors to postpone investments with high costs of reversal. The resulting declines, which are called reverse electoral business cycles, require sufficient levels of polarization between major parties and electoral competitiveness. To test these predictions, we examine quarterly data on private fixed investment in ten OECD countries between 1975 and 2006. The results show that reverse electoral business cycles exist and as expected, depend on electoral competitiveness and partisan polarization. Moreover, simply by removing private fixed investment from gross domestic product, we uncover evidence of opportunistic cycles.
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Sethi, Dinabandhu, Wing-Keung Wong, and Debashis Acharya. "Can a Disinflationary Policy Have a Differential Impact on Sectoral Output? A Look at Sacrifice Ratios in OECD and Non-OECD Countries." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 2 (2018): 138–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017753260.
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This article examines the sectoral impact of disinflationary monetary policy by calculating the sacrifice ratios for several Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. Sacrifice ratios calculated through the episode method reveal that disinflationary monetary policy has a differential impact across three sectors in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Of the three sectors, the industry and service sectors show significant output loss due to a tight monetary policy in OECD and non-OECD countries. But the agricultural sector shows a differential impact of disinflation policy: It shows a negative sacrifice ratio in OECD countries indicating that output growth is insignificantly affected by a tight monetary policy while non-OECD countries yield positive sacrifice ratios, suggesting that the output loss is significant. Further, it is observed that sacrifice ratios calculated from aggregate data are different from ratios calculated from sectoral data. JEL Classification: E52, E58, C14, O50
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Melnyk, Leonid, Hanna Sommer, Oleksandra Kubatko, Marcin Rabe, and Svitlana Fedyna. "The economic and social drivers of renewable energy development in OECD countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.04.
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There are continuous research and practical interest to combine different renewable sources within one Smart Grid network. The paper aims to estimate the influence of key economic and social drivers of renewable energy and Smart Grid promotion in OECD member countries. The random effect of the generalized least squares method was used to estimate the empirical model based on the World Bank, OECD, Heritage Foundation, and World Energy Council datasets for a panel of 36 OECD counties. For the empirical estimation, the dependent variables considered are energy renewable electricity output and energy trilemma index, taken as two proxies for Smart Grid development. The results suggest that an increase in GDP p. c. in national economies by 10,000 USD leads on average to a 3.9% decrease in renewable electricity output during 2001–2015. The richer the society, the less renewable energy sources were used for power generation in a group of OECD countries. The last is also supported by the fact that gross fixed capital formation treated as a percentage value of GDP is negatively correlated with structural changes in renewable energy output. The empirical conclusion is that during the study period, OECD countries were mainly oriented to economic growth, which was achieved by consuming non-renewable energy resources, and limited attention was paid to sustainability and Millennium Development Goals. The paper provides policy recommendations for Smart Grid development and points in the future research within OECD countries. AcknowledgmentsComments from the Editor and anonymous referees have been gratefully acknowledged. Leonid Melnyk gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0118U003578). Oleksandra Kubatko gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0119U100766) and National Research Foundation of Ukraine (2020.01/0135).
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Woźniak, Katarzyna. "Migration Policy in the Area of Border Control and Migration of the Population in OECD Countries –Theoretical and Practical Aspects." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 38, no. 1 (2020): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2020-0010.
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Abstract The aim of the study is to present the phenomenon of population migration and migration policy as part of the state’s economic policy based on the example of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, with particular emphasis on the area of migration policy, which is border control and related illegal migration. The temporal scope of the empirical analysis covers the period 1990-2016. The article consists of four main parts. The discussion began with a presentation of the balance of migration, the scale and dynamics of population immigration in OECD countries. Furthermore, the significance, areas and process of shaping migration policy as a part of the economic policy of the country are presented. Then, it focused on the migration policy in the area of border control in OECD countries. The discussion was crowned with the conclusions that followed.
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Lavee, Doron, and Hadas Joseph-Ezra. "The Development and use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: The Case of Israel." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 02 (2015): 1550018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500180.
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Recently, Israel has undergone several changes in its environmental policy. This paper reviews the shift in environmental policy, from regulatory-based instruments to more flexible economic instruments in Israel. A substantial change has taken place in this respect over the last few decades in many OECD countries. In recent years, environmental policy in Israel has been going through a similar change, in part due to the recent accession to the OECD. Yet, Israel still lacks the use of certain main economic tools, such as greenhouse gas emissions trading and carbon taxes, which are available in many OECD countries.
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Hatton, Timothy J. "Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Policy in OECD Countries." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (2016): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161062.
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Refugees and asylum seekers are only a small proportion of the 60 million forcibly displaced persons. But those seeking asylum in the developed world have received much of the attention as western governments have struggled to develop a policy response. An analysis of asylum applications by origin and destination indicates that these flows are largely driven by political terror and human rights abuses. Poor economic conditions in origin countries and tough asylum policies in destination countries matter too. In the light of the findings I suggest that greater coordination among OECD countries could improve the lot of those fleeing from persecution but even this would make only modest inroads into the sum of human misery that displaced people exemplify.
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Schmitt, Carina. "What Drives the Diffusion of Privatization Policy? Evidence from the Telecommunications Sector." Journal of Public Policy 31, no. 1 (2011): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x11000018.
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AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which diffusion mechanisms have been important for the privatization of telecommunications in the OECD world. It analyzes a panel dataset for 18 OECD countries between 1980 and 2007 using spatial econometric techniques. The sample includes 18 OECD countries between 1980 and 2007. The empirical findings strongly suggest that spatial interdependencies are significant for privatization policies. First, closely related countries from a geographical or economic perspective influence each other to a greater extent than non-related countries. Second, there is no evidence that governments adopt policies of countries with a similar cultural background or the policies of those countries where privatization has been shown to lead to the intended economic results at the company level. Third, the importance of diffusion is highly influenced by national characteristics such the openness of the economy.
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Saunders, Peter. "Public Expenditure and Economic Performance in OECD Countries." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 1 (1985): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002865.
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ABSTRACTThis paper presents data on the size and growth of general government expenditures and receipts relative to GDP in OECD countries over the 1960–81 period. A feature of these trends is the widespread appearance of budget deficits in the mid-seventies, following the sharp increase in government expenditures relative to GDP in the two years immediately after the first oil shock in 1973. Having presented these data, the paper tests several hypotheses relating the size and growth of government to macroeconomic performance using an international cross-section framework. The economic performance indicators used are the rate of economic growth, the rate of consumer price inflation and private sector employment growth. Overall, the results provide little evidence that government size and growth have been detrimental to economic performance, particularly in the period since 1975, although an inverse relation existed in the sixties between government size and economic growth.
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Drobiszová, Agata, and Zuzana Machová. "The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth in the OECD Countries." Politická ekonomie 63, no. 3 (2015): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1004.
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S.V., Padmini. "An Overview on Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development." International Journal of Tax Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/21.2416/.
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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organization de co-operation ET de development economies, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organization with 36 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2017, the OECD member states collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (US$49.6 trillion) and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity. OECD is an official United Nations observer.
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Cinaroglu, Songul, and Onur Baser. "VP173 Determinants Of Behavioral Health System Efficiency In Organisation For Economic Co-operation And Development (OECD) Countries." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317004081.
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INTRODUCTION:This study examined the technical efficiency determinants of each Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country's behavioral health system (BHS).METHODS:The technical efficiency of each OECD country's BHS was analyzed through data envelopment analysis with model combinations ranging from 1–11 models, with each model constructed with different BHS input and output variable combinations. A decision tree was generated from the efficiency scores of the model with the highest mean technical efficiency score as a predictor variable. Data was obtained from 2013 OECD and Eurostat statistics.RESULTS:Different model combinations indicated that the model with the highest mean technical efficiency score (.9214) for OECD countries included (i) input variables for smoking, alcohol consumption, daily fruit consumption, the number of psychiatrists, the percentage of live births of young mothers first children, and the time devoted to leisure and personal care and (ii) output variables for death rate by mental and behavioral disorders, diabetes hospital admissions in adults, and suicide rates. Among all model combinations, >45 percent of OECD countries have an efficient BHS. The decision tree graph shows that daily fruit consumption, smoking, and suicide rates are predictor variables of the technical efficiency of an OECD country's BHS.CONCLUSIONS:The study results offer important insights regarding the development of BHS in OECD countries. Health policymakers must develop collaborative activities and implement comprehensive policies promoting internationally-oriented BHS in order to improve the health status of people worldwide and reduce health inequality.
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Kotlán, Igor, and Zuzana Machová. "Tax Policy Horizon in the OECD Countries." Politická ekonomie 62, no. 2 (2014): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.944.
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GEORGETA, VINTILA, GHERGHINA STEFAN CRISTIAN, and CHIRICU COSMINA STEFANIA. "Does Fiscal Policy Influence the Economic Growth? Evidence from OECD Countries." ECONOMIC COMPUTATION AND ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND RESEARCH 55, no. 2/2021 (2021): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/18423264/55.2.21.14.
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Wong, Teck-Lee, Wee-Yeap Lau, and Tien-Ming Yip. "Cashless Payments and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 9, s1 (2020): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2020-0028.
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AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between cashless payments and economic growth in selected OECD countries. Using annual data from 2007 to 2016, our results indicate that: Firstly, cashless payment stimulates economic growth in OECD countries. Specifically, the growth-enhancing effect is found in debit card payment while credit card, e-money and cheque payment have no impact on economic growth; Secondly, the positive relationship between economic growth and debit card payment is robust after controlling for the effect of endogeneity, omitted variable bias and outliers. Based on the findings, this study offers some imperative policy recommendations.
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He, Pinglin, Jing Ning, Zhongfu Yu, Hao Xiong, Huayu Shen, and Hui Jin. "Can Environmental Tax Policy Really Help to Reduce Pollutant Emissions? An Empirical Study of a Panel ARDL Model Based on OECD Countries and China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (2019): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164384.
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Under the background that environmental tax has increasingly become the main means of environmental governance in various countries, it is particularly important to study the effect of environmental tax on reducing pollutants and then put forward suggestions for building a scientific and rational environmental tax system. The novelty of this paper is the investigation of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and Chinese provinces at the same time, and further comparison of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in OECD and China under different environmental tax collection scales, industrial added value levels, and economic development conditions based on Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach (ARDL). The data are derived from environmental taxes and pollutants of OECD countries from 1994 to 2016 and Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2016. The results show that from the overall regression results, environmental taxes really help to reduce pollutant emissions, both in OECD countries and China. From the grouping regression results, the OECD countries and Chinese inland provinces with small-scale or medium-level of environmental tax revenue and higher level of economic growth all show better emission reduction effects, while OECD countries with low industrial added value and Chinese inland provinces with high industrial added value have more significant effects on pollutant emission reduction via environmental taxes.
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Gholipour, Hassan F., and Mary Elizabeth Dunkley. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Household Financial Assets." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 65, Issue 2 65, no. 2 (2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.65.2.101.
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Abstract We examine the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and patterns of two major household financial assets. Using data from a set of OECD countries from 1995 to 2016 and applying cointegrating regressions, we find evidence that escalations in EPU shift households’ portfolios away from shares and towards currency and deposits. Our results have important implications for macroeconomic policymakers and corporate finance managers. JEL Classifications: G11, D81 Policy Uncertainty; Household Financial Assets; FMOLS
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Kurniawati, Meta Ayu. "ICT infrastructure, innovation development and economic growth: a comparative evidence between two decades in OECD countries." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 1 (2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2020-0321.
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PurposeThe objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic growth, information and communication technology (ICT) penetration and innovation development in OECD countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study incorporates data for 24 OECD countries from 2000 to 2018, which is divided into the earliest (2000–2009) and the latest (2010–2018) periods. The econometric methodologies of this study employ panel cointegration, estimation procedures and vector error-correction modelling to investigate the potential interconnections between ICT, innovation development and economic growth.FindingsThe results from the latest period illustrate that OECD countries have achieved positive and significant economic development from high ICT penetration, while results from the earliest period show that OECD countries were just beginning to enjoy the benefits of ICT penetration. Moreover, findings show that innovation development is highly significant in the latest period when promoting economic growth.Practical implicationsThe policy implications suggest that promoting ICT infrastructure establishment and expanding the innovation development may drive the process of economic development in OECD countries.Originality/valueThis study employs mobile and Internet penetration as the development of telecommunication which is in line with the enlargement of innovation to foster economic growth in OECD countries. Comparing the evidence from two decades provides significant value for policymakers and decision-makers regarding the advantages of technology expansion and innovation development to promote economic growth in recent conditions.
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Maruthappu, Mahiben, Charlie Zhou, Callum Williams, Thomas Zeltner, and Rifat Atun. "Unemployment and HIV mortality in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: 1981–2009." JRSM Open 8, no. 7 (2017): 205427041668520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270416685206.
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Objectives To determine an association between unemployment rates and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Design Multivariate regression analysis. Participants OECD member states. Setting OECD. Main outcome measures World Health Organization HIV mortality. Results Between 1981 and 2009, a 1% increase in unemployment was associated with an increase in HIV mortality in the OECD (coefficient for men 0.711, 0.334–1.089, p = 0.0003; coefficient for women 0.166, 0.071–0.260, p = 0.0007). Time lag analysis showed a significant increase in HIV mortality for up to two years after rises in unemployment: p = 0.0008 for men and p = 0.0030 for women in year 1, p = 0.0067 for men and p = 0.0403 for women in year 2. Conclusions Rises in unemployment are associated with increased HIV mortality. Economic fiscal policy may impact upon population health. Policy discussions should take into consideration potential health outcomes.
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Tumaki, Rintaro. "OECD: Personal income taxes current policy issues." Intertax 14, Issue 8/9 (1986): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1986056.
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Personal income tax systems have given rise to increasing discontent in recent years on a number of grounds: complexity, unfairness, adverse effects on economic growth and on decisions about savings and work. At a time when major reforms of such taxes are under consideration in a number of OECD countries, OECD's Committee on Fiscal Affairs has just published two reports on why and how personal income tax systems have been evolving over the last decade, with suggestions about likely future developments.
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Afonso, António, and Luís F. Costa. "Market power and fiscal policy in OECD countries." Applied Economics 45, no. 32 (2013): 4545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.795275.
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Pradhan, Rudra P., Tamal Nath, Rana P. Maradana, and Ajoy K. Sarangi. "Innovation, Finance, and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: New Insights from a Panel Causality Approach." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 18, no. 04 (2021): 2150013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877021500139.
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In this paper, using a panel causality approach, we examine endogenous connections between financial development, innovation, and economic growth in OECD countries for the period 1961–2018. The empirical results of our study show that financial development and innovation support long-run economic growth and that the short-run dynamics facet the multifarious interconnections between financial development, innovation, and economic growth. The strategic insight drawn from this research is that to ensure sustainable economic growth, policy-makers in the OECD countries must pay attention to establishing an integrated structure that looks into co-improvement policies concerning the activities that enhance financial development, innovation, and economic growth.
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Inam, Dr Betul. "Foreign Direct Investments and Tax Policy Current Evaluations for OECD Countries." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 12 (2022): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2022.v06i12.004.
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Today, foreign direct investments (FDI) have become indispensable tools for countries for reasons such as technology transfer, employment creation, promotion of international trade, economic development and support for development, as well as the capital they provide to the economy. Countries that want to benefit from the blessings of foreign capital aim to attract FDI to their countries by using different instruments. One of the tools frequently used for this purpose is tax policies. In this study, we have examined the relationship between foreign direct investments and taxation at the theoretical and empirical level. FDI flows in the recent years and corporate tax rates of OECD countries, which hold a significant portion of global capital, have been compared. It has been observed that OECD countries have made significant taxation regulations to attract foreign investment.
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Pitukhina, Maria. "STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION OF FOREIGN MIGRANTS (THE CASE OF THE OECD MEMBER STATES)." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 5(24) (September 30, 2020): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.5(24).2020.56-76.
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The article deals with the OECD migration policy, namely, its strong points that were revealed during the last 20 years. The author also explains how OECD migration policy responds to technological, economic, and social challenges. In effective adaptation of foreign migrants the principal role is mainly assigned to monitoring of the OECD member states. The outstanding practices of the latter turned out to be highly important for shaping the migration policies of other countries. The article is also dealing with the examples of labor migrants’ adaptation to the OECD labor market, particularly, bottleneck vacancies analysis of the Nordic countries, Baltic States, and Central Eastern Europe. Institutions, traditions and employability are extremely important parameters for migrants’ adaptation at the new for them labor markets.
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Błaszczuk, Dariusz, Patrycja Chodnicka-Jaworska, and Joanna Landmesser. "VAR MODELS FOR ECONOMIC POLICY TARGETS OF OECD COUNTRIES IN 1990-2016. ASSUMPTIONS AND ESTIMATION RESULTS." Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych 18, no. 3 (2017): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/mibe.2017.18.3.38.
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Cen, Xi, David W. Johnston, Claryn S. J. Kung, Michael A. Shields, and Eric C. Sun. "The link between health and economic preferences: Evidence from 22 OECD countries." Health Economics 30, no. 4 (2021): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.4225.
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SOKUR, Stanislav. "TRANSFORMATION OF LOBBYING INSTRUMENTS FOR ECONOMIC STAKEHOLDERS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 5 (2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.05.078.
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The article examines current developments of lobbying institutionalization on the state level in European countries from 2014 to 2021, in particular, the definitions of lobbying and lobbyists, their goals, the availability of lobbying registers and the available ways for lobbying by economic stakeholders. Recent legislation on lobbying of Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania and the United Kingdom is analyzed. The dynamics of the adoption of laws on lobbying in European countries in recent years is demonstrated, given the specifics of the legal regimes of these countries. The article also shows examples of lobbying by economic stakeholders and lobbyists' reporting in accordance with the current legislation of the countries concerned. It has been proven that today the field of lobbying is on the rise, since in the last seven years eight countries in Europe have adopted laws regulating lobbying. Thus, the total growth of countries adopted lobbying regulation by European OECD member-states for the period of last 7 years constituted 67% of overall lobbying regulation by OECD member-states for the previous 75 years. These impressive numbers are expected to increase in the coming years, and it is very important that such lobbying rules to be adopted in accordance with international standards for lobbying regulation. The article also shows practical cases of lobbying and demonstrates that the range of lobbying targets in the modern world is incredibly wide. International organizations such as the United Nations, the Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, etc. influences transparently policy-making in European countries. Regulation of lobbying legislation allows to influence decision-making to both non-governmental organizations and representatives of the private sector. Thus, there is an articulation and aggregation of interests in societies, which improves the quality of decisions made by public authorities.
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Kurniawati, Meta Ayu. "The role of ICT infrastructure, innovation and globalization on economic growth in OECD countries, 1996-2017." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 11, no. 2 (2020): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-06-2019-0065.
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Purpose The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) over the past decade has enabled heterogeneous economic sectors to be more integrated, leading to a significant effect on nation’s growth across OECD countries. The objective of this study is to estimate the short run and long run inter-linkages among ICT, innovation technology, globalization, and economic growth for the period 1996-2017 in OECD countries. Design/methodology/approach This research provides some sophisticated methodologies by using principal component analysis to construct ICT and innovation indices and follow up by employing the panel cointegration test, pooled mean group regression, fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares as sophisticated estimation techniques, panel Granger causality and forecast error variance decomposition to examine the robustness of the causal association in the findings. Findings The empirical results herein suggest that ICT, innovation and globalization positively contribute to economic growth, while the causality findings reveal strong endogenous relationships among both ICT mobile and internet use, innovation development, globalization and economic growth in both short and long run. The findings further imply that OECD countries have yet to promote economic growth from ICT infrastructure expansion, the enlargement of technology innovation and the spread of globalization. Practical implications The particular policy recommendation is to reinforce the investment and establishment of a reliable ICT infrastructure as well as innovation technology to create sustained economic growth in this progressively interconnected world. Originality/value This study is valuable from policy and decision-makers’ perspective, as it highlights the significance of ICT infrastructure development, innovation enlargement and globalization to elevate the economic growth in OECD countries.
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Taşkın, Dilvin, Gülin Vardar, and Berna Okan. "Does renewable energy promote green economic growth in OECD countries?" Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 4 (2020): 771–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-04-2019-0192.
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Purpose The development of green economy is of academic and policy importance to governments and policymakers worldwide. In the light of the necessity of renewable energy to sustain green economic growth, this study aims to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and green economic growth, controlling for the impact of trade openness for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1990-2015, within a multivariate panel data framework. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the long-run relationship between variables, panel cointegration tests are performed. Panel Granger causality based on vector error correction models is adopted to understand the short- and long-run dynamics of the data. Furthermore, ordinary least square (OLS), dynamic OLS and fully modified OLS methods are used to confirm the long-run elasticity of green growth for renewable energy consumption and trade openness. Moreover, system generalized method of moment is applied to eliminate serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and endogeneity problems. The authors used the panel Granger causality test developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) to infer the directionality of the causal relationship, allowing for both the cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. Findings The results suggest that renewable energy consumption and trade openness exert positive effects on green economic growth. The results of long-run estimates of green economic growth reveal that the long-run elasticity of green economic growth for trade openness is much greater than for renewable energy consumption. The estimated results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) test reveal bidirectional causality between green economic growth and renewable energy consumption, providing support for the feedback hypothesis. Practical implications This paper provides strong evidence of the contribution of renewable energy consumption on green economy for a wide range of countries. Despite the costs of establishing renewable energy facilities, it is evident that these facilities contribute to the green growth of an economy. Governments and public authorities should promote the consumption of renewable energy and should have a support policy to promote an active renewable energy market. Furthermore, the regulators must constitute an efficient regulatory framework to favor the renewable energy consumption. Social implications Many countries focus on increasing their GDP without taking the environmental impacts of the growth process into account. This paper shows that renewable energy consumption points to the fact that countries can still increase their economic growth with minimal damage to environment. Despite the costs of adopting renewable energy technologies, there is still room for economic growth. Originality/value This paper provides evidence on the contribution of renewable energy consumption on green economic growth for a wide range of countries. The paper focuses on the impact of renewable energy on economic growth by taking environmental degradation into consideration on a wide scale of countries.
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Kokovikhin, Aleksandr. "Skills management in regional economic policy of the OECD and the EU member countries." Upravlenets 11, no. 5 (2020): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2218-5003-2020-11-5-7.
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The paper analyzes the theoretical concepts and practice of skills management implemented in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU). The relevance of the study is due to the lack of data about the OECD and the EU experience examined in the Russian literature in terms of theoretical comprehension of gaps and mismatches in employees competencies, jobs requirements and the skills management policy at state and regional levels. This problem not only significantly narrows the Russian research field, but also deprives regional authorities and self-government specialists of access to approved management tools. The methodological background of the study is the competence-based approach that provides necessary tools for both theoretical conceptualization and the development of an appropriate state policy. In the paper, we apply the methods of comparative and system-based analysis of the theory and practice of competency management at regional level. Using them, the author discusses the role, content and toolkit of state and regional policy on skills management, and analyzes how theoretical concepts of new public management, knowledge economy and institutional economy affect the development and implementation of the strategic documents of the OECD and the EU, as well as member countries and regions in a historical perspective. The research findings indicate a general trend towards change in the priorities of the regional skills management policy from competency supply management in 2000–2007 to the balanced development of competency demand and supply in 2007–2015 and focusing on skills in breakthrough technologies that underlie the region’s smart specialization. The research also reveals the special features of regional skills management policy in particular countries. The research results can be used for further theoretical analysis of state policy in regional labor markets, as well as in the development of strategies and policies for managing labor resources at the level of Russia’ regions.
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Cahan, Dodge, Luisa Doerr, and Niklas Potrafke. "Government ideology and monetary policy in OECD countries." Public Choice 181, no. 3-4 (2019): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00652-0.
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Kovacevic, Radovan. "The limitations of the European economic integration." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 4 (2002): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0204427k.
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It is an important result of economic theory that integration might alter the allocation of resources within a country as well as between countries. Moreover, there are theory-based arguments suggesting that border regions might have an advantage in attracting resources due to their specific location in the center of the integration area. In this paper author have highlighted the continued empirical importance of national borders, even within the EU, which exhibits a much higher degree of economic integration than has been achieved at the global level. Perhaps even more surprising is that capital flows show distinctly similar patterns, a bias towards investment in the home market. In fact it would appear that these two phenomena are closely linked. Thus, whilst globalization has had profound effects on economic actors there is little to suggest that the traditional role for governments in OECD countries in providing social welfare and in regulating the domestic market economy are being undermined. If these borders to international commerce are impervious to further policy initiatives, or if their removal would reduce welfare by, for example undermining individual preferences, then the frictionless world foreseen by some where national administrations become largely impotent in affecting domestic economic outcomes is unlikely to occur. Thus, future discussions concerning global governance will take place between sovereign states that retain substantial discretion in economic policy making in an environment of considerable differences in economic and political power. The author have noted, however, that this situation is apparent for the industrialized countries. In developing countries the situation may be very different. The range of policies that is available in OECD countries is not accessible to many developing countries. In addition the social and business networks and the nature of consumer preferences, which have evolved over many years in OECD countries, and which are key elements in differentiating national from international markets, are not developed to the same extent or take forms which may be inconsistent with and undermined by the increasing use of the market mechanism.
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Asadullah, Muhammad Ali, and Aamir Zafar Ullah. "Social-economic contribution of vocational education and training: an evidence from OECD countries." Industrial and Commercial Training 50, no. 4 (2018): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-12-2017-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of national investment in vocational education and training (VET) on the economic growth through the mediating role of social inclusion. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a panel data of 31 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for 15 years collected through secondary sources. Findings The statistical results of the study have supported the entire hypotheses. Particularly, the results demonstrate that the social inclusion strengthens the contribution of VET in the economic growth. Practical implications This study offers various policy implications for the policy makers of developing countries. Particularly, the policy makers of developing countries need to emphasize on social inclusion to enhance the contribution of national investment in VET while following the vocational education models of developed nations. Originality/value This study offers its theoretical contribution in the literature of VET by highlighting a mediating mechanism to explain how national investment in VET can contribute in economic growth through social inclusion.
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Scheffler, Richard M., and Daniel R. Arnold. "Projecting shortages and surpluses of doctors and nurses in the OECD: what looms ahead." Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, no. 2 (2018): 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413311700055x.
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AbstractThere is little debate that the health workforce is a key component of the health care system. Since the training of doctors and nurses takes several years, and the building of new schools even longer, projections are needed to allow for the development of health workforce policies. Our work develops a projection model for the demand of doctors and nurses by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in the year 2030. The model is based on a country’s demand for health services, which includes the following factors: per capita income, out-of-pocket health expenditures and the ageing of its population. The supply of doctors and nurses is projected using country-specific autoregressive integrated moving average models. Our work shows how dramatic imbalances in the number of doctors and nurses will be in OECD countries should current trends continue. For each country in the OECD with sufficient data, we report its demand, supply and shortage or surplus of doctors and nurses for 2030. We project a shortage of nearly 400,000 doctors across 32 OECD countries and shortage of nearly 2.5 million nurses across 23 OECD countries in 2030. We discuss the results and suggest policies that address the shortages.
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Baris, Serap. "Innovation and institutional quality: Evidence from OECD countries." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 9, no. 3 (2019): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v9i3.4364.
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Focusing the effect of innovations on economic growth, the literature has not adequately cared about what determines the innovations or innovative capacity. However, policy makers and business leaders have accepted the need for creating platforms and institutions that promote innovative activities since it was accepted that innovations were the basic key to economic growth. This study focuses on the effect of institutions or institutional quality on the innovations. In this study where OECD countries have been selected as the sampling (1996–2015 period) and World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators represent institutional quality while the number of patent application represents the innovation, the effect of institutional quality on the innovations has been examined through the methods of panel data analysis. Innovation is positively related to voice and accountability, political stability and rule of law while it is negatively related to control of corruption. Moreover, there has been no relationship determined between government effectiveness and regulatory quality and innovation. Findings of this study suggest that it is highly difficult to state what is the net effect of institutional quality on the innovations.
 Keywords: Governance, innovation, institutions, institutional quality, patent, panel data analysis.
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Jaiyesimi, Mondiu T., Tokunbo S. Osinubi, and Lloyd Amaghionyeodiwe. "Energy Consumption and GGP in the OECD Countries: A Causality Analysis." Review of Economic and Business Studies 10, no. 1 (2017): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2017-0048.
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Abstract This study investigated the nature or direction of causality between GDP, electricity consumption and total energy consumption in the OECD. Secondary data was used while both the ordinary least square (OLS) and generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators were employed to test for causality in our model. Our result found the presence of a bi-directional causality between energy consumption and GDP for the total energy demand model and between electricity consumption and GDP for the electricity demand model. By implication, the bi-directional causality in our estimated models suggest that both energy consumption and GDP are important factors in economic development in the OECD. Thus, if misguided policy measures are made to reduce energy consumption it could have a detrimental effect on GDP which will slow down economic growth. A recommendation is for policy makers to concentrate on encouraging energy efficiency as a way to reduce energy and electricity consumption.
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Markina, O. O., and T. V. Paientko. "The Tendencies of Taxation of Consumption in the OECD Countries Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Business Inform 11, no. 526 (2021): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-11-376-382.
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The article is concerned with analyzing the tendencies of taxation of consumption in the OECD countries. The purpose of the article is to examine the tendencies of taxation of consumption in the OECD countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the results of the research, it is found that in the period from 1995 to 2018 in the OECD countries there was a relatively stable tax burden formed by consumption taxes, with a gradual decrease in VAT rates. In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant deterioration in public finances, adding to existing problems such as population aging, climate change, rising poverty and inequality, etc., the problem of reducing tax revenues in consequence of the reduced business activity and increased public spending on health care and economic support programs. It is noted that after the COVID-19 outbreak, the OECD countries periodically make adaptation changes to their policies, mainly aimed at adapting VAT in the context of the spread of digitalization and the need for fiscal support for certain sectors of the economy. The development and administration of VAT policies have become an important component in the most OECD government fiscal policy measures to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 crisis in 2020–2021. The COVID-19 outbreak has led to a crisis in the healthcare and economic sectors, which has led to the use of measures to contain the pandemic. These measures reduced production, and in combination with the general crisis of the healthcare sector reduced the demand of enterprises and households. The economic policy measures focused primarily on maintaining business liquidity (deferring VAT payment) to help businesses stay afloat and to support the incomes of vulnerable households (applying reduced VAT rates). Prospect for further research is to assess the fiscal effects of modifying the taxation of consumption in the OECD countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Toloudis, Nicholas. "Varieties of Capitalism and Fiscal Stimulus, 2008–2010." Baltic Journal of European Studies 5, no. 2 (2015): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2015-0013.
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AbstractThis paper tests the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) framework to explain variation in fiscal stimulus measures across OECD countries in response to the 2008-2010 economic crisis. Following Soskice (2007), I argue that coordinated market economies are less flexible with fiscal policy than liberal market economies. Multivariate analysis across 23 OECD countries demonstrates that VoC is more powerful than three competing theories: fiscal institutions, which hypothesizes more stimulus in countries with less restrictive budgetary rules; debt credibility, which hypothesizes more stimulus in less indebted countries; and political partisanship, which hypothesizes more stimulus in countries governed by the left.
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Qehaja, Driton, and Genc Zhushi. "Macroeconomic Policy Changes and Its Impact on Trade Unions, an Empirical Study on OECD Countries for the Period 2001-2020." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 8 (2021): 1575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160818.
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This study examines the macroeconomic variables affecting trade union rate membership in OECD nations from 2001 to 2020. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has 38 of the most industrialized countries globally, which counts more than 80% of the global GDP; analyzing the macroeconomic movements of these countries means that we most likely know the variance of the global macroeconomic changes. We target the effect of employability, expenditure on education, unemployment, inflation, FDI, economic growth, wages, and salaries on trade union participation of employers. To conduct this research, we used data from World Bank, ILO, and OECD for 38 countries during the period 2001-2020, conducting a panel data Fixed Effect non-linear regression model with robust effect considering the non-normality and the possibility of heteroscedasticity of some of the variables. The results show that employers in the industry, the productivity in the service sector, and wages will increase the enrolment in a trade union, but on the other side, an increase of FDI and unemployment rates will decrease the association of employers to be in a trade union.
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Lee, S. Y., and S. S. Lim. "Determinants of the Korean agricultural trade with the LDCs and the OECD countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 3 (2014): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/118/2013-agricecon.
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The study aims to analyze Korea’s import trade in agricultural products with (i) the least developed countries (LDCs) and (ii) the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Extended versions of a gravity model are adopted and the balanced panel data for the unilateral trade over the period of 2003 to 2008 are constructed using the Harmonized System Codes. The Heckman two-stage analysis is incorporated to detect the potential selection bias arising from many zero trades. We find that only preferential tariffs on the LDCs have significantly contributed to the trade flows. However, in contrast, gross domestic products (GDPs), free trade agreements (FTAs), the applied tariff rates, and the exchange rates turn out to be statistically significant in the trade with the OECD countries, thus highlighting the possibility of the potential trade benefits associated with the trade policy reforms. The study is unique in that it empirically estimates the determinants of agricultural trade between the LDCs and developed countries and reveals the potential effectiveness of the preferential treatment and the implementation of the trade policy reforms.
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Berezniak, N. V., and N. I. Shabranska. "New trends in the development of scientific, technological and innovation policies of the world countries: the OECD vision." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 3(15) (2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2020-3-03.
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A new direction of science, technology and innovation policy, initiated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), has been investigated. The proposed OECD paradigm of new mission-oriented policies encompasses initiatives aimed at overcoming public challenges in the world and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (UN), which is especially relevant for Ukraine. The general characteristics of the instruments of political influence and interaction are given. These instruments are the “mix” of policies that aim to implement direct and indirect forms of support. The examples of developing the national strategic documents and supporting a sustainable economy in the OECD member countries are considered. Highly developed countries introduce special instruments that promote breakthrough innovations to implement strategic priorities. The OECD notes the feasibility of creating different types of institutions that will be responsible for defining national strategies and shaping science, technology and innovation policies. The challenges and trends of political support for innovative business by the OECD member countries are described. The governments of these countries are initiating the formation of new directions and the use of new public policy instruments, in particular: a combination of fiscal instruments and direct support instruments, simplified access to financing schemes and increased transparency through the creation of a “single window” or digital support services, etc.
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HOELLER, PETER, ISABELLE JOUMARD, and ISABELL KOSKE. "REDUCING INCOME INEQUALITY WHILE BOOSTING ECONOMIC GROWTH: CAN IT BE DONE? EVIDENCE FROM OECD COUNTRIES." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 01 (2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500015.
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This paper identifies inequality patterns across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and provides new analysis of their policy and non-policy drivers. One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies, well-designed labor market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis, the paper identifies several policy reforms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting GDP per capita and reducing income inequality, and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a trade-off between both objectives.
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Cousins, Kimberly, Robin Gauld, and Richard Greatbanks. "Understanding the diversity of alliance governance in OECD healthcare settings." Journal of Integrated Care 28, no. 2 (2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-07-2019-0033.
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Purpose Healthcare alliances are a mechanism for developing collaborative and integrated care governance and service delivery arrangements. Yet is not known how widespread alliance arrangements are in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, how alliances function or how effective they are. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of alliances in OECD countries, including key areas covered and how performance is measured. Design/methodology/approach A structured narrative review of literature published between 2010 and 2018 was undertaken, focussed on OECD countries. The literature included peer-reviewed articles as well as publications from key policy analysis organisations. Findings Many OECD countries have implemented integrated care models but only a small number had explicitly adopted health alliances that link primary and secondary providers under joint governance arrangements. Most alliances are pilot initiatives and not broadly adopted. Most had not adopted a unified performance measurement framework. Practical implications Policy makers and service providers interested in joint governance arrangements that support integration must consider the range of potential options overviewed in this paper, as well as how to create supportive performance measurement frameworks. Originality/value This is the first narrative review of alliance arrangements in OECD countries. It provides an overview of arrangements, while illustrating that there is considerable scope for further alliance development.
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WAGSCHAL, UWE, and GEORG WENZELBURGER. "Roads to Success: Budget Consolidations in OECD Countries." Journal of Public Policy 28, no. 3 (2008): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x08000901.
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ABSTRACTDuring the 1990s, some OECD countries succeeded in reducing their budget deficits. The average public debt ratio fell from more than 70 per cent of GDP in 1996 to about 63 per cent of GDP in 2001. Up to now, researchers have mainly focused on the economic effects of these consolidation efforts. This paper answers another question: How can balanced budgets be achieved? By means of a detailed review of nine budget consolidations, the study identifies different roads to successful fiscal adjustments, starting with a critical review of the definition of budget consolidation. We find a pattern on the expenditure side that follows different worlds of the welfare state. On the revenue side however, the tax structure seems to be more path-dependent and mainly driven by long-term developments. In the last section, we show that institutional reforms constitute very important components of budget consolidations.
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Holzmann, Robert. "Pension Policies in OECD Countries: Background, Trends and Implications." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (1989): 467–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00008357.
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ABSTRACTConcerns about reforming public pensions schemes are an OECD-wide phenomenon. This paper highlights in a first part the background and various causes of the reform debate, summarized in five broad areas: budgetary, economic, social, population aging, and system maturation. The second part presents major directions of current reform approaches of public pension schemes. Despite the different structure and history of these schemes, the major trends in reform are strikingly similar. The final part discusses some major policy considerations resulting from the current reform approach in the face of an aging population. At present, the pace of the reform process in most countries must be considered insufficient to put the pension systems on a financially sound basis and thus to avoid future individual welfare losses and intergenerational income distribution.
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Vishnevskaya, N. "OECD Countries: Labour Market Policy During COVID-19 Pandemic." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 1 (2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-1-110-118.
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In 2020 – the first half of 2021, the OECD economies faced a serious crisis, which was manifested by an increase in unemployment, a reduction in the number of jobs, and a decrease in household income. However, the nature of the last crisis and, accordingly, the ways out of it differed significantly from the previous recessions. During the COVID 19 pandemic, the global economy faced a massive supply shock caused by the forced shutdowns and the introduction of a self-isolation regime. The key task of state policy was to preserve the human capital of companies in order to facilitate the fastest possible recovery when anti-epidemic restrictions have been lifted. The OECD governments launch strong agenda to maintain their labor markets. The State Employment Service and the unemployment insurance system have significantly adjusted their methods of interaction with unemployed and companies. This included measures to simplify the procedure for obtaining unemployment benefits, which led to a significant increase in the number of beneficiaries. The deadlines for payment of benefits have been extended, the amount of the benefits has been increased and, in a number of countries, some groups of workers who had previously remained outside the system were included in the insurance system. Teleworking has become an important means of overcoming the spread of infection. The proportion of teleworkers in OECD countries ranged in the midst of the crisis from 30 to 60%. Governments are actively involved in supporting distance employment, starting with its legislative permission and ending with financial support for companies that are switching to this form of work. During the pandemic, job retention programs have become one of the main labor market support tools. The characteristic features of job retention programs were the wide coverage of workers, the simplification of the procedure for obtaining the state aid, the inclusion of workers with a non-standard form of contract. The governments have sought to encourage companies to use the reduced work period for professional retraining. Once the pandemic is over, OECD countries will have to return to the backlog of structural labor market problems.