Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ocean engineering – History »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Ocean engineering – History"
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De Certeau, Michel, and Vytautas Volungevičius. "History and Structure." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 49 (July 4, 2022): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.49.7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
„Histoire et structure“ (in Histoire et psychanalyse entre science et fiction) de Michel de Certeau © University of Minnesota Press, 1986 amerikietiškam leidimui; © Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1987 pirmajam prancūziškajam leidimui ir kitiems anglų kalba pasirodžiusiems leidimams; 2002 antrajam pataisytam ir papildytam leidimui „Un chemin non tracé“ par Luce Giard ir 2016 pasirodžiusiam pataisytam ir papildytam leidimui.
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Wood, Frank W. "A Footnote to History." Naval Engineers Journal 107, no. 2 (1995): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1995.tb02880.x.
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Wei, Zexun, Haidong Pan, Tengfei Xu, Yonggang Wang, and Jian Wang. "Development History of the Numerical Simulation of Tides in the East Asian Marginal Seas: An Overview." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070984.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As a ubiquitous movement in the ocean, tides are vital for marine life and numerous marine activities such as fishing and ocean engineering. Tidal dynamics are complicated in the East Asian marginal seas (EAMS) due to changing complex topography and coastlines related to human activities (e.g., land reclamation and channel deepening) and natural variability (e.g., seasonal variations of ocean stratification and river flow). As an important tool, numerical models are widely used because they can provide basin-scale patterns of tidal dynamics compared to point-based tide gauges. This paper aims to overview the development history of the numerical simulation of tides in the EAMS, including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the East/Japan Sea, and the South China Sea, provide comprehensive understanding of tidal dynamics, and address contemporary research challenges. The basic features of major tidal constituents obtained by tidal models are reviewed, and the progress in the inversion of spatially and temporally changing model parameters via the adjoint method are presented. We review numerical research on how a changing ocean environment induces tidal evolution and how tides and tidal mixing influence ocean environment in turn. The generation, propagation, and dissipation of internal tides in the EAMS are also reviewed. Although remarkable progresses in tidal dynamics have been made, nonstationary tidal variations are not fully explained yet, and further efforts are needed. In addition, tidal influences on ocean environment still receive limited attention, which deserves special attention.
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Song, Wentao, and Weicheng Cui. "Review of Deep-Ocean High-Pressure Simulation Systems." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 3 (2020): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.3.8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractDeep-sea technology and equipment are required to explore the oceans and utilize ocean resources in the 21st century. Deep-ocean simulation systems (DOSs) play an essential role in the development of deep-sea equipment. This paper gives a detailed overview of deep-ocean high-pressure simulation systems (DOHPSs) worldwide. First, the history of DOS is introduced, and then the primary available equipment, particularly coming out of China, is described. Next, the new concept of the cold isostatic pressing (CIP) chamber and its technology and equipment are reviewed. Then, the basic mathematical theory for the design of pressure chambers is introduced to illustrate the limitations of the traditional monobloc chamber. To easily understand the pre-stressed wire-wound (PSWW) design, the pre-stress coefficient is introduced in theoretical analysis. Some valuable researches of PSWW are presented. Finally, the sealing design of DOS, especially tooth-locked quick-actuating closures (TLQAC), is discussed. The paper aims to inspire readers to develop innovative ideas about the future design of DOS.
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Ulitskii, V. M. "History of pile foundation engineering." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 32, no. 3 (1995): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02336510.
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Fiertz, Carol, Sharon Katz Cooper, Joanne Flanders, Jill Johnson, Tom LaPointe, and Mollie Oremland. "Smithsonian's Ocean Science Initiative: a Partnership between the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)." Marine Technology Society Journal 39, no. 4 (2005): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533205787465832.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History is launching an Ocean Science Initiative (OSI), which includes an Ocean Web Portal, a Center for Ocean Science, and its centerpiece—the nation's largest permanent Ocean Hall exhibit to open in the fall of 2008. NMNH is the most visited natural history museum in the world. Its dynamic team of research and exhibit staff, and unparalleled collections, in combination with NOAA's knowledge and expertise in ocean science, provides the opportunity to develop a truly unique exhibit, Web portal and other supporting educational programs. This paper focuses on the partnership, the Hall, its development process, and evolving education and Web portal plans.
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SWENSON, ERICK N., EDMUND B. MAHINSKE, and JOSEPH S. STOUTENBURGH. "NTDS - A PAGE IN NAVAL HISTORY." Naval Engineers Journal 100, no. 3 (2009): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1988.tb01490.x.
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Hansen, Henning, and Maria Simonsen. "Book History in the Nordic Countries." Mémoires du livre 13, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1094119ar.
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Moersdorf, Paul, and Eric Meindl. "Sustained Ocean Observations and the Role of NOAA's Marine Observation Network." Marine Technology Society Journal 37, no. 3 (2003): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537258.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates a network of automated moored buoys in the oceans whose installation began in the early 1970s. What began as a research and development program consolidating independent U.S. buoy projects, by the mid-1980s evolved into an operational activity when the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) was moved into NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS). Except for a few reimbursable projects requiring ocean data, little effort was placed on sustained ocean monitoring, as NDBC focused upon satisfying NWS' mission requirements. NOAA's recent direction to become a “matrix” organization is leading to greater utilization of assets across its line offices. NDBC and its Marine Observing Network (MON) of moored buoys and fixed stations have become recognized as NOAA assets that can help meet NOAA-wide strategic goals. This paper describes some of NDBC's history and the future role it can play as part of a federal “backbone” system to support scientific needs of the community that works in the oceans.
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Mindell, David A. "An Ocean in Common: American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment (review)." Technology and Culture 44, no. 2 (2003): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2003.0082.
Texte intégralThèses sur le sujet "Ocean engineering – History"
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Beltrán, Hernández Allan Iván. "Essays on the economic valuation of flood risk." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7174/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The frequency and intensity of flooding has increased over the last few decades. The UK is not an exception, despite large amounts of money invested every year in flood risk management, flooding is a prevalent issue in the country causing millions of losses every year. In this thesis we contribute to debate on the economic valuation of flood risk in the UK from a household perspective using a non-market valuation approach from the housing market. In the first chapter we investigate the capitalisation of flood risk in property prices by means of a meta-analysis. In the second and third chapters we use a repeatsales specification of a hedonic model to investigate the capitalisation of flood defences and the effect of flooding in the price of properties in England. The results suggest that the current benefit estimates used by the UK Government to determine the allocation of resources to flood relief projects results in a misallocation of resources. We highlight the importance of rethinking the strategy for flood risk management in the UK. Our results provide a sound economic basis to guide the allocation of resources for flood alleviation strategies in a socially efficient way.
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Mazzucchi, David. "Postglacial vegetation history of mountainous landscapes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2695.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Five lake and one soil sediment record from six mountainous sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, were examined for changes in pollen, macrofossils, charcoal, and mineral clasts to reconstruct late Quaternary history of vegetation, fire and climate. The results provide insights into the history and dynamics of the Mountain Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone and highlight the role of several species and species groups not previously recognized. During the early Holocene, Alnus crispa expanded throughout the region following deglaciation, playing a more important role in these ecosystems than today. Abies lasiocarpa was the dominant Abies species at these sites during the late glacial and early Holocene until it was replaced by A. amabilis between about 10,500 and 7300 calBP, perhaps due to changes in regional atmospheric circulation and greater seasonal variability in insolation than we experience today. A. amabilis increased during the mid Holocene and was later replaced at the sites by increased abundance of T. mertensiana while T. heterophylla became much more abundant at nearby low elevations. Ericaceous-heath communities were established soon after deglaciation at the moister sites but not until about 7000 calBP at drier sites. These drier sites show more variation in vegetation throughout their records than the wetter sites. High charcoal and clast concentrations coincident with rapid vegetation shifts during the early Holocene suggest that these changes were probably the result of large stand-clearing fires that exposed mineral soils. A peak in charcoal at several of the sites occurs at ca. 4000 calBP suggesting more frequent fire at that time. During the late glacial and very early Holocene, P. contorta was an important seral species until A. crispa became well established. In the mid to late Holocene when Ericaceous-heath became established, A. crispa was unable to predominate, possibly because of reduced fire activity or because the heath communities hindered the exposure of fresh mineral soil surfaces. As a consequence, conifer-dominated stands were favoured. Basal sediments from these sites are not as old as they are at lower elevations, suggesting that deglaciation may have happened later at higher elevations.
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Ferbey, Travis. "Quaternary geology, ice-flow history and till geochemistry of the Huckleberry Mine region, west-central British Columbia." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1260.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Huckleberry Mine region experienced a complex ice-flow history during the Late Wisconsinan Fraser Glaciation. Cross-cutting and superimposition relationships observed in the field, constrain the relative timing of ice-flow events and indicate that a westerly-directed ice-flow event was followed by a smaller magnitude east to northeast event. This ice-flow reversal can be explained by the existence of an ice divide in the central interior of British Columbia during the Fraser Glaciation maximum. Although ice thickness exceeded relief in the region during the glacial maximum, and glaciers flowed west, up-valley towards the Coast Mountains, locally, ice-flow direction appears to still have been influenced by topography.
Basal tills dominate the local Quaternary stratigraphy. These grey, overconsolidated, clayey-silt diamictons typically overlie Early Jurassic Telkwa Formation andesites, but they can also locally overlie advance-phase glaciofluvial sands and gravels. In the vicinity of the Main and East Zone areas, it is common to find visible pyrite and chalcopyrite grains (up to 3 mm in size), and mineralized clasts (pyrite +/- chalcopyrite) in the till matrix. At a 19 m vertical exposure, multiple till units were identified. These basal tills are distinguished primarily by changes in colour, matrix texture, and gravel content. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, lithological, and geochemical data from this exposure provide evidence of an ice-flow reversal in the Huckleberry Mine region during the Fraser Glaciation maximum.
Till geochemical data define the locations of known sources of copper mineralization in the Huckleberry Mine region. Maximum, minimum, and median copper values in near-surface basal till samples are 8924 ppm, 29 ppm, and 216 ppm, respectively (n=106), while those for sub-surface basal till samples are 4167 ppm, 18 ppm, and 187, respectively (n=230). Locally developed dispersal trains indicate that mineralization from these sources has been transported towards the east and west. These dispersal trains are detectable in both near-surface and sub-surface basal till samples and also provide further evidence of an ice-flow reversal in the Huckleberry Mine region. Two westward-directed dispersal trains, that are isolated or disconnected from dispersal of the Main Zone area, suggest and that there could be undiscovered bedrock mineralization on Huckleberry Mine property.
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MEŠINOVIC, Sven Asim. "Die Eroberung der Meere: die Unterwasserlaboratorien Helgoland (BRD) und Tektite (USA) im Umweltdiskurs 1968-1973." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/21394.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 23 March 2012; Prof. Dr. Sebastian Conrad (FU-Berlin) - Supervisor; Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen (EUI); PD. Dr. Sabine Höhler (Associate Professor, KTH, Schweden); Prof. Dr. Helmuth Trischler (Rachel-Carson Center, LMU München)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>The dissertation deals with a forgotten vision of the future from the 1960s: the construction of underwater habitats on the sea-floor. Between 1960 and 1980, 17 states built 60 stations on the seabed. Dealing with the underwater habitats Helgoland (Federal Republic of Germany) and Tektite (United States) the dissertation focusses on the links between underwater habitats and the debate on the "conquest" of the seabed, the international law debate of the sea-floor as a common good and the popular culture of settling the oceans. The history of underwater laboratories is a history of man´s adaptation to other atmospheres. The idea was to find out if and how long one can live in a habitat beneath the sea under different atmospheric pressures. Living in a habitat beneath the sea was also a possibility for marine biologist to carry out "in situ" studies. The habitats were also used to expose humans to different mixtures of gases: At the same time when these biologists were sitting in the habitat, medical studies were carry out on them to see how the human body can adapt to different atmospheres. Especially these questions were important for working out parameters for future space cabins. Therefore underwater laboratories reproduced the terrestrial atmosphere as a life-enabling system. The idea was not only to reproduce the same atmosphere as it is on the earth, the idea was to recreate an atmosphere which would enable human living. However, on the first aquanaut mission in the German underwater laboratory, problems such as ear infections (caused by the humid atmosphere) were observed in the aquanauts. Apparently, the idea of recreating an “environment” beyond the Earth entailed basic problems related to human adaptation. If our understanding of the environment is circumscribed within the biological, chemical and physical habitat of Man, the case study of the underwater laboratory then begs the question of how culture and Man’s nature interact, and is affected by habitat.
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Koehler, Lindsey. "Late Holocene glacial history of Manatee Valley, Upper Lillooet Provincial Park, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2821.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This investigation uses dendrochronologic and radiometric techniques to infer the
timing of glacier advance for four ice lobes that are drained by Manatee Creek in a
remote valley located in the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia.
Dendroglaciologic evidence exposed by retreating glaciers provides evidence for
increasing complexity in the Holocene glacial record, particularly for mid-late Holocene events. Since Holocene ice fronts periodically extended below treeline in the region, previous glacier advances overrode and buried forests beneath till deposits. The
dendroglaciologic evidence presented here corroborates the record of glacier advances
described for other southern British Columbia Coast Mountain glaciers and details ice front position at ca. 4270 14C yr BP, 3430 14C BP and 2350 14C yr BP. Well-preserved sequences of lateral, nested moraines were mapped and profiled to delineate the boundaries of Manatee and Oluk glaciers. Relative dates provided by lichenometry and dendrochronology were used as limiting dates for the deposition of 5-6 moraines during the late 14th, early 16th, early 18th, 19th, and early-20th Century. Reconstructions of Holocene glacial history offer insight into the regional, climatic regime and add to the discussion about pervasive, millennial-scale cycles.
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Penney, Zachary. "Life history reconstruction and stock identification of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) using otolith trace element chemistry." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/193.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recent advances in otolith microchemistry have established that trace element composition can be used to chemically reconstruct fish life history and serve as a stock identification tool. In modern fisheries practices, these two applications are especially pertinent to wild salmon populations, which are difficult to track over large spatial scales and nearly impossible to identify in mixed populations. This project has applied a novel method using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) otoliths from four separate watersheds in Sitka, Alaska. Spatial distributions of Li, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba were determined via continuous lateral ablation scans across the diameter of transversely sectioned sagittal otoliths. Time-series data generated from line scan analysis were used to chemically reconstruct sockeye life history, and examine elemental signatures in the core, freshwater, and marine growth regions of otoliths for stock identification purposes.
Chemical profiles of life history showed that Sr, Ba, and to a lesser degree Mg, reflected ambient chemistry, and were effective for tracking sockeye migration from fresh to marine water. Manganese was also effective for determining migration to fresh and marine water; however, it is believed that diet more than ambient chemistry is the factor controlling uptake. Elements such as Zn and Li provided information related to fish physiology, such as growth and changes in osmoregulation during transitions from low to high salinity environments. Results also showed that several elements were either enriched or depleted in the core of sockeye otoliths. Maternal investments and spatial differences in crystal structure are believed to significantly affect element uptake in otoliths during incubation and early development. Elemental signatures in the otolith core may therefore be inaccurate as an indicator of stock origin. This problem was investigated by isolating core, freshwater, and marine signatures and evaluating individually their ability to correctly classify sockeye otoliths to their natal watersheds using step-wise discriminant function analysis. This demonstrated that freshwater signatures provided the greatest accuracy (91%) for stock ID. Core signatures, which have been used in past stock ID studies, showed poor classification results (68%) for sockeye salmon otoliths. Trace element signatures from the marine growth regions of sockeye otoliths displayed the poorest classification accuracy (52.5%) of the three growth regions. Thus, freshwater signatures are the most effective tool for identifying the origin of wild salmon, even when they far removed from their natal watersheds.
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Townsend, Lise. "Urban watershed health and resilience, evaluated through land use history and eco-hydrology in Swan Lake watershed (Saanich, B.C.)." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1741.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Swan Lake watershed, a sub-catchment of the salmonid bearing Colquitz Creek
watershed located in the municipality of Saanich, on southern Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Canada, was studied to characterise the linkages between urbanisation and
ecological health and resilience. Although rarely applied in watershed ecology, resilience
(the ability to absorb disturbances without the loss of ecosystem identity) offers a useful
construct in this case study to understand the effects of urban development over the past
150 years, and to outline some principles for integrated, watershed-scale management. Baseline landscape characteristics and processes of historical land-use were determined
using paleoecology (pollen analysis) and historical records. Watershed health was
assessed using: a Proper Functioning Condition assessment of riparian-wetland and
stream channels; vegetation community mapping; vegetation plots; surface flow
hydrology; and water quality analyses. Vegetation and lake hydrographs were compared
with less disturbed reference ecosystems. Findings are discussed in terms of alternative
stable state models and energy dissipation at the site and landscape scale. Analysis of the data revealed that over the past 150 years, forest clearing, agriculture,
transportation infrastructure, and non-point source pollution have transformed the
landscape and substantially altered the water and energy balance. Impervious surfaces
and cleared land (covering 25% and 35% of the watershed, respectively) are inferred to have reduced latent heat dissipation of solar energy, an important landscape-scale process
affecting resilience to climate change. Degraded stream channels represent reduced
ecosystem services and lost social/economic value. The stream/lake hydrographs
revealed a typical, urban flashy profile that exacerbates channel erosion and non-point
source pollution, while excessive lake stage drawdown is also evident. Water quality is
characterized by historic and ongoing excessive nutrient loading and associated cultural
eutrophication, heavy metal pollution, and ecosystem “ageing” due to dissolved solids
runoff. At the site level, invasive species, particularly reed canarygrass, dominate Swan
Lake wetlands, whereas the pollen record shows abundant woody shrubs and associated
species (some of which are now extirpated from the site) and an absence of grass; this
helps to establish a rationale for vegetation management.
Based on the findings of the above studies and according to a proposed conceptual model
with assessment criteria in five categories (water, vegetation, energy, soil and nutrients),
Swan Lake watershed has impaired ecological health and is not resilient to disturbances
such as extreme climate/weather events. Future watershed management should therefore
mimic the hydrological function and energy balance of the pre-development conditions.
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Trommelen, Michelle Suzanne. "Quaternary stratigraphy and glacial history of the Fort Nelson (southeast) and Fontas River (southwest) map areas (NTS 094J/SE and 0941/SW), northeastern British Columbia." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study area in northeast British Columbia extends from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Fort Nelson Lowland in the east, and includes the westernmost extend of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and the easternmost extend of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) in the Late Pleistocene. Surficial mapping conducted over portions of the Fontas and Fort Nelson map areas (NTS 094I/SW and 094J/SE, respectively) provides information on sediment distribution and characteristics as well as glacial history. This information has direct implications for geotechnical investigations, aggregate resources and diamond exploration in the region. Non-glacial pre-Late Wisconsinan sediments occur at multiple sites along the Prophet River, providing a pre-glacial or interglacial history for the area. Geochemical analysis and clast lithologies were used to differentiate between sediments derived from the LIS to the east, and Montane/CIS glaciers to the west.
The Quaternary stratigraphy of the Prophet River valley indicates the presence of a paleo-Prophet River valley system. Nonglacial deposits in the paleovalley include overbank fines and floodplain sediments interbedded with fluvial gravels. Macrofossils within horizontally laminated organic-rich black clay and silt are interpreted to indicate deposition in the floodplain of the paleo-Prophet River within oxbow-lakes and possibly also sag ponds. The climate is interpreted to be similar to present within a dominantly spruce forest. Wood found at one site provided a radiocarbon date of 49 300±2000 BP, while wood obtained from five
other sites provided non-finite radiocarbon ages. In the Late Wisconsinan, the LIS advanced west-southwest into the study area, blocking existing east-flowing regional drainage, and forming an ice-dammed proglacial lake in the Prophet River valley. Ice overrode these sediments and deposited clast-poor clayey-silt till over the entire region. Thicknesses range from less than one metre to greater than twenty metres in the Prophet River valley. In river-cut sections near the Rocky Mountains in the Fort Nelson and Tuchodi Lakes map areas, potassium-feldspar rich granitoid and gneissic clasts, derived from the Canadian Shield, are generally found only east of the foothills, except along the Tetsa River valley. Near the mountain front, in Tuchodi River valley, outwash from Montane/Cordilleran glacial meltwaters was deposited before the LIS advanced and ponded the valley in the Late Wisconsinan.
The geochemistry of 303 till samples collected throughout the study area is used to evaluate the regional glacial history inferred from stratigraphic and geomorphic data. Three different geochemical populations are recognized and corroborated by clast lithology (relative percent) from 56 till and glaciofluvial samples. One population, covering the northeast portion of the study area, was likely deposited by the LIS where it extended west into the Rocky Mountain front during the Late Wisconsinan. The second population suggests that the eastern extent of Montane/Cordilleran ice during the Late Wisconsinan was at least to the Rocky Mountain Foothills; however its easternmost position remains unknown. The third population can be attributed to Late Wisconsinan LIS reworking sediment
deposited on the Interior Plains by the CIS, either in the Late Wisconsinan or earlier.
During early deglaciation, the ice retreated to the east-northeast, impounding local drainage at the ice margin, forming Glacial Lake Prophet in the Fort Nelson map area and Glacial Lake Hay in the Fontas map area. Glacial lakes followed the retreating ice margin and drained through a variety of meltwater channels. The exposed glacial lacustrine plain became a source for sand dunes oriented southeast indicating katabatic paleowinds from the northwest (NTS 094I/SE).
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Carto, Shannon Leigh. "Climate model study of the role of global climate in the late Pleistocene migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2114.
Texte intégralRésumé :
According to the "Out-of-Africa 2" theory of human evolution all living humans today descend from a group of Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens or Anatomically Modem Humans that evolved in Africa 200,000 years ago and subsequently migrated out of Africa and spread into the rest of the World around 100,000 years. As a result an interest has developed in establishing a concrete theory of the factors that compelled and/or motivated our ancestors to venture out of their African origins at this time. Interestingly, the Earth's Last Glacial Cycle also dates from this period--stretching from 115,000 to 10,000 years ago. Current paleoclimate evidence suggests that the climatic repercussions of this glacial cycle in Africa resulted in a shift towards a drier and somewhat cooler climate state and the fragmentation of the formerly extensive forested African landscape. As a result, theories of early human migration have cited African climate change during the late Pleistocene as a determinant; however, the mechanisms responsible for the development of hyper-arid conditions in Africa at this time have remained unresolved.
Although, past global climate change has been ascribed to changes in radiative forcing and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, recent paleoclimate studies have revealed that African climate is sensitive to changes in SSTs in the Atlantic, as it appears that subtropical Africa was more arid when North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were cold during glacial periods. The forcing mechanism believed to be responsible for the development of these cold SSTs are the so-called Heinrich Events that are documented as massive surges of icebergs (from high-latitude ice sheets) into the North Atlantic Ocean during high-latitude glaciations. These Heinrich events resulted in the release of large quantities of freshwater into the North Atlantic, which in turn led to a weakening on the global ocean thermohaline circulation and widespread cooling throughout the region. In particular, marine sediment records from the Nordic Sea document a widespread cooling and ice-rafting event that occurred around 105 kya, known as Heinrich event 9.
In order to investigate the climate processes responsible for promoting cooler and drier conditions in Africa during the migration event of AMH (around 100 kya) I used the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) to conduct two climate model experiments that compared the global-scale response of climate at 105 kya, in particular the Atlantic Ocean and the African climate system, to: 1) orbitally-controlled solar radiation and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing appropriate for 105 kya and 2) the combined effect of orbitally-controlled solar radiation and atmospheric carbon dioxide at 105 kya, and North Atlantic freshwater forcing. The ultimate goal of this study is to understand how low-latitude and high-latitude climate processes affect the African climate.
Overall the comparative analysis of these two climate model states revealed that the complex interaction between orbitally-controlled solar radiation and atmospheric CO2 forcing at 105 kya produced a significant part of the cooling and drying in Africa at this time interval. However, the model also indicated that the climate perturbations, caused by the freshwater forcing, amplified the cooling and drying that was already taking place in Africa due to orbital and CO2 forcing. Guided by paleoclimate data, archaeological data and the results of this study, I consider it likely that the development of hyper-arid conditions in Africa around 100 kya served as the impetus for the migration event of AMH out of Africa, as these climate changes would have rendered Africa unsuitable for hominid occupation at this time. These climate model results also provide compelling evidence that high-latitude cold events, induced by Heinrich Events, are strongly covariant with African aridity, and thus provide support to previous assertions that North Atlantic climate changes can be effectively propagated throughout the globe to produce seemingly simultaneous climate change.
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Allen, Sandra Michele. "Late Holocene glacial activity of Bridge Glacier, British Columbia coast mountains." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2259.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bridge Glacier is a prominent eastward-flowing valley glacier located on the east side of the Pacific Ranges within the southern British Columbia Coast Mountains. The terminus of Bridge Glacier has retreated at rates ranging from 0 to 125 m/year over the last 50 years and currently calves into proglacial Bridge Lake. Field investigations of the recently deglaciated terrain at Bridge Glacier in 2002 and 2003 led to the discovery of detrital boles and glacially-sheared stumps. Dendroglaciological analyses of this subfossil wood allowed for the construction of five radiocarbon-controlled floating tree-ring chronologies. The relative age and stratigraphic location of these samples revealed that Bridge Glacier experienced at least four periods of significant advance during the late Holocene: a Tiedemann-aged advance at ca. 3000'4C years BP. an unattributed advance at ca. 1900 '4C years BP. a First Millennial Advance at ca. 1500 '4C years BP. and an early Little Ice Age advance at ca. 700 '4C years BP. Lichenometric investigations at eight terminal and lateral moraine complexes led to the recognition of early Little Ice Age moraine-building events during the late 13th to early 14th centuries. with subsequent Little Ice Age episodes in the mid 15th. early 16th. mid-late 17th, early 18th, mid-late 19th, and early 20th centuries. These interpretations provide an exceptional long-term perspective on the extent and character of a glacier within this region during the late Holocene.
Livres sur le sujet "Ocean engineering – History"
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Parker, Torrance R. 20,000 jobs under the sea: A history of diving and underwater engineering. Sub-Sea Archives, 1997.
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2
Musée de l'histoire de France., ed. Sur l'eau-- sous l'eau--: Imagination et technique dans la marine, 1680-1730 : Archives nationales, Musée de l'histoire de France, Hôtel de Soubise mai-décembre 1986. Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Archives nationales, 1986.
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Sledkov, Aleksandr. Ocherki istorii vodolaznogo dela. Izdatelʹstvo Gangut, 2011.
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Tyler, Priest, and Castaneda Christopher James 1959-, eds. Offshore pioneers: Brown & Root and the history of offshore oil and gas. Gulf Pub. Co., 1997.
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Wings of the dawning: The battle for the Indian Ocean, 1939-1945. Malvern Publishing Company, 1998.
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Banks, Arthur. Wings of the dawning: The battle for the Indian Ocean, 1939-1945. Harold Martin & Redman, 1997.
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The silent war: The Cold War battle beneath the sea. Simon & Schuster, 2001.
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Bergerud, Eric M. Fire in the sky: The air war in the South Pacific. Westview Press, 2000.
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Stuart, Douglas T. A US strategy for the Asia-Pacific: Building a multipolar balance-of-power system in Asia. Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1995.
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Sang-in, Chŏn, ред. Hanʼguk hyŏndaesa: Chinsil kwa haesŏk. Nanam Chʻulpʻan, 2005.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Ocean engineering – History"
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Tyson, J. A. G. "Hutton Production Risers—A Novel Cleaning Problem (an up-to-the-moment case history)." In Advances in Underwater Technology, Ocean Science and Offshore Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4203-5_8.
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HORIKAWA, KIYOSHI. "HISTORY OF COASTAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN." In Advances in Coastal and Ocean Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797537_0001.
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"History of Modern Berm Breakwaters." In Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814749619_0001.
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Ducklow, Hugh W. "Learning from a Frozen Ocean: The Changing Face of Antarctic Ocean Ecology." In Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199380213.003.0050.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The temporal perspective provided by the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program places individual, limited, short-term observations and experiments in a valuable context. Proper interpretation of short-term results may be incomplete without a longer-term perspective. This often makes me skeptical of individual studies. The remote location and harsh environment of Antarctica place special demands and constraints on research, collaboration, and education. Meeting these challenges is one of the most exhilarating aspects of our LTER project. Keeping the proper balance between maintaining continuity of observations and keeping the research program new and innovative is another key challenge for research in the LTER program. But rather than constraining them, the ongoing nature of the LTER program facilitates and enhances creative observations and innovation. In 2001, I joined the LTER network as lead principal investigator for the Palmer LTER project (PAL), one of two pelagic marine sites in the LTER network. That was my first formal exposure to the LTER program, about midway through my scientific career. After majoring in the history of science in college, I received my PhD in environmental engineering from Harvard in 1977. I was originally trained as an environmental microbiologist and gradually evolved into a biological oceanographer and ocean biogeochemist. Prior to joining PAL, I worked in other large, multidisciplinary, and interdisciplinary ocean science programs. In addition to leading PAL, I study the roles of ocean microbes in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other elements in the ice-influenced ocean surrounding Antarctica. As a principal investigator, I participate in planning and guiding the LTER network. Network participation has significantly broadened my perspective on my own personal scientific work. This participation has been one of my more interesting and fulfilling experiences as a scientist. Over the past 20 years, research has shown that the western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on earth, and we are gradually beginning to understand how the ecosystem is responding to this unprecedented rate of change. Joining PAL changed my life. (Actually, going to Antarctica for the first time changed my life, but the LTER program gave me the opportunity to go there every year.)
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Dunne, Thomas, and Leal Anne Kerry Mertes. "Rivers." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
River basins and river characteristics are controlled in part by their tectonic setting, in part by climate, and increasingly by human activity. River basins are defined by the tectonic and topographic features of a continent, which determine the general pattern of water drainage. If a major river drains to the ocean, its mouth is usually fixed by some enduring geologic structure, such as a graben, a downwarp, or a suture between two crustal blocks. The largest river basins constitute drainage areas of extensive low-lying portions of Earth’s crust, often involving tectonic downwarps. The magnitude of river flow is determined by the balance between precipitation and evaporation, summed over the drainage area. Seasonality of flow and water storage within any basin are determined by the seasonality of precipitation in excess of evaporation, modified in some regions by water stored in snow packs and released by melting, and by water stored in wetlands, lakes, and reservoirs. Increasingly the flows of rivers are influenced by human land use and engineering works, including dams, but in South America these anthropogenic influences are generally less intense and widespread than in North America, Europe, and much of Asia. Thus the major rivers of South America can be viewed in the context of global and regional tectonics and climatology. For reference, figure 5.1 outlines South America’s three largest river basins—the Orinoco, Amazon, and Paraguay-Paraná systems—while figure 5.2 shows the locations of rivers referred to in the text against a background of the continent’s density of population per square kilometer. The geologic history of South America has bequeathed to the continent a number of structural elements that are relevant to the form and behavior of its three major river systems. These structural elements are (1) the Andes; (2) a series of foreland basins, approximately 500 km wide immediately east of the Andes and extending southward from the mouth of the Orinoco to the Chaco-Paraná basin, where the crust is depressed by the weight of the Andes and the sediment derived from the mountains; (3) the Guiana and Brazilian shields reflecting Precambrian cratons and orogenic belts of mostly crystalline metamorphic rocks, partly covered with flat-lying sedimentary rocks and deeply weathered regolith; and (4) the Central Amazon Basin, a large cratonic downwarp with some graben structures dating back to early Paleozoic time, which runs generally east-west between the two shields, connecting the foreland basins to the west with a graben that localizes the Amazon estuary at the Atlantic coast.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Ocean engineering – History"
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Petruny-Parker, M., and D. Robadue. "The Seekonk River: A case history of estuarine management." In OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1985.1160157.
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Mattioli, Matteo, Michele Drago, Federico Quondamatteo, and Roberto Bruschi. "Load History for SSFU Under Multimodal Wave Spectra." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10803.
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This paper presents results from an ongoing development project which aims at increasing the knowledge for the estimation of extremes conditions and fatigue assessment of structural element (i.e. topside) of Ship Shaped Floating Units (SSFU) in a complex environment-load conditions. The method can be extended for the calculation of total bending moment to connections and hull-girder system. In some world geographical context, such as those of West Africa and Offshore Brazil, the environmental conditions are characterized by co-existence of waves and swells propagating in different directions. In these conditions load history for SSFU are strictly linked to comprehension knowledge of site specific environment. Loads pertain to various frequency ranges, for instance the long-period response of a morning, quasi-static response to swell, dynamic response to shore-crested sea and structural resonance of flexible components as flares etc. This paper aims at developing a new method for establishing load history at site in case of metocean climate including combination of several (up to 3 or 4) sea state components, such as those of main swell, secondary swell and wind sea. The method is applicable to both extreme conditions and fatigue assessment as results of a “combined-event approach”. The results are compared and discussed. They show that the use of different approaches, long and a short term analysis with deterministic and probabilistic computation of vessel heading, provide a reasonably conservative estimate of the vessel responses. Differences from the conventional method, i.e. unimodal spectrum and equivalent sea state, are also presented.
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Carley, James T., and Tom Denniss. "Electrical Energy from Ocean Waves—History and State of the Art in Australia." In 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40549(276)272.
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Flores-Avila, Fernando Sebastián, Juan Manuel Riaño-Caraza, and Jesús Antonio Colina-Alvarez. "Integrated Production Management by Processes: A Case History at the Marine Region." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42327.
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As part of its strategic plan 2014–2018 Pemex Exploration and Production (PEP) has decided to modify the organizational structure in order to change from a function based structure to a new one based in process, supported on three fundamental axes: People, Processes and Technology. On this direction, it has been assigned to the Technical Resources Management Vice-presidency the responsibility to implement a strategy that will enable to improve performance into the Assets of the Marine Region. This paper presents the experiences and achievements reached by implementing the strategy of “Integrated Production Management by Processes” which goal is to create and implement a management model that will contribute to the optimization of the Asset performance, integrating through the people, management processes, workflows and information and communication technologies. The “Integrated Production Management by Processes” model, is based on five elements that work integrated and coordinated way; these are: • Organizational issues. • Work methodologies. • Information management. • Monitoring key performance indicators (KPI). • Production costs management The proposal on this paper is based on developing a business process management methodology for PEMEX, by applying the 5 elements of the model to measure current performance of the production assets in order to find the existing gaps between the current management model and the Integrated Production Management by Processes and implement an action plan to close those gaps. In order to homologate and standardize the measurements in PEMEX’s assets, a Capability Maturity Model was developed according to the ISO 9004-2010 and Mexican Standard NMX-CC-9004-IMNC-2009. The maturity model allows weighting each one of the 5 elements into 5 dimensionless levels. The lowest level 1 means that the asset is in the initial stage and it has the Vision of a Functional Management; on the other hand, the highest level 5 means that asset has implemented the new model and has reached a Sustainable Management. To implement the Integrated Production Management by Processes, assets need to demonstrate that Level 4 has been reached.
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Lee, Jiyoon, and Jonggeun Choe. "Reliable Reservoir Characterization and History Matching Using a Pattern Recognition Based Distance." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54287.
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A distance is defined as a measure of dissimilarity between two reservoir models. There have been many distances proposed for fast modeling. However, some distances cause distortion or loss in original permeability distribution of models. To avoid such problems, this study proposes a pattern recognition based distance. The distance is defined by the difference of correlation coefficients between ensemble models. From multi-dimensional scaling, initial 400 ensembles are presented on 2D plane using the distance. Then 10 groups are made by K-medoids clustering. After comparing oil production from each centroid and that of the reference field, 100 models are selected around the best centroid. We validate the clustering by comparing the uncertainty range of 100, 50, and 20 ensemble members sampled from the initial 400 models in box plots and cumulative distribution functions. For a history matching and reservoir characterization, ensemble smoother is applied to the 100 models selected. The proposed method takes only 25% time for simulation showing reliable results compared with the initial 400 models.
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Camargo Silva, Paulo, and Virgílio José Martins Ferreira Filho. "Uncertainty Analysis in the Production History Matching by Using Proxies as Reservoir Simulators." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84198.
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In the recent literature of the production history matching the problem of non-uniqueness of reservoir simulation models has been considered a difficult problem. Complex workflows have been proposed to solve the problem. However, the reduction of uncertainty can only be done with the definition of Probability Density Functions that are highly costly. In this article we introduce a methodology to reduce uncertainty in the history matching using techniques of Monte Carlo performed on proxies as Reservoir Simulator. This methodology is able to compare different Probability Density Functions for different reservoir simulation models to define among the models which simulation model can provide more appropriate matching.
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Matsuda, Kazuki, and Koji Gotoh. "Numerical Simulation of Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Simulated Whipping Loading Arising in Hull Structures." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10985.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Fatigue crack propagation behavior under simulated whipping loadings which contain two different frequency components is highlighted. Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation is improved to enable the extraction of the effective loading history. The critical value of the plastic hysteresis for the stress versus strain relationship occurring in the vicinity of a crack tip is defined as the control parameter for extracting the effective loading history. Comparison of fatigue crack propagation curves obtained from the improved numerical simulations with the measurements which were conducted by Sumi (2010) is performed. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective loading history from the superposed loading history containing different frequencies. In addition, imperfection of the S-N curves approach, which corresponds to the combination of the linear cumulative damage law and the loading cycle count by the rain flow method, is conducted.
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Roy, Anamitra, Shiaohuey Chow, Conleth O’Loughlin, and Mark Randolph. "Effect of Stress History and Shallow Embedment on Centrifuge Cone Penetration Tests in Sand." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95393.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The paper investigates the effect of stress history and shallow embedment on centrifuge cone penetration tests in sand. A series of centrifuge cone penetration tests were performed in loose and dense silica sand at g-levels ranging between 20 and 100 with corresponding overconsolidation ratio (OCR) between 1 and 5. Based on the measured cone tip resistance (qc) profiles, improved empirical correlations have been proposed with depth factors (fD) to impart additional flexibility in accurately back predicting sand relative density (RD) at shallow embedment in normally consolidated (NC) sands. The qc - RD correlations are then extended to capture overconsolidation effects in cone tip resistance, which is broadly consistent with the changes in compressibility and in-situ lateral stresses taking place in sands with increasing OCR levels. The proposed expressions allow accurate quantification of depth corrected CPT profiles in soils of varying overconsolidation ratio, for application in the interpretation of model tests on shallow foundations and anchors and in shallowly buried structures such as pipelines. The expressions also have application for interpretation of field CPT profiles where the thickness of interbedded layers is of similar order of magnitude to the cone diameter.
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Wang, Facheng, Zhigang Liu, and Xinshuai Liu. "Full-History Finite Element Modelling of Pipe-in-Pipe Flowline System: From Installation to Operation." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10197.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Developments of oil and gas reservoirs in South China Sea are presently accelerated, to cope with the significant increase in energy demand from the mainland. Pipe-in-Pipe (PIP) flowline systems have been widely employed in this region and are continuously being considered for further developments. This is due to its significant thermal insulation capacity to deal with the High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) issue. However, the methods in industry for design of PIP systems usually have two side extremes. Simplified analytical approach may lack of accuracy and detailed FE analysis always brings considerably sophisticated modelling and post-processing tasks. To overcome this situation, COTEC Offshore Solutions, together with its mother company, China Offshore Oil Engineering Company, have developed a cost-effective, beam elements based, 3D simulation model using ABAQUS, a general purpose finite element analysis (FEA) package. The mode allows complicated structures of PIP system to be represented in an effective way and adopts a representation of stinger for S-lay installation analysis. A full-history time-dominate analysis from installation to operation is performed in one model, rather than the commonly used ‘snapshot’ analysis. In this study, a simplified modeling guidance of PIP components have been suggested. On the basis of the guidance, a novel 3D beam-elements based model has been produced to accurately represent complex PIP structural behaviors, but with minimum increase in modeling complexity. The analysis is carried out on the time-domain basis, which permits the full strain and stress history of the installation and operation to be observed and the most onerous time-point during the full installation and operation to be captured.
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Bao, Sheng, Huangjie Lou, and Yibin Gu. "The Effect of Uniaxial Ratcheting on Piezomagnetic Response of X80 Pipeline Steel Considering Loading History." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77282.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of uniaxial ratcheting on the piezomagnetic field variations of X80 pipeline steel where the loading history is a major consideration. The piezomagnetic field variations of initially undemagnetized X80 pipeline steel specimen were recorded simultaneously by an APS 428D fluxgate magnetometer during the whole asymmetrical cyclic stressing process. The variations of the ratcheting strain and its rate with the changing mean stress were obtained. The influence of the loading history on the uniaxial ratcheting behavior was investigated. It was found that the prior loading step with higher mean stress greatly restrains the ratcheting behavior of subsequent loading step with lower mean stress. On the contrary, the prior loading step with lower mean stress does not play a significant role on the subsequent ratcheting behavior. The corresponding variations of the piezomagnetic hysteresis curve with the uniaxial ratcheting proceeding were systematically studied in terms of its shape and position, and the underlying reasons were discussed based on the magnetic domain theory and the dislocation theory.