Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nurs/ap »

Succession planning in leadership is a strategic process used to identify and develop future leaders to fill key organizational positions. This process ensures continuity of leadership and helps maintain the organization's performance over time. Succession planning is essential for critical roles and can be part of a broader strategic plan for talent management. Organizations that are accredited by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) in Nursing Continuing Professional Development (NCPD) can benefit from implementing succession planning to drive the stability of its work as an Accredited Provider and confirm that the organization maintains its commitment to quality in providing NCPD. This column describes how the Accredited Provider Program Director (AP-PD) role can benefit from implementing succession planning into the structure of the Accredited Provider processes. [ J Contin Educ Nurs. 2024;55(7):321–325.]

How do parents cope when their child is ill or dying, when he or she experiences constant pain or suffering? What do parents think of the contributions that medical professionals make to the care of their chronically or terminally ill child? Is it possible for a parent to love a child so much that the child is wished dead? The purpose of this paper is to explore those questions and aspects of the care of chronically or terminally ill children using Mourning Dove’s portrayal of one family’s attempt to care for their ill daughter. A play written by Canadian playwright Emil Sher, Mourning Dove is based on the case of Saskatchewan wheat farmer Robert Latimer who killed his 12 year old daughter Tracy who suffered with cerebral palsy and lived in tremendous pain. Rather than focusing on the medical or legal aspects of the care of a chronically ill child, the play offers a glimpse into how a family copes with the care of such a child and the effects the child’s illness has on a family. Reading and examination of non-medical literature, such as Mourning Dove, therefore serve as a useful means for medical professionals to better understand how illness affects and is responded to by patients and their families. This understanding is a prerequisite for them to be able to provide complete care of children with chronic or terminal illnesses and their families. Nuutila L, Salanterä S. Children with long-term illness: parents’ experiences of care. J Pediatr Nurs 2006; 21(2):153-160. Sharman M, Meert KL, Sarnaik AP. What influences parents’ decisions to limit or withdraw life support? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6(5):513-518. Steele R. Strategies used by families to navigate uncharted territory when a child is dying. J Palliat Care 2005; 21(2):103-110.

Objetivo: verificar o comportamento da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade e estimando sua tendência. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal com análise de tendência da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade. Utilizou-se de dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informações e Agravos de Notificação. A população foi composta por todas as notificações de Tuberculose da população privada de liberdade de unidades masculinas e femininas no período de 2007 a 2016. Na análise de tendência temporal foi realizada através da criação de modelos de regressão polinomial e testados os modelos linear; quadrático; exponencial. Resultados: A tendência da incidência na população privada de liberdade geral e no sexo masculino foi considerada estável, ambas com (p=0,180), e no sexo feminino decrescente (p= 0,040). Conclusão: É necessário avanços na condução do controle da tuberculose nas unidades prisionais. Descritores: Tuberculose; Epidemiologia; Prisioneiros; Incidência; Saúde Pública. Referências Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendação para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. 2018. World Heatlh Organization. 2017 Fer.Disponívelem: http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/population-groups/prisons-facts/en/. Acesso em : 20 Jan. 2017. Kayomo MK, Hasker E, Aloni M, Nkuku L, Kazadi M, Kabengele T, et al. Outbreak of Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Mbuji-Mayi Central Prison, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(11):2029-35. Schwitters A, Kaggwa M, Omiel P, Nagadya G, Kisa N, Dalal S. Tuberculosis incidence and treatment completion among Ugandan prison Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(7):781-86. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim epidemiológico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2018;49(8). Alinaghi SAS, Farhoudi B, Najafi Z, Jafari S. Comparing Tuberculosis incidence in a prison with the society, Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2018;E60247:1-3. Sacramento DS, Gonçalves MJF. Situação da tuberculose em pessoas privadas de liberdade no período de 2007 a 2012 . J Nurs UFPE on line. 2017;11(1):140-51. Valença MS, Possuelo LG, Cezar-Vaz MR, Silva PE. Tuberculose em presídios brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2147-60. Sánchez A, Larouzé B. Tuberculosis control in prisons, from research to action: the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, experience. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2071-80. Martins ELC, Martins LG, Silveira AM, Melo EM. The contradictory right to health of people deprived of liberty: the case of a prison in Minas Gerais , Brazil. Saúde soc. 2014;23(4):1222-34. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Brasil livre da tuberculose. Plano nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2017 [citado 2018 mar 8]. 52 p. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0CE2wqdEaR-eVc5V3cyMVFPcTA/view. Macedo LR, Maciel ELN, Struchiner CJ. Tuberculose na população privada de liberdade do Brasil, 2007-2013*. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2017;26(4):783-94. Silva PF, Moura GS, Caldas AJM. Fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar no Maranhão, Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2010. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(8):1745-54. Montgomery DC, Jennings CL, Kulahci M. Introductionto Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. 2th ed. Hoken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons; 2015. Cavalcante GMS, de Macedo Bernardino Í, da Nóbrega LM, Ferreira RC, Ferreira E Ferreira E, d'Avila S. Temporal trends in physical violence, gender differences and spatial vulnerability of the location of victim's residences. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2018;25:49-56. Alves JP, Brazil JM, Nery AA, Vilela ABA, Filho IEM. Perfil Epidemiológico de pessoas privadas de liberdade. Rev enferm UFPE on line. 2017;11(supl.10):4036-44. Lambert LA, Armstrong LR, Lobato MN, Ho C, France AM, Haddad MB. Tuberculosis in Jails and Prisons: United States. AJPH Res. 2016;106(12):2231-37. Orlando S, Triulzi I, Ciccacci F, Palla I, Palombi L, Marazzi MC et al. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV+ patients in Mozambique: A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening protocols based on four symptom screening, smear microscopy, urine LAM test and Xpert MTB/RIF. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):1-16. World HeatlhOrganization.The end TB strategy [Internet]. Geneva: World HeatlhOrganization; 2015. 20 p. Available in: http://www.who.int/tb/End_TB_brochure.pdf Belo MTCT, Luiz RR, Hanson SL, Teixeira EG, Chalfoun T, Trajman A. Tuberculose e gênero em um município prioritário no estado do Rio de Janeiro. J Bras Pneumol. 2010;36(5):621-25. Sá LD, Santos ARBN, Oliveira AAV, Nogueira JA, Tavares LM, Villa TCS. O cuidado á saúde da mulher com tuberculose na perspectiva do enfoque familiar. Texto contexto - enferm. 2012;21(2):409-17. Minayo MCS, Ribeiro AP. Condições de saúde dos presos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Health conditions of prisoners in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2016;21(7):2031-40. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias: INFOPEN atualização junho de 2016. Org. Tandhara Santos; Colaboração. Marlene Inês da Rosa, et al. Brasília – DF, 2017, p. 65 Winter BCA, Grazinoli Garrido R. A tuberculose no cárcere: um retrato das mazelas do sistema prisional brasileiro. Med leg Costa Rica. 2017;34(2):20-31. Soares Filho MM, Bueno PMMG. Demography, vulnerabilities and right to health to Brazilian prison population. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):1999-2010. Santos MNA, Sá AMM. Viver com tuberculose em prisões: O desafio de curar-se. Texto contexto - enferm. 2014;23(4):854-61. Ilievska-Poposka B, Zakoska M, Pilovska-Spasovska K, Simonovska L, Mitreski V. Tuberculosis in the Prisons in the Republic of Macedonia, 2008-2017. Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(7):1300-4. Oliveira LGD, Natal S, Camacho LAB. Contextos de implantação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose nas prisões brasileiras. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49:66. da Silva RD, de Luna FDT, de Araújo AJ, Camêlo ELS, Bertolozzi MR, Hino P, Lacerda SNB, Fook SML, de Figueiredo TMRM. Patients' perception regarding the influence of individual and social vulnerabilities on the adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):725.

BackgroundThe experience of art offers an emerging field in healthcare staff development, much of which is appropriate to the practice of palliative care. The workings of aesthetic learning interventions such as interactive theatre in relation to palliative and end of-life care staff development programmes are widely uncharted.AimTo investigate the use of aesthetic learning interventions used in palliative and end-of-life care staff development programmes.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished literature from 1997 to 2015, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, key journals and citation tracking.ResultsThe review included 138 studies containing 60 types of art. Studies explored palliative care scenarios from a safe distance. Learning from art as experience involved the amalgamation of action, emotion and meaning. Art forms were used to transport healthcare professionals into an aesthetic learning experience that could be reflected in the lived experience of healthcare practice. The proposed learning included the development of practical and technical skills; empathy and compassion; awareness of self; awareness of others and the wider narrative of illness; and personal development.ConclusionAesthetic learning interventions might be helpful in the delivery of palliative care staff development programmes by offering another dimension to the learning experience. As researchers continue to find solutions to understanding the efficacy of such interventions, we argue that evaluating the contextual factors, including the interplay between the experience of the programme and its impact on the healthcare professional, will help identify how the programmes work and thus how they can contribute to improvements in palliative care.References. Economist Intelligence Unit. 2015Quality of Death Index Ranking palliative care across the world. https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/healthcare/2015-quality-death-index, (2013 accessed 09/01/2017). World Health Organisation.WHO Definition of Palliative Care. Geneva: WHO. 2009.. Department of Health.Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS. London: The Stationery Office Ltd. 2010.. Neuberger J.More care, less pathway: a review of the Liverpool care pathwayhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212450/Liverpool_Care_Pathway.pdf,(2013, accessed 09/12/2015). The National Council for Palliative Care. Commissioning Guidance for Specialist Palliative Care: Helping to deliver commissioning objectives.http://www.ncpc.org.uk/sites/default/files/CommissioningGuidanceforSpecialistPalliativeCare.pdf, (2012, accessed 15/12/2015). Leadership Alliance for the Care of Dying People.One Chance to get it Right.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/323188/One_chance_to_get_it_right.pdf, (2014accessed 15/12/2015). Cavaye J and Watts J. An Integrated Literature Review of Death Education in Pre-Registration Nursing Curricula: Key Themes, International Journal of Palliative Care, 2014, Article ID 564619, 19 pages. Gibbins J, McCoubrie R. Forbes K. Why are newly qualified doctors unprepared to care for patients at the end of life?Medical Education2011; 45(4): 389–399.. Gillan PC, van der Riet PJ and Jeong S. End of life care education, past and present: A review of the literature.Nurse Education Today2014; 34(3): 331–342.. Holms N, Milligan S and Kydd A. ‘A study of the lived experiences of registered nurses who have provided end-of-life care within an intensive care unit’,International Journal Of Palliative Nursing2014; 20(11): 549-556.. Levack P. Palliation and the caring hospital – filling the gap.Journal of the Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh2014; 44: 98–102.. Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman.Dying without dignity.http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/reports-and-consultations/reports/health/dying-without-dignity#_ftn1, (2015, accessed 15/12/2015).. NHS England.Actions for End of Life Care: 2014-16. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/actions-eolc.pdf, (2014, accessed 15/12/2015).. Thun MJ, DeLancey JO, Centre MM, Jemal A, and Ward E M. The global burden of cancer: priorities for prevention.Carcinogenesis2010;31(1), 100–110.. Crawford P, Brown B, Baker, C, Tishler, V and Abrams B.Health Humanities. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.. Tolstoy N. 1897.What is Art? [Qu est-ce que l' art?]. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.. Chinn PL, Maeve MK, and Bostick C. Aesthetic inquiry and the art of nursing.Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice1997; 11: 83–96.. Goldenberg G. Sarah Sheets Cook: the invisible nurse.The Academic Nurse1999; 16(1): 26–28.. Buckley J. Massage and aromatherapy massage: nursing art and science.International Journal of Palliative Nursing2002; 8: 276–280.. Gramling KL. Ice chips and hope: the coach’s story of caring art.International Journal for Human Caring2004; 8(2): 62–64.. Gramling KL. Sarah’s story of nursing artistry: they do it with joy.Journal of Holistic Nursing2006; 24: 140–142.. Ryan J. Aesthetic physical caring: valuing the visible.Nursing in Critical Care2004; 9: 181–187.. Mendes IAC. Cultivating the art of service.Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem2005; 13(2): 135.. Wyngaarden JB and Smith LH.Cecil textbook of medicine.Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.. Saunders, J. The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science.Med Humanities2000; 26:18-22.. Egnew, T. The Art of Medicine: Seven Skills That Promote Mastery.FamilyPractice Management.2014; 21(4): 25-30.. Funch BS. The psychology of art appreciation. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997.Perry M, Maffulli N, Willson S and Morrissey D. The effectiveness of arts-based interventions in medical education: a literature review. Medical Education2011; 45(2): 141-148.. Wilson C, Bungay H, Munn-Giddings, C and Boyce M. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the value and impact of the arts in healthcare settings: A critical review of the literature.International Journal of Nursing Studies2016; 56: 90-101.. Ousager J and Johannessen H. Humanities in undergraduate Medical Education: A Literature Review. Academic Medicine2010; 85(6): 988-98.. Fairbrother G, Cashin A, Mekki TE, Graham I and McCormack B. Is it possible to bring the emancipatory practice development and evidence-based practice agendas together in nursing and midwifery?FoNS 2015 International Practice Development Journal2015; 5(1) [4].. Levac D, Colquhoun H and O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation Science2010; 5: 1–9.. Arksey H and O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework.International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice2005; 8: 19-32.. Rumrill P, Fitzgerald S and Merchant W. Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature.Work2010; 35: 399-404.. Grant M and Booth A: A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies.Health Info Libr J2009, 26: 91-108.. Brien S, Lorenzetti D, Lewis S, Kennedy J and Ghali W: Overview of a formal scoping review on health system report cards.Implement Sci2010, 5:2.. Armstrong R, Hall BJ, Doyle J and Waters E. Scoping the scope of a cochrane review.Journal of Public Health2011; 33: 147–150.. Daudt HM, Van Mossel C and Scott SJ. Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework.BMC Medical Research Methodology2013; 13: 48.. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2006; 3 (2): 77–101.. RefWorks.RefWorks your online research management, writing and collaboration tool,2009.. Bettany-Saltikov J.How to do a systematic literature review in nursing: a step-by-step guide. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2012.. Davis K. Drey N. and Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature.Int J Nurs Stud2009; 46(10): 1386-400.. Pawson R. Evidence-based policy: in search of a method.Evaluation2002; 8(2): 157-181.. Duffin C. “Raising Awareness to Support People with Dementia in Hospital”,Nursing Older People2013; 25(5): 14–17.. Skye EP, Wagenschutz H, Steiger JA and Kumagai AK. Use of interactive theatre and role play to develop medical students’ skills in breaking bad news,Journal of Cancer Education2014; 29(4): 704–708.. Baer AN, Freer, JP, Milling DA, Potter, WR, Ruchlin H and Zinnerstrom KH Breaking bad news: use of cancer survivors in role-playing exercises,Journal of palliative medicine 200811(6): 885–892.. Tait GR and Hodges BD Residents learning from a narrative experience with dying patients: a qualitative study.Advances in Health Sciences Education2013; 18(4): 727–743.. Jones A. Death, poetry, psychotherapy and clinical supervision (the contribution of psychodynamic psychotherapy to palliative care nursing),Journal of advanced nursing1997; 25(2): 238–244.. Shapiro J, Hunt L. All the world’s a stage: the use of theatrical performance in medical education.Med Educ2003; 37(10): 922–7. Robinson S. Holistic health promotion: Putting the art into nurse education.Nurse Education in Practice2007; 7(3): 173--180.. Shapiro J, and Cho B. Medical Readers’ Theatre: Relevance to Geriatrics Medical Education,Gerontology & Geriatrics Education2011; 32(4): 350--366.. Durgahee T. Reflective practice: nursing ethics through story telling”,Nursing ethics1997; 4(2): 135–146.. Reilly J, Trial J, Piver D and Schaff P. Using Theatre to Increase Empathy Training in Medical Students,Journal for Learning through the Arts2012; 8(1).. Inske ep S and Lisco S. Alternative Clinical Nursing Experience in an Art Gallery.Nurse Educator2001; 26(3): 117--119.. Thompson T, van de Klee D, Lamont-Robinson, C and Duffin W. Out of Our Heads! Four perspectives on the curation of an on-line exhibition of medically themed artwork by UK medical undergraduates”,Medical Education Online 2010; 15.. Hickey D, Doyle C, Quinn S, O’Driscoll P, Patience D, Chittick K and Cliverd A. Catching’ the concept of spiritual care: implementation of an education programme”,International journal of palliative nursing2008; 14(8): 396–400.. Deloney LA and Graham CJ. Wit: using drama to teach first-year medical students about empathy and compassion,Teaching & Learning in MedicineCatching’ the concept of spiritual care: implementation of an education 15(4): 247–251.. Hodges HF, Keeley AC and Grier EC. Masterworks of art and chronic illness experiences in the elderly,Journal of advanced nursing2001; 36(3) 389–398.. Marchand L and Kushner K. Death pronouncements: using the teachable moment in end-of-life care residency training,Journal of palliative medicine2004; 7(1) 80–84.. Beach WA, Buller MK, Dozier DM, Bulle DB and Gutzmer K. The Conversations About Cancer (CAC) Project: Assessing Feasibility and Audience Impacts From Viewing The Cancer Play,Health communication2014; 29(5): 462–472.. Begley A, Glackin M and Henry R. Tolstoy, stories, and facilitating insight in end of life care: Exploring ethics through vicarious experience,Nurse Education today2011; 31(5): 516–520.. Kumagai AK. Perspective: Acts of Interpretation: A Philosophical Approach to Using Creative Arts in Medical Education,Academic Medicine2012; 87(8): 1138--1134.. Özcan NK, Bilgin H and Eracar N. The Use of Expressive Methods for Developing Empathic Skills,Issues in Mental Health Nursing2011; 32(2): 131–136.. Tuxbury J, McCauley P and Lement W. Nursing and Theatre Collaborate: An End-of-Life Simulation Using Forum Theatre,Journal of Nursing Education,2012; 51(8) 462–5.. Yalden J, McCormack B, O’Connor, M and Hardy S, Transforming end of life care using practice development: an arts-informed approach in residential aged care,International Practice Development Journal2013; 3(2).. Sklar DP, Doezema D, McLaughlin S and Helitzer D. Teaching communications and professionalism through writing and humanities: reflections of ten years of experience,Academic Emergency Medicine2002; 9(11): 1360–1364.. Sperlazza E and Cangelosi PR. The Power of Pretend: Using Simulation to Teach End-of-Life Care,Nurse Educator2009; 34(6): 276--280.. Gillis C. “Seeing the difference”: An interdisciplinary approach to death, dying, humanities, and medicine.Journal of Medical Humanities2006;27(2): 105–115.. Donovan T and Mercer D. Onward in my journey: preparing nurses for a new age of cancer care,Cancer nursing2003; 26(5) 400–404.. Fogarty CT. Fifty-five word stories: “small jewels” for personal reflection and teaching,Family medicine2010; 42(6): 400–402.. Foster W and Freeman E. Poetry in general practice education: perceptions of learners,Family Practice2008;25(4) 294–303.. Lillyman S, Gutteridge R and Berridge P. Using a storyboarding technique in the classroom to address end of life experiences in practice and engage student nurses in deeper reflection,Nurse Education in Practice2011; 11(3): 179–185.. Frei J, Alvarez S and Alexander M. Ways of Seeing: Using the Visual Arts in Nursing Education,Journal of Nursing Education2010; 49(12): 672--676.. Sherman DW, Matzo ML, Pitorak E, Ferrell BR and Malloy P. Preparation and care at the time of death: content of the ELNEC curriculum and teaching strategies,Journal for Nurses in Staff Development2005; 21(3): 93–102.. Franklin M. Acting on dilemmas in palliative care,Nursing times2001; 97(49): 37–38.. Epner DE and Baile WF. Difficult conversations: teaching medical oncology trainees communication skills one hour at a time,Academic Medicine2014; 89(4): 578–584.. Shannon SE, Long-Sutehall T and Coombs M. Conversations in end-of-life care: communication tools for critical care practitioners,Nursing in critical care.2011; 16(3): 124–130.. Deci EL and Ryan RM.Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.. Wee B, Hillier R, Coles C, Mountford B, Sheldon F and Turner P. Palliative care: a suitable setting for undergraduate interprofessional education,Palliative Medicine2001; 15: 187–492.. Meng AL and Sullivan J. Interactive theatre: an innovative conflict resolution teaching methodology,Journal for Nurses in Staff Development2011; 27(2): 65–68.. Salas R, Steele K, Lin A, Loe C, Gauna L and Jafar-Nejad P. Playback Theatre as a tool to enhance communication in medical education.Medical Education Online2013; 18(10).. Jonas-Simpson CF, Pilkington B, MacDonald C and McMahon E. Experiences of Grieving When There Is a Perinatal Death,Sage open2013.. Razavi D, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Durieux JF, Farvacques C, Dubus L and Hogenraad R. Does training increase the use of more emotionally laden words by nurses when talking with cancer patients? A randomised study,Br J Cancer2002; 87(1): 1–7.. Twigg R and Lynn M, Teaching End-of-Life Care Via a Hybrid Simulation Approach Simulation Approac,Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing2012; 14(5): 374–379.. Baile WF, Kudelka AP, Beale EA, Glober GA, Myers EG, Greisinger AJ, Bast RC, Goldstein MG, Novack D and Lenzi R. Communication skills training in oncology. Description and preliminary outcomes of workshops on breaking bad news and managing patient reactions to illness,Cancer1999; 86(5): 887–897.. Wilkinson S, Perry BK and Linsell L. Effectiveness of a three-day communication skills course in changing nurses’ communication skills with cancer/palliative care patients: randomised controlled trial,Palliative medicine2008; 22: 365–75.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/ [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Sim K, Chua HC. The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind. CMAJ. 2004; 170:811e2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1032003. Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatr. 2009; 54:302e11. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395:912e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. Robertson E, Hershenfield K, Grace SL, Stewart DE. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Can J Psychiatr. 2004; 49:403e7. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900612. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9:547e53. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38: e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048. Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, Fan B, Fang Y, Kong J, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatr. 2012; 53:15e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003 Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55: S299‑ https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.105555. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, et al. Psychological impact of COVID‑19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62:354-62. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry _427_20. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2010; 40: 218–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Bhandari S, Sharma R, Singh Shaktawat A, Banerjee S, Patel B, Tak A, et al. COVID-19 related mortality profile at a tertiary care centre: a descriptive study. Scr Med. 2020;51(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed51-27126. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995; 117: 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497. Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160(8):805-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135(8):854-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381. Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Mar; 74(6):907-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2011.11.028. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14-year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33(10):1189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90235-5. Patterson AC, Veenstra G. Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(1):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024. Savikko N, Routassalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkalla KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics. 2005; 41:3;223-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002. Health Advisory for Elderly Population of India during COVID19. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryforElderlyPopulation.pdf [Accessed on 13 August 2020]. Dicks D, Myers R, Kling A. Uncus and amygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey. Science. 1969; 165:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3888.69. Kanai R, Bahrami B, Duchaine B, Janik A, Banissy MJ, Rees G. Brain structure links loneliness to social perception. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(20):1975-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.08.045. Bender AR, Daugherty A, Raz N. Vascular risk moderates associations between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25:1851–62. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00435. Raz N. Diabetes: brain, mind, insulin–what is normal and do we need to know? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7:636–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.149. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Naftali R, Andrew GW, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58:176–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176. Maass A, Düzel S, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, Neumann K, et al. Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry. 2015; 20, 585–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.114. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234–240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234. Kogan JH, Frankland PW, Silva AJ. Long-term memory underlying hippocampus-dependent social recognition in mice. Hippocampus. 2000;10(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(2000)10:1%3C47::aid-hipo5%3E3.0.co;2-6. Yorgason JT, España RA, Konstantopoulos JK, Weiner JL, Jones SR. Enduring increases in anxiety-like behavior and rapid nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling in socially isolated rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37(6):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12113. Bledsoe AC, Oliver KM, Scholl JL, Forster GL. Anxiety states induced by post-weaning social isolation are mediated by CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Res Bull. 2011;85(3-4):117-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2011.03.003. Lukkes JL, Engelman GH, Zelin NS, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Post-weaning social isolation of female rats, anxiety-related behavior, and serotonergic systems. Brain Res. 2012; 1443:1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2012.01.005. Ago Y, Araki R, Tanaka T, Sasaga A, Nishiyama S, Takuma K, et al. Role of social encounter-induced activation of prefrontal serotonergic systems in the abnormal behaviors of isolation-reared mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013; 38(8):1535-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.52. Veenema AH. Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(4):497-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003. Zhao X, Sun L, Jia H, Meng Q, Wu S, Li N, et al. Isolation rearing induces social and emotional function abnormalities and alters glutamate and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(7):1173-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.016. Sciolino NR, Bortolato M, Eisenstein SA, Fu J, Oveisi F, Hohmann AG, et al. Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats. Neuroscience. 2010;168(2):371-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.04.007. Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Trillo L, De Miguel Z, Das D, Salehi A. The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47:336-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.017. Olivenza R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Lorenzo P, Fernández AP, Rodrigo J, et al. Chronic stress induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain cortex. J Neurochem. 2000;74(2):785-791. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740785.x. Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):349-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.028. Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):742-755. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422(08)70165-0. Waxman EA, Lynch DR. N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subtypes: Multiple Roles in Excitotoxicity and Neurological Disease. The Neuroscientist. 2005; 11(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404269012. Hermes G, Li N, Duman C, Duman R. Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):354-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2010.12.019. Sestito RS, Trindade LB, de Souza RG, Kerbauy LN, Iyomasa MM, Rosa ML. Effect of isolation rearing on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampal formation. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(12):1720-1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385595. Toua C, Brand L, Möller M, Emsley RA, Harvey BH. The effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on isolation rearing induced changes in frontal cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate and D1 receptor binding in rats. Neuroscience. 2010;165(2):492-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.039. Alò R, Avolio E, Mele M, Storino F, Canonaco A, Carelli A et al. Excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium of the central amygdala nucleus gates anti-depressive and anxiolytic states in the hamster. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014; 118:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.007. St JP, Petkov VV. Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome. General pharmacology. 1990;21(2):223-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(90)90905-2. Miachon S, Rochet T, Mathian B, Barbagli B, Claustrat B. Long-term isolation of Wistar rats alters brain monoamine turnover, blood corticosterone, and ACTH. Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(6):611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90162-5. Van den Berg CL, Van Ree JM, Spruijt BM, Kitchen I. Effects of juvenile isolation and morphine treatment on social interactions and opioid receptors in adult rats: behavioural and autoradiographic studies. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(9):3023-3032. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00717.x. Vanderschuren LJ, Stein EA, Wiegant VM, Van Ree JM. Social play alters regional brain opioid receptor binding in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 1995;680(1-2):148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00256-p. Moles A, Kieffer BL, D'Amato FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science. 2004;304(5679):1983-1986. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095943. Panksepp J, Herman BH, Vilberg T, Bishop P, DeEskinazi FG. Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980;4(4):473-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(80)90036-6. Gong JP, Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Liu Q, Tagliaferro PA, Brusco A, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: immunohistochemical localization in rat brain. Brain Res. 2006;1071(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.035. Breivogel CS, Sim-Selley LJ. Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21:2:113-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260902782760. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amini-Khoei H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Ghesmati M, Zahir M, et al. Activation of cannabinoid receptors elicits antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of social isolation stress. Brain Res Bull. 2017; 130:200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.018. Banach M, Piskorska B, Czuczwar SJ, Borowicz KK. Nitric Oxide, Epileptic Seizures, and Action of Antiepileptic Drugs. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2011;10: 808. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152711798072347. Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr304. Hu Y, Wu D, Luo C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wu H, et al. Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors. PNAS. 2012, 109 (35) 14224-14229. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207461109. Khan MI, Ostadhadi S, Zolfaghari S, Mehr SE, Hassanzadeh G, Dehpour, A et al. The involvement of NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant like effects of baclofen in mouse force swimming test. Neuroscience Letters. 2016; 612:52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.006. Matsumoto K, Puia G, Dong E, Pinna G. GABAA receptor neurotransmission dysfunction in a mouse model of social isolation-induced stress: Possible insights into a non-serotonergic mechanism of action of SSRIs in mood and anxiety disorders. Stress. 2007; 10:1:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701200997. Zlatković J, Filipović D. Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2013;63(3):172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.002. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Kordjazy N, Momeny M, Razmi A, Balaei MR, et al. Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Neuroscience. 2016; 315:271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.024. Larson HJ. The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature 2018; 562:309. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07034-4. Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet 2020; 395:676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X. World Health Organization, 2019. Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/28-november-2019-ebola-drc/en/ [Accessed on August 8, 2020] Times of India. Covid-19: doctors gone to collect samples attacked in Indore. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/covid-19-doctors-goneto- collect-samples-attacked-in-indore/videoshow/74942153.cms; 2020 [Accessed on August 8, 2020]. Withnall A. Coronavirus: why India has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent. April 23, 2020. Semple K. “Afraid to be a nurse”: health workers under attack. The New York Times. 2020 Apr 27. The Economist. Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist. May 11, 2020. Turan B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, et al. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2017; 21: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5. James PB, Wardle J, Steel A, Adams J. An assessment of Ebola-related stigma and its association with informal healthcare utilisation among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8279-7. Aljazeera, 2020. Iran: Over 700 Dead after Drinking Alcohol to Cure Coronavirus. Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2020/04/iran-700-dead-drinking-alcohol-cure-coronavirus200427163529629.html. (Accessed June 4, 2020) Delirrad M, Mohammadi AB, 2020. New methanol poisoning outbreaks in Iran following COVID-19 pandemic. Alcohol Alcohol. 55: 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa036. Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Kolahi A-A, McDonald R, Hovda KE. Double trouble: methanol outbreak in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran-a cross-sectional assessment. Crit Care. 2020; 24: 402. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03140-w. Soltaninejad K. Methanol Mass Poisoning Outbreak: A Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic and Misleading Messages on Social Media. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11(3):148-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.34172%2Fijoem.2020.1983. Islam MS, Sarkar T, Khan SH, Kamal AM, Hasan SMM, Kabir A, et al. COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 00(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812. Hawryluck L, Gold W, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–1212. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1007.030703. Lee S, Chan LYY, Chau AAM, Kwok KPS, Kleinman A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61(9): 2038-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.010. Yoon MK Kim SY Ko HS Lee MS. System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016; 10: 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0083-5. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 997-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807009156. Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007; 44(6): 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.02.012. Bai Y, Lin C-C, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Chue C-M, Chou P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55: 1055-1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Guidelinesforhomequarantine.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforHomeIsolationofverymildpresymptomaticCOVID19cases10May2020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryformanagingHealthcareworkersworkinginCOVIDandNonCOVIDareasofthehospital.pdf (Accessed on 25 August 2020). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforInternationalArrivals02082020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Cost of the lockdown? Over 10% of GDP loss for 18 states. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cost-of-the-lockdown-over-10-of-gdp-loss-for-18-states/articleshow/76028826.cms [Accessed on 21 August 2020]. Jorda O, Singh SR, Taylor AM. Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper. 2020-09. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2020-09. Firdaus G. Mental well‑being of migrants in urban center of India: Analyzing the role of social environment. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59:164‑ https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_272_15. National Crime Record Bureau. Annual Crime in India Report. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Home Affairs; 2018. 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report. Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. Protecting the psychological health of through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):346-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3. Centre for Disease Control. Helping Children Cope with Emergencies. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helping-children-cope.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolesc Health. 2020; 4(5):347-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1. Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22. Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1168. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01168. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3): e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, Goldbloom DS, Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(1):91-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.2008.59.1.91. Tam CWC, Pang EPF, Lam LCW, Chiu HFK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hongkong in 2003: Stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med. 2004;34 (7):1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.10.003. Koh D, Meng KL, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004; 33(6):743e8. Yeung J, Gupta S. Doctors evicted from their homes in India as fear spreads amid coronavirus lockdown. CNN World. 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/asia/india-coronavirus-doctors-discrimination-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 24 August 2020] Violence Against Women and Girls: the Shadow Pandemic. UN Women. 2020. May 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic. [Accessed on 24 August 2020]. Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on 23 August 2020]. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma A, Muana A, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210–214. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.15.158543. Kumar A, Nayar KR. COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. 2020; ahead of print:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62(4):370-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_523_20. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4): P300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(5): 779–788. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsx.2020.05.035. Wright R. The world's largest coronavirus lockdown is having a dramatic impact on pollution in India. CNN World; 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/asia/coronavirus-lockdown-impact-pollution-india-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Foster O. ‘Lockdown made me Realise What’s Important’: Meet the Families Reconnecting Remotely. The Guardian; 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/keep-connected/2020/apr/23/lockdown-made-me-realise-whats-important-meet-the-families-reconnecting-remotely. (Accessed on 23 August 2020) Bilefsky D, Yeginsu C. Of ‘Covidivorces’ and ‘Coronababies’: Life During a Lockdown. N. Y. Times; 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html [Accessed on 23 August 2020]

Introdução: A Matricaria chamomilla L., mais conhecida como camomila, vem sendo bastante utilizada na medicina popular devido suas consideráveis propriedades farmacológicas, como efeito anti-inflamatório, antioxidante, antimicrobiano e leve efeito sedativo. A camomila é muito utilizada sob a forma de infusões, com sabor agradável e aromático. Objetivo: Tendo em vista as várias finalidades e efeitos farmacológicos, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca das propriedades farmacológicas da Matricaria chamomilla L. Metodologia: Essa busca foi realizada em artigos disponíveis nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Lilacs, PUBMED, BVS e monografias que atendiam aos requisitos do estudo em questão, no período de 2008 a 2018, revisando um total de 48 estudos. Discussão: Estudos demonstraram que a camomila é útil para tratamento da dor de estômago, síndrome do intestino irritável e insônia, além de possuir atividades bactericida e relaxante. A atividade antibacteriana dessa planta foi avaliada contra bactérias gram-negativas e os resultados comprovaram o efeito antibacteriano através dos principais componentes do óleo essencial, além dos flavonoides, ácidos fenólicos e ácidos graxos. Na Odontologia, sua efetividade é demonstrada através de sua ação benéfica contra gengivite, haja vista suas propriedades antimicrobianas e anti-inflamatórias. Conclusão: De acordo com a literatura, a Matricaria chamomilla L. apresenta efeitos antimicrobiano, antifúngico, antioxidante, anti-inflamatório e ansiolítico, os quais são explicados pelos componentes dos seus extratos, fazendo com que esta planta apresente grande importância clínica. Entretanto, mais estudos clínicos precisam ser realizados para enriquecer o conhecimento a respeito desta planta, de forma a ampliar o seu uso como medicamento fitoterápico.Descritores: Fitoterapia; Plantas Medicinais; Farmacologia; Matricaria.ReferênciasSeverino VGP, Felixa MA, Silva MFGF, Lucarini R, Martins CHG. Chemical study of Hortia superba (Rutaceae) and investigation of the antimycobacterial activity of crude extracts and constituents isolated from Hortia species. Quím Nova. 2015;38(1):42-5.Bardaji DK, Reis EB, Medeiros TC, Lucarini R, Crotti AE, Martins CH. Antibacterial activity of commercially available plant-derived essential oils against oral pathogenic bacteria. Nat Prod Res. 2016;30(10):1178-81.Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod. 2016;79(3):629-61.Suleimen E, Ibataev ZH, Iskakova ZH, Ishmuratova M, Ross S, Martins CHG. Constituent composition and biological activity of essential oil from Artemisia terrae-albae. Chem Nat Compd. 2016;52:173-75.Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):190.Habtemariam S. The therapeutic potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes for Alzheimer’s disease. Evid Based Complement. Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2680409.Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava M. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011;5(9):82-95.Keefe JR, Mao JJ, Soeller I, Li QS, Amsterdam JD. Short-term open-label Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) therapy of moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(14):1699-705.Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009; 29(4):378-82.Srivastava JK, Gupta S. Health promoting benefits of chamomile in the elderly population. In: Watson RR (Ed). Complementary and alternative therapies and the aging population an evidence-based approach. San Diego, USA: Academic Press Inc; 2010.Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Rep.2010;3(6):895-901.Braga FTMM, Santos ACF, Bueno PCP, Silveira RCCP, Santos CB, Bastos JK et al. Use of Chamomilla recutita in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Nurs. 2015;38(4):322-29.Curra M, Martins MAT, Lauxen IS, Pellicioli ACA, Sant’Ana Filho M, Pavesi VCS et al. Efect of topical chamomile on immunohistochemical levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in 5-fuorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(2):293-99.Mekonnen A, Yitayew B, Tesema A, Taddese S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Thymus schimperi, Matricaria chamomilla, Eucalyptus globulus, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Int J Microbiol. 2016;2016:9545693.Najla OA, Olfat AK, Kholoud SR , Enas ND, Hanan S. Hypoglycemic and Biochemical Effects of Matricaria Chamomilla Leave Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Health Sci. 2012;2(5):43-8.Zargaran A, Borhani-Haghighi A, Faridi P, Daneshamouz S, Kordafshari G, Mohagheghzadeh A. Potential effect and mechanism of action of topical chamomile (Matricaria chammomila L.) oil on migraine headache: a medical hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2014;83(5):566-69.Srivastava JK, Pandey M, Gupta S. Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci. 2009;85(19-20): 663-69.Sharifi-Rad M, Nazaruk J, Polito L, Morais-Braga MFB, Rocha JE, Coutinho HDM et al. Matricariagenus as a source of antimicrobial agents: From farm to pharmacy and food applications. Microbiol Res. 2018;215:76-88.Amsterdan JD, Shults J, Soeller I, Mao JJ, Rockwell K, Newberg AB. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012;18(5):44-9.Hashempur MH, Lari ZN, Ghoreishi PS, Daneshfard B, Ghasemi MS, Homayouni K, et al. A pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oil for severe carpal tunnel syndrome. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21(4):223-28.Jarrahi M, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Miladi H, Rashidi Pour A. Evaluation of topical Matricaria chamomilla extract activity on linear incisional wound healing in albino rats. Nat Prod Res. 2010;24(8):697-702.Kurcubic V, Maskovic P, Vujic J, Vranic D, Veskovic-Moracanin S, Okanovic Ð et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Kitaibelia vitifolia extract as alternative to the added nitrite in fermented dry sausage. Meat Sci. 2014;97(4):459-67.Oliveira I, Sousa A, Ferreira ICFR, Bento A, Estevinho L, Pereira JA. Total phenols, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husks. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(7):2326-31.Tekwu EM, Pieme AC, Beng VP. Investigations of antimicrobial activity of some Cameroonian medicinal plant extracts against bacteria and yeast with gastrointestinal relevance. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;142(1):265-73.Manojlovic N, Rankovic B, Kosani M, Vasiljevic P, Stanojkovic T. Chemical composition of three Parmelia lichens and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some their major metabolites. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(13):1166-72.Vieira DRP, Amaral FMM, Maciel MCG, Nascimento FRF, Liberio SA, Rodrigues VP. Plant species used in dental diseases: ethnopharmacology aspects and antimicrobial activity evaluation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155(3):1441-49.Aleksic V, Knezevic P. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L. Microbiol Res. 2014;169(4):240-54.Moricz AM, Ott PG, Alberti A, Boszormenyi A, Lemberkovics E, Szoke E et al. Applicability of preparative overpressured layer chromatography and direct bioautography in search of antibacterial chamomile compounds. J AOAC Int. 2013;96(6):1214-21.Silva NCC, Barbosa L, Seito LN, Fernandes Junior A. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of crude extracts and essential oils from medicinal plants. Nat Prod Res. 2012;26(16):1510-14.Carvalho AF, Silva DM, Silva TRC, Scarcelli E, Manhani MR. Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana de extratos etanólico e de ciclohexano a partir das flores de camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Rev Bras Pl Med. 2014;16(3):521-26.Albuquerque ACL, Pereira MSV, Perei­ra JV, Costa MRM, Pereira LF, Higino JS. Efeito antimicrobiano do extrato da Matricaria recutita Linn. (camomi­la) sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental. Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin In­tegr. 2010;10(3):451-55.Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Ortakand DB, Morton DW, Yusof AP. Rapid evaluation and comparison of natural products and antioxidant activity in calendula, feverfew, and German chamomile extracts. J Chromatogr A. 2015;1385:103-10.Capuzzo A, Occhipinti A, Maffei ME. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of chamazulene. Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(24):2321-23.Jabri MA, Sani M, Rtibi K, Marzouki L, El-Benna J, Sakly M et al. Chamomile decoction extract inhibits human neutrophils ROS production and attenuates alcohol-induced haematological parameters changes and erythrocytes oxidative stress in rat. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:65.Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Bijak M, Saluk J, Ponczek MB, Zbikowska HM, Nowak P et al. Radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of Matricaria chamomilla polyphenolic–polysaccharide conjugates. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;72:1152-58.Pereira SV, Reis RASP, Garbuio DC, Freitas LAP. Dynamic maceration of Matricaria chamomilla inflorescences: optimal conditions for flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2018;28(1):111-17.Miguel FG, Cavalheiro AH, Spinola NF, Ribeiro DL, Barcelos GR, Antunes LM et al. Validation of a RPHPLC- DAD method for chamomile (Matricaria recutita) preparations and assessment of the marker, apigenin-7-glucoside, safety and anti-inflammatory effect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:828437.Drummond EM, Harbourne N, Marete E, Jacquier JC, O'Riordan D, Gibney ER. An in vivo study examining the antiinflammatory effects of chamomile, meadowsweet, and willow bark in a novel functional beverage. J Diet Suppl. 2013;10(4):370-80.Batista ALA, Lins RDAU, Coelho RS, Barbosa DN, Belem NM, Celestino FJA. Clinical efficacy analysis of the mouth rinsing with pomegranate and chamomile plant extracts in the gingival bleeding reduction. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(1):93-8.Rocha NF, Rios ER, Carvalho AM, Cerqueira GS, Lopes AA, Leal LKAM et al. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (−)-α-bisabolol in rodents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2011;384(6):525-33.Goes P, Dutra CS, Lisboa MRP, Gondim DV, Leitão R, Brito GAC et al. Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. J Oral Sci. 2016;58(4):569-74.Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J. Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho‐oncologic relevance. Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-91.Chang SM, Chen CH. Effects of an intervention with drinking chamomile tea on sleep quality and depression in sleep disturbed postnatal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72(2):306-15.Mao JJ, Xie SX, Keefe JR, Soeller I, Li QS, Amsterdam JD. Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(14):1735-42.Zick SM, Wright BD, Sen A, et al. Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11:78.Choi MY, Min ES, Hur MH, Lee MS. Effect of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs,and sleep quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in intensivecare units. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:381381.Tolouee M, Alinezhad S, Saberi R, Eslamifar A, Zad SJ, Jaimand K et al. Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;139(3):127-33.Jamalian A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Jaimand K, Pashootan N, Amani A, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Matricaria recutita flower essential oil against medically important dermatophytes and soil-borne pathogens. J Mycol Med. 2012;22(4):308-15.

Introdução: O recém-nascido (RN) é classificado como prematuro quando apresenta idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas e peso de nascimento igual ou abaixo de 2.550g. Devido à imaturidade do sistema respiratório, o neonato está sujeito a apresentar diversas complicações, dentre elas, as respiratórias, o que ocasiona o seu prolongamento na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). A fisioterapia respiratória é de grande importância no tratamento e recuperação do RN através da aplicação de técnicas de higiene brônquica (HB). O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória no recém-nascido prematuro publicados na literatura científica. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um a revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, LILACS, Medline, SciELO, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Knowledge, incluindo artigos publicados no período de 2007 a 2015. Oito artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados e Discussão: A atuação da fisioterapia respiratória foi analisada mediante os efeitos da aplicação das técnicas de HB mais utilizadas no recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT), podendo destacar a tapotagem, vibrocompressão, drenagem postural e aspiração. Foram realizadas comparações para comprovar a eficácia e os possíveis efeitos colaterais que pudessem alterar o funcionamento da mecânica respiratória do RN. Os estudos mostraram a efetividade da fisioterapia respiratória e os efeitos das manobras na condição respiratória do neonato de risco. Conclusão: A fisioterapia tem um papel importante no cuidado ao recém-nascido pré-termo, mas necessita de mais estudos que comprovem sua eficácia e sua importância na melhora da condição de vida do neonato.Descritores: Recém-Nascido; Nascimento Prematuro; Fisioterapia.ReferênciasNikolovi V. Congenital malformations and perinatal mortality at the Saint Antoine University Obstetric. Gynecologic Clinic. 1989;28(1):36-4.Oliveira RMS, Franceschini SCC, Priore SE. Avaliação antropométrica do recém-nascido prematuro e/ou pequeno para a idade gestacional. Rev Bras Nutr Clín. 2008;23(4):298-30.Calafiori L. Taxa de prematuridade no Brasil. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.uicamp.br/ unicamp/noticias/2014/11/14/brasil-tem-40-partos -prematuros-por-hora>. Acesso em: 17 de mai.2016.Benício MHD, Monteiro CA, Souza JMP, Castilho EA, Lamonica IMR. Análise de fatores de risco para o baixo peso ao nascer em nascidos vivos do município de São Paulo. Rev Saúde Pública. 1985;19(4):311-20. Ramos HAC, Cuman RKN. Fatores de risco para prematuridade: pesquisa documental. Rev Enferm. 2009;13(2):297-304.Carvalho ML, Silver LD. Confiabilidade da declaração da causa básica de óbitos neonatais: implicações para o estudo da mortalidade prevenível. Rev Saúde Pública 1995;29(5):342-48.Mendonça EF, Goulart EMA, Machado JAD. Confiabilidade da declaração de causa básica de mortes infantis em região metropolitana do sudeste do Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 1994;28(5):385-91.Ferrari LSL, Brito ASJ, Carvalho ABR, Gonzáles MRC. Mortalidade neonatal no município de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, nos anos 1994,1999 e 2002. Cad Saúde Pública 2006; 22(5):1063-71.Ministério da Saúde. Atenção à saúde do recém-nascido. Guia para os profissionais de saúde. 2. ed. Brasília-DF; 2012. p.11-38.Lewis JA, Lacey JL, Henderson-Smart DJ. A review of chest physiotherapy in neonatal intensive care units in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992;28(4):297-300.Graziela MM, Abreu CF, Miyoshi MH. Papel da fisioterapia respiratória nas doenças respiratórias neonatais. Clin Perinatol. 2010;1(1):145.Etches PC, Scott B. Chest physiotherapy in the newborn: effect on secretions removed. Pediatrics. 1978;62(5):713-15.All-Alaiyan S, Dyer D, Khan B. Chest physiotherapy and pós-extubation atelectasis in infants. Pediatric Pulmonol. 1996;21(4):227-30.Azeredo CAC. Fisioterapia respiratória atual. Rio de Janeiro: Edusuam; 1986.Azeredo CAC. Fisioterapia respiratória moderna. São Paulo: Editora Manole; 1993.Costa D. Fisioterapia respiratória básica. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu; 1999.Flenady VJ, Gray BH. Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000283. Guy P. Groupe d´ Étude Pluridisciplinaire Stéthacoustique. Novas técnicas de fisioterapia. 2013. Available from:<http://www.postiaux.com/pt/methode.html>. Acesso em 17 de mai.2016.Nicolau CM, Lahóz AL. Fisioterapia respiratória em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: uma revisão baseada em evidências. Pediatria. 2007;29(3):216-21.Barbosa LR, Melo MRAC. Relações entre qualidade da assistência de enfermagem: revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev Bras Enferm. 2012;61(3):366-70.Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein. 2010;8(1):102-6.Piva JP, Garcia PCR. Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda. IN: Piva JP, Carvalho P, Garcia PCR. Terapia Intensiva em Pediatria. Medsi: Rio de Janeiro; 2009.p.163.Nicolau CM, Falcão MC. Influência da fisioterapia resiratória sobre a função cardiopulmonar em recém-nascido de muito baixo peso. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2010; 28(2):170-75.Souza JAQ, Moran CA. Fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascidos pré-termo: ensaio clínico randomizado. Rev Bras Med. 2013;49(11):434-38.Antunes LCO, Silva EG, Bocardo P, Daher DR, Faggiotto RD, Rugolo LMSS. Efeitos da fisioterapia convencional versus aumento do fluxo expiratório na saturação de O2, freqüência cardíaca e freqüência respiratória em prematuro no período pós-extubação. Rev bras fisioter. 2006; 10(1):97-103.Nicolau CM, Falcão MC. Efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascidos: análise crítica da literatura. Rev Paul Pediatria. 2007;25(1):72-5.Santos MLM, Souza LA, Batiston AP, Palhares DB. Efeitos de técnicas de desobstrução brônquica na mecânica respiratória de neonatos prematuros em ventilação pulmonar mecânica. Rev. bras. ter. intensiva . 2009;21(2):183-89. Martins AP, Segre CAM. Fisioterapia respiratória em neonatologia: importância e cuidados. Pediatr mod. 2010;46(2):56-60.Johnston C, Zanetti NM, Comaru T, Ribeiro SNS, Andrade LB, Santos SLL. I Recomendação brasileira de fisioterapia respiratória em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2012;24(2):119-29.De Paula LC, Ceccon ME. Análise comparativa randomizada entre dois tipos de sistema de aspiração traqueal em recém-nascidos. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(4):434-39.Gonçalves RL, Tsuzuki, LM, Carvalho, MGS. Aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2015;27(3):284-92.American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients with artificial airways. Respir care. 2010;55(6):758-64.Rosa FK, Roese CA, Savi A, Dias AS, Monteiro MB. Comportamento da mecânica pulmonar após a aplicação de protocolo de fisioterapia respiratória e aspiração traqueal em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2007;19(2):170-75.Pederson CM, Rosendahl-Nielsen M, Hjermind J, Egerod I. Endotracheal suctioning of the adult intubated patiente—what is the evidence? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2009;25(1):21-30Gonçalves RL, Tsuzuki LM, Carvalho MGS. Aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2015;27(3):284-92.Selsby DS. Chest physiotherapy. BMJ. 1989; 298(6673):541-42.Ferreira ACL, Troster EJ. Atualização em terapia intensiva pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro: Interlivros; 1996.Holloway R, Adams EB, Desai SD, Thambiran AK. Effect of chest physiotherapy on blood gases of neonates treated by intermittent positive pressure respiration. Thorax. 1996;24(4):421-26.Wood BP. Infant ribs: gereralized periosteal reaction resulting from vibrator chest physiotherapy. Radiology. 1987;162(3):811-12.Raval D, Yeh TF, Mora A. Chest physiotherapy in preterm infants wih RDS in the first 24 hours of life. J Perinatol. 1987;7(4):301-4.Juliani RCTP, Lahóz ALC, Nicolau CM, Paula LCS, Cunha MT. Fisioterapia nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal. Programa Nacional de educação continuada em Pediatria. PRONAP 2003/2004; 70: 9-24.Gava MV, Picanço PSA. Fisioterapia pneumológica. São Paulo: Manole; 2007.Figueira F. Pediatria. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koongan; 2004.Crane LD, Zombek M, Krauss NA, Auld PA. Comparison of chest physiotherapy techniques in infants with RDS. Pediatr Res.1978;12:559A.Duara S, Bessard K, Keszler L. Evaluation of different percussion time intervals at chest physiotherapy on neonatal pulmonary function parameters. Pediatr Res. 1983;17:310A.Tudehope DI, Bagley C. Techniques of physiotherapy in intubated babies with the respiratory distress syndrome. Aust Paediatr J. 1980;16(4):226-28.Selestrin CC, Oliveira AG, Ferreira C, Siqueira AAF, Abreu LC, Murad N. Avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos em recém-nascidos pré-termo em ventilação mecânica após procedimentos de fisioterapia neonatal. Rev bras crescimento desenvolv hum. 2007;17(1):146-55.Nicolau CM. Estudo das repercussões da fisioterapia respiratória sobre a função cardiopulmonar em recém-nascido pré-termo de muito baixo peso [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina USP; 2006.Cuelo AF, Arcodaci CS, Feltrim MIZ. Broncoobstrução. São Paulo: Panamericana. 1987.Curran LC, Kachoyeanos MK. The effects of neonates of two methods of chest physical therapy. Mothercraft Nursing. 1979;4:309-13.Oliveira LRC. Padronização do desmame da ventilação mecânica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: resultados após um ano. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2006;18(2):131-36.Finer NN, Boyd J. Chest physiotherapy in the neonate: a controlled study. Pediatrics. 1978; 61(2):282-85.Alcântara PC, Filho JOS, Lima TCP. Atuação da fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascido com a síndrome do desconforto respiratório. Revisão da literatura. EFDeportes.2015;19(202).Goto K, Maeda T, Mirmiram M; Ariagno R. Effects of prone and supine position on sleep characteristics in preterm infants. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999, 53(2):315-17.Lanza FC, Gazzotti MR, Luque A, Cadrobbi C, Faria R, Solé D. Fisioterapia respiratória em lactantes com bronquiolite: realizar ou não? Mundo Saúde. 2008;32(2):183-88.Haddad ER, Costa LCD, Negrini F, Sampaio LMM. Abordagens fisioterapêuticas para remoção de secreções das vias aéreas em recém-nascidos: relato de casos. Pediatria. 2006;28(2):135-40.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent lymphoma in the Western world, accounting for approximately 30% of lymphoma cases. FL is known for its recurrent nature, necessitating diverse treatment options. The introduction of rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, has greatly improved FL outcomes and paved the way for targeted therapies. In this review, we thoroughly explore the structure, mechanism of action, clinical outcomes, and side effects of currently approved monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for FL. Furthermore, we provide insights into ongoing clinical trials and emerging monoclonal antibodies that hold promise for the future of FL treatment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various medical databases, including ASH and ASCO publications, as well as PubMed. The clinicaltrials.gov website was used to compile a list of investigational monoclonal antibodies from ongoing clinical trials. The future of antibody-based therapy for follicular lymphoma shows great promise, with a focus on enhancing antibody efficacy, prioritizing optimized combination therapies to address treatment resistance, and evaluating bispecific antibodies as first-line therapies, all while carefully balancing risks and benefits and sequencing treatments appropriately for better disease management. These directions have the potential to establish antibodies as a central component of follicular lymphoma treatment. Article Details How to Cite MOUSTAFA, Muhamad Alhaj. A Comprehensive Review of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma Including Both Approved and Investigational Options. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 11, nov. 2023. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4745>. Date accessed: 02 dec. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i11.4745. ABNT APA BibTeX CBE EndNote - EndNote format (Macintosh & Windows) MLA ProCite - RIS format (Macintosh & Windows) RefWorks Reference Manager - RIS format (Windows only) Turabian Issue Vol 11 No 11 (2023): November Issue, Vol.11, Issue 11 Section Research Articles The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives. References 1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016;127(20):2375-2390. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569 2. Cerhan JR. Epidemiology of Follicular Lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2020;34(4):631-646. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2020.02.001 3. Kaseb H, Ali MA, Koshy NV. Follicular Lymphoma. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed April 8, 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538206/ 4. Monga N, Nastoupil L, Garside J, et al. Burden of illness of follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2019;98(1):175-183. doi:10.1007/s00277-018-3501-8 5. Mozas P, Sorigué M, López-Guillermo A. Follicular lymphoma: an update on diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;157(9):440-448. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.03.041 6. Luminari S, Bellei M, Biasoli I, Federico M. Follicular lymphoma - treatment and prognostic factors. Rev Bras Hematol E Hemoter. 2012;34(1):54-59. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20120015 7. Illidge T, Chan C. How have outcomes for patients with follicular lymphoma changed with the addition of monoclonal antibodies? Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(7):1263-1273. doi:10.1080/10428190802090805 8. Steffanoni S, Ghielmini M, Moccia A. Chemotherapy and treatment algorithms for follicular lymphoma: a look at all options. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2015;15(11):1337-1349. doi:10.1586/14737140.2015.1092386 9. Flowers CR, Leonard JP, Nastoupil LJ. Novel immunotherapy approaches to follicular lymphoma. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018;2018(1):194-199. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.194 10. Marofi F, Rahman HS, Achmad MH, et al. A Deep Insight Into CAR-T Cell Therapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Application, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Front Immunol. 2021;12:681984. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.681984 11. Bhatt VR, Armitage JO. Autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in follicular lymphoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16(1):57-66. doi:10.1517/14712598.2016.1096341 12. Lin Z, Liu L, Li Z, Xu B. Bispecific antibodies as monotherapy or in combinations for non-hodgkin B-cell lymphoma: latest updates from the American society of hematology 2022 annual meeting. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2023;12(1):41. doi:10.1186/s40164-023-00404-3 13. Coiffier B, Thieblemont C, Van Den Neste E, et al. Long-term outcome of patients in the LNH-98.5 trial, the first randomized study comparing rituximab-CHOP to standard CHOP chemotherapy in DLBCL patients: a study by the Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Blood. 2010;116(12):2040-2045. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-03-276246 14. van Meerten T, Hagenbeek A. Novel antibodies against follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2011;24(2):231-256. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.03.002 15. Marcus R, Davies A, Ando K, et al. Obinutuzumab for the First-Line Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1331-1344. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614598 16. Johnston PB, Bondly C, Micallef INM. Ibritumomab tiuxetan for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2006;6(6):861-869. doi:10.1586/14737140.6.6.861 17. Gondran C, Ysebaert L. [Drug approval: Mosunetuzumab - third-line therapy in follicular lymphoma]. Bull Cancer (Paris). 2022;109(11):1105-1106. doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2022.07.010 18. Allen HC, Sharma P. Histology, Plasma Cells. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed April 11, 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556082/ 19. Nelson PN, Reynolds GM, Waldron EE, Ward E, Giannopoulos K, Murray PG. Monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pathol MP. 2000;53(3):111-117. doi:10.1136/mp.53.3.111 20. Köhler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256(5517):495-497. doi:10.1038/256495a0 21. Dunn DL. Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment. Arch Surg Chic Ill 1960. 1993;128(11):1274-1280. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1993.01420230102016 22. Posner J, Barrington P, Brier T, Datta-Mannan A. Monoclonal Antibodies: Past, Present and Future. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;260:81-141. doi:10.1007/164_2019_323 23. Di Pauli F, Berger T, Reindl M. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(36):4858-4868. doi:10.2174/092986709789909585 24. Lloyd EC, Gandhi TN, Petty LA. Monoclonal Antibodies for COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(10):1015. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1225 25. Kaur N, Goyal A, Sindhu RK. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Practice against Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2020;20(16):1895-1907. doi:10.2174/1871520620666200703191653 26. Yamada T. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Keio J Med. 2011;60(2):37-46. doi:10.2302/kjm.60.37 27. Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83(2):435-445. 28. Cerny T, Borisch B, Introna M, Johnson P, Rose AL. Mechanism of action of rituximab: Anticancer Drugs. 2002;13:S3-S10. doi:10.1097/00001813-200211002-00002 29. Alas S, Bonavida B. Rituximab inactivates signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity in B-non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma through inhibition of the interleukin 10 autocrine/paracrine loop and results in down-regulation of Bcl-2 and sensitization to cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Res. 2001;61(13):5137-5144. 30. Golay J, Zaffaroni L, Vaccari T, et al. Biologic response of B lymphoma cells to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro: CD55 and CD59 regulate complement-mediated cell lysis. Blood. 2000;95(12):3900-3908. 31. Jacobsen E. Follicular lymphoma: 2023 update on diagnosis and management. Am J Hematol. 2022;97(12):1638-1651. doi:10.1002/ajh.26737 32. Herold M, Haas A, Srock S, et al. Rituximab added to first-line mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone chemotherapy followed by interferon maintenance prolongs survival in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: an East German Study Group Hematology and Oncology Study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(15):1986-1992. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4618 33. Hiddemann W, Kneba M, Dreyling M, et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2005;106(12):3725-3732. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-01-0016 34. Marcus R, Imrie K, Belch A, et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2005;105(4):1417-1423. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-08-3175 35. Marcus R, Imrie K, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Phase III study of R-CVP compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone alone in patients with previously untreated advanced follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(28):4579-4586. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5376 36. Salles G, Mounier N, de Guibert S, et al. Rituximab combined with chemotherapy and interferon in follicular lymphoma patients: results of the GELA-GOELAMS FL2000 study. Blood. 2008;112(13):4824-4831. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-04-153189 37. Colombat P, Salles G, Brousse N, et al. Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) as single first-line therapy for patients with follicular lymphoma with a low tumor burden: clinical and molecular evaluation. Blood. 2001;97(1):101-106. doi:10.1182/blood.v97.1.101 38. Ghielmini M, Schmitz SFH, Cogliatti SB, et al. Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly x 4 schedule. Blood. 2004;103(12):4416-4423. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-10-3411 39. Witzig TE, Vukov AM, Habermann TM, et al. Rituximab therapy for patients with newly diagnosed, advanced-stage, follicular grade I non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a phase II trial in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(6):1103-1108. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.12.052 40. Salles G, Seymour JF, Offner F, et al. Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2011;377(9759):42-51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62175-7 41. Martinelli G, Schmitz SFH, Utiger U, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with follicular lymphoma receiving single-agent rituximab at two different schedules in trial SAKK 35/98. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(29):4480-4484. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.28.4786 42. Hanif N, Anwer F. Rituximab. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Accessed April 15, 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564374/ 43. Freeman CL, Sehn LH. A tale of two antibodies: obinutuzumab versus rituximab. Br J Haematol. 2018;182(1):29-45. doi:10.1111/bjh.15232 44. Goede V, Klein C, Stilgenbauer S. Obinutuzumab (GA101) for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell non-hodgkin’s lymphomas: a glycoengineered type II CD20 antibody. Oncol Res Treat. 2015;38(4):185-192. doi:10.1159/000381524 45. Mössner E, Brünker P, Moser S, et al. Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity. Blood. 2010;115(22):4393-4402. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-06-225979 46. Niederfellner G, Lammens A, Mundigl O, et al. Epitope characterization and crystal structure of GA101 provide insights into the molecular basis for type I/II distinction of CD20 antibodies. Blood. 2011;118(2):358-367. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-09-305847 47. Suresh T, Lee LX, Joshi J, Barta SK. New antibody approaches to lymphoma therapy. J Hematol OncolJ Hematol Oncol. 2014;7:58. doi:10.1186/s13045-014-0058-4 48. Radford J, Davies A, Cartron G, et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) plus CHOP or FC in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: results of the GAUDI study (BO21000). Blood. 2013;122(7):1137-1143. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-01-481341 49. Amitai I, Gafter-Gvili A, Shargian-Alon L, Raanani P, Gurion R. Obinutuzumab-related adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematol Oncol. 2021;39(2):215-221. doi:10.1002/hon.2828 50. Riley MB. Ibritumomab tiuxetan. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2003;7(1):110-112. doi:10.1188/03.CJON.109-112 51. Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A, et al. 90Yttrium-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation of first remission in advanced-stage follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: updated results after a median follow-up of 7.3 years from the International, Randomized, Phase III First-LineIndolent trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):1977-1983. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.6400 52. Witzig TE, Flinn IW, Gordon LI, et al. Treatment with ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in patients with rituximab-refractory follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(15):3262-3269. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.11.017 53. Rieger K, De Filippi R, Lindén O, et al. 90-yttrium-ibritumomab tiuxetan as first-line treatment for follicular lymphoma: updated efficacy and safety results at an extended median follow-up of 9.6 years. Ann Hematol. 2022;101(4):781-788. doi:10.1007/s00277-022-04781-3 54. Alhaj Moustafa M, Borah BJ, Moriarty JP, et al. Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan is Cost-Effective Compared to Bendamustine + Rituximab in Low-grade Lymphomas. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2023;23(4):259-265. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2023.01.010 55. Salvaris R, Ong J, Gregory GP. Bispecific Antibodies: A Review of Development, Clinical Efficacy and Toxicity in B-Cell Lymphomas. J Pers Med. 2021;11(5):355. doi:10.3390/jpm11050355 56. Budde LE, Sehn LH, Matasar M, et al. Safety and efficacy of mosunetuzumab, a bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(8):1055-1065. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00335-7 57. Jacobson CA, Chavez JC, Sehgal AR, et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(1):91-103. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00591-X 58. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Gödel P, Subklewe M, et al. Cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6(1):56. doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0343-9 59. Grigor EJM, Fergusson D, Kekre N, et al. Risks and Benefits of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transfus Med Rev. 2019;33(2):98-110. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.01.005 60. Nitschke L. The role of CD22 and other inhibitory co-receptors in B-cell activation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17(3):290-297. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.03.005 61. Tang T, Cheng X, Truong B, Sun L, Yang X, Wang H. Molecular basis and therapeutic implications of CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;219:107709. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107709 62. Dakappagari N, Ho SN, Gascoyne RD, Ranuio J, Weng AP, Tangri S. CD80 (B7.1) is expressed on both malignant B cells and nonmalignant stromal cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2012;82(2):112-119. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20631 63. Deeks ED. Polatuzumab Vedotin: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2019;79(13):1467-1475. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01175-0 64. Han Y, Liu D, Li L. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(3):727-742. 65. Rosenbaum CA, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. Phase 2 multicentre study of single-agent ofatumumab in previously untreated follicular lymphoma: CALGB 50901 (Alliance). Br J Haematol. 2019;185(1):53-64. doi:10.1111/bjh.15768 66. Hagenbeek A, Gadeberg O, Johnson P, et al. First clinical use of ofatumumab, a novel fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: results of a phase 1/2 trial. Blood. 2008;111(12):5486-5495. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-117671 67. Czuczman MS, Fayad L, Delwail V, et al. Ofatumumab monotherapy in rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma: results from a multicenter study. Blood. 2012;119(16):3698-3704. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-09-378323 68. Morschhauser F, Leonard JP, Fayad L, et al. Humanized anti-CD20 antibody, veltuzumab, in refractory/recurrent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: phase I/II results. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(20):3346-3353. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9117 69. Morschhauser F, Marlton P, Vitolo U, et al. Results of a phase I/II study of ocrelizumab, a fully humanized anti-CD20 mAb, in patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2010;21(9):1870-1876. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq027 70. Tobinai K, Ogura M, Kobayashi Y, et al. Phase I study of LY2469298, an Fc-engineered humanized anti-CD20 antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(2):432-438. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01809.x 71. Ganjoo KN, de Vos S, Pohlman BL, et al. Phase 1/2 study of ocaratuzumab, an Fc-engineered humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in low-affinity FcγRIIIa patients with previously treated follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(1):42-48. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.911859 72. Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas JC, et al. Phase I/II trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) in indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3051-3059. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.01.082 73. Advani A, Coiffier B, Czuczman MS, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary clinical activity of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a novel immunoconjugate for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of a phase I study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(12):2085-2093. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.1900 74. Ogura M, Tobinai K, Hatake K, et al. Phase I study of inotuzumab ozogamicin (CMC-544) in Japanese patients with follicular lymphoma pretreated with rituximab-based therapy. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(8):1840-1845. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01601.x 75. Kebriaei P, Cutler C, de Lima M, et al. Management of important adverse events associated with inotuzumab ozogamicin: expert panel review. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018;53(4):449-456. doi:10.1038/s41409-017-0019-y 76. Hamadani M, Radford J, Carlo-Stella C, et al. Final results of a phase 1 study of loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2021;137(19):2634-2645. doi:10.1182/blood.2020007512 77. Salles G, Gopal AK, Minnema MC, et al. Phase 2 Study of Daratumumab in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle-Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, and Follicular Lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019;19(5):275-284. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2018.12.013 78. Fanale M, Assouline S, Kuruvilla J, et al. Phase IA/II, multicentre, open-label study of the CD40 antagonistic monoclonal antibody lucatumumab in adult patients with advanced non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2014;164(2):258-265. doi:10.1111/bjh.12630 79. Czuczman MS, Thall A, Witzig TE, et al. Phase I/II study of galiximab, an anti-CD80 antibody, for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(19):4390-4398. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.09.018 80. Armand P, Janssens A, Gritti G, et al. Efficacy and safety results from CheckMate 140, a phase 2 study of nivolumab for relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2021;137(5):637-645. doi:10.1182/blood.2019004753 81. Press OW, Unger JM, Braziel RM, et al. Phase II trial of CHOP chemotherapy followed by tositumomab/iodine I-131 tositumomab for previously untreated follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: five-year follow-up of Southwest Oncology Group Protocol S9911. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4143-4149. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.05.8198 82. Leonard JP, Coleman M, Kostakoglu L, et al. Abbreviated chemotherapy with fludarabine followed by tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab for untreated follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(24):5696-5704. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.14.803 83. Press OW, Unger JM, Rimsza LM, et al. Phase III randomized intergroup trial of CHOP plus rituximab compared with CHOP chemotherapy plus (131)iodine-tositumomab for previously untreated follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: SWOG S0016. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):314-320. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.42.4101 84. Nastoupil LJ, Chin CK, Westin JR, et al. Safety and activity of pembrolizumab in combination with rituximab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2022;6(4):1143-1151. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006240 85. Leonard JP, Schuster SJ, Emmanouilides C, et al. Durable complete responses from therapy with combined epratuzumab and rituximab: final results from an international multicenter, phase 2 study in recurrent, indolent, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2008;113(10):2714-2723. doi:10.1002/cncr.23890 86. Grant BW, Jung SH, Johnson JL, et al. A phase 2 trial of extended induction epratuzumab and rituximab for previously untreated follicular lymphoma: CALGB 50701. Cancer. 2013;119(21):3797-3804. doi:10.1002/cncr.28299 87. Morschhauser F, Flinn IW, Advani R, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin or pinatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase 2 randomised study (ROMULUS). Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(5):e254-e265. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30026-2 88. Diefenbach C, Kahl BS, McMillan A, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin plus obinutuzumab and lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a cohort of a multicentre, single-arm, phase 1b/2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(12):e891-e901. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00311-2 89. Hutchings M, Mous R, Clausen MR, et al. Dose escalation of subcutaneous epcoritamab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an open-label, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Lond Engl. 2021;398(10306):1157-1169. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00889-8 90. Bannerji R, Arnason JE, Advani RH, et al. Odronextamab, a human CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody in patients with CD20-positive B-cell malignancies (ELM-1): results from the relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma cohort in a single-arm, multicentre, phase 1 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(5):e327-e339. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00072-2 91. Hutchings M, Morschhauser F, Iacoboni G, et al. Glofitamab, a Novel, Bivalent CD20-Targeting T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibody, Induces Durable Complete Remissions in Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma: A Phase I Trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2021;39(18):1959-1970. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.03175 92. Subklewe M. BiTEs better than CAR T cells. Blood Adv. 2021;5(2):607-612. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001792 93. Tapia-Galisteo A, Compte M, Álvarez-Vallina L, Sanz L. When three is not a crowd: trispecific antibodies for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics. 2023;13(3):1028-1041. doi:10.7150/thno.81494 94. Wu L, Seung E, Xu L, et al. Trispecific antibodies enhance the therapeutic efficacy of tumor-directed T cells through T cell receptor co-stimulation. Nat Cancer. 2020;1(1):86-98. doi:10.1038/s43018-019-0004-z 95. Yao Y, Hu Y, Wang F. Trispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology. 2023;169(4):389-399. doi:10.1111/imm.13636 96. Fayad L, Offner F, Smith MR, et al. Safety and clinical activity of a combination therapy comprising two antibody-based targeting agents for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a phase I/II study evaluating the immunoconjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin with rituximab. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(5):573-583. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.42.7211 97. Kolstad A, Illidge T, Bolstad N, et al. Phase 1/2a study of 177Lu-lilotomab satetraxetan in relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2020;4(17):4091-4101. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002583 98. Palomba ML, Till BG, Park SI, et al. Combination of Atezolizumab and Obinutuzumab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results from a Phase 1b Study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022;22(7):e443-e451. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2021.12.010 99. Morschhauser F, Ghosh N, Lossos IS, et al. Obinutuzumab-atezolizumab-lenalidomide for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: final analysis of a Phase Ib/II trial. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(8):147. doi:10.1038/s41408-021-00539-8 100. Czuczman MS, Hess G, Gadeberg OV, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with ofatumumab in combination with CHOP in previously untreated follicular lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2012;157(4):438-445. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09086.x 101. Westin JR, Chu F, Zhang M, et al. Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):69-77. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5 102. Czuczman MS, Leonard JP, Jung S, et al. Phase II trial of galiximab (anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody) plus rituximab (CALGB 50402): Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score is predictive of upfront immunotherapy responsiveness. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2012;23(9):2356-2362. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr620