Articles de revues sur le sujet « Numismatics of Greece »

<p>This article examines the use of numismatic iconography by the British colonial administration of Cyprus in order, initially, to legitimise its possession of the island and, subsequently, to promote an Eteocypriot, an "authentic Cypriot", identity as counter-poison against Greek nationalism. In this endeavour of social engineering, archaeological items and other symbols from Cyprus' past played a prominent part. The outbreak of the Cypriot guerrilla war for union with Greece in 1955 highlighted the bankruptcy of this operation. Nevertheless, British efforts to evade Cyprus' overwhelmingly Greek past - and present - continued unabated, even after the formal recognition of the island's independence.</p>

The paper looks at the ancient Greek thymiateria and aims at finding data in literary, epigraphic and visual sources that would cast light on the use of thymiateria in private and public rituals of the VIІ th century BC – IVth century AD. Systematic collection of data and its comparative historical analysis were in the core of the methodology. Among the main methods of analysing the collected sources, one should mention empirical, analytical, structural-typological and iconographical methods. A thymiaterion (an incense burner) is firstly mentioned in the Vth century BC in Herodotus’ Historia. In centuries to come, the panhellenic name of thymiaterion would dominate and enter to Roman and Germanic languages. This device was used solely with fire, charcoal or heated pebbles to burn aromatic compounds, incense and aromatic plants and flowers in particular. Thymiateria didn’t have any fixed shapes or sizes. In narrative sources, they were also named bomiskos, libanotis (libanotris), escharis, tripodiskos etc. In this paper, I examine the basic constructive elements of thymiateria. As visual sources and lyric poetry suggest, they were used in the archaic period. The earliest instance of the use of thymiateria in the ritual practice date late to the VIth century BC in the Phanagoria of the Bosporus. The thymiateria is depicted on mostly in mythological scenes on the Athenian red-figure pottery late of the Vth – IVth centuries BC found in Panticapaeum and in the surrounding area. The Greek iconography of mythological scenes on the vases was clear for the locals. The majority of visual, numismatics and epigraphic sources that reveal the use of thymiateria on the Bosporus are dating to the IVth–ІІth centuries BC, when they were spread in Hellenistic Greece and, especially in sanctuaries of Delos. Although aroma was an essential part of thymiateria culture, only Orphic Hymns cast light on the use of particular incenses (in pure form or in compound) for each gods or heroes. One important question persists: which aromas were burnt in thymiateria and from which countries were they brought to Greece? From literary sources, we know that plant-based aromas, namely incense and myrrh were brought from South Arabia and Syria. Thymiateria were used during rituals in sanctuaries and temples, during religious processions, funerals, symposiums and wedding that were accompanied by aromatic smoke. The present essay should be regarded as a starting point for the further in-depth study of thymiateria from the Northern Black sea region and Olbia in particular.

Abstract An archaeometric investigation on 13 late–medieval tournois was here accomplished through a combined approach involving X–ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman techniques. The aim of this study was to determine, starting from the evaluation of the elemental and molecular composition, the raw materials employed for the coin’s alloy and highlight the differences in the coin’s composition according to the location of the original mint and estimated coinage age. The aforementioned aspects not only testify the monetary policy and the political condition of the time, but also would contribute to unambiguously recognize the coin’s original treasury, which is at present an ongoing controversy among the scientific/numismatic community. Finally, the identification of specific minerals by means of Raman spectroscopy allowed us to formulate hypothesis about the state of conservation, and to identify new phases resulting from the soil/burial and climatic environmental coin’s exposition.

Abstract: A re-examination of the numismatic, epigraphic, and literary evidence suggests that the silver/gold exchange rate in Persian-controlled Asia Minor fluctuated downwards in the late fifth and fourth centuries b.c.e. in response to the supply of gold and silver in neighbouring Greece. This has consequences for the economic and political history of this region. Abstract: Une réévaluation des sources numismatiques, épigraphiques et littéraires suggère que le taux de change argent / or en Asie Mineure sous contrôle perse a eu tendance à diminuer à la fin du ve et au ive siècle a. C. en réaction aux quantités d'or et d'argent présentes en Grèce voisine. Ceci n'est pas sans conséquence sur l'histoire économique et politique de cette région.

Publicamos una pequeña serie de monedas, relacionadas con las piezas conocidas inicialmente como de ejemplares “tipo Auriol”. Se trata de varias imitaciones greco-massaliotas, relacionadas con el ciclo numismático griego del Occidente mediterráneo. La importante novedad de las mismas se fundamenta en el lugar de hallazgo, pues este se ha producido en una zona interior de la Península Ibérica, donde hasta el momento no se había documentado el descubrimiento de numismas de este tipo. Palabras clave: moneda, imitaciones, edetanosTopónimos: Massalia, Emporion, AuriolPeriodo: Edetanos ABSTRACTThe text presents a small series of coins, similar to those initially known as "Auriol type". These are various Greek-Massalian imitations, related to the Greek numismatic cycle of the Western Mediterranean. 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Almonacid Clavería (coords.), Cuenca: historia en sus monedas, Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, pp. 55-84.— (2017a), “La ceca de Ikalesken y el problema de su localización”, Gaceta Numismática, 193, pp. 3-19.— (2017b), “Una pieza de Urkesken y la localización de la ceca”, Gaceta Numismática, 193, pp. 21-30.Gozalbes Fernández de Palencia, M. y Ripollès, P. P. (2002), “Nuevos hallazgos de monedas foráneas en el territorio de Arse-Saguntum”, en P. P. Ripollès y M. M. Llorens, Arse-Saguntum. Historia monetaria de la ciudad y su territorio, Sagunto, Fundación Bancaja, pp. 528-533.Gozalbes García, H. y Gozalbes Cravioto, E. (2017), “Une obole massaliote datant du Ve siècle av. J. C. sur le territoire de Cuenca (Espagne)”, Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, 72.2, pp. 52-56.Guadán, A. M. (1968), Las monedas de plata de Emporion y Rhode vol. I, Barcelona, Ayuntamiento de Barcelona.— (1970), Las monedas de plata de Emporion y Rhode, vol. II, Barcelona, Ayuntamiento de Barcelona.Lambert, E. (1864), Essai sur la numismatique gauloise du Nord-Ouest de la France, Paris, Derache.Maurel, G. (2013), Corpus des monnaies de Marseille et Provence, Languedoc oriental et vallée du Rhone (520-20 av. notre ère), Montpellier, Omni, 2013.Omos, R. (1995), “Usos de la moneda en la Hispania prerromana y problemas de lectura iconográfica”, en M. P. García-Bellido y R. M. Centeno (eds.), La moneda hispánica. Ciudad y territorio, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, pp. 41-52.Planas Palau, A. y Martí Mañanes, A. (1991), Las monedas de otras cecas encontradas en Ibiza, Ibiza, Puig Castellar. Ripollès, P. P. (1982), La circulación monetaria en la Tarraconense mediterránea, Valencia, Federico Domenech. — (1985), “Las monedas del tesoro de Morella, conservadas en la B. N de París”, Acta Numismàtica, 19, (1985), pp. 47-64.— (1989), “Fracciones ampuritanas. 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The years 1289–1313 witnessed particularly prolific minting activities at different southern and central Greek mints on behalf of different polities. The coin issues are of great economic and political relevance, and therefore of interest to modern historians. Our understanding of these is based on traditional sources, either numismatic (types and finds), or historical. This paper aims to investigate the possibilities of adding further details to the picture through archaeometry. Specifically, tournois pennies of the three main mints of the region (Clarentza, Thebes, Naupaktos) excavated at Ancient Corinth were analysed according to two different non-destructive methods, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The resulting relative silver percentages and the fingerprints of the trace elements have supported our attempts to put the different coin types in chronological order and to add detail to the context and intent for each one of these. A vivid picture of monetary production emerges. The different issuing authorities were usually intent on maintaining a decent standard while variously trying to put pressure on rivals or to harmonise their productions with their allies. All the analysed mints were commercial in character, though they were subject to the great political changes affecting Greece in this period, the ambitions of the Angevin dynasty, the various challenges which it faced in Athens, the Peloponnese and the western Mainland, and finally the destructive arrival of the Catalans. In times of need, specifically military, these same mints could therefore rely on further bullion which reached them through internal or external political channels.

The topic of the book by Olga Kubica, a professor at the University of Wroclaw, is the interaction between ancient Greek and Indian civilizations in the far East of the Hellenistic world in the epoch from the conquests of Alexander the Great to the emergence of the Kushan Empire. The influence of ancient artistic traditions on the fine arts of northwestern India (the so-called “Gandhāra school”) is well known, and it has been suggested on this basis that the influence of Greece extended to the philosophical and religious views of Indians. It was seen, in particular, in the themes and structure of the early Buddhist treatise “Milinda’s Questions” (Pali Milindapañha). However, the author of the monograph proves that the actual interaction of Greek and Indian cultures in the intellectual sphere was not so large and profound and therefore the term “Greco-Buddhism”, widespread in Oriental studies, has no sense. This conclusion is based on an deep analysis of extensive material, including not only texts, but also archaeological sites, numismatic data and other sources. Analyzing the material, the author uses, along with the usual philological methods of working with sources, also methods of sociology and cultural studies, considering the Greeks in Bactria and northwestern India as a social group that obeys all the laws of behavior of such objects interacting with society as a social system.

The purpose of the article is to investigate and systematize coin finds from the sixth to the first century BC in the Tiasmyn river basin and surrounding areas and to bring new finds into scientific circulation. Theoretical and methodological background of the investigation consists of the complexity of general scientific and numismatic methods which are, above all, determined by the existence of corpus of sources and its assessment of credibility or unreliability. Scientific novelty. The researchers of the history of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-steppe of the first millennia BC divide in a separate group southern, border steppe territory, and the basin of the river Tiasmyn with adjacent territories within Kiev-Cherkassy region. The geographical scope of this group includes river Tiasmyn system in the present Cherkassy region and the territory where feeder from the headwaters of Tiasmyn are close to the right bank tributaries of the Southern Bug system (Hirskyi Tikych and Syniukha) and headwaters of Inhul and Inhulets in the northern part of the Kirovograd region. For the recent decades there can be observed a significant increasing in the number of the known coin finds of the state ancient Greek formations on the settlement of the sixth to the first century BC, which were found in the Tiasmyn river basin as well as overall in Dnieper-Right-Bank-Forest-steppe territory and including coins from the antique city-states of the Northern Black Sea region, such as Olbia, Panticapaeum, Chersonesus, Kerkinitis, Tyras and coins from other Ancient Greek city- states. Although generalized complex investigation of the coin finds of the sixth to the first century BC in the Tiasmyn river basin and surrounding areas are not present, which caused appealing of the author to this topic and writing the article. Main results of the research. The Population that had been living on the territory of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-steppe, including Tiasmyn river basin from sixth to the first century BC had economic relations with Greece antique world including Olbia. This is evidenced by the significant amount of the numismatic sources in the occupation earth of the settlements. In this case it is presented by the coins from the ancient Greek state formations, which were lost by their owners. The author had analysed 167 ancient coins, which were found in the Tiasmyn basin and had compiled a corresponding Сatalogue. Information about the finds of these coins located in diverse sources: museum collections, above mentioned researcher studies, evidence of area studies specialists, and materials on the forums of the treasure hunters. Analysing 167 coins finds from the sixth to the first century BC on the Tiasmyn river basin area it is possible to highlight 23 points of such coin finds concentration. There are 19 settlements where had been found more than 1 coin and 4 settlements were had been found monetary treasures nearby. All this gives grounds for suggestion that these coins were involved in goods-money relations of the local inhabitants with Greeks. It is conceivable that this level of relations was not developed to the degree that Greek colonies of in the Northern Black Sea region had. These finds indicate economic, including trade relations of the population from the Tiasmyn river basin with the ancient world, which had developed monetary circulation. Nearly 75 per cent constitute coins from Olbia. Coins are divided by the types and coinage periods for «Dolphins» (end of the sixth century beginning of the fourth century BC) they are 23 coins, «Reduced Asses» (c. 400-380 BC) are represented by 5 coins, «Chalk» (400-370 BC), «Dichalk» (380-360 BC), «Chalk» (360-350 BC) are represented by 11 coins, «Obol» with Demeter and city emblem (350-330 BC) account for 3 coins, 2 small coin with the head of Demeter (the end of the sixth century BC), «Borysthenes» (end of the sixth century – 20s of the third century BC) number 78 coins. Coins from Chersonesus constitute 4,19 per cent (4 coins of the fourth century BC, 2 coins of the beginning of the third century BC and 1 coin of the middle of the first century BC). Panticapaeum coins accounted for 2.99 per cent, all these coins are dated by the end of the sixth century BC. An insignificant number of Panticapaeum coins which were found in the Tiasmyn river basin in comparison with Olbian coins, call into thesis of some researchers that Olbia had lost its lead role in trade with barbarians in sixth century BC and it was being replaced with Bosporus. Even the coins from the Makedonia, that was located far from Dnieper-Right-Bank-Forest-steppe amount 3,59 per cent (all the coins of the sixth century BC). The electrum staters from the Cyzicus city of Asia Minor constitute a rather significant per cent of finds. They are estimated at 8.38 per cent and played a major role in Mediterranean and Black Sea trade. If to talk about the coins minted in the second century BC, it is known only find of coin by the ruler Bithynia Prusias I Cholus, that was found in the Tiasmyn river basin, it is consistent with the coins minted circa 228-182 BC, so the end of the third century- the beginning of the second century BC. However, the near absence among finds coins dated second century BCE can demonstrate the leading role of Olbia in trade with the barbarian population of the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, including, in particular, trade with the population from the Tiasmyn river basin in the previous chronological period. In fact, Olbia got through the Skyro-Galatic Invasion in the end of the third century BC, and the second century BC was rather difficult period in political and economic life of this Greece colony in northern-west Black Sea region. Numismatical sources, specifically coin finds confirm thesis that relationships of Olbia with Barbarian tribes of Northern Black Sea region decreased to the minimum. Recovery of economic relations of ancient Greeks with population of the Tiasmyn river basin happened after the entry of Olbia and other Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea region to Kingdom of Pontus of Mithridates Eupator, that was confirmed by coin finds. The perspective of further research. The problem has been raised by us is complex and multifaceted, it requires further research, and above all, to reveal information about other finds of antique coins in this and other regions of the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe in the period from the sixth to the first century BC.

Βιβλιοκρισία Ι.Π. Τουράτσογλου, Η Ελλάς και τα Βαλκάνια πριν από τα Τέλη της Αρχαιότητας, Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελληνικής Νομισματικής Εταιρείας 8. Αθήνα 2006. I.P. Touratsoglou, Greece and the Balkans before the End of Antiquity, Bibliotheca of the Hellenic Numismatic Society 8. Athens 2006. 238 σελ. (ελλ. κείμενο: σσ. 1-103/ αγγλ. μτφρ.: σσ. 127-213. 23 πίνακες). 13 γραφικές απεικονίσεις. 6 χάρτες. ISBN 978-960-87457-2-8. τιμή 55 ευρώ.

Emergency hoards concealed in mainland Greece during the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 253-268) and the Chaironeia/2001 ‘hoard’. Boeotia during the first half of the third cent. A.D. and the Herulians. The Chaironeia/2001 coin hoard, exhibited today in the Numismatic Collection of the Chaironeia Archaeological Museum, was found during a rescue excavation of a Roman farmhouse (villa rustica), 500 m. outside of modern Chaironeia. This hoard consists of 10 antoniniani issued either during the joined reign of Valerianus I – Gallienus (A.D. 253-260) or the sole reign of Gallienus (A.D. 260-268).The date of the latest coin, issued from 266 to the middle of 267 or to the beginning of A.D. 268, establishes either the date of hoard’s concealment or the date of farmhouse’s abandonment. The short space between the earliest and the latest coin of the hoard, 10-11 years, the almost good condition of the coins, and their small number suggests that the house’s owner concealed the money lest he suffer some danger, so that he could regain his money safely at a later date.Prompted by this small find an overview of the emergency hoards concealed in mainland Greece during the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 253-268) has been undertaken, so that conclusions concerning their geographical distribution, the quality, and the quantity of hoards can be deduced.When looking for reasons why a farmer would feel the need to hide his money, one possible explanation comes from the literary evidence. In Historia Augusta, Vita Gallieni 13.8, the Herulians are going through Boeotia and sacking villages and farms. Their course, in combination with the findspots of the emergency hoards and the scattered information collected from the partly preserved Itinerarium Antonini 325/6, of Diocletianus era, and Tabula Peutingeriana map, of the second half of the fourth century A.D., helps strengthen the argument that Boeotians had reason to hide their money until it was safe to go back to their homes.Finally, it is likely that the Herulian going through Boeotia is more than possible, since the German intruders eventually fled northwards to Epirus and Macedonia. The Chaironeia/2001 hoard constitutes one of a lost link in a chain of emergency hiding places deposited during the reign of Gallienus. To the unproved indication of Herulian presence in Lebadeia could be added now the more secure proof of Chaironeia, which is based on the heavier numismatic evidence. The fact that the Herulian troops were persecuted by the Roman legions could be a good reason for the absence of well-founded destruction remains throughout Boeotia.