Bibliographies thématiques / Number perception

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Number perception »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Fischer, Florence E., et Robert D. Beckey. « Beginning Kindergarteners' Perception of Number ». Perceptual and Motor Skills 70, no 2 (avril 1990) : 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.70.2.419.

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Viarouge, Arnaud, Edward M. Hubbard, Stanislas Dehaene et Jérôme Sackur. « Number Line Compression and the Illusory Perception of Random Numbers ». Experimental Psychology 57, no 6 (1 janvier 2010) : 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000055.

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Developmental studies indicate that children initially possess a compressed intuition of numerical distances, in which larger numbers are less discriminable than small ones. Education then “linearizes” this responding until by about age eight, children become able to map symbolic numerals onto a linear spatial scale. However, this illusion of compression of symbolic numerals may still exist in a dormant form in human adults and may be observed in appropriate experimental contexts. To investigate this issue, we asked adult participants to rate whether a random sequence of numbers contained too many small numbers or too many large ones. Participants exhibited a large bias, judging as random a geometric series that actually oversampled small numbers, consistent with a compression of large numbers. This illusion resisted training on a number-space mapping task, even though performance was linear on this task. While the illusion was moderately reduced by explicit exposure to linear sequences, responding was still significantly compressed. Thus, the illusion of compression is robust in this task, but linear and compressed responding can be exhibited in the same participants depending on the experimental context.
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Fischer, Martin H., Nele Warlop, Robin L. Hill et Wim Fias. « Oculomotor Bias Induced by Number Perception ». Experimental Psychology 51, no 2 (janvier 2004) : 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.2.91.

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Abstract. Previous research with manual response methods has found evidence for an association between numbers and space. The present study investigated whether eye movements also show this association. Eye movement responses were recorded from 15 healthy participants as they categorized the digits 0-9 as odd or even. Responses were initiated faster to the left in response to small digits and faster to the right in response to large digits. Movement amplitudes were not systematically affected by either number magnitude or parity. These results provide further evidence for a spatially oriented “mental number line”.
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Portley, Makayla, et Frank Durgin. « The second elbow in number perception ». Journal of Vision 17, no 10 (31 août 2017) : 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.1253.

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Fischer-Baum, Simon, Rachel Mis et Heather Dial. « Word deafness with preserved number word perception ». Cognitive Neuropsychology 35, no 8 (3 septembre 2018) : 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2018.1515734.

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O’Sullivan, Michael. « Number and Illusion : Representation and Numerosity Perception ». Topoi 36, no 2 (6 novembre 2014) : 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-014-9277-0.

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Clarkson, Marsha G., Rhonda L. Martin et Sheridan G. Miciek. « Infants' perception of pitch : Number of harmonics ». Infant Behavior and Development 19, no 2 (avril 1996) : 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90018-1.

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Badets, Arnaud, et Mauro Pesenti. « Creating number semantics through finger movement perception ». Cognition 115, no 1 (avril 2010) : 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.11.007.

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Amanat, Nasir, Ali Valinejadi, Younes Mehrifar et Mohsen Poursadeqiyan. « A Systematic Literature Review Protocol on Climate Change Perception Models ». Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 10, no 3 (1 juillet 2022) : 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.10.3.1254.

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The impacts of climate change can have many facets which are not directly felt. Climate change causes crucial political, economic, and social problems in our world. Inadequate public perceptions of climate change have resulted in little global response to climate change. This systematic review protocol examines existing perception models. First, we searched 3 databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar as a search engine for all documents on the topic words “climate change”, “risk perception”, and “model” and their synonyms in medical subject headings (MESH). All types of journal articles were assessed. No date and language limitations were applied. The articles were evaluated by two independent persons. The results show that in recent years, the number of studies on climate risk perception across countries has increased compared to the total number of scientific publications. In addition, the number of climate change risk perceptions was higher than in other models. Our findings showed that until now, no systematic review has been conducted for models, features, and components of climate change perception. This is the first comprehensive study to assess climate change risk perception models (CCRPM). This study presents climate change perception models.
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He, Lixia, Ke Zhou, Tiangang Zhou, Sheng He et Lin Chen. « Topology-defined units in numerosity perception ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no 41 (28 septembre 2015) : E5647—E5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512408112.

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What is a number? The number sense hypothesis suggests that numerosity is “a primary visual property” like color, contrast, or orientation. However, exactly what attribute of a stimulus is the primary visual property and determines numbers in the number sense? To verify the invariant nature of numerosity perception, we manipulated the numbers of items connected/enclosed in arbitrary and irregular forms while controlling for low-level features (e.g., orientation, color, and size). Subjects performed discrimination, estimation, and equality judgment tasks in a wide range of presentation durations and across small and large numbers. Results consistently show that connecting/enclosing items led to robust numerosity underestimation, with the extent of underestimation increasing monotonically with the number of connected/enclosed items. In contrast, grouping based on color similarity had no effect on numerosity judgment. We propose that numbers or the primitive units counted in numerosity perception are influenced by topological invariants, such as connectivity and the inside/outside relationship. Beyond the behavioral measures, neural tuning curves to numerosity in the intraparietal sulcus were obtained using functional MRI adaptation, and the tuning curves showed that numbers represented in the intraparietal sulcus were strongly influenced by topology.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Lunken, Eugene Jonah. « Is subitizing simply canonical pattern matching ». Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29426.

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McNamara, Andrew William. « Lateralization of speech perception and knowledge of number concepts in adolescents with Down syndrome ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63671.pdf.

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Swarner, Joyce Carroll. « Ordinal size scaling in preschool children ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184584.

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Young children are limited in their usage of comparative adjectives and ordinal numbers, typical ways of describing ordinal relationships. However, research in a number of areas suggests the possibility of a precursor level of ordinal concept. To facilitate the search for precursor ordinal skills, ordinal ability was defined in ordinal measurement terms. Only "greater than - less than," asymmetric judgements were required. Additionally, linguistic demands were reduced by using family-role terms as size designators. Experimental manipulations included variations in scale size and in the complexity level of ordinal conceptualization. Solution strategies based on "good form" and on "pairwise comparison" were precluded by using pictures of randomly placed objects which could not be manipulated by the child. Ninety-six 3-6 year old children pointed to "Daddy," "Mommy," "Big boy/girl," "Little boy/girl," and "Baby" when shown sets of 3 to 5 circles or squares which differed only in size. Tasks were of three types: Identification, mapping labels onto a single set of objects; Coordination, mapping labels onto two identical sets of objects in which corresponding "family members" are the same size; and Transposition, mapping labels onto two separate sets in which corresponding family members are of different sizes. Data were analyzed in an Age (3), by Scale Size (3), by Complexity Level (3), by Shape (2) mixed design ANOVA, and significant main effects were obtained for all variables. Tasks became more difficult with increases in scale size, and in complexity level. Square objects were slightly more difficult than circular, and older children were more proficient than younger ones. Post hoc tests generally supported the obtained main effects. Finer grained analysis using Latent Trait procedures supported the global ANOVA results, and supported the hypothesis that the end points of a scale are easier than the central positions. Response patterns indicated that errors were size-related, and suggested transitional levels of performance. The present study demonstrates that children as young as three can demonstrate a precursor ordinal concept when the task is framed in familiar terms and is placed in a context which is meaningful for them.
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Gemrich, Jan. « Development of perception of Google+ ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165073.

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The goal of this thesis is to introduce readers with the current state of the market of social networks in the Czech Republic with major focus on evolution of user perception of market rookie -- Google+ -- and with focus on success evaluation of marketing activities led to support this service. All this evaluation is done thanks to a research. The master thesis is split into 3 units, which gradually describe current perception of social networks, their definition and also the situation on the Czech market. After deeper description of Google+, the research is described. This research is led in order to allow obtaining data that would allow for comparison of situation before and after execution of above mentioned marketing activities executed during summer of 2012. Final unit of this paper focuses on the research data analysis in order to extract the evolution of awareness and of usage of compared social network and of course to offer very detailed look on Google+ itself and to offer the evaluation of efficiency of the marketing activities.
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Reutskaja, Elena. « Experiments on the role of the number of alternatives in choice ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7383.

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Whereas people are typically thought to be better off with more choices, large sets may lead to "choice paralysis". This thesis explores the processes underlying the choice from multiple alternatives in different settings. First, we propose that satisfaction is an inverted U-shaped function of the number of alternatives. This proposition is derived theoretically by considering the benefits and costs of different numbers of alternatives, and validated empirically. Second, we investigate the computational processes used to make choices from multiple alternatives under extreme time pressure using an eye-tracking technique. We find that choices are well-described by a sequential search model, in which people randomly fixate on items, measure their values, and choose the best item seen. Third, we study the neural bases of choice from multiple alternatives using fMRI. The results demonstrate that brain activity is modulated by the number of choice items and by the subjective choice experience of people.
Comúnmente, se piensa que es mejor para la gente tener más alternativas de elección. Sin embargo, grandes conjuntos pueden llevar a una "parálisis de elección". Esta tesis explora los procesos que guían la elección entre múltiples alternativas. Primero, proponemos teóricamente que la satisfacción, en función del número de alternativas (considerando los beneficios y costes de este) adopta una forma de U-invertida. Luego, lo comprobamos empíricamente. Segundo, investigamos los procesos utilizados para elegir entre múltiples alternativas, bajo extrema presión de tiempo, utilizando "eye-tracking". Encontramos que las elecciones son bien descritas por un modelo de búsqueda secuencial en el que la gente se fija en los artículos, mide sus valores y escoge el mejor visto. Tercero, estudiamos los fundamentos neuronales de elección de múltiples alternativas usando fMRI. Los resultados muestran que la actividad cerebral es modulada por el número de productos a elegir y por la experiencia subjetiva de elección.
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Martin, Benoît. « Magnitudes in the human brain : independent processing of time, space and number ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066417/document.

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Si vous voulez prendre votre train à l'heure, vous devez estimer à quelle distance se trouve la gare et combien de temps vous allez mettre pour y aller. Plusieurs études ont montré qu'il existe des interactions dans la perception de différentes dimensions. En 2003, Walsh a suggéré que le Temps, l'Espace et les Nombres faisaient partie d'un système de magnitudes commun qui serait localisé dans le cortex pariétal. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié l'existence d'un tel système. La manipulation de la magnitude de dimensions non-temporelles n'a pas interféré avec les jugements de durée. En revanche, l'estimation du nombre et de l'espace a été biaisée par le taux d'accumulation d'évidence sensorielle. Dans une première expérience nous avons cherché à savoir si un système de magnitudes basé sur des probabilités Bayesiennes nécessitait l'utilisation d'un " prior " unique, amodal, ou alors nécessitait plusieurs " priors ". D'un point de vue Bayesien, nos résultats indiquent que l'estimation de différentes dimensions requiert plusieurs " priors ", ce qui ne supporte pas l'existence d'un système de magnitude commun. Pour étudier l'effet du nombre sur l'estimation de la durée, nous avons effectué une seconde étude dans laquelle les participants devaient reproduire des intervalles de temps et également juger la valeur numérique du stimulus visuel. Les résultats ont montré que l'interaction temps-nombre dépend essentiellement du format numérique utilisé (symbolique ou non symbolique). Ces résultats suggèrent que la magnitude numérique est automatiquement traitée alors que des ressources attentionnelles sont requises lorsque l'information numérique est présentée symboliquement
If you want to catch your train on time you have to estimate how far the station is from your current position and how long it will take you to go there. A growing body of evidence suggests that interferences may exist in the perception of different magnitude dimensions. These relationships fascinate researchers for decades and led Walsh (2003) to hypothesize that Time, Space and Number were part of a generalized magnitude system which may be located in the parietal cortex. In this thesis, we first investigated the possible existence of such system. Manipulating non-temporal magnitude dimensions did not interfere with duration judgments. Instead, numerical and spatial estimates were biased when we manipulated the rate of accumulation of sensory evidence. In this first experiment we asked whether a generalized Bayesian magnitude estimation system would sample evidence using a common, amodal prior, as expected by a generalized magnitude system. Our results suggested that from a Bayesian perspective, computations would necessitate multiple priors. This work provides substantial evidence against the existence of a generalized magnitude system. To further investigate interferences of numerical magnitude on perceived duration, we built a second experiment in which participants were required to reproduce intervals of time and also judge the numerical magnitude of the stimulus. Our results revealed that the number-time interaction depended on the numerical format that was used. Our work suggests that the numerical magnitude is automatically processed at a non-symbolic level whereas it requires attentional resources when numerical information is symbolically conveyed
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Russell, Kelly A. « Children's prenumerical quantification of time ». Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/russell.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008.
Additional advisors: Jerry Aldridge, Lois Christensen, Lynn Kirkland, Maryann Manning. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 7, 2008; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).
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Richmond, Janet E. « School aged children : Visual perception and reversal recognition of letters and numbers separately and in context ». Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/128.

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Visual discrimination, spatial orientation, and recognition of letters and numbers in context are important issues in helping young students achieve good literacy and numeracy standards. Thus, measures of Visual Discrimination of Upper Case Letters (VDUCL), Visual Discrimination of Lower Case Letters (VDLCL), and Visual Discrimination of Numbers (VDN) as well as Spatial Orientation of Letter and Number Pairs (SOLNP), Form Constancy of Letters and Numbers (FCLNP), Letter and Number Sequencing (LNS), Figure Ground of Letters in Words FGLW) and Figure Ground Numbers in Calculations (FGNC) must be linear and uni-dimensional so that student weaknesses can be identified objectively. The Simple Logistic Model of Rasch Measurement was used to order the items on a scale from easy to difficult and the student measures were calibrated on the same scale from low to high. In each scale, items were scored zero (for incorrect) and one (for correct). The student sample N=324 used in this study included pre-primary and primary students in Perth, Western Australia. The initial data were adjusted so that items which displayed misfit statistics were removed from each scale prior to final analysis. The final VDUCL scale (18 items), VDLCL scale (31 items), and VDN scale (14 items) each had a good fit to the measurement model, and were internally reliable. In each scale, there was good agreement about the item difficulties from easy to hard along the scale. Item discrimination and targeting was good. The scales allow teachers to objectively identify the letters and numbers that students find difficult to discriminate and those students who have poor visual discrimination skills of alphabet letters and numbers so that tailored teaching can be applied to those in need.
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Belelie, Cindylou. « The relationship of SOC to well-being and its effect on the perception of a selected number of work characteristics ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53675.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many Black nurses who originally come from previously disadvantaged communities find themselves at present in relatively senior positions. The reality is, however, that many of these employees are still residing in residential areas where transformation and changes are still very limited and progress hardly noticeable. Such employees experience the stressful world of nursing on the one hand while on the other hand they also have to battle with the realities of the legacy of Apartheid. These may include aspects such as financial burdens, long distances from work, poor public transport, high crime rates in their communities and schools that are yet to improve standards. There are still Black South Africans, amongst them Black nursing sisters, who have to battle with these problems daily, in addition to having to cope with occupational stressors. One would assume then that they may be experiencing a large degree of strain and burnout. This research was therefore concerned with those nurses who remain productive and efficient in their work by overcoming constant occupational and non-occupational demands and stressors. Not all nurses, however, experience ill health due to stressors. There are nurses who do cope well. Two research questions were investigated with reference to the above: (a) Why some Black nursing sisters appear to cope better than others; and (b) What the role of Sense of Coherence (SOC) is as a coping resource. The study therefore investigated the statistical relationship between (a) SOC and well-being and (b) the effect that SOC has on the perception of a selected number of work characteristics. Significant Pearson Correlations were found between SOC and psychosomatic strain symptoms and burnout frequency. No significant relationship was found between SOC and burnout intensity. A significant relationship was found between SOC and work demands, as well as SOC and career rewards. Findings further indicate that no significant relationship was found between organisational climate, leadership relations, influence at work, time pressures and adverse factors in the work environment. Two-way ANOVAs indicate that no significant main effect exists in respect of SOC on psychosomatic strain symptoms. The study also indicates that a significant main effect exists for SOC on burnout frequency, whereas no significant main effect exists for SOC on burnout intensity. No significant interaction effect exists between SOC and age on psychosomatic strain symptoms, burnout frequency and burnout intensity. A significant interaction effect exists between SOC and education level on burnout intensity, while there is no significant interaction effect between SOC and educational level on psychosomatic strain symptoms and burnout frequency. A significant main effect exists for SOC on the perception of leadership relations, influence at work and career rewards. Findings further indicate that no significant main effect exists for SOC on the perception of: orgnisational climate, time pressures, work demands and adverse factors in the work environment. No significant interaction effect exists between SOC and age on the perception of organisational climate, influence at work, work demands, time pressures, career rewards, leadership relations and adverse factors in the work environment. Results indicate that no significant interaction effect exists between SOC and educational level on the perception of organisational climate, influence at work, work demands, time pressures, career rewards, leadership relations and adverse factors in the work environment. The results thus indicate that a positive correlation exists between SOC and wellbeing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Talle verpleegters uit voorheen benadeelde gebiede, bevind hulself huidiglik in relatiewe senior posisies. Die werklikheid is egter dat hierdie werknemers nog steeds onder andere in woongebiede bly waar transformasie en verandering gering is en algemene vordering nie waarneembaar is nie. Hierdie werknemers ondervind die stresvolle omstandighede van verpleging eendersyds en andersyds voer hulle 'n stryd teen die nalatenskap van apartheid. Dit kan aspekte soos finansiele probleme, lang afstande van hul werkplek, publieke vervoer, hoë misdaadsyfers in hul gemeenskappe asook skole waar die opvoedkundige standaarde nog aangespreek moet word, insluit. Daar is nog talle Swart Suid-Afrikaners, Swart verpleegsusters onder andere wat daagliks met hierdie probleme die stryd voer met 'n langsame veranderingsproses, terwyl hulle ook met talle stressors in hul beroepe te make het. Dit kan dus aanvaar word dat hierdie persone 'n groot mate van stres en uitbranding ondervind. Hierdie navorsing het te make met daardie groep verpleegsters wat produktief en bekwaam in hul werk bly funksioneer het, weens die feit dat hulle hierdie voordurende beroeps-en nie-beroeps vereistes en stressors suksesvol die hoof kan bied. Nie al die verpleegsters se geestegesondheid word dus deur genoemde stresfaktore benadeel nie en kan deurgaans effektief funksioneer. Twee navorsings-vraagstukke is met betrekking tot bogenoemde Suid-Afrikaanse realiteit ondersoek: (a) Waarom sommige Swart verpleegsusters die stressors in hul beroeps-en lewensomstandighede beter as ander hanteer en (b) Watter rol speel koherensiebelewing ("SOC") as enstreshantering meganisme. Die studie het (a) die verhouding tussen koherensiebelewing en werknemer welsyn en (b) die rol van koherensiebelewing ("SOC") as enmeganisme vir die hantering van stres, nagevors. Beduidende Pearson Korrelasies tussen koherensiebelewing, psigosomatiese stressimptome en die frekwensie van uitbranding is gevind. Geen beduidende verband is tussen koherensiebelewing, werkseise en loopbaanbelonings gevind nie. Die resultate dui verder aan dat daar geen beduidende verband tussen organisatoriese klimaat, leierskap verhoudings, invloed by die werk, tydsdruk, en nadelige faktore in die werksomgewing bestaan nie. Twee-rigting variansie ontledings dui egter aan dat daar geen beduidende hoof effek tussen koherensiebelewing en psigosomatiese stressimptome bestaan nie. Die studie dui ook op 'n beduidende hoof effek tussen koherensiebelewing en die frekwensie van uitbranding. Geen beduidende hoof effek is tussen koherensiebelewing en uitbranding intensiteit gevind. Geen beduidende interaksie effek bestaan tussen koherensiebelewing en ouderdom op psigomatiese stressimptome, frekwensie van uitbrandiqg en uitbrandings intensiteit nie. 'n Beduidende interaksie effek bestaan tussen koherensiebelewing en opvoedkundige kwalifikasie op uitbranding intensiteit, terwyl daar geen interaksie effek bestaan tussen psigomatiese stressimptome en frekwensie van uitbranding nie. 'n Beduidende hoof effek ten opsigte van koherensiebelewing op die persepsie van leierskap-verhoudings, invloede by die werk, en loopbaanbelonings is gevind. Die navorsing dui verder daarop dat geen betekenisvolle hoof effek bestaan ten opsigte van koherensiebelewing op die persepsie van organisatoriese klimaat, tydsdruk, werksvereistes en nadelige faktore in die werksomgewing nie. 'n Statisties beduidende hoof effek ten opsigte van koherensiebelewing op die persepsie van leierskap-verhoudings, invloede by die werk, en loopbaanbelonings, bestaan. Geen beduidende interaksie effek bestaan tussen koherensiebelewing en ouderdom op die persepsie van organisatoriese klimaat, invloed by die werk, werkseise, tydsdruk, loopbaanbelonings, leierskap-verhoudings en nadelige faktore in die werksomgewing nie. Resultate toon geen statisties beduidende interaksie effek tussen koherensiebelewing en opvoedkundige kwalifikasie op die persepsie van organisatoriese klimaat, invloede by die werk, werkseise, tydsdruk, loopbaanbelonings, leierskap-verhoudings en nadelige faktore by die werk nie. Die resultate dui derhalwe op 'n positiewe verband tussen koheresensiebelewing en werknemerwelstand.
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Samson, Duncan Alistair. « An analysis of the influence of question design on pupils' approaches to number pattern generalisation tasks ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003302.

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This study is based on a qualitative investigation framed within an interpretive paradigm, and aims to investigate the extent to which question design affects the solution strategies adopted by children when solving linear number pattern generalisation tasks presented in pictorial and numeric contexts. The research tool comprised a series of 22 pencil and paper exercises based on linear generalisation tasks set in both numeric and 2-dimensional pictorial contexts. The responses to these linear generalisation questions were classified by means of stage descriptors as well as stage modifiers. The method or strategy adopted was carefully analysed and classified into one of seven categories. A meta-analysis focused on the formula derived for the nth term in conjunction with its justification. The process of justification proved to be a critical factor in being able to accurately interpret the origin of the sub-structure evident in many of these responses. From a theoretical perspective, the central role of justification/proof within the context of this study is seen as communication of mathematical understanding, and the process of justification/proof proved to be highly successful in providing a window of understanding into each pupil’s cognitive reasoning. The results of this study strongly support the notion that question design can play a critical role in influencing pupils’ choice of strategy and level of attainment when solving pattern generalisation tasks. Furthermore, this study identified a diverse range of visually motivated strategies and mechanisms of visualisation. An awareness and appreciation for such a diversity of visualisation strategies, as well as an understanding of the importance of appropriate question design, has direct pedagogical application within the context of the mathematics classroom.
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Livres sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Time, space, and number in physics and psychology. Cornwall, NY : Sloan Pub., 2008.

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Steve, Mills, dir. Developing numeracy : Numbers and the number system : activities for the daily maths lesson. London : A. & C. Black, 2000.

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Michael, Stadter, et Scharff David E. 1941-, dir. Dimensions of psychotherapy, dimensions of experience : Time, space, number, and state of mind. New York, NY : Routledge, 2005.

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4

Charman, Andy. Monster school : Colours, shapes and opposites, early learning made fun. Redfern, N.S.W : Koala Book Co., 1995.

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White, Robert Arthur. A measure of the effects of a movable number system upon the perception and vocal performance of non-tonal music. Ann Arbor, Michigan : University Microfilms International, 1985.

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Eric, Hill. Spot's big book of colors, shapes and numbers = : El libro grande de Spot : colores, formas y numeros. New York City : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1994.

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Sue, Brisby Linda, dir. Patterns and functions : Kindergarten through grade nine. Solvang, CA : Hands On, Inc., 1990.

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Sue, Brisby Linda, dir. A "Hands on" approach to teaching... geometry. Solvang, Calif : Hands On, 1989.

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In the garden : Comparing numbers. Huntington Beach, CA : Teacher Created Materials, 2011.

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Hooked on math : Pre-K numbers. Danbury, CT] : Sandviks HOP, Inc., 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Meyers, John E. « Fingertip Number-Writing Perception ». Dans Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1052. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_180.

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Meyers, John E. « Fingertip Number-Writing Perception ». Dans Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–2. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_180-2.

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Meyers, John E. « Fingertip Number-Writing Perception ». Dans Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1437–38. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_180.

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Staves, Les. « Subitising – connecting perception with number ». Dans Very Special Maths, 185–93. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. Identifiers : LCCN 2018009734 (print) | LCCN 2018016944 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315638348 (eb) | ISBN 9781138195516 (hb) | ISBN 9781138195530 (pb) : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315638348-33.

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Matthews, Percival G., et Ryan Ziols. « What’s Perception Got To Do with It ? Re-framing Foundations for Rational Number Concepts ». Dans Constructing Number, 213–35. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00491-0_10.

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Barbier-Brygoo, H., G. Ephritikhine, D. Klämbt et J. Guern. « The Sensitivity of Plant Protoplasts to Auxin is Likely Modulated by the Number of Receptors at the Plasmalemma ». Dans Signal Perception and Transduction in Higher Plants, 1–11. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83974-0_1.

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Maharani, Ester Ike, Amrin Fauzi et Sugih Arto Pujangkoro. « Analysis of Brand Image, Taste Variation, Price Perception and Promotion on Purchase Decision and Their Effect on Consumer Loyalty ». Dans Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 955–65. Dordrecht : Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_119.

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AbstractThis research was conducted in Medan, Tanjung Morawa, Kabanjahe, Tebing Tinggi, Pematang Siantar, Rantau Parapat, Padang Sidempuan, Tanjung Pura, Balige, Sibolga and Kisaran. This research’s problem was that the company has carried out various activities such as promotions, increasing the number of flavors, and decreasing prices using discounts and promotions on social media to increase sales. However, sales of Oreo Mini products have not increased. This study aims to analyze how brand image, taste variation, price perception, and promotion influence purchase decisions and the influence of purchase decision as a mediator on consumer loyalty to buy Oreo mini biscuits in North Sumatra. This study is quantitative research. The population in this study were all consumers of Oreo mini products in North Sumatra. The sample size in this study was 161 respondents. This research used SmartPLS (Partial Least Square) software to analyze the data. This research concludes that brand image, taste variation, price perception, and promotion positively and significantly affect customer loyalty. Brand image, taste variation, price perception, and promotion indirectly affect loyalty through purchase decisions.
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Hummel, Emilie, Claudio Pacchierotti, Valérie Gouranton, Ronan Gaugne, Theophane Nicolas et Anatole Lécuyer. « Haptic Rattle : Multi-modal Rendering of Virtual Objects Inside a Hollow Container ». Dans Haptics : Science, Technology, Applications, 189–97. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06249-0_22.

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AbstractThe sense of touch plays a strong role in the perception of the properties and characteristics of hollow objects. The action of shaking a hollow container to get an insight of its content is a natural and common interaction. In this paper, we present a multi-modal rendering approach for the simulation of virtual moving objects inside a hollow container, based on the combination of haptic and audio cues generated by voice-coils actuators and high-fidelity headphones, respectively. We conducted a user study. Thirty participants were asked to interact with a target cylindrical hollow object and estimate the number of moving objects inside, relying on haptic feedback only, audio feedback only, or a combination of both. Results indicate that the combination of various senses is important in the perception of the content of a container.
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Winkle, Thomas. « Analysis of Poor Visibility Real-World Test Scenarios ». Dans Product Development within Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Legal Risk, 45–66. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34293-7_3.

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AbstractProduct development involving Artificial Intelligence, ethics and legal risks using the example of safe autonomous vehicles involves a number of challenges. These include dealing with complex traffic situations and reliable image recognition under difficult light and weather conditions, such as rain, snow, backlight, wet road surface, spray/splashing water, icing/contamination of windshield/sensors or road markings that are only partially visible. In order to develop and validate automated vehicles with reasonable expenditure, a first area-wide analysis based on 1.28 million police accident reports was conducted including all police reports in Saxony over 10 years concerning bad weather conditions.Based on this large database, 374 accidents were found with regard to perception limitations for the detailed investigation. These traffic scenarios are relevant for automated driving. They will form a key aspect for future development, validation and testing of machine perception including Artificial Intelligence within automated driving functions.
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Hsu, C. J., M. J. Horng et Q. J. Fu. « Effects of the Number of Active Electrodes on Tone and Speech Perception by Nucleus 22 Cochlear Implant Users with SPEAK Strategy ». Dans Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 257–59. Basel : KARGER, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059122.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Bonny, Justin W. « Hand Movement Enhances 3D Non-symbolic Number Perception ». Dans TechMindSociety '18 : Technology, Mind, and Society. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3183654.3183676.

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Sharma, Pritika Kumari, Akansha Pio Britto, Nidhi Aggarwal et Barry Hughes. « Raised dot number perception (subitizing?) via haptic exploration* ». Dans 2019 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whc.2019.8816152.

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Pineda, Angel R., Hope Miedema, Melissa Brenner et Sana Altaf. « Reducing the number of reconstructions needed for estimating channelized observer performance ». Dans Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, sous la direction de Robert M. Nishikawa et Frank W. Samuelson. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2293745.

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Rahman, A., D. Pellerin et D. Houzet. « Face perception : Influence of location and number in videos ». Dans 2012 13th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiamis.2012.6226779.

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Lauer, Christoph, Thomas Herpel, Reinhard German et Jens Pollmer. « Bounding the number of relevant objects in automotive environment perception systems ». Dans 2009 Sixth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inss.2009.5409928.

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Aksu, Muharrem, Ali Rıza Aktaş, Onur Oku et Faruk Kerem Şentürk. « Analysis of Security Perceptions of Foreign Tourists : The Case of Alanya ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00759.

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High risk perception of the tourists affects tourism demand and causes serious declines in the number of tourists to destinations. With this respect, data collected from 500 randomly chosen foreign tourists were analyzed in order to identify their safety perception levels of Alanya town center and in which circumstances and places they have risk perceptions. Factors such as country of origin (nationality), gender, age, travel companion, education level, and duration of stay were tested in order to find out if they have an effect on safety/risk perceptions. Analysis included frequency tables and chi-squared tests. According to the main findings, majority of foreign tourists visiting Alanya find the destination safe (90,6%). There were significant differences in tourists’ perception of risk and safety among issues like traffic and criminal cases such as theft, purse-snatching, sexual harassment, crimes. Additionally, correlation was detected between one of the factors affecting risk perception, -gender and risk types such as -going out at nights, theft and sexual harassment; and foreign tourists’ showed different risk perceptions according to their gender.
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Cannon, Mark W., et Steven C. Fullenkamp. « Contrast perception and stimulus size ». Dans OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.wt1.

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Several studies have demonstrated the fact that suprathreshold contrast perception for sine wave gratings is relatively independent of the number of stimulus cycles. However, only two studies have investigated perceived contrast for patterns as small as one or two cycles and these produced conflicting results. One study found a decrease in the apparent contrast of suprathreshold sine wave gratings for gratings less than two cycles in width. The other study found no change in apparent contrast as the number of cycles was reduced below two. The type of model often proposed for contrast perception, based on independent receptive field mechanisms with antagonistic surrounds, would predict a reduction in perceived contrast as the number of stimulus cycles approaches one. Thus, the difference in these results has important implications for the structure of visual models.
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Heuft, Barbara, et Thomas Portele. « Production and perception of words with identical segmental structure but different number of syllables ». Dans 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994). ISCA : ISCA, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-104.

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Amano, Shigeaki. « Perception of time-compressed/expanded Japanese words depends on the number of perceived phonemes ». Dans 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994). ISCA : ISCA, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-368.

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Ekşi, İbrahim Halil, et Yavuz Akçi. « An Analysis of Differences in Firms’ Perception of Banks based on Sectors and Number of Monthly Transactions ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00284.

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In this study, it was aimed to put forward the perception differences of banks, one of the most important tool of the capital market which is a political tool to develop financial improvement on owners and managers of firms. The data was collected by means of face to face meetings with the managers of 520 companies from manufacturing, trading and service sectors, randomly selected from Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep provinces. The relationship between the perception of banking services and the number of monthly transactions and provinces with the banks with which their firms have business activities was studied by analyzing the collected data and doing the frequency, percentage and ANOVA tests. According to the results of the analysis, even though there was no difference in terms of sectors, there was seen an important difference in terms of the number of monthly transactions and provinces. The satisfaction of different products and services for the firms having relatively fewer number of monthly transactions is also crucial today, when the customer satisfaction is of great importance.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Number perception"

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Datta, Sandip, et Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India : An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.
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Ripey, Mariya. NUMBERS IN THE NEWS TEXT (BASED ON MATERIAL OF ONE ISSUE OF NATIONWIDE NEWSPAPER “DAY”). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11106.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the digital content of publications of one issue of the daily All-Ukrainian newspaper “Den” (March 13-14, 2020). The author aims to identify the main thematic groups of digital designations, as well as to consider cases of justified and unsuccessful use of digital designations. Applying the content analysis method, the author identifies publications that contain numerical notations, determines the number of such notations and their affiliation with the main subject groups. Finds that the thematic group of digital designations “time” (58.6% of all digital designations) is much more dominant. This indicates that timing is the most important task of a newspaper text. The second largest group of digital designations is “measure” (15.8% of all digital designations). It covers dimensions and proportions, measurements of distance, weight, volume, and more. The third largest group of digital signage is money (8.2% of all digital signage), the fourth is numbering (5.2% of all digital signage), and the fifth is people (4.4% of all digital signage). The author focuses on the fact that the digits of the journalist’s text are both a source of information and a catch for the reader. Vivid indicators give the text a sense of accuracy. When referring digital data to the text, journalists must adhere to certain rules for the writing of ordinal numbers with incremental graduation; submission of dates; pointing to unique integers that are combined (or not combined) with units of physical quantities, monetary units, etc.; writing a numerator at the beginning of a sentence; unified presentation of data. This will greatly facilitate the reader’s perception of the information.
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Houseman, Susan N., Timothy J. Bartik et Timothy J. Sturgeon. Measuring Manufacturing : How the Computer and Semiconductor Industries Affect the Numbers and Perceptions. W.E. Upjohn Institute, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp14-209.

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Tyshchenko, Yelyzaveta Yu, et Andrii M. Striuk. Актуальність розробки моделі адаптивного навчання. [б. в.], décembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2889.

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The learning process can be made most effective by transferring the educational process to the electronic environment. Thanks to adaptive testing, the accuracy, quality, reliability of training and student interest are enhanced, which allows him to be more motivated. This is a new approach for the student to master most of the information. The introduction of an adaptive testing system ensures the improvement of student learning performance. From the proper organization of the control of knowledge depends on the effectiveness of the educational process. Adaptive testing involves changing the sequence of tasks in the testing process itself, taking into account the answers to the tasks already received. In the process of passing the test, a personality model is built that learns for later use in selecting the following testing tasks, depending on the level of knowledge of the student and his individual characteristics. When calculating the assessment, the adaptive testing system takes into account the probability that the student can guess the answer, the number of attempts to pass the test and the average result achieved during all attempts. The complex of tasks for adaptive testing can be developed taking into account a separate type of perception of information by each student, that is, the student is offered tasks that he is able to cope with and which are interesting for him, which means he is more confident in his abilities and aims at successful completion of the course.
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Bécu, V., A.-A. Sappin et S. Larmagnat. User-friendly toolkits for geoscientists : how to bring geology experts to the public. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331220.

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A growing number of countries are committed toreduce their carbon emissions and are transitioning towards renewable and clean energy sources, leading to an in crease in demand formetals and minerals. This is especially the case for a short list of what are called "critical minerals" which are considered essential to economic development, including the transition to a low-carbon economy and national security. There liability of their supply chain raises concerns considering geological scarcity, difficulty to extract and/or political factors influencing their availability. At the same time, public awareness and perception of geoscience are eroding and there is more and more reluctance towards mining projects, even from traditionally favourable communities. To face this challenge, promote public interest and outline the contribution of geological science to society, geoscientists of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC-Québec) have designed and put together a portable display that includes a suite of mineral and metal samples considered critical for the sustainable success of Canada's transition towards a clean and digital economy. The display is a user-friendly toolkit that can be used by any GSC geoscientists during outreach activities, in classrooms as well as during public open houses. It comes with straightforward pedagogic material and content, along with presentation scenarios. To broaden and adapt the workshops to specific expectations, additional toolkits were developed and all are contained within easy to carry travel cases. These cover a variety of topics and can be presented as stand-alone displays or be used complementary to one another. For example, the "Mines and minerals" collection may serve as a supplement to the "Critical minerals" display to present every day objects in which minerals are used as well as ores amples from active mines to illustrate the intertwining between mining activities and our everyday lives. Another display covers the ever-popular fossils thematic with the "Sedimentary rocks and fossils" collection and gives an opportunity to address key geoscience themes such as life evolution and biological crisis along with groundwater reservoirs and resources. The "Magmatic rocks" display touches on the formation of rocks from magmas, the different types and active processes of volcanoes, and discusses the risks and benefits related to volcanic activity. Hopefully, these four ready-to-use portable displays will encourage more GSC geoscientists to engage in public oriented activities to make geosciences more accessible, change perceptions and offer an overall tangible scientific experience for people.
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch et Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture : The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Kirichek, Galina, Vladyslav Harkusha, Artur Timenko et Nataliia Kulykovska. System for detecting network anomalies using a hybrid of an uncontrolled and controlled neural network. [б. в.], février 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3743.

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In this article realization method of attacks and anomalies detection with the use of training of ordinary and attacking packages, respectively. The method that was used to teach an attack on is a combination of an uncontrollable and controlled neural network. In an uncontrolled network, attacks are classified in smaller categories, taking into account their features and using the self- organized map. To manage clusters, a neural network based on back-propagation method used. We use PyBrain as the main framework for designing, developing and learning perceptron data. This framework has a sufficient number of solutions and algorithms for training, designing and testing various types of neural networks. Software architecture is presented using a procedural-object approach. Because there is no need to save intermediate result of the program (after learning entire perceptron is stored in the file), all the progress of learning is stored in the normal files on hard disk.
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Reynolds, Christian, Susan Moore, Philipa Denton, Ross Jones, Cicely Abdy Collins, Charlotte Droulers, Libby Oakden et al. A rapid evidence assessment of UK citizen and industry understandings of sustainability. Food Standards Agency, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ihr753.

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The main research question addressed is: What does sustainability mean to UK citizens when it comes to food and diet? The report addresses the following secondary questions: How does the UK academic literature define sustainability, ‘sustainable food’ and ‘sustainable diet’? How do citizens’ perceptions compare to the academic definition? What does sustainability mean to industry when it comes to food and diet? A number of sub-questions and themes were explored to answer the main research question, such as understanding and importance of sustainability and its impact on food choices, trade-offs, drivers and barriers to sustainable food choices and differences across demographic groups
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Arhin, Stephen, Babin Manandhar, Hamdiat Baba Adam et Adam Gatiba. Predicting Bus Travel Times in Washington, DC Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Mineta Transportation Institute, avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1943.

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Washington, DC is ranked second among cities in terms of highest public transit commuters in the United States, with approximately 9% of the working population using the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metrobuses to commute. Deducing accurate travel times of these metrobuses is an important task for transit authorities to provide reliable service to its patrons. This study, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), developed prediction models for transit buses to assist decision-makers to improve service quality and patronage. For this study, we used six months of Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) and Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) data for six Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) bus routes operating in Washington, DC. We developed regression models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for predicting travel times of buses for different peak periods (AM, Mid-Day and PM). Our analysis included variables such as number of served bus stops, length of route between bus stops, average number of passengers in the bus, average dwell time of buses, and number of intersections between bus stops. We obtained ANN models for travel times by using approximation technique incorporating two separate algorithms: Quasi-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt. The training strategy for neural network models involved feed forward and errorback processes that minimized the generated errors. We also evaluated the models with a Comparison of the Normalized Squared Errors (NSE). From the results, we observed that the travel times of buses and the dwell times at bus stops generally increased over time of the day. We gathered travel time equations for buses for the AM, Mid-Day and PM Peaks. The lowest NSE for the AM, Mid-Day and PM Peak periods corresponded to training processes using Quasi-Newton algorithm, which had 3, 2 and 5 perceptron layers, respectively. These prediction models could be adapted by transit agencies to provide the patrons with accurate travel time information at bus stops or online.
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Ravindran, T. K. Sundari. A study of user perspectives on the diaphragm in an urban Indian setting. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1032.

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This study attempted to examine user perspectives regarding the desirability of the diaphragm as a contraceptive method when included among other methods distributed freely through a family planning (FP) clinic. It sought to introduce on an experimental basis, the diaphragm into an ongoing and well-established FP clinic to increase contraceptive choice. This was primarily a qualitative study aimed at understanding women's perceptions about the risks and benefits, the reasons for use of the diaphragm, and the practical difficulties of using it effectively. It also studied the influence of service delivery factors in acceptance of this method. The study was part of a larger project of the Gender, Reproductive Health, and Population Policies research program. Information dissemination on diaphragms and other contraceptive methods was part of a comprehensive community outreach program on reproductive health education. Based on the information provided and use of the diaphragm over a month women perceived the key advantages to be the absence of side effects and the facility of need-based use. In addition, as this report notes, the diaphragm answered the needs of women who wished to space as well those who wished to limit the number of children.
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