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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Number handwriting »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Number handwriting"

CHA, SUNG-HYUK, CHARLES C. TAPPERT, MICHAEL GIBBONS et YI-MIN CHEE. « AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF HANDWRITING FORGERY USING A FRACTAL NUMBER ESTIMATE OF WRINKLINESS ». International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 18, n^o 07 (novembre 2004) : 1361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001404003642.

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We investigate the detection of handwriting forged by novices. To facilitate document examination it is important to develop an automated system to identify forgeries, or at least to identify those handwritings that are likely to be forged. Because forgers often carefully copy or trace genuine handwriting, we hypothesize that good forgeries — those that retain the shape and size of genuine writing — are usually written more slowly and are therefore wrinklier (less smooth) than genuine writing. From online handwriting samples we find that the writing speed of the good forgeries is significantly slower than that of the genuine writings. From corresponding offline samples we find that the wrinkliness of the good forgeries is significantly greater than that of the genuine writings, showing that this feature can help identify candidate forgeries from scanned documents. Using a total of eight handwriting distance features, including the wrinkliness feature, we train a neural network to achieved 89% accuracy on detecting forged handwriting on test samples from ten writers.

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Gupta, Shruti, Rakesh K. Garg et Surinder Nath. « Assessment of natural variations in letter formations incorporating master pattern of handwriting ». Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 44 (29 décembre 2017) : 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.44.6.

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Handwriting is made up of countless habitual patterns. An individual’s handwriting is made up of a complexity of habitual patterns that are repeated within a typical range of variation around the model patterns. The muscle coordination of these and perceptions of how an individual sense form helps each one to develop one’s own Master Pattern of writing. A total number of 540 60 samples from each age group — 30 samples each from males & females, has been collected from 9 different age groups. Three handwriting samples — two in present handwriting with a gap of 5–10 minutes between the two handwritings and one old or past handwriting sample collected from each individual gap ranged from 2–33 years between present and old handwritings.With the due effect of the findings gathered from the present investigation the cases lacking in contemporary handwritings can be undertaken with ease by taking into account the letters — ‘f, y, r and i’ which have a major effect of natural variations on them which in turn makes them unreliable and should be avoided in the process of comparison as well as while forming an opinion.

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Coradinho, Helena, Filipe Melo, Gabriela Almeida, Guida Veiga, José Marmeleira, Hans-Leo Teulings et Ana Rita Matias. « Relationship between Product and Process Characteristics of Handwriting Skills of Children in the Second Grade of Elementary School ». Children 10, n^o 3 (24 février 2023) : 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10030445.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the quality and speed of handwriting and the process characteristics of the handwriting of children in the second grade of elementary school considered as a function of age and gender. A sample of 57 children (mean age 7.25 years, SD 0.43) participated in the study. The Concise Assessment Method for Children’s Handwriting (BHK) was used to assess the quality and speed of handwriting. The characteristics of the process of handwriting were assessed using MovAlyzeR® software. The handwriting of boys showed a significantly greater number of strokes and slanted more to the right than the handwriting of girls. Handwriting quality and speed significantly correlated with several process characteristics: the number of strokes, reaction time, duration, relative pen-down duration, average pen pressure, vertical size, horizontal size, road length, and average absolute velocity. This research contributes to the construction of normative values in the process characteristics of the handwriting of elementary school children and provides a promising step towards the early identification of difficulties that can lead to dysgraphia, thus preventing later difficulties in handwriting.

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Dziechciaruk, Janusz. « Reflections on the nature of individuality in the process of identifying handwriting and signatures ». Problems of Forensic Sciences, n^o 125 (2021) : 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12307483pfs.20.002.14782.

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The fundamental principle of identification, based on the condition that there is a unique combination of independent discriminating elements in handwriting, is analysed. The results of experiments conducted on distorted handwriting suggest that there may only be one handwriting habit that is responsible for the individuality of handwriting. By analysing disguised and simulated signatures and applying the isochrony principle, it seems reasonable to conclude that the mutual interaction between the speed of writing and the curvature of a graphic line is the only habit, and the quality of a graphic line the only feature responsible for the individuality of handwriting. The article introduces a number of ideas for evaluating the quality of a graphic line during handwriting examination, and a number of new opportunities for research into biometric electronic signatures.

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Lopez, C., A. Cannafarina et L. Vaivre-Douret. « Validity of kinematics measures to assess handwriting development and disorders with a graphomotor task ». European Psychiatry 64, S1 (avril 2021) : S212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.564.

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IntroductionHandwriting disorder is considered to be one of the major public health problems among school-aged children worldwide. All the scales in the literature use handwriting tasks but it could be interesting to investigate a more accurate assessment of handwriting difficulties before the development and acquisition of handwriting as such.ObjectivesThe objective of our study is to examine the validity of a prescriptural task consisting of copying a line of cycloid loops in the diagnosis of handwriting disorders.Methods 35 children with handwriting disabilities and 331 typically developing right-handed children in primary school, aged 6-11 years old, were included in the study. They performed a copy of a line of cycloid loops, in an ecological setting, with a paper sheet put on the table. The kinematic measures were recorded with a digital pen. A Receiver Operating Characteristic method (ROC curve) was used to determine whether the loops line copy may be a sensitive test to diagnose handwriting disorders.Results Six kinematic variables recorded during the prescriptural task were found to be relevant markers of handwriting disorders with a sensibility between 0.743 and 0.880: strokes number, total and effective drawing time, in-air pauses times, loops number, number of peaks velocity.ConclusionsThe graphomotor task of copying a line of cycloid loops showed a good sensitivity to diagnose handwriting disorders and appeared to be a good predictor test, more particularly with the variables reflecting the strokes temporal organization.Drawing loops is a rapid graphomotor task, useful for exploring prerequisites of handwriting in screening for handwriting disorders.

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POTKONJAK, VELJKO. « ROBOTIC HANDWRITING ». International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 02, n^o 01 (mars 2005) : 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021984360500034x.

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Handwriting has always been considered an important human task, and accordingly it has attracted the attention of researchers working in biomechanics, physiology, and related fields. There exist a number of studies on this area. This paper considers the human–machine analogy and relates robots with handwriting. The work is two-fold: it improves the knowledge in biomechanics of handwriting, and introduces some new concepts in robot control. The idea is to find the biomechanical principles humans apply when resolving kinematic redundancy, express the principles by means of appropriate mathematical models, and then implement them in robots. This is a step forward in the generation of human-like motion of robots. Two approaches to redundancy resolution are described: (i) "Distributed Positioning" (DP) which is based on a model to represent arm motion in the absence of fatigue, and (ii) the "Robot Fatigue" approach, where robot movements similar to the movements of a human arm under muscle fatigue are generated. Both approaches are applied to a redundant anthropomorphic robot arm performing handwriting. The simulation study includes the issues of legibility and inclination of handwriting. The results demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of both approaches.

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Fang, Fengyi, Hongwei Zhang, Lishuang Zhan, Shihui Guo, Minying Zhang, Juncong Lin, Yipeng Qin et Hongbo Fu. « Handwriting Velcro ». Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, n^o 4 (21 décembre 2022) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3569461.

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Text input is a desired feature for AR glasses. While there already exist various input modalities (e.g., voice, mid-air gesture), the diverse demands required by different input scenarios can hardly be met by the small number of fixed input postures offered by existing solutions. In this paper, we present Handwriting Velcro, a novel text input solution for AR glasses based on flexible touch sensors. The distinct advantage of our system is that it can easily stick to different body parts, thus endowing AR glasses with posture-adaptive handwriting input. We explored the design space of on-body device positions and identified the best interaction positions for various user postures. To flatten users' learning curves, we adapt our device to the established writing habits of different users by training a 36-character (i.e., A-Z, 0-9) recognition neural network in a human-in-the-loop manner. Such a personalization attempt ultimately achieves a low error rate of 0.005 on average for users with different writing styles. Subjective feedback shows that our solution has a good performance in system practicability and social acceptance. Empirically, we conducted a heuristic study to explore and identify the best interaction Position-Posture Correlation. Experimental results show that our Handwriting Velcro excels similar work [6] and commercial product in both practicality (12.3 WPM) and user-friendliness in different contexts.

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Furqat, Sobirov. « MODERN STATE OF FORENSIC HANDWRITING EXPERTISE ». International Journal Of Law And Criminology 03, n^o 01 (1 janvier 2023) : 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume03issue01-12.

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This article presents a brief history of the emergence and development of forensic handwriting expertise, one of the independent types of traditional forensic examinations, the current state of forensic handwriting expertise in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its role in solving crimes, the modern relevance of this type of forensic examination. Also, in practice, a brief analysis of a number of problems existing in the process of forming the conclusions of the handwriting examination, which will be compiled at the end of this type of examination, was carried out, and proposals were made to eliminate these problems.

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Mamchur, O. « RESEARCH OF MANUSCRIPTS, PERFORMED ON DIFFERENT SURFACES AT CONDUCTING A FORENSIC HANDWRITING EXAMINATION ». Criminalistics and Forensics, n^o 66 (2021) : 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.58.

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The purpose of the article is to study the issues of qualification of objects of forensic handwriting examination. Handwritten notes made on different surfaces in the system of objects of handwriting examination are considered. Specific features of the appointment and performance of handwriting examinations in relation to handwriting objects made on different surfaces are presented. It is concluded that the identification of the performer of a particular recording is possible only when the features of the performer’s handwriting are sufficiently reflected, which in its totality are individual, that is, inherent only in the handwriting of a certain person. As a result, individual strokes and numbers that do not reflect the totality of signs of the writing of their performers, as a rule, do not allow establishing the artist of these recordings. Despite a number of factors that make it difficult to study handwritten objects made on various surfaces, the solution of identification and some diagnostic problems for this type of objects is still possible. This possibility is determined not only by the output characteristics of the handwritten note being studied, but also by the preparation for conducting the corresponding research at all stages of the appointment and carrying out forensic handwriting examination.

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UEDA, KATSUHIKO, KEN'ICHI MATSUO et BONNIE L. SCHWID. « EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALITY OF JAPANESE HANDWRITING ». International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 23, n^o 05 (août 2009) : 869–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409007545.

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A handwriting examination to determine the writer (writer verification and writer identification) is based upon the hypothesis that each person has characteristic handwriting that is distinct from the handwriting of other individuals. This hypothesis has been accepted empirically through many case studies. However, this hypothesis must be established with scientific and quantitative rigor in order to increase its admissibility as forensic evidence. This paper describes the results of a quantitative investigation into individuality of Japanese handwriting. The authors investigated the individuality (consistency and discriminability) of normal Japanese handwriting using variation entropy and writer verification algorithms. We also compared these results with the analysis results of Japanese signatures that we investigated previously. The authors discuss the differences of individuality between normal handwriting and signatures. Individuality of normal handwriting becomes noticeable as the number of strokes increases, and varies with the complexity of the character class. Although individuality of both normal handwriting and signatures also depends on the writer, this is more noticeable for signatures. It is important that these facts are considered in actual forensic analysis of Japanese handwriting.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Number handwriting"

PERRONE, GELSOMINA ANTONIA. « The number-space interaction at the perceptual and the reppresentational level ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20368.

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The spatial representation of numbers is intimately related with action. Evidence for the influence of the numerical information on specific motor components has been found by means of various and original tasks. Automatic activation of the numerical magnitude code has been proposed to account for the numerical influence on motor tasks such as i) lateralized movements or unimanual responses, and ii) manual gestures such as grasping and different grip aperture. The present thesis contributes to this line of research exploring the MNL and ‘cognitive illusion’ hypotheses by means of visuo-spatial and motor tasks. The general question we address is to what extent and at which stage the spatial mapping of numbers in the representational space (MNL) and the interaction between numerical and physical magnitude (‘cognitive illusion’) interferes with the motor system.

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Strickland, Monica Kathleen. « The Effects of Self-evaluation and Response Restriction on Letter and Number Reversal in Young Children ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4542/.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a training package consisting of response restriction and the reinforcement of self-evaluation on letter reversal errors. Participants were 3 typically developing boys between the age of 5 and 7. The results indicated that the training package was successful in correcting reversals in the absence of a model during training and on application tests. These improvements maintained during subsequent follow-up sessions and generalized across trainers. Fading was not always necessary in correcting reversals, but was effective in correcting reversals that persisted during the overlay training procedures. The advantages to implementing a systematic intervention for reducing letter reversal errors in the classroom, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

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Chen, Wei-Da, et 陳緯達. « Neural Network in number handwriting recognition ». Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05415506167811548017.

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Livres sur le sujet "Number handwriting"

Legge, Patt. Preschool Numbers Workbook : Handwriting Numbers & Easy Number Puzzles for Kids. Independently Published, 2018.

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Garden, Chiayze. ABC and Number Handwriting Tracing. Independently Published, 2021.

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Schoolerz. Schoolerz Number Tracing Workbook : Handwriting Worksheets for Learning Numbers. Independently Published, 2019.

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FUN, Knowledge. Cursive Handwriting and Number Tracing Worksheets : Number Tracing and Cursive Handwriting Workbook for Beginners. Independently Published, 2020.

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Books, Teaching. Handwriting and Numbers Practice Book : Handwriting Writing Practice, Improve Letter and Number Formation, Tracing Letters and Numbers, Best Handwriting Book. Independently Published, 2021.

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Caldwell, Alysia. Rainbow Number Tracing and Handwriting Workbook. Independently Published, 2021.

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PUBLISH, Hani. NUMBER TRACING and HANDWRITING PRACTICE : 120 Blank Handwriting Practice Paper with Dotted Lines, NUMBER Tracing Book, NUMBER Writing Practice. Independently Published, 2021.

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friro, Abdelilah. Pre-HandWriting Book : Tracing Alphabet and Number, Add Numbers Worksheet. Independently Published, 2021.

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Scholdeners. Write Letters and Numbers : Number Tracing & Handwriting Workbook for Kids. Independently Published, 2019.

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Publication, Chandra. Number Handwriting Practice Paper Workbook : Tracing Letter and Numbers for Kindergarten,Pre-Handwriting Practice Workbook,Letter and Number for Kids Grade 2. Independently Published, 2021.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Number handwriting"

Santosh, K. C., et Cholwich Nattee. « Stroke Number and Order Free Handwriting Recognition for Nepali ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 990–94. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36668-3_120.

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Marcelli, Angelo, et Antonio Parziale. « Forensic Handwriting Examination at IGS Conferences : A Review by Numbers ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3–10. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19745-1_1.

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Molkov, Georgiy. « Features of the Handwriting of the Novgorod Scribe Domka of the 12th Century : Spelling Arguments for the Identity of the Handwritings of the Milyatino Gospel and the Paroemiarion Lazarevsky ». Dans Slavic and Balkan Linguistics, 242–51. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3372.2022.22.12.

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The article shows that the identification of the handwritings of the manuscripts of the Lazarevsky Monastery, carried out in a recent study by S. M. Mikheev, is reliably confirmed by spelling arguments. In the handwriting of the Paroemiarion Lazarevsky, there are a number of recognizable particular features in the writing of individual orthograms (the distribution of e and ѣ in morphemes with the reflex of the combination *tert, the peculiarities of writing ъ, ь in some bases, of the ts–ch merger etc.), previously described based on the handwriting of the scribe Domka in Milyatino Gospel. The identified complex of coinciding spelling features is compared with the data of the third manuscript, one of the handwritings of which S. M. Mikheev attributed to the same scribe – the Service Menaion of the RGADA Typographic Collection, No. 99. Affiliation of the Service Menaion’s handwriting to the same scribe as the passages of the first two manuscripts at the spelling level is not confirmed.

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FENG, L., Y. Y. Tang, Q. SUN et L. H. Yang. « Number Theoretic Transform Approach to Handwriting Recognition ». Dans Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence, 507–16. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797650_0050.

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Leung, Howard, et Taku Komura. « Web-Based Handwriting Education with Animated Virtual Teacher ». Dans Virtual Technologies, 765–73. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-955-7.ch047.

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This article introduces our Web-based handwriting education system developed with 3D computer graphics and pen computing technologies. Traditionally, in teaching handwriting, the teacher writes a character on the blackboard, and then students try to follow the teacher in order to write the same character. The teacher can check whether a student’s handwriting is spatially correct by looking at its shape, but the teacher is not able to verify if the student is writing in the correct stroke order with the correct number of strokes. As a result, we design a Web-based handwriting education system. With our proposed system, students can stay at home to do the exercises for learning the handwriting of characters. A student’s handwriting can be captured in digital format with the information in both temporal and spatial domain, and the results can be sent to the teacher for evaluation. In addition, we propose to animate a virtual teacher on the student’s terminal for demonstrating the handwriting of the characters to give students a sense of presence.

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Gillain, Anne. « The Story of Adele H. (1975) ». Dans Totally Truffaut, 175–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536308.003.0016.

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In contrast with Day for Night, a polyphonic film with a large cast, this film concentrates on a single character: Victor Hugo’s daughter, Adèle, and documents her progressive and inexorable descent into insanity. The film is striking in its visual rigor and formal sobriety. The décor is minimal with a limited number places and objects visually foregrounding Adèle’s inner conflicts and sufferings. Close ups of her face and of her handwriting summon the viewer’s identification. Shot-by-shot analysis: One of Adèle’s visits to the bank and her chance meeting with a young boy.

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Jolowicz, Daniel. « Chariton and Latin Elegy II ». Dans Latin Poetry in the Ancient Greek Novels, 62–90. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894823.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 establishes Ovid’s Heroides, Tristia, and Epistulae ex Ponto as central to a number of specific features of Chariton’s novel (especially the embedded letters). Section 2.2 focuses on the Heroides and the following epistolary motifs: the processes of composition and reception; the presence of tears; the recognition of handwriting; the role of memory and possessive adjectives; and the eroticization of the letter’s materiality. These contribute to the characterization of Chaereas and Dionysius as lamenting and abandoned heroines. Section 2.3 argues that Chariton has digested a number of motifs that characterize the exilic persona in Ovid’s Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, such as the role of finger rings and various psychosocial neuroses. As in Chapter 1, thematic proximities between Chariton and the elegiac corpus are supported by strikingly close points of verbal contact.

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Lipscombe, Trevor Davis. « Arithmetical Advice ». Dans Quick(er) Calculations, 1–6. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852650.003.0001.

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This chapter presents advice on how to avoid simple mistakes when performing mental calculations at high speed. It includes a method to speed up the rate at which you recite your multiplication tables. This can save fractions of a second, which, in an exam with many such multiplications, can be crucial. It urges neat handwriting, and shows the superfluity of zeros at the end, or decimal points in the middle of a number, provided you make estimates before calculating an answer. It presents a quick look at factors, which can slash seconds from the time it take to multiply and divide, and introduces the art of shunting.

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Pancholi, Pooja Deepakbhai, et Sonal Jayantilal Patel. « Literature Survey for Applications of Artificial Neural Networks ». Dans Research Anthology on Artificial Neural Network Applications, 669–82. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2408-7.ch031.

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The artificial neural network could probably be the complete solution in recent decades, widely used in many applications. This chapter is devoted to the major applications of artificial neural networks and the importance of the e-learning application. It is necessary to adapt to the new intelligent e-learning system to personalize each learner. The result focused on the importance of using neural networks in possible applications and its influence on the learner's progress with the personalization system. The number of ANN applications has considerably increased in recent years, fueled by theoretical and applied successes in various disciplines. This chapter presents an investigation into the explosive developments of many artificial neural network related applications. The ANN is gaining importance in various applications such as pattern recognition, weather forecasting, handwriting recognition, facial recognition, autopilot, etc. Artificial neural network belongs to the family of artificial intelligence with fuzzy logic, expert systems, vector support machines.

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Pancholi, Pooja Deepakbhai, et Sonal Jayantilal Patel. « Literature Survey for Applications of Artificial Neural Networks ». Dans Applications of Artificial Neural Networks for Nonlinear Data, 1–17. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4042-8.ch001.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Number handwriting"

C., Santosh K., Cholwich Nattee et Bart Lamiroy. « Spatial Similarity Based Stroke Number and Order Free Clustering ». Dans 2010 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2010.107.

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Guo, Tianmei, Jiwen Dong et Lei Wang. « Classification of Handwriting Number Based on PCANet Network with Data Augmentation ». Dans 2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII 2016). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ameii-16.2016.135.

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Kutzner, Tobias, Mario Dietze, Ingrid Bonninger, Carlos M. Travieso, Malay Kishore Dutta et Anushikha Singh. « Online handwriting verification with safe password and increasing number of features ». Dans 2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spin.2016.7566777.

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Geiger, Jurgen, Joachim Schenk, Frank Wallhoff et Gerhard Rigoll. « Optimizing the Number of States for HMM-Based On-line Handwritten Whiteboard Recognition ». Dans 2010 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2010.23.

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Montazeri, Azadeh, Mahboubeh Shamsi et Rouhollah Dianat. « Using A New Approach in Deep Dictionary Learning to Handwriting Number Classification ». Dans 2020 25th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran (CSICC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csicc49403.2020.9050068.

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Shivakumara, Palaiahnakote, V. Basavaraja, Harsha S. Gowda, D. S. Guru, Umapada Pal et Tong Lu. « A New RGB Based Fusion for Forged IMEI Number Detection in Mobile Images ». Dans 2018 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfhr-2018.2018.00074.

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Sadrnezhad, Zohre, Atefeh Nekouie et Majid Vafaei Jahan. « Online handwriting Farsi character and number recognition based on hand movement direction using Hidden Markov Models ». Dans 2014 International Congress on Technology, Communication and Knowledge (ICTCK). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictck.2014.7033518.

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Aitken, George J. M. « Applications of Neural Networks in Adaptive Optics ». Dans Adaptive Optics. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.atha.4.

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Artificial neural networks have been successfully applied to a wide variety of practical tasks ranging from the recognition of speech and handwriting to the prediction of future stock prices. Highly refined learning procedures allow these multilayer, nonlinear networks to construct internal representations from examples, thus removing the need for explicit programming. The power of neural networks (NN) derives from their ability to learn nonlinear relationships and to generalize from specific training situations. They are advantageous where a small number of decisions have to be made from a large amount of data, and where nonlinear or very complex mappings must be acquired.

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ابراهيم عزيز حسين, لمى. « Genocide in Halabja ». Dans Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/8.

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"Halabja: It is an Iraqi city located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, near the Iranian border, about 8-10 miles away, 150 miles away from Baghdad and located in the southeast of the city of Sulaymaniyah. It is one of the important cities that contains many mosques, shrines and shrines. In 1985, this city was subjected to the former regime's aerial bombardment, where more than 450 Kurdish villages were bombed, 300 citizens executed within one month, and internationally prohibited chemical weapons were used. The Iraqi regime’s violations of human rights continued to reach their climax in 1988, which was known as the Halabja events, which will be the subject of our research, the Halabja massacre, which took place at the end of the first Gulf War or what is known as the Iran-Iraq war from 16-17 March 1988, the killing of Kurdish civilians and the use of chemical weapons against them and the effects of a war The first Gulf and the breach of the international treaty through the use of chemical weapons that are banned internationally, as well as international reports on human rights violations in Halabja, which left about 5,000 martyrs, most of whom are residents of the region, and we will also clarify who is responsible for the events of Halabja, and the truth can be highlighted through documents and evidence The editorial in the Halabja case, where these documents included information about chemical weapons in handwriting and not in a printer to evade responsibility. The document talks about the production and accumulation of chemical agents by the former regime and the intention of the former regime to strike them when necessary, in addition to other documents that we will address through the research, There is also an appendix with the names of a number of companies involved in supplying the government at that time with unconventional weapons, including missile weapons and other weapons Chemical materials and advanced technology, and this is very clear in the violation of human rights by extremely barbaric repressive methods and means, and northern Iraq has become the scene of these crimes that have been circulated between international press agencies and television screens, articles, photos and documentaries expressing the horror of the calamity and the magnitude of the tragedy. Well-known international documents and documents and what Halabja has been exposed to are classified within the concept of genocide wars. This type of war is not attended by all international laws and segments only, but also the simplest rules of behavior and human and civilized interaction between people belonging to the human race. We will also show the issue of Halabja in the corridors of the Iraqi Parliament, which was during the session on 7/3/2011 of the second electoral cycle, the first legislative year, the second legislative term in the Iraqi Council of Representatives, held in Baghdad, by submitting a proposal to the Council of Representatives regarding the position of the House of Representatives regarding the crime of bombing Halabja with chemical weapons. In conclusion, I hope you will like this summary."

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Aljarf, Reima. « DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE IPAD ON FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION BY SAUDI CHILDREN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ». Dans eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-013.

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Since March 2020 until now, children have been studying online due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Since children are studying from home and having more free time than before, they are using their iPads for entertainment and learning purposes. This study is investigating the differential effects of the iPad on first and second language acquisition by Saudi children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The subjects consisted of 78 parents and 118 children. The children sample was divided into 3 age groups: 1-6 (kindergarten), 7- 9 (grades 1-3), and 10-12 (grades 4-6). Interview-surveys with parents revealed that the iPad is more effective in helping children under the age of 6 in language learning than older children. Older children mainly use the iPad to play games and watch movies. More children under the age of 6 use the iPad to learn English than Arabic (46%) because they go to international kindergartens, lived abroad with their parents, and their parents are English instructors. Young children learn the alphabet, numbers, and new vocabulary such as names of animals, colors, fruits, seasons, continents from special apps, games, cartoons, movies, nursery rhymes, stories, and flash cards. The apps are interactive and use color, animation, audio, and video. Children can use and re-use the apps any time and as many times as they wish. Negative effects of the iPad include bad handwriting, and some children are not interested in print books. The presentation will report the results in detail and will give recommendations for better use of the iPad.

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