Bibliographies thématiques / Nuclear role

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nuclear role »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 7 juillet 2024

Mis à jour le 7 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Suzuki, Atsuyuki. « Improving Nuclear Safety and The Role of Regulators : A Japan's Approach and the Role of Nuclear Safety Commission ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007) : A1—A18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15.a1.

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HAMADA, Jun. « Nuclear Safety Culture and Role Sharing for its Activities ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007) : I1—I22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15.i1.

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Kulikov, G. G., A. N. Shmelev, V. A. Apse et E. G. Kulikov. « POTENTIAL ROLE OF FUSION NEUTRON SOURCE IN NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS ». Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 44, n^o 2 (2021) : 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2021-44-2-21-26.

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Fedchenko, Vitaly. « The Role of Nuclear Forensics in Nuclear Security ». Strategic Analysis 38, n^o 2 (4 mars 2014) : 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.884442.

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Rittman, Dylan. « US role in nuclear nonproliferation ». MRS Bulletin 45, n^o 2 (février 2020) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2020.47.

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Wrighton, Katharine H. « Role of nuclear PTEN revealed ». Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12, n^o 3 (16 février 2011) : 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3069.

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Arnold, Lorna. « Recalling Britain's key nuclear role ». Physics World 13, n^o 2 (février 2000) : 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/13/2/18.

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Gulliver, Nick, et Peter Hogg. « Role of nuclear medicine technologists ». Nuclear Medicine Communications 32, n^o 11 (novembre 2011) : 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0b013e328348cd7d.

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Wrighton, Katharine H. « Role of nuclear PTEN revealed ». Nature Reviews Cancer 11, n^o 3 (24 février 2011) : 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3028.

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Müller, Harald. « Looking at Nuclear Rivalry : The Role of Nuclear Deterrence ». Strategic Analysis 38, n^o 4 (4 juillet 2014) : 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.918423.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Di, Vona Chiara 1981. « Nuclear DYRK1A :new insights into its role within the nucleus ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283483.

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The view on how protein kinases regulate gene expression have recently expanded to include not only transcription factors but also histones, chromatin remodelers or components of the basal transcription machinery, which are directly modified on genomic loci. For the shuttling kinase DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase), most of its nuclear-associated functions can be explained by DYRK1A cytosolic activities, questioning a role for DYRK1A within the nuclear compartment. In the present study, through an unbiased proteomic approach the first “DYRK1A nuclear interactome” have been generated. DYRK1A interacts with several components of the basal transcriptional machinery as well as with the pre-mRNA processing machinery. Moreover, evidences uncovering a new role for DYRK1A as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes have been generated. Genome-wide DYRK1A-chromatin analysis shows that the kinase is recruited to RNA polymerase II proximal promoters, via a highly conserved palindromic sequence, and also to RNA polymerase III-dependent promoters. Growth-dependent induction of the expression of a subset of target genes (protein coding and tRNAs) depends on DYRK1A protein levels and/or activity. In addition, downregulation of DYRK1A leads to a reduction in cell size. DYRK1A could therefore work by sitting on promoters of specific genes and act on different components of the basal transcription and/or mRNA processing machinery to modulate gene expression.
Resultados recientes han puesto de manifiesto que la regulación de la expresión génica por proteína quinasas va mas allá de su modulación de la actividad de factores de transcripción, ya que tanto histonas como remodeladores de cromatina o componentes de la maquinaria basal de transcripción puedes ser sustratos de fosforilaciones directamente en regiones genómicas reguladoras. La proteína quinasa DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase) está presente tanto en el núcleo como en el citoplasma de células de mamífero, si bien la mayoría de sus actividades nucleares pueden ser explicadas por fosforilaciones que ocurren en el citosol, lo que ha planteado dudas sobre si esta quinasa posee funciones específicamente nucleares. En este trabajo, se ha definido el primer "interactoma" nuclear de DYRK1A mediante una aproximación proteómica no sesgada, que ha permitido mostrar que DYRK1A interacciona con componentes de la maquinaria basal de transcripción así como con complejos implicados en el procesamiento del pre-mRNA. Los resultados también han puesto de manifiesto un nuevo papel de DYRK1A como regulador de la transcripción de un grupo específico de genes relacionados con la traducción de proteínas. Análisis a nivel genómico de la presencia de DYRK1A en cromatina muestra que la quinasa es reclutada a regiones proximales de promotores dependientes de la RNA polimerasa II, mediante una secuencia palindrómica altamente conservada, así como a genes dependientes de la RNA polimerasa III. La inducción de la expresión de un grupo de estos genes diana (tanto codificantes como tRNAs) en respuesta a factores de crecimiento depende de DYRK1A. Además, la reducción en los niveles de DYRK1A provoca una reducción en el tamaño de las células. Los resultados permiten proponer un modelo por el que DYRK1A podría regular directamente la expresión de genes diana mediante la fosforilación, en regiones reguladoras promotoras, de diferentes componentes de la maquinaria basal de la transcripción y/o de los complejos proteicos implicados en el procesamiento del mRNA.

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BERTORA, STEFANIA. « ROLE OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEIN MAN1 IN NUCLEAR ORGANISATION AND MAINTENANCE OF GENOME STABILITY ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/554706.

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The eukaryotic cell nucleus is characterized by a defined spatial organization of the chromatin, which relies on the physical tethering of many genomic loci to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. This interaction is mainly mediated by lamins and lamin-associated proteins, which create a protein network at the nuclear periphery called nuclear lamina. Man1 is a member of a lamin-associated protein family known as LEM-domain proteins, which are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved domain, called LEM, that mediates the interaction with the chromatin. Data obtained with the yeast Man1 homolog Src1 underline the importance of this protein in different processes of the cell cycle, such as chromosome segregation, nuclear pores assembly, gene expression, chromatin organization and maintenance of genome stability, while in animal models, the function of Man1 has been associated to the regulation of developmental signalling pathways during embryogenesis. In this study, truncated recombinant mutants of Man1, containing the LEM domain, were shown to inhibit nuclear assembly and alter nuclear pore formation when added to Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts. Moreover, Xenopus nuclei assembled in the presence of Man1 truncated fragments were characterized by defects in chromatin organization, DNA replication and accumulation of DNA damage and, as a consequence, they failed to progress through mitosis. Furthermore, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) depleted for Man1 showed evident signs of spontaneous differentiation, indicating inability in the maintenance of stem cell features. Intriguingly, preliminary analysis of Man1-knockout mESCs transcriptional profile showed an alteration of gene expression at the level of pericentromeric and telomeric regions, underlining a potential link between Man1 and genomic stability of these particular regions. In conclusion, this study illustrates the importance of Man1 in ensuring the proper chromatin organization necessary to support different cellular and DNA metabolic processes.

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Reed, Alexander Ryan. « The role of technology denial in nuclear nonproliferation ». Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/643295978/viewonline.

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Meaburn, Karen Jane. « The role of nuclear architecture in genomic stability ». Thesis, Brunel University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422417.

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Nofsinger, Russell R. « Role of corepressor SMRT in nuclear receptor biology / ». Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3148259.

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Katukhov, Alexey V. « The role of uranium enrichment in nuclear proliferation and potential implications for Iran's nuclear program ». Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/648979958/viewonline.

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Walther, Tobias. « The role of Peripheral Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) structures in nuclear transport and NPC architecture ». Diss., lmu, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-4945.

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Knöpfel, Sascha [Verfasser], et Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Brzoska. « The Roles of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States in Advancing Nuclear Disarmament from 2007 to 2013 : Ideal Type Role Concepts as well as Germany’s Role Conception and Role Performance / Sascha Knöpfel ; Betreuer : Michael Brzoska ». Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201821231/34.

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Dumas, Gaelle. « THE ROLE OF HOST GALAXY KINEMATICS ON NUCLEAR ACTIVITY ». Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350474.

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Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour de deux questions scientifiques importantes à propos des galaxies actives : quels sont les mécanismes transportant le gaz et quel est le role de la galaxie sur l'activité nucléaire ? Nous avons donc mené une étude observationnelle approfondie et statistique du gaz et des étoiles, pour comparer la morphologie et cinématique des galaxies actives et non-actives sur differentes échelles spatiales, en utilisant des données spectroscopiques optique et radio. Nos résultats montrent que dans les régions centrales des galaxies actives la cinématique des étoiles est régulière alors que le gaz est perturbé. Ces perturbations suggèrent un lien entre la dynamique au centre des galaxies et les mécanismes d'alimentation du noyau actif. Enfifin les données radio et optique sont combinées pour analyser la cinématique galactique dans son ensemble. Cette étude nous
permet de sonder à differentes échelles spatiales les perturbations liées à l'alimentation du noyau actif.

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Du, Tung-Gia. « Role of nuclear RNP assembly in cytoplasmic mRNA localization ». Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-76883.

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Livres sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Ogilvie-White, Tanya. Preventing nuclear terrorism : Australia's leadership role. Barton, A.C.T.] : Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2014.

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Falk, Justin Robert. Nuclear power's role in generating electricity. Washington, DC : Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office, 2008.

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Gompert, David C. Rethinking the role of nuclear weapons. [Washington, D.C.?] : National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1998.

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W, Johnson J., et U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, dir. Role and direction of nuclear regulatory research. Washington, DC : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 2001.

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Frey, Karsten. Nuclear weapons as symbols : The role of norms in nuclear policy making. Barcelona : CIDOB edicions, 2006.

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Banks, John P. Business and nonproliferation : Industry's role in safeguarding a nuclear renaissance. Washington, D.C : Brookings Institution Press, 2011.

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Rudi, Beyaert, dir. Nuclear factor kB : Regulation and role in disease. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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R, Pelligrini Dominick, dir. Nuclear weapons' role in 21st century U.S. policy. Hauppauge, N.Y : Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Sauer, Tom. Eliminating nuclear weapons : The role of missile defence. New York : Columbia University Press, 2011.

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R, Pelligrini Dominick, dir. Nuclear weapons' role in 21st century U.S. policy. Hauppauge, N.Y : Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Richey, George. « The Nuclear Question ». Dans Britain’s Strategic Role in NATO, 98–113. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08934-5_7.

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Richey, George. « A Nuclear Answer ? » Dans Britain’s Strategic Role in NATO, 114–28. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08934-5_8.

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White, Robert M. « The Role of Symbolic Processing in Supercomputing ». Dans Nuclear Simulation, 4–12. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83221-5_2.

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Turner, Michael J. « Multipolarity and Nuclear Weapons ». Dans Britain’s International Role, 1970–1991, 107–31. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36729-6_7.

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Wongsawaeng, Doonyapong, et Sunchai Nilsuwankosit. « Role of nuclear education in nuclear governance ». Dans Nuclear Governance in the Asia-Pacific, 120–42. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227489-7.

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Moore, Patrick. « Benefits and Role of Nuclear Power ». Dans Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia, 7–13. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118043493.ch2.

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Paetz gen. Schieck, Hans. « Role of Conservation Laws and Symmetries in Nuclear Reactions ». Dans Nuclear Reactions, 39–60. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53986-2_3.

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Chang, Sen-I., Shih-Jen Wang et Min-Song Lin. « The Role of Simulation in Control System Design/Modification ». Dans Nuclear Simulation, 205–22. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83221-5_14.

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Liu, Eric H., et Irvin Modlin. « Role of Surgery in a Multidisciplinary Approach ». Dans Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, 909–16. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/174_2013_808.

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Paetz gen. Schieck, Hans. « Introduction : Role of Nuclear Reactions in Nuclear and Particle Physics ». Dans Nuclear Reactions, 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53986-2_1.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Dahl, Kris Noel, Elizabeth A. Booth-Gauthier, Alexandre J. S. Ribeiro et Zhixia Zhong. « The Role of Nuclear Stiffness and Resilience in Mechanotransduction ». Dans ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19514.

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Mechanical force is found to be increasingly important during development and for proper homeostatic maintenance of cells and tissues. The nucleus occupies a large volume fraction of the cell and is interconnected with the cytoskeleton. Here, to determine the direct role of the nucleus itself in converting forces to changes in gene expression, also known as, mechanotransduction, we examine changes in nuclear mechanics and gene reorganization associated with cell fate and with extracellular force. We measure mechanics of nuclei in many model cell systems using micropipette aspiration to show changes in nuclear mechanics. In intact cells we characterize the rheological changes induced in the genome organization with live cell imaging and particle tracking, and we suggest how these changes relate to gene expression.

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MARIS, THEODOR AUGUST JOHANNES. « THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS ». Dans Proceedings of the VIII International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704429_0001.

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FIONI, GABRIELE, OLIVIER DERUELLE, FREDERIC MARIE et STEFAN ROETTGER. « THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR FISSION IN NUCLEAR WASTE INCINERATION ». Dans Pont d'Oye IV. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793683_0019.

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COESTER, F. « FROM LIGHT NUCLEI TO NUCLEAR MATTER — THE ROLE OF RELATIVITY ? » Dans Proceedings of the 11th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777843_0041.

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FINCK, P. « FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR DATA ». Dans Proceedings of the International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812773401_0001.

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Horoi, Mihai, et Roman Senkov. « Role of Shell Model Nuclear Level Densities for Nuclear Astrophysics ». Dans 11th Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos. Trieste, Italy : Sissa Medialab, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.100.0222.

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MILLER, GERALD A. « HADRONS IN THE NUCLEAR MEDIUM- ROLE OF LIGHT FRONT NUCLEAR THEORY ». Dans Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Structure of Baryons. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704887_0006.

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Horoi, Mihai, Livius Trache et Sabin Stoica. « Concluding Remarks on Nuclear Structure and its Role in Nuclear Astrophysics ». Dans EXOTIC NUCLEI AND NUCLEAR/PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS (II) : Proceedings of the Carpathian Summer School of Physics 2007. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2870474.

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Schuster, Eugenio, et Marco Ariola. « The Role of Controls in Nuclear Fusion ». Dans Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2006.377423.

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Le Gal, Romane, Carina Persson, Sebastien Muller, Dahbia Talbi, Hua Guo, Changjian Xie et Eric Herbst. « THE KEY ROLE OF NUCLEAR-SPIN ASTROCHEMISTRY ». Dans 72nd International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2017.wf04.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Nuclear role"

Erästö, Tytti. Reducing the Role of Nuclear Weapons in Military Alliances. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, juin 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wutb3925.

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This paper examines the role of nuclear weapons in military alliances, focusing on the perspectives of the so-called umbrella states—that is, allied states that do not have their own nuclear weapons but are part of the ‘extended nuclear deterrence arrangements’ of a nuclear-armed patron. After analysing allied security thinking and highlighting the underlying assumptions about nuclear deterrence, the paper subjects some of those assumptions to critical scrutiny. Taking into account regional military balances and escalation risks related to nuclear deterrence, it challenges the perceived security benefits of forward-deployed non-strategic weapons, continued support for allied nuclear doctrines based on readiness for the first use of nuclear weapons, and the assumed inevitability of nuclear second strike that underlies the practices of nuclear assurance. The goal is to open discussion on the development of a more measured approach to deterrence that would allow for minimizing the role of nuclear weapons in military alliances.

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Erästö, Tytti. The Role of Umbrella States in the Global Nuclear Order. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, juin 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/vybu7480.

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This paper focuses on countries under extended nuclear deterrence arrangements, or ‘umbrella’ states. The paper explores the ways in which umbrella states both in the Asia-Pacific region and in Europe have supported prevailing nuclear deterrence practices or distanced themselves from such practices. While there is a tendency for these countries to side with their nuclear-armed patron on matters related to nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament norms, at times they have taken steps away from the allied mainstream position by advocating for anti-nuclear weapon policies. As long as extended deterrence has a nuclear dimension, allies will need to balance between normative pressures to support nuclear disarmament and alliance commitments that require at least passive support for nuclear deterrence practices.

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Raju, Nivedita, et Tytti Erästö. The Role of Space Systems in Nuclear Deterrence. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, septembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/nwlc4997.

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This paper is the first of two exploring nuclear escalation risks in connection with the space domain, with a focus on China, Russia and the United States. Space systems are used for multiple civilian and military purposes, including missions related to nuclear deterrence. Consequently, real and perceived military operations targeting space systems may create pathways to nuclear escalation. China, Russia and the USA possess both nuclear weapons and counterspace capabilities and are at risk of being drawn into war with each other through regional conflicts and great power competition. These states have integrated space systems into their nuclear deterrence practices to varying degrees for missile early warning, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), and navigation. These space systems can be vulnerable to attack or interference through counterspace capabilities, including direct-ascent and co-orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, directed-energy weapons, electronic interference and cyber operations. Each of the three states’ space systems has varying strategic value. Each system is also vulnerable to the known counterspace capabilities of the others. Assessment of these varying values and vulnerabilities lays the ground for further analysis on escalation pathways and risk-reduction measures

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Vienna, J. D., P. A. Smith, D. A. Dorn et P. Hrma. The role of frit in nuclear waste vitrification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), avril 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10167545.

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Skone, Timothy J., Greg Cooney, James Littlefield, Joe Marriott, G. Neil Midkiff, Barbara McKinnon, Roxanne Bromiley, Robert Eckard et Maura Nippert. Role of Alternative Energy Sources : Nuclear Technology Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1515246.

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Mansouri, Noura, Robert J. Budnitz, H.-Holger Rogner, Charles McCombie, Robert N. Schock et Adnan Shihab-Eldin. Keeping the Nuclear Energy Option Open. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp07.

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Nuclear energy is already playing a crucial role in reducing emissions from electricity generation. However, if this role is not expanded, achieving the international goal of avoiding unacceptable global climate change will be extremely difficult. The evidence presented in this study shows that nuclear energy’s climate benefits can be obtained without significant impacts to safety, security or energy costs.

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Mansori, Noura. Keeping the Nuclear Energy Option Open. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--dp07.

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Marra, J. The Role of Ceramics in a Resurgent Nuclear Industry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), février 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890064.

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Skone, Timothy J. Role of Alternative Energy Sources : Nuclear Technology Assessment (Presentation). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), août 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1524437.

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Olszewski, Neil, et David Weiss. Role of Serine/Threonine O-GlcNAc Modifications in Signaling Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, septembre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696544.bard.

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Significant evidence suggests that serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine0-(GlcNAc) modifications play a central role in the regulation of plant signaling networks. Forexample, mutations in SPINDLY,) SPY (an O-GlcNAc transferase,) OGT (promote gibberellin GA) (signal transduction and inhibit cytokinin responses. In addition, mutating both Arabidopsis OGTsSEC (and SPY) causes embryo lethality. The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the mechanism by which Arabidopsis OGTs regulate signaling networks. This project investigated the mechanisms of O-GlcNAc regulation of cytokinin and gibberellin signaling, identified additional processes regulated by this modification and investigated the regulation of SEC activity. Although SPY is a nucleocytoplasmic protein, its site of action and targets were unknown. Severalstudies suggested that SPY acted in the nucleus where it modified nuclear components such as the DELLA proteins. Using chimeric GFP-SPY fused to a nuclear-export signal or to a nuclear-import signal, we showed that cytosolic, but not nuclear SPY, regulated cytokinin and GA signaling. We also obtained evidence suggesting that GA and SPY affect cytokinin signaling via a DELLA-independent pathway. Although SEC and SPY were believed to have overlapping functions, the role of SEC in cytokinin and GA signaling was unclear. The role of SEC in cytokinin and GA responses was investigated by partially suppressing SPY expression in secplants using a synthetic Spymicro RNA miR(SPY). The possible contribution of SEC to the regulation of GA and cytokinin signaling wastest by determining the resistance of the miR spy secplants to the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol and to cytokinin. We found that the transgenic plants were resistant to paclobutrazol and to cytokinin, butonlyata level similar to spy. Moreover, expressing SEC under the 35S promoter in spy mutant did not complement the spy mutation. Therefore, we believe that SEC does not act with SPY to regulate GA or cytokinin responses. The cellular targets of Spy are largely unknown. We identified the transcription factor TCP15 in a two-hybrid screen for SPY-interacting proteins and showed that both TCP15 and its closely homolog TCP14 were O-GlcNAc modified by bacterially-produced SEC. The significance of the interaction between SPY and these TCPs was examined by over-expressing the minwild-type and spy-4plants. Overexpression of TCP14 or TCP15 in wild-type background produced phenotypes typical of plants with increased cytokinin and reduced GA signaling. TCP14 overexpression phenotypes were strongly suppressed in the spy background, suggesting that TCP14 and TCP15 affect cytokinin and GA signaling and that SPY activates them. In agreement with this hypothesis, we created a tcp14tcp15 double mutant and found that it has defects similar to spyplants. In animals, O-GlcNAc modification is proposed to regulate the activity of the nuclear pore. Therefore, after discovering that SEC modified a nucleoporinNUP) (that also interacts with SPY, we performed genetic experiments exploring the relationship between NUPs and SPY nupspy double mutants exhibited phenotypes consistent with SPY and NUPs functioning in common processes and nupseeds were resistant to GA biosynthesis inhibitors. All eukaryotic OGTs have a TPR domain. Deletion studies with bacterially-expressed SEC demonstrated SEC'sTPR domain inhibits SEC enzymatic activity. Since the TPR domain interacts with other proteins, we propose that regulatory proteins regulate OGT activity by binding and modulating the inhibitory activity of the TPR domain.

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