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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Nuclear industry – Government policy – Germany"
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Mez, Lutz, et Annette Piening. « Phasing-Out Nuclear Power Generation in Germany : Policies, Actors, Issues and Non-Issues ». Energy & ; Environment 13, no 2 (mai 2002) : 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305021501155.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The phase-out of nuclear power in Germany is one of the priorities of the Red-Green Government which took office in October 1998. Despite continuous and broad-based public criticism, up until 1998 federal nuclear policies had sided with the pro-nuclear alliance and supported the industry through a number of tax and regulatory privileges. Thus, the phase-out decision marks a fundamental revision of past nuclear policy guidelines. After one-and-a-half years of negotiations between industry and government, in the course of which a number of controversies had to be solved, agreement was reached on the gradual phasing-out of nuclear energy use in Germany on June 14, 2000. The paper presents the actors' policies, analyses issues and non-issues in the negotiations. It shows that different positions within the Federal Government and the lack of support from the anti-nuclear movement for the Government's phase-out strategy strengthened the industry's ability to assert their position. The industry's motivation for taking such an assertive position is illustrated by an insight into the economic conditions of operating nuclear plant in Germany. The paper concludes that the phase-out strategy sketched in the coalition treaty could not fully be translated into actual policy measures. Instead industry succeeded in a number of important issues, the most important of them being the fact that the agreement guarantees the politically undisturbed operation of nuclear power plants for the years to come.
2
Peters, Hans Peter. « The credibility of information sources in West Germany after the Chernobyl disaster ». Public Understanding of Science 1, no 3 (juillet 1992) : 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/1/3/006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In West Germany the `information disaster' after Chernobyl offered an opportunity to study the credibility of different information sources. A representative survey conducted in May 1987 of the West German population showed that on average the Federal Government—although heavily criticized because of its information policy and risk management—was rated most credible while the nuclear industry was judged least credible. On the whole, mean credibility ratings differed surprisingly little between sources; ratings of competence and public interest orientation varied more. These variables, interpreted as the classical credibility factors `expertise' and `trustworthiness', were important predictors of credibility. But beliefs and expectations recipients posess about individual sources also appear to influence credibility.
3
Gupta, Pradeep. « Transfer Pricing : Impact of Taxes and Tariffs in India ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 37, no 4 (octobre 2012) : 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120403.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Transfer pricing in an economy is very significant to corporate policy makers, economic policy makers, tax authorities, and regulatory authorities. Transfer pricing manipulation (fixing transfer prices on non-market basis as against arm's length standard) reduces the total quantum of organization's tax liability by shifting accounting profits from high tax to low tax jurisdictions. It changes the relative tax burden of the multinational firms in different countries of their operations and reduces worldwide tax payments of the firm. This paper explores the influence of corporate taxes and product tariffs on reported transfer pricing of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in India by using the Swenson (2000) model. This study of custom values of import originating from China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK, and USA into India reveals that transfer pricing incentives generated by corporate taxes and tariffs provide opportunity for MNCs to manipulate transfer price to maximize profits across world-wide locations of operations and reduce tax liability. The main findings of this paper are: The estimates computed by grouping together products of all industries being imported into India from sample countries reveal that TPI coefficients are positive and significant. Overall, positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country of the MNC would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices in the range of 0.248 per cent to 0.389 per cent. The Generalized Least Square estimates for individual industries display that out of nine industries in the sample, three industries (38, 73, and 84) have a positive and significant co-movement with transfer pricing incentives. In four industries (56, 83, 85, and 90), coefficient of Transfer Pricing Incentive (TPI) is negative but significant. In case of two industries (39 and 82), TPI coefficient is negative but not significant. Positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices by 1.20 per cent in ‘Miscellaneous Chemical Products’ Industry (Industry 38), 0.175 per cent in the ‘Articles of Iron or Steel’ Industry (Industry 73) and 0.908 per cent in �Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances; Parts thereof' Industry (Industry 84). In industries where coefficient of TPI is negative and significant, MNCs would like to shift the taxable income of their affilates to the host country by decreasing their reported transfer price. The government's approach should be to reduce corporate tax and tariff rates to bring them at a level comparable with countries across the world which will reduce incentives for the MNCs for shifting of income out of India and increase the tax base for tax authorities. This will also result in an increase in the tax revenue of the country.
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Stokes, Raymond G. « The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945 ». Business History Review 59, no 2 (1985) : 254–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3114932.
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The oil industry in Nazi Germany provides an excellent focus for studying the interplay between economics, politics, and government policy in the Third Reich. In this article, Mr. Stokes brings to this subject a comparative approach, making comparisons both within the oil industry and with the industry's major industrial counterparts. He concludes that a variety of factors—including the degree of shared interest between individual firms and the government, the size and concentration of a firm's production facilities, and the political position of key firm personnel—explain the success as well as the eventual collapse of a given industrial sector.
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SALIKHOVA, Olena, et Daria HONCHARENKO. « DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN GERMANY : LESSONS FOR UKRAINE ». Economy of Ukraine 2020, no 10 (25 octobre 2020) : 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2020.10.063.
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The evolution of the development of the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry from technology borrowing to endogenous innovations and becoming a global leader is shown. It is substantiated that the government of the country promoted the development of a new industry by increasing budget allocations for the training of scientific and industrial personnel; research subsidies; subsidies for transportation and raw materials. It is shown that the formation of large companies has provided economies of scale and accelerated development. The creation of specialized research institutes under the auspices of the government initiated public-private partnerships in research funding, industry associations helped mobilize the public to support the industry, and competent company managers and industry representatives together with prominent statesmen provided concerted action to strengthen its innovation potential. Cultivating the national consciousness that the purchase of German goods is the key to the welfare of the state has determined consumer preferences and has become a powerful stimulus to expand supplies to the domestic market. The introduction of high customs tariffs on finished medicines has provided protection for the new industry in its infancy. The close cooperation of banks with pharmaceutical companies has contributed to the implementation of investment and innovation projects and external expansion. The creation of cartels by chemical and pharmaceutical companies was an institutional response to the unprecedented phenomenon of industrialization and catching up in Germany. It is revealed that at the present stage the Government of Germany through national and regional programs continues to promote the development of technological and innovative potential of pharmaceuticals. The expediency of introduction of mechanisms of endogenization of production development of medicines and medical devices in Ukraine, and also expansion of sales in the domestic market through introduction of preferences at public purchases in the context of protection of essential interests of safety and health of the nation is proved.
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Roeder, Norbert, Bernhard Rohell et Don Hindle. « Per case payment in Germany : all in a mess ». Australian Health Review 25, no 6 (2002) : 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020206.
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In 2000,the German government legislated a change to per case payment by DRG, and devolved the responsibility for design to an industry group of hospitals and insurance companies. In June 2002,the industry group formally announced that agreement could not be reached, and the Ministry of Health has consequently taken direct control. We argue that important decisions are consequently being made in haste (with significant risk of errors) and that sole-sourcing of some preparatory tasks (for reasons of time pressure) has disturbing aspects.We suggest three factors that might have contributed to this unfortunate state of affairs. First, Germany did not establish a largely independent research and development program of the style applied in Australia. Second, there was a failure to recognise at an early stage that the industry group was unlikely to reach the consensus required by its terms of reference, if only because of the significant competitive aspects of most elements of the design. Finally, too little was done to address the pervasive culture of mistrust between and among hospitals and insurers. We suggest that there needs to be talk about the process of talking if design work is to be more successful in future.
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Kumalasari, Galuh Wahyu. « LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICY MODEL OF INDONESIA RATTAN HANDICRAFT CREATIVE INDUSTRY IN TRANGSAN VILLAGE ». Humanities & ; Social Sciences Reviews 7, no 3 (4 avril 2019) : 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7313.
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Purpose of Study: Creative industry is one of the economic sectors that important to get attention from the government. Absorption workers in the creative industry are very large considering the main capital in this industry is idea and creativity. An employee who works on large industry, often replaced by mechanical power by efficiency reason. This is different from the creative industry which had to take creativity owned by a human being to maintain its existence. The rattan industry in this area has been able to penetrate the export market in the Netherlands, Germany, The United States, and Australia. Although has penetrated the export market, a number of problems experienced by actors of the creative industry, such as difficulty in competition with other countries related to the design of products and the difficulties to participate in the event of the international exhibition.
Methodology: The methodology used in this research is nondoctrinal, its describe clearly on local government policy in the development of the rattan creative industry in Trangsan Village, Gatak, Sukoharjo, Central Java.
Results: This study found that one of an industry that relatively has been shown to be able to survive in the center of turbulence and national and global economic crisis is the rattan industry in Trangsan Village.
Implications/Applications: Looking at these problems, the local government should take an active role to provide support for rattan industries of Trangsan Village by facilitating ease licensing and integrated technical assistance in connection to promoting both through social media and facilitation to be fit for as well as in international events.
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Mann, Thomas. « THE PHASE-OUT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN GERMANY ». Administrative law and process, no 1 (28) (2020) : 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2020.1.03.
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Over the past 20 years, political attitudes in Germany towards the nuclear industry have been characterised less by consistency than by some major policy shifts, and the same can be said for the legislation that emerged from these attitudes. Although a number of these about-turns were predictable, others were less so because of their dependence on external factors. What now looks likely to be the final1 decision to phase out the civil use of nuclear power in Germany by 31 December 20222 raises a whole host of legal questions. In particular, the procedure followed to implement this phase-out provides ample material for debates on questions of constitutionality. Further matters of jurisprudential interest include the agreements concluded with the nuclear industry before the final phase-out decision was taken and the chronologically close political about-face themselves. Finally, a degree of legal uncertainty still surrounds not only the as-yet still unresolved issue of final repositories but also the resurgent debate over the source of funding for the dismantling of nuclear power plants. After providing an overview of the initial situation and the problems arising in connection with Germany’s phasing out of the civil use of nuclear energy, this paper will place these issues in their proper legal context before evaluating them and highlighting the connection between these points of nuclear law and the current upheaval in German energy policy.
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Petit, Pascal. « France and Germany nuclear energy policies revisited : A veblenian appraisal ». Panoeconomicus 60, no 5 (2013) : 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1305687p.
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Nuclear energy policy should have been a major area of cooperation for France and Germany, playing a lead role in the energy policy of the EU. Yet they have retained different options, especially regarding nuclear energy while the EU energy policy remained very indicative. These two ?coordinated economies? should have been able to cooperate more closely on this issue. While the reasons for this difference in behavior have much to do with the specificities of the nuclear energy, they are more precisely related to the continuously rising level of security requirements, a learning process in which the magnitude of risks and time lengths appeared, even before Fukushima, to go beyond rational boundaries on which cooperation (as well as market) ventures could be based. This raises the issue in the present state of the technologies of the possibility of an international governance of this nuclear industry.
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Kuo, Kuo Cheng, Sue Ling Lai, Khunlaphat Chancham et Ming Liu. « Energy Consumption, GDP, and Foreign Direct Investment in Germany ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (octobre 2014) : 1797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1797.
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This research studies the causal relationship between energy consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Germany for a period of 1971-2010. The empirical results reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from GDP to energy consumption and from GDP running to FDI in Germany. This is due to the highly rising trends of economic activities in the country which can lead to the expansion in energy consumption. As there is an increase in economic activities within the country, then the growth rate will be in the rising path. As a result, the foreign investors will see the promising future and then invest in the host country. The conservative energy policy is recommended to support the energy saving because it will have little or no adverse effect on GDP. The energy efficiency should be applied by encouraging the use of renewable energy sources in economic activities as an alternative to stimulate the economic growth of the country. Also, the public expenditure should be expanded to increase the country’s economy and attract foreign investors. In addition, the government should support for the service industry such as insurance, finance and banking, and tourism because this type of industry does not consume as much energy as the manufacturing industry does in the overall manufacturing processes. Besides, the government should provide tax credit for the manufacturers who can fulfill the energy efficiency for their operation.
Thèses sur le sujet "Nuclear industry – Government policy – Germany"
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HUBER, Michael. « Das regulative Netzwerk Risiko und regulative Politik im bundesdeutschen Kernenergiekonflikt ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5154.
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Defence date: 16 May 1991Examining board: Klaus Eder (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Christian Joerges (EUI/Univ. Bremen) ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Helga Nowotny (Univ. Vienna) ; Prof. Wolfgang van den Daele (Free University, Berlin)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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FISCHER, Peter. « Die Anfänge der Atompolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Spannungsfeld von Kontrolle, Kooperation und Konkurrenz (1949-1955) ». Doctoral thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5775.
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Examining board: Prof. Dr. A.S. Milward, London (Doktorvater) ; Prof. Dr. R.T. Griffiths, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. P. Guillen, Grenoble ; Prof. Dr. P. Hertner, Florenz ; Prof. Dr. J. Radkau, BielefeldDefence date: 17 November 1989
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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ACKERMANN, Ute. « Geheimrezept oder chemische Reaktion ? Die westdeutsche chemische Industrie (1950-1964) : Firmen, Produkte und Märkte ». Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5701.
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Pan, Rongfang. « National champions or global partners ? Explaining firm responses to industrial policy in China’s nuclear and wind sectors ». Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101780.
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State-industry coordination has been regarded as
fundamental to effective policy intervention, but the fact is
that the state sometimes meets resistance from certain industrial
sectors in the efforts of building national industries. So why
are firms in some industrial sectors cooperative with the state
but those in other sectors unresponsive to state directions?
While studies have shown that the pursuit of economic
competitiveness and national security accounts for the
techno-nationalist orientation of a state, few explain the
distinct firm responses to state directions across sectors. In
order to understand the sectoral variation in firm behavior, this
thesis develops a theoretical framework based on industry
characteristics and examines manufacturing industries in two
categories, complex product systems (CoPS) and mass-production.
It proposes that the distinct natures of the sectors are
associated with different domestic-foreign business
relationships, which tend to lead to distinct firm responses to
state policy in these sectors. Looking into China’s nuclear and
wind power sectors, respectively representing CoPS and
mass-manufacturing, the research finds different outcomes despite
Beijing’s commitment to a nationalist agenda in both sectors.
Indigenous Chinese firms in nuclear power established
long-standing strategic business relationships with international
vendors and were unresponsive to the national policy of reducing
foreign technology dependence, whereas those in wind power were
supportive of Beijing’s nationalist policies because of the
rivalry with leading global producers. Through theoretical and
empirical studies, this thesis generates conclusions that are
relevant to other political economies and can be applied to other
industry sectors.
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Van, Vuuren Rianne. « Nuclear non-proliferation : the South African experience in global context ». Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1379.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objectives of the study were to demonstrate that South Africa's decisions to develop and destroy its nuclear weapon capability were influenced by reactions to domestic security and other issues unrelated to security. South Africa obtained a nuclear weapon capacity because of an incremental approach to the nuclear weapon decision. The threat perceptions in the mind of the decision maker were also dominant factors, especially when the final decision for a nuclear deterrent was taken. The decision to destroy the nuclear weapon capacity was not primarily influenced by the growing non-proliferation norm, but by the changing security environment regionally as well as globally and possibly a realisation that a nuclear weapon capability was a significant security and financial liability for South Africa in the end.Political Science
M.A. (International Politics)
Livres sur le sujet "Nuclear industry – Government policy – Germany"
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Chauvistré, Eric. Germany and proliferation : The nuclear export policy. Berlin : Berghof-Stiftung für Konfliktforschung, 1991.
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Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Administrativ-politische Entscheidungsprozesse zwischen Wirtschaftlichkeit und Sicherhei, zwischen nationaler und internationaler Lösung. Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2009.
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Wahlmanipulationen : Studentische Subkulturen, Mehrheitsprinzip, Rechtsgeltung, Wahlprüfungsrecht. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1998.
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Kliment, Tibor. Kernkraftprotest und Medienreaktionen : Deutungsmuster einer Widerstandsbewegung und öffentliche Rezeption. Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts Verlag, 1994.
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Nieto, José Antonio Rojas. Desarrollo nuclear de México. México, D.F : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1989.
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S, Jones P. M., dir. Nuclear power : Policy and prospects. Chichester : Wiley, 1987.
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Rosa, Luiz Pinguelli. A política nuclear no Brasil. São Paulo : Greenpeace, 1991.
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Rosa, Luiz Pinguelli. A política nuclear no Brasil. São Paulo : Greenpeace, 1991.
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W, Jones Rodney, et Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies., dir. The Nuclear suppliers and nonproliferation : International policy choices. Lexington, Mass : Lexington Books, 1985.
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Howlett, Darryl A. EURATOM and nuclear safeguards. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1990.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Nuclear industry – Government policy – Germany"
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Valentine, Scott. « Wind Power in Germany ». Dans Wind Power Politics and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199862726.003.0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the previous chapter, the malleability of Danish energy policy was highlighted as a key factor behind the successful diffusion of wind power in Denmark. This chapter examines wind power diffusion in Germany, and in the process highlights a different, though equally successful policy ideology. Compared to policy of its Nordic neighbor, wind power development policy in Germany has been far more structured and invariable. In fact, the success of Germany’s wind power development strategy often serves as an exemplar for proponents of consistent feed-in tariff regimes, which is considered by some to be the most effective strategy for driving wind power development. As this chapter will demonstrate, fostering wind power development in Germany is, like in other nations, a complex challenge involving dynamic interactions between government and nongovernment actors. As German wind power capacity expanded, there has been social dissent and utility opposition. Nevertheless, the German government has remained committed to aggressive wind power diffusion policies and has responded to emergent challenges in a remarkably unified manner wherein state, regional, and local government actors have formed integrated problem-solving networks. This chapter also highlights the seamless web of nation-specific STEP factors influencing wind power development that is apparent in Germany. As one pair of researchers observed, wind power development in Germany has been marked by “close interplay between the actors within the political system, technical and economic development, as well as social factors.” As has been the case in most industrialized nations, forces in support of wind power development began to amass during the two energy crises of the 1970s. As the government began to evaluate its alternative energy technology options, nuclear power and wind power emerged as the two most viable utility-scale options. In the 1970s, nuclear power in Germany enjoyed a modicum of developmental success. The nation’s first commercial nuclear power plant commenced operation in 1969. By 2010, nuclear power contributed approximately 22% to Germany’s electricity supply. However, nuclear power development has been contentious. Although there has been industrial support, there has also been strident public opposition, especially since Chernobyl.
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« APPENDIX B The Leadership of the German Government on the Effect on the Economy of German Policy toward the Jews, August 1935 ». Dans Business and Industry in Nazi Germany, 151–52. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781782389750-010.
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Howarth, David, et Scott James. « Germany ». Dans Bank Politics, 170–90. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898609.003.0006.
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Abstract Chapter 6 considers the structural reform introduced in Germany through the Trennbankengesetz (Bank Separation Law) in 2013, which had little impact on most German banks’ trading activities. This was in spite of commitments made by Chancellor Angela Merkel to tackle the issue of too-big-to-fail in the wake of the crisis, and sustained political pressure from the main opposition Social Democratic Party in the run-up to the September 2013 legislative elections. Our central argument is that the limited ringfencing reforms introduced by the German government can be attributed to cooperative financial power and the absence of venue shifting. Despite the fragmented, multi-tiered structure of the German banking industry, it was nonetheless capable of wielding significant unified collective influence within the policy process. This influence was channelled through multiple centralized associations representing the commercial, cooperative and savings, and regional banking sectors. These associations formed a powerful alliance in opposition to structural reform, bolstered by the support of the politically influential SME sector. Although the government sought to manage the reform agenda through existing committee structures, it could not be entirely insulated from political pressures—hence the largely symbolic reform designed to appease public anger while inflicting minimal economic costs on the sector.
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Stott, Rosemary. « Transit to East Germany : The Distribution and Reception of Once Upon a Time in the West in the German Democratic Republic ». Dans Spaghetti Westerns at the Crossroads. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748695454.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the relocation, transition, and appropriation of the Spaghetti Western in a hitherto under-researched context: the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), prior to its unification with the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1990. It explores the selection, distribution and reception of Once Upon a Time in the West (C'era una volta il West, Sergio Leone, 1968) in the German Democratic Republic as a case study of how international cultural transfer causes objects of cultural production to be repositioned as they enter a new reception context. It also examines the ideological, economic, and sociological concerns underpinning the decisions of those who facilitated the movement of film across the political, cultural, and linguistic boundaries of nation states. In East Germany, the facilitators involved in the selection, censorship, dubbing, and promotion of films were mainly government administrators rather than film business professionals, because film was a state-controlled industry. The chapter focuses on the ‘official’ reception of the film on the basis of available censorship protocols and government policy papers, as well as print media sources.
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Yadav, Siddharth, Vishal Yadav et ManMahendra Singh Daksh. « Power Generation in India : Present Scenario, Future Outlook and Policy Implementations ». Dans SCRS Proceedings of International Conference of Undergraduate Students, 193–98. 2023e éd. Soft Computing Research Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/978-81-95502-01-1-22.
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India is one of the fastest growing nations within the global. To sustain this growth, power and power demands will increase. In this article, the present state and perspectives of using various energy sources in India for electric power generation are discussed as well as the main tools for promoting their development and utilization are highlighted. Indian power generation sector is the most expanded one in the world. Sources for power generation range from commercial ones such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to other important nonconventional sources such as wind, solar, agriculture and domestic waste. The demand for electricity in the country has been growing rapidly and is expected to grow further in the coming years. In order to meet this increasing requirement of electricity, massive addition to the installed generating capacity in the country is required. The demand of electricity has been increasing continually due to the increase in population, urbanization and usage of technology to access a comfortable life. It is also predicted that there will be a high demand of electricity by the year 2030. The Indian power sector is currently undergoing from a significant change that is redefining the outlook of the industry. The Government of India is currently focussing to attain 'Power For All' and has accelerated capacity addition in the country. In fact, the Power industry's future in India is bright, and sustained economic growth continues to drive electricity demand in India. Both energy and climate policies must be prepared for such a development in advance.
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Schweiger, Christian. « The German Economic Model ». Dans The Oxford Handbook of German Politics, 251—C15.P89. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817307.013.16.
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Abstract This chapter outlines the foundations of Germany’s social market economy, which is deeply rooted in the ordoliberal tradition of coordination and consensus with the state providing the legal framework for interaction between market and non-market actors and foundations of the supporting welfare state. The main focus lies in analysing the changes Germany’s social market economy has undergone since German reunification. The partial collapse of industry in Eastern Germany, which was mainly the result of the restructuring undertaken by the government agency Treuhand, led to a steep rise in unemployment and to mounting pressures on the German economy and welfare state. The subsequent structural reforms introduced more than two decades ago—the Agenda 2010 policy—of the red-green coalition under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder have modified the institutional foundations of the social market economy and shown that they are adaptable. The most fundamental changes were introduced by the Hartz labour market reforms, which have both substantially increased the levels of precarious employment and transformed the formerly inclusive German welfare state towards activation and means-testing.
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Jackson, Gordon. « Chapter 12 Expanding Fleets and the New Fishing Grounds, 1919-1920 ». Dans The British Whaling Trade, 169–84. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007398.003.0012.
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British whaling in the interwar period cannot be understood, or adequately described, in terms solely of national production or national consumption. The continuation of Anglo-Norwegian rivalry ensured the international nature of the industry, in which the desire to maximise profits under a system of very free competition led to most complicated investment decisions based on factors that were very largely beyond the control of the British firms, or indeed, of any firm. There had always been international competition in whaling, but never before had individual firms produced so much, or had so much capital at stake. The balancing of supply and demand in the producers' favour was by no means easy, and, as with other primary producers, whaler-owners were already moving dangerously close to over-production. At the same time the acceleration of technical change during the war ensured an international market for oil among soap and margarine producers, with the result that purely national needs had little effect on prices. Although British firms served their domestic market more than any other, the returns on their effort might be determined by marginal production in Norway or government purchasing policy in Germany. On the production side it will be necessary from time to time to set British whaling in the context of total whaling activity as recorded in the ...
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Rose, Chris, et Peter Melchett. « Global Citizens : Campaigning for Environmental Solutions ». Dans Globalization, Globalism, Environments, and Environmentalism. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264520.003.0009.
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This chapter deals with three linked issues. First, the nature of modern campaigning, with particular reference to the work of Greenpeace and the solutions they offer. Second, the role of Greenpeace and other nongovernmental organizations from the not-for-profit sector. Third, the challenge and opportunities created by ‘globalization’ and what this means for global governance from an environmental point of view. For some years Greenpeace has argued that ‘solutions’ have moved to centre stage in the work of pressure groups, as they used to be known. The formative role of environmental campaigning organizations was to draw attention to problems, but by the 1990s, finding and demonstrating solutions, and getting them applied, became much more important (see Yearley, this volume). This has proved a long and hard road. Indeed, the gap between what can be done and what is being done has, if anything, widened. This is mainly because the technical potential has improved while, in Britain at least, implementation has moved much more slowly. It was once famously said of an incompetent British government that this is an island built on coal and surrounded by fish, but still it manages to run out of both. Similar things could be said today. The government has patently failed to protect fish stocks but that can be conveniently blamed on the EU Common Fisheries Policy. But no such excuse will wash on energy. Britain’s wave energy resource is more than 70 times the UK electricity demand. Britain’s wind resource is also vast. Offshore wind could meet Britain’s entire electricity demand three times over. Against this, the government’s unattained target of 10 per cent for renewable electricity is simply pathetic. Contrast Britain with Denmark, which is phasing out fossil fuel use in electricity generation and is on course for generating 50 per cent of its electricity from wind alone by 2030. Little wonder Denmark is reaping the benefits in terms of engineering jobs in wind turbines, an industry in which it is world leader. The story in Germany and the Netherlands is similar: yet Britain is far, far windier.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Nuclear industry – Government policy – Germany"
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Clark, Matthew, et Joanne Fisher. « UK Strategy for Nuclear Industry LLW ». Dans ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16393.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In March 2007 the UK Government and devolved administrations (for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, from here on referred to as ‘Government’) published their policy for the management of solid low level waste (‘the Policy’). The Policy sets out a number of core principles for the management of low level waste (LLW) and charges the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority with developing a UK-wide strategy in the case of LLW from nuclear sites. The UK Nuclear Industry LLW Strategy has been developed within the framework of the principles set out in the policy. A key factor in the development of this strategy has been the strategic partnership the NDA shares with the Low Level Waste Repository near Drigg (LLWR), who now have a role in developing strategy as well as delivering an optimised waste management service at the LLWR. The strategy aims to support continued hazard reduction and decommissioning by ensuring uninterrupted capability and capacity for the management and disposal of LLW in the UK. The continued availability of a disposal route for LLW is considered vital by both the nuclear industry and non-nuclear industry low level waste producers. Given that the UK will generate significantly more low level waste (∼ 3.1 million m3) than there is capacity at the LLWR (∼0.75 million m3), developing alternative effective ways to manage LLW is critical. The waste management hierarchy is central to the strategy, which includes strategic goals at all levels of the hierarchy to improve its application across the industry.
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Shropshire, David, et Jess Chandler. « Financing Strategies for a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility ». Dans 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89255.
Texte intégralRésumé :
To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest life-cycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due to government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs computed for the government case. The uncertainty in operations, leading to lower than optimal processing rates (or annual plant throughput), is the most detrimental issue to achieving low unit costs. Conversely, lowering debt interest rates and the required return on investments can reduce costs for private industry.
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Xiaofeng, Zhang, Zhao Feng, Zhu Rongxu, Yang Zongzhen et Shangguan Zhihong. « Improving Public Acceptance to Nuclear Power : Policy, Practice and Experience With Public Communication ». Dans 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66789.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the development of public awareness on environmental protection, especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident, the opposition to nuclear power due to NIMBY (not in my back yard) effect begins to hinder the rapid development of Chinese nuclear industry. For example, in recent years several large-scale mass incidents with appealing to stop the siting and construction of nuclear facilities in China have put related projects (including nuclear power plant and nuclear fuel cycle facility) into termination, resulting in certain financial loss and unnecessary social unstabilization, thus causing more and more concern from administrative authority, research institution and nuclear industry. To strengthen public acceptance on nuclear power, related enterprises such as CGN and CNNC have made great efforts in information disclosure to eliminate mysterious feelings towards nuclear power and expect to build new impression as clean energy. Domestic institutions and universities carry out plenty of work on methods to help public correctly perceive nuclear risk and present strategies for effective public communication. Administrative authority also issued detailed guidance on public communication required to be fulfilled during plant’s siting phase, which provided explicit provisions on the responsibility and job content of different entities. Here we will take one public communication practice of one nuclear power project located in south Zhejiang region as an example. In this scenario, we face more difficulty than other projects, such as doubt from local government, complexity of public types, and large amount of stakeholders. In this paper, we will make summary on endeavors to improve public acceptance, such as large amount of NPP visits, comprehensive scientific popularization, direct communication with stakeholders and integration development between local society and nuclear industry. And we will discuss the feasibility of innovative practice, combining several similar tasks needed in different subjects, such as environmental impact assessment and social stabilization assessment, to fulfill at once. To achieve this goal, we design specific questionnaire and use it to survey the opinion of more than 800 people in the fairly large region across different provinces, covering 30km radius area of site, which gains satisfactory results. By comparing outcomes of opinion surveys carried out before and after the practice, we will put forward to the considerable effect of public communication in improving public acceptance to nuclear power, and analysis the pros and cons of this example. Moreover, we also expect the good experience in practice can be promoted to overall processes of nuclear power plant, including siting, construction, commission and life extension, helping nuclear power gain more public acceptance.
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Baldwin, Arthur L. « Fossil Energy Technologies for Tomorrow : The Role of Effective Government Partnerships for Sustainable Progress ». Dans ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23411.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is the Department of Energy’s (DOE) only government-owned and -operated national laboratory. With homesites in Morgantown, West Virginia, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Tulsa, Oklahoma, NETL has been addressing global, national, regional, and local energy and environmental issues for the past 50 years. NETL’s core functions are to: shape, fund, and manage contracted research, development, demonstration, and deployment programs; conduct on-site science and technology research, and; conduct analyses to support policy development and best management and business practices. In support of the President’s recently released National Energy Policy, NETL’s work is concentrated in five major program areas: (1) Energy and Environmental Policy Support — Providing the scientific bases for sound policy decisions on key energy and environmental issues that relate to the global use of fossil energy. (2) Electric Power Using Coal — Developing the sound, scientific bases for clean, efficient power generation using coal, from mining to light switch. (3) Strategic Center for Natural Gas — Integrating and coordinating all Federal natural gas research, development, analysis, and policy development, from exploration through utilization. (4) Fuels — Addressing the integrated supply and delivery of clean fossil (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) derived fuels for transportation and other end-use sectors. (5) Environmental Quality/Nuclear Security — Supporting development and deployment of environmental technologies that reduce the cost and risk of cleaning up DOE’s nuclear weapons complex. Currently, NETL has over 1,100 research projects in all 50 states and more than 20 countries. NETL conducts this work through a broad range of partnerships with private industry, universities and colleges, not-for-profit laboratories, other DOE national laboratories, other government organizations at the federal, state, and local levels, and various international partners. Through these partnerships, NETL has fostered and will continue to foster the development and deployment of scientific and engineering technologies and know-how that offer sustainable solutions to domestic and international energy and environmental problems. See Proceedings Appendix B.
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Lee, Young Wook, Suk Hoon Kim, Young Ho Cho, Hyun Seok Ko, Dong Hoon Shin, Joo Hyun Moon et Chang Sun Kang. « Consensus Based Nuclear Public-Hearing System Model ». Dans 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89722.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although the government admit the benefit of construction of a nuclear facility for national electric source, related policy could be developed and carried out only if the public, especially who have some stake on it, recognize the benefit and accept the policy. For public participation, Korea has a system of public-hearing in accordance with the law. Because of the absence of the detailed way for public opinion aggregation and for the reflection of the aggregated opinion, Korean public-hearing system is only a conceptual model. Therefore, some specific system for Korean Public-Hearing should be developed and applied. In this study, to share the right of decision making, which is an ultimate concept for public participation, decision making components and the characteristics of each phase are analyzed. The criteria weight for assessment and comparison with alternatives are founded as a valuation factor of the decision making components, which should be based on the social consensus. On these foundations, a system for aggregation and reflection of the public opinion was proposed. The system named “CPDM” (Consensus based Participatory Decision Making) has three authority groups for decision making. At first, “advisory experts group” play a role for the technical assessment and the serve utility value on the criteria for each alternatives. Next, “participatory deliberation group” play a role for consensus building on the relative-importance (weight) between the criteria by feedback to promote degree of consensus. Lastly including gentlemen of the long robe, “expert group for decision making” paly a role to reflect the utility and weight and make a decision with agreement for performance of it. Also, in this study, a mathematical model for the quantification of the degree of consensus was conceptualized using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) aggregation operator and fuzzy similarity theory, which is a comparison concept. Since this model enables influence of each criteria and each participant on collective consensus to be analyzed, a direction to promote consensus building can be derived. That is to say, this model can support consensus building and promote public acceptance for the nuclear industry and related policy.
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Sun, Hongtu, Jingyuan Qu, Ping Wang et Jing Kang. « Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in the Selection of Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Strategy ». Dans 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the increase of the world’s nuclear facilities decommissioning activities, people all over the world pay more and more attention to decommissioning strategy. In order to strengthen the exchange of experience related to decommissioning activities in the world, both in 2002 Germany Berlin and in 2006 Greece Athens, IAEA held the international conference on lessons learned from the decommissioning twice. Decommissioning was one of the most important conference topics each time. The meeting also reached a consensus that it is necessary to consider decommissioning as soon as possible. This paper analyzes and discusses nine kinds of factors influencing decommissioning strategy, including source survey, waste management, government policy, decommissioning step, decommissioning cost, decommissioning technology, public acceptance, soil acceptable level and optimization of radiation protection. These nine factors are chosen for a variety of factors on the comprehensive consideration of affecting degree. In other word, they are more important factors to represent the problem as thoroughly as possible. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a systematic and hierarchical multi-objective decision analysis method. It is a basic approach to decision making which is proposed by T L. Saaty in 1970s, who is a professor of Pittsburgh University and the primary theoretician of AHP. In this paper, the goal is how to choose the appropriate decommissioning strategy using the method of AHP. The preferred decommissioning strategy should consider various factors, such as policy, economy, radiation protection, public acceptance, waste management and so on. Some factors are quantitative while others are qualitative. At present, there are three kinds of nuclear power plant (NPP) decommissioning strategy including immediate dismantling, deferred dismantling and entombment. The three kinds of decommissioning strategies all have their respective pros and cros. Analytic hierarchy model includes goal layer, criterion layer and program layer. In this paper, selection of decommissioning strategy is the goal layer. Nine chosen factors make up the criterion layer and three different decommissioning strategies constitute the program layer. The next step is comparative judgment which means the elements on the criterion layer are arranged into a matrix and the goal makes judgment about the relative importance of the elements with respect to the overall goal. The matrixes of pairwise comparisons of facts in criterion layer to program layer are also given in the paper. The fundamental scale of values to represent the intensities of judgments is the 1∼9 scale. For each pairwise comparison matrix, the maximum eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector are calculated. Consistency index (CI), random Consistency Index (RI) and consistency ratio (CR) are used to check consistency. In case inspection result meets the conformance requirement, normalized feature vector is the weight vector. On the contrary, it is needed to reconstruct the pairwise comparison matrix. Only by all matrixes go through consistency checking can results meet the satisfied conformance requirements. Meanwhile, the weights of nine factors in pairwise comparison matrixes are also discussed in the paper. In summary, based on the principle of AHP, an analytic hierarchy model of NPP decommissioning strategy choice has been established. Paired comparison judgments in the AHP are applied to pairs of these factors. The AHP method uses pairwise comparison of factors and contrasts them using a relative scale in order to minimize the difference in the nature of the different factors to compare with each other and also improve accuracy. The calculation results show that deferred dismantling (Weight: 0.4663) is superior to immediate dismantling (Weight: 0.3768), and immediate dismantling is better than entombment (Weight: 0.1569). These factors are ranked according to the weight of calculation results. The top three factors are government policies (Weight: 0.3512), decommissioning cost (Weight: 0.2038) and waste management (Weight: 0.1611).
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Fawcett, Pauline, David Spencer, Richard Jarvis et George Linekar. « The Use of a Waste Conversion Index as a Long Term Performance Indicator for Civil Nuclear Laibilities ». Dans ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4952.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In November 2001 the UK Government issued a statement on the future management of public sector nuclear liabilities and in its white paper “Managing the nuclear legacy” proposed the establishment of a Liabilities Management Authority, or the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) as it is now called. With the advent of the NDA, whose aim will be to safely and cost effectively reduce nuclear liabilities, and existing Government Policy which requires systematic and progressive reduction in hazard, there is a need for some form of index to demonstrate progress. Although there are many indices in use, mainly within the chemical industry, none of these are considered suitable for this purpose. A Waste Conversion Index is currently being developed to satisfy these needs. The Waste Conversion Index will reflect an emphasis on passive safety rather than the more traditional safety analysis which focuses on risk. It is intended to be applicable across all UK civil nuclear sites and may act as one of a number of long-term performance indicators. This paper describes how the index is formulated, and the various factors used in the calculation together with its main uses including its use as a predictive tool to demonstrate progressive hazard reduction as nuclear liabilities are reduced. In addition the paper warns against the misuse of the index as a sole means of decision making in developing hazard reduction strategies, prioritising projects and allocating funding. Finally, some examples are given of its application to existing facilities.
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Hanson, John. « The Federal Government’s Role in Enabling the Nuclear Renaissance and a Low-Carbon Energy Future ». Dans ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89997.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The electric power industry in the United States will face a number of great challenges in the next two decades, including increasing electricity demand and the aging of the current fleet of power plants. These challenges present a major test for the industry, which must invest between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion by 2030 to meet the increased demand. In addition to these challenges, the potential for climate legislation, controversy over hydraulic fracturing, and post-Fukushima safety concerns have all resulted in significant uncertainty regarding the economics of all major sources of base-load electricity. Currently nuclear power produces 22% of the nation’s electricity, and over 70% of the nation’s low-carbon electricity, even though unfavorable economic conditions have stalled construction of new reactors for over 30 years. The economics are changing, however, as evidenced by the recent construction and operating licenses (COLs) awarded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to Southern Company and SCANA Corporation to build two new units each. The successful construction of these units could lead to more favorable financing for future plants. This improved financing, especially if combined with appropriate additional government support, could provide serious momentum for the resurgence of nuclear power in the United States. The most important way in which government support could benefit nuclear power is by increasing the amount of loan guarantees provided to the first wave of new nuclear power plants. This will help encourage additional new builds, which will help reduce the financing risk premium for new nuclear and improve interest rates for future plants. Instead of simply increasing loan guarantees for nuclear energy, a permanent federal financing structure should be established to provide loan guarantees for “clean energy” technologies in general, a category in which nuclear energy should be included. Most importantly, any changes should be made as part of a coherent, long-term energy policy, which would provide utilities with the correct tools to make the necessary investments, and the confidence that will allow them to undertake large-scale projects.
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Saito, Itaru, et Takashi Shimakawa. « Outline of the JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) Rules on Design and Construction for Nuclear Power Plants ». Dans ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2690.
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The JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) published the rules on design and construction for nuclear power plants in 2001. The basic concept of this rule originates in the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section III, however, some articles in the JSME rules are modified from the ASME rules depending on the Japanese own investigations and thoughts. This paper presents the outline of the JSME rules and discussed the comparison between the JSME rules and the ASME rules. In Japan, rules for the design and construction for nuclear power plants had been used in the Japanese regulatory standards known as Notification 501 of MITI (Ministry of international Trade and Industry) for over 30 years. And the JSME code is also based on the Notification 501. Recently the Japanese regulatory authority had announced new policy to adapt non-government voluntary rules for the design and construction taking advantage of reflecting new technology and the code revision quickly. And, in November 2003, the new JSME rules are endorsed by the Japanese regulatory authorities as alternate rules of the Notification 501.
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McCauley, Dave, Douglas Metcalfe, Marcia Blanchette et Tom Calvert. « The Government of Canada’s Programs for Radioactive Waste Cleanup and Long-Term Management ». Dans ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16133.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Government of Canada’s 1996 Policy Framework for Radioactive Waste Management establishes that waste owners are responsible for the management of their radioactive wastes. This includes the planning, funding, and implementation of long-term waste management initiatives. Within this context, the Government has established three separate programs aimed at addressing the long-term management of radioactive waste for which it has accepted responsibility. The largest of these programs is the Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP). The objective of the NLLP is to address radioactive waste and decommissioning liabilities resulting from 60 years of nuclear research and development at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) sites in Canada. In 2005, the Government increased the value of this liability in its Public Accounts based on a new, 70-year long-term strategy and, in 2006, it implemented a $520 million 5-year work plan to initiate the strategy. The cost of implementing the full strategy is estimated at about $7 billion (current-day dollars). Canada’s Historic Waste Program is a second program that is designed to address low-level radioactive wastes across Canada that are not managed in an appropriate manner for the long-term and for which the current owner can not reasonably be held responsible. These wastes mainly emanate from the refining and use of radium in the 1930s and the very early days of the nuclear industry in Canada when radioactive ores were mined and transported long distances for processing. While the Historic Waste Program has been in place since 1982, the Government of Canada launched the Port Hope Area Initiative in 2001 to deal with the bulk of the waste. Finally, the Government of Canada has entered into two agreements with Canadian provincial governments on roles and responsibilities relating to the decommissioning of uranium mine and mill tailings sites. These agreements, one with the Province of Ontario and one with the Province of Saskatchewan, establish the responsibilities of each level of government to address circumstances where further decommissioning work is required and the producer can no longer be held responsible. The paper will provide an overview of these environmental remediation programs for radioactive waste and will describe recent progress and future challenges.