Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden"
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Kiener, E. « Political aspects of nuclear energy ». Nuclear Engineering and Design 114, no 2 (juin 1989) : 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(89)90187-8.
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Alarcón, Cristián. « Transforming wood energy in Sweden and Chile ». critical perspectives on international business 16, no 4 (3 août 2019) : 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2018-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse and problematize the relations between international forestry companies and wood energy in the context of climate change in Chile and Sweden. Design/methodology/approach Based on interviews, field observations and analysis of documents, case studies of international forestry companies and wood energy in local areas of Chile and Sweden are examined comparatively. A conceptual framework combining political ecology and environmental communication is developed to approach the cases. Findings The paper finds that the two international forestry companies studied here have widely incorporated the use of wood energy as a renewable and carbon neutral energy strategy for their forestry business. Second, the paper finds that wood energy is used as a way to reproduce forestry development in the two countries, which is contested by NGOs and activists which are today articulating critical approaches to forestry development in the two countries. Third, related to the former finding, the paper finds that the incorporation of wood energy into the forest sector’s interests in Chile and Sweden takes place in the context of important social-ecological conflicts related to industrial forestry development. Originality/value The paper’s analytical framework helps to analyse the social-ecological nature of international business and the way they organise material practices and communicative meaning around renewable energy. The paper’s findings and analysis shed light on important problematic aspects of the material and symbolic struggles around renewable energy in the context of climate change. The comparative dimension of the analysis has the value to offer a cross-border analysis to improve the understanding of some of the most important aspects of international businesses concerning wood energy today.
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Jahn, Detlef. « Nuclear power, energy policy and new politics in Sweden and Germany ». Environmental Politics 1, no 3 (septembre 1992) : 383–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644019208414032.
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Berkhout, Frans. « Nuclear politics : energy and the state in the United States, Sweden, and France ». International Affairs 67, no 4 (octobre 1991) : 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622489.
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Rosa, Eugene A., et James M. Jasper. « Nuclear Politics : Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France. » Contemporary Sociology 20, no 4 (juillet 1991) : 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071822.
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Hackett, Bruce, et James M. Jasper. « Nuclear Politics : Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France. » Social Forces 70, no 1 (septembre 1991) : 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580096.
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Selroos, Jan-Olof, et Björn Gylling. « How Findings from a Multi-Annual International Modeling Initiative Are Implemented in a Nuclear Waste Management Organization ». Energies 16, no 2 (6 janvier 2023) : 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020684.
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In the present paper, we discuss various aspects of the SKB Task Force on Modeling of Groundwater Flow and Transport of Solutes (TFGWFTS). The TFGWTS is a multi-lateral forum for modeling of groundwater flow and solute transport, focusing on issues of relevance for disposal of nuclear waste. We discuss the objectives and set-up of the different tasks performed during the last 30 years, and specifically how the results of the modeling have informed performance and safety assessment applications within SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Solna, Sweden). We conclude that the TFGWFTS has been instrumental in developing modeling methodologies and tools, and in training and fostering modelers. While the early tasks were related to the construction of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden and developed general modeling competence, the later tasks have served performance and safety assessment purposes in a more substantial manner.
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Ramírez-Villegas, Ricardo, Ola Eriksson et Thomas Olofsson. « Combined Environmental and Economic Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures in a Multi-Dwelling Building ». Energies 12, no 13 (27 juin 2019) : 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132484.
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The aim of this study is to assess how different renovation scenarios affect the environmental and economic impacts of a multi-dwelling building in a Nordic climate, how these aspects are correlated and how different energy carriers affect different environmental impact categories. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the European Union has set an agenda in order to reduce energy use in buildings. New buildings on the European market have a low replacement rate, which makes building renovation an important factor for achieving the European Union goals. In this study, eight renovation strategies were analyzed following the European Committee for Standardization standards for life cycle assessment and life cycle costs of buildings. This study covers all life cycle steps from cradle to grave. The renovation scenarios include combinations of photovoltaics, geothermal heat pumps, heat recovery ventilation and improved building envelopes. Results show that, depending on the energy carrier, reductions in global warming potential can be achieved at the expense of an increased nuclear waste disposal. It also shows that for the investigated renovation strategies in Sweden there is no correlation between the economic and the environmental performance of the building. Changing energy carriers in Sweden in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can be a good alternative, but it makes the system more dependent on nuclear power.
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Boyko, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. « Political Aspects of Nuclear Energy Market Development in the Countries of South Asia. NSG Factor in Promoting Nuclear Energy in the Region ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 1 (31 janvier 2016) : 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2016.1.11.
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IVANOVSKAYA, Zh V. « PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no 8 (2021) : 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.08.01.022.
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The prospects of the Russian nuclear power industry depend on many factors, including economic, technological, political, social, and other aspects of the development of the global energy market. To increase the competitiveness of the Russian nuclear power industry, it is necessary to strengthen the existing advantages of Rosatom State Corporation, as well as state support for programs aimed at the development of nuclear technologies, both in the energy sector and in other sectors of the economy, including healthcare. The issues of developing international cooperation are particularly relevant when realizing the export potential of Russian nuclear energy.
Thèses sur le sujet "Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden"
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BARBOSA, JOSE A. M. « Contribuicao a legislacao brasileira no setor de energia nuclear ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9463.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Tarasova, Ekaterina. « Anti-nuclear Movements in Discursive and Political Contexts : Between Expert Voices and Local Protests ». Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Statsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31979.
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Energy policies which maintain and extend nuclear energy are often opposed by anti-nuclear movements. Ambitious plans for developing nuclear energy in Russia, constructing a first nuclear plant in Poland, and lifting the ban on nuclear energy while allowing the replacement of old reactors in Sweden are examples of such energy policies. In contrast to the massive anti-nuclear movements of 1970-1990s, recent anti-nuclear movements are not organized as national protest campaigns. This thesis examines repertoires of anti-nuclear movements in the alleged “Nuclear Renaissance” period. Repertoires of anti-nuclear actions are analyzed from the perspective of discursive and political opportunities of anti-nuclear movements. Discursive opportunities are enabled or hindered in the ordering of nuclear energy discourses, making messages and actions of social movements legitimate or illegitimate. While discourses of anti-nuclear movements are complex, official discourses of nuclear energy featuring arguments about profitability, energy security and environmental security in connection to nuclear energy development, resonate more with broader socio-political developments. Ordering of discourses is established in such a way that expert rhetoric becomes a standard approach for discussing nuclear energy, while references to emotions and subjective matters are unacceptable. Political contexts of anti-nuclear movements provide opportunities for environmental NGOs, one kind of actor in anti-nuclear movements, to pursue nonconfrontational strategies and engage in institutional channels, where they can contribute their expert knowledge. Concurrently, another actor in anti-nuclear movements, local anti-nuclear groups, on the one hand, share argumentative structures with environmental NGOs, and, on the other hand, attempt to mobilize local population and organize local protests. Due to limited opportunities for attention from the national media and focus on local issues, local protests are not featured in the national media, which is crucial for national protest actions. The differences in repertoires between these two kinds of actors and absence of actors opting for mass engagement provide insight into repertoires of anti-nuclear movements as a whole. This thesis demonstrates how discursive opportunities of social movements, which result from competing discourses of movements and their counter-agents, and political opportunities structure repertoires of actions of these movements.Energipolitik som upprätthåller och utökar användandet av kärnkraft motarbetas ofta av antikärnkraftsrörelser. Exempel på sådan energipolitik är de ambitiösa planerna på att utveckla kärnkraft i Ryssland, att bygga ett första kärnkraftverk i Polen, och att häva förbudet mot kärnkraft samt möjliggöra utbyte av gamla reaktorer i Sverige. I motsats till de massiva antikärnkraftsrörelserna under 1970-1990, är de nya rörelserna inte organiserade som nationella protestkampanjer. Denna avhandling undersöker vilka olika handlingssätt antikärnkraftsrörelserna i den påstådda "Nuclear Renaissance"-perioden använder. Antikärnkraftsrörelsernas olika sätt att agera analyseras ur diskursiva och politiska möjligheter. Diskurser av antikärnkraftsrörelser är komplexa, när officiella diskurser om kärnkraft möter argument om lönsamhet, energisäkerhet och miljösäkerhet i samband med kärnkraft utveckling, anknyter den mer till en bredare socio-politiska utveckling. Diskurser etableras på ett sådant sätt att expertretorik blir en standardiserad metod för att diskutera kärnkraft, medan hänvisningar till känslor och subjektiva frågor är oacceptabla. Det politiska sammanhanget ger möjligheter till miljöorganisationer, en typ av aktör inom antikärnkraftsrörelsen, att bedriva nonconfrontational strategier och engagera sig via institutionella kanaler, där de kan bidra med sin sakkunskap. Samtidigt som en annan aktör, lokal antikärnkraftsgrupper, å ena sidan dela argument med miljöorganisationer, men å andra sidan försök att mobilisera lokalbefolkningen och anordna lokala protester. Eftersom lokala protester inte visas i nationella medier får de begränsade möjligheter till medial uppmärksamhet, något som är avgörande för nationella protestaktioner. Skillnaderna i sätt att agera mellan dessa två typer av aktörer och frånvaro av aktörer som väljer massengagemang ger insikt i de olika handlingssätt som används av antikärnkraftsrörelser som helhet.
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JAHN, Detlef. « New politics in trade unions : an organisation theoretical analysis of the debate on nuclear energy in Swedish and German trade unions ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5158.
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Defence date: 24 September 1991Examining Board: Prof. Gösta Esping-Andersen (EUI, Supervisor) ; Prof. Claus Offe (Universität Bremen, co-supervisor) ; Dr. Ferdinand Müller-Rommel (Universität Lüneburg) ; Prof. Olof Petersson (University of Uppsala) ; Prof. Alessandro Pizzorno (EUI)
First made available on 14 February 2019
The institutionalization of ecological attitudes in highly industrialized societies is the main interest of this study. Analyses of national politics often underestimates the competing and partially latent interests which are voiced by different political pressure groups. Therefore, I am interested in the response of the workers' movement to the ecological challenge. Although the labor movement does not support the cruder forms of ecologism such as no-growth claims, of all established political actors it is the most open to these demands. This is so because the ecological politics offers an utopia for a modern society. The labor movement has also the aspiration of being a socially progressive force of society that aims for social change. Most directly, the left-wing parties have to compete with other parties that attract the post-material electorate. However, the policy and strategy of workingclass parties are not independent of trade union policy. It is self-evident that politicians of social democratic parties consult trade unions in order to formulate their political goals. But also on the national policy level, unions are often consulted in order to obtain a broad alliance for some political decisions. All these examples should illustrate that trade union policy and standpoints concerning the development of society are important for the better understanding of the political outcomes of society. Yet traditional union policy - and also trade union research - tends very much to generally ignore politics: "Unions are involved in a major way in a very significant activity - the political life of the country - and yet there is considerable evidence that they do not take that activity very seriously".
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KALMBACH, Karena. « Meanings of a disaster : the contested 'truth' about Chernobyl : British and French Chernobyl debates and the transnationality of arguments and actors ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33491.
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Defence date: 26 September 2014Examining Board: Professor Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (European University Institute); Professor Dr. Pavel Kolar (European University Institute); Professor Dr. Jens Ivo Engels (Technische Universität Darmstadt); Dr. Dick van Lente (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam).
This thesis compares the French and British Chernobyl debates in the period between 1986 and 2006 and investigates the transnational debate on the health effects of this accident. While the exchange of actors and arguments has resulted in a rather congruent debate at the transnational level, the internal country debates on Chernobyl have remained very much bound by the national framework. This becomes particularly obvious in the comparison of the French and British Chernobyl debates, where multiple factors, specific to the national context, have shaped the different trajectories of the debates. In France, from the outset, Chernobyl was framed as a French debate, and placed into the context of the nucleócratie. In Britain, such an interpretative framework did not exist for the civil nuclear programme, since the predominant criticism against the nuclear enterprise had always been directed against the military complex and more focused on aspects of international relations than on the national nuclear energy complex. In Britain, therefore, Chernobyl was considered from a global perspective, whereas in France the focus was placed on the accident's impact at home. However, with the end of the Cold War and the British government's decision in the mid-1990s to no longer finance new nuclear power plants, anti-nuclear positions as such lost their impetus. Thus, few people in Britain were interested transforming the debate on the health impact of Chernobyl into a proxy war in the fight over the legitimacy of the civil nuclear enterprise, as was happening in France. Leaving this discursive and commemorative gap to the solidarity movement, in Britain, Chernobyl did not become an anti-nuclear lieu de mémoire as it did in France, but instead became associated primarily with charity activities for disabled or unprivileged children from Eastern Europe which effectively 'depoliticized' Chernobyl and separated it from the nuclear debate.
Livres sur le sujet "Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden"
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Hawkes, Nigel. Nuclear power. Vero Beach, FL : Rourke Enterprises, 1990.
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Hawkes, Nigel. Nuclear power. (London) : Observer, 1987.
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Energy issues in Asia for the twenty-first century : Nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament must be solved simultaneously. Tokyo, Japan : Institute for International Policy Studies, 1997.
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Zahrā, Hāshimī, dir. Fannʹāvarī-i hastahʹī : Va naqsh-i ān dar ījād-i bastarī munāsib barā-yi tawsiʻah-i pāydār. Tihrān : Intishārāt-i ʻIlmī va Farhangī, 2006.
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Yarman, Tolga. Geçmişte ve bugün nükleer enerji tartişması. İstanbul : Esin Yayınevi, 1995.
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Castejón, Francisco. ¿Vuelven las nucleares ? : El debate sobre la energía nuclear. Madrid : Talasa Ediciones, 2004.
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Jones, Peter D. From Bikini to Belau : The nuclear colonisation of the Pacific. London : War Resisters' International, 1988.
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Anshelm, Jonas. Mellan frälsning och domedag : Om kärnkraftens politiska idéhistoria i Sverige 1945-1999. Stockholm : Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion, 2000.
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Labbé, Marie-Hélène. Le grand retour du nucléaire. Paris : Frison-Roche, 2006.
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Friedman, Lauri S. Nuclear power. Detroit, MI : Greenhaven Press, 2010.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden"
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Basu, Dipak, et Victoria W. Miroshnik. « Military Aspects of Nuclear Energy ». Dans The Political Economy of Nuclear Energy, 43–58. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27029-2_5.
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Basu, Dipak, et Victoria W. Miroshnik. « Geopolitical Aspects of Nuclear Power ». Dans The Political Economy of Nuclear Energy, 23–33. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27029-2_3.
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Basu, Dipak, et Victoria W. Miroshnik. « Economic Aspects of Nuclear Power ». Dans The Political Economy of Nuclear Energy, 35–42. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27029-2_4.
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Eidemüller, Dirk. « Economic, Ecological and Political Aspects of Nuclear Energy ». Dans Nuclear Power Explained, 139–54. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72670-6_7.
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« POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENERGY CRISIS ». Dans Nuclear Power, Energy and the Environment, 151–74. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848160743_0009.
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Paine, Christopher E., et Thomas B. Cochran. « Strengthening International Controls on the Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Technical and Political Aspects of a Universal Nuclear Explosive Material Cutoff and Control (NEMC2) System ». Dans Controlling the Atom in the 21st Century, 3–72. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042447-1.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Nuclear energy – Political aspects – Sweden"
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Pekkarinen, Esko. « Comparison of Plant Response of Forsmark 3 Nuclear Power Plant to Forsmark 1 Type of Transient (25th July 2006), Using the HAMBO BWR Simulator : Thermal-Hydraulic Aspects ». Dans 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48143.
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Modernisation of control rooms of the nuclear power plants has been a major issue during the last few years. With this as a basis, the BWR plants in Sweden and Finland funded, in co-operation with the Halden Project, an experimental HAMBO BWR simulator project based on the Forsmark 3 plant in Sweden. VTT Energy in Finland developed the simulator models for HAMBO with the aid of their APROS tool, while the operator interface was developed by the Halden Project. The simulator and its performance have been described in other publications [1, 2]. On July 25th 2006 there was a short circuit at Forsmark 1 nuclear power plant when manoeuvring equipment in the 400kV-switch yard. Due to the short circuit, the plant suffered an electrical disturbance that led to scram and failure of two out of four diesel generators. The purpose of the study carried out at VTT in 2007 was to assess the capabilities of the HAMBO BWR simulator to handle Forsmark 1 type of events in different nuclear power plants (Forsmark 3 in this case). The Forsmark 1 incident showed (among other things) that the intention to protect certain components (in this case the UPS-system) can in certain situations affect negatively to the safety functions. It is concluded that most of this type of BWR transients may be simulated to a certain extent using the existing HAMBO- and APROS- models. A detailed modelling of the automation and electric systems is required sometimes if the complex interplay between these systems and the process is to be predicted reliably. The modelling should be plant specific and level of detail should be assessed case-by-case (i.e. what kind of transient is in question, what systems are available, what is the main purpose of the analyses etc.). The thermal-hydraulic models of the APROS-code seem to replicate well the real behaviour of thermal-hydraulic process provided that there is enough information about the transient in consideration.
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Jedani, Tony. « Case Study on the Role of Socio-Technical Influences on the Implementation and Success of Nuclear Power in France ». Dans 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49016.
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To fully understand a technological development one must appreciate social, political and economic factors in addition to the technological components (Hughes, 1991). The systems perspective, asserted by Hughes, implies that technologies cannot be understood in isolation, but only in their contexts, especially in their systemic contexts. This theory is illustrated through an examination of France’s implementation of its nuclear power program in the early 1970’s. Nuclear power provided France with the opportunity to achieve energy independence and, as a result, political control over its energy supply. The scope of this case study is limited to consideration of the socio-technical influences on the rise of nuclear power in France and includes an examination of the technical aspects of the innovation. In considering the socio-technical system encompassing France’s adoption of nuclear power, this case study will contemplate: how France was able to persuade its people to accept nuclear power; what it is about French culture and politics that allowed them to succeed where most other countries have failed; the break throughs that led to the broad commercialisation of nuclear power in France in the 1970’s; and how France achieved its status as one of the world’s top producers of nuclear energy. The time period during which this study is based is limited to the early 1970’s, when France was reliant upon external energy supplies, up until the present day, where nuclear power has become France’s main source of energy, thus contributing to France’s autonomy in terms of its energy supply. This study will not address the issue of nuclear waste or the nuclear power safety debate which is also beyond the scope of this study.
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Yoshikawa, Hidekazu. « A Proposal on Ultimate Safety Disposal of High Level Radioactive Wastes ». Dans 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15117.
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The ultimate disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) becomes a hard issue for sustainable nuclear energy in Japan especially after Fukushima Daiichi accident. In this paper, the difficulty of realizing underground HLW disposal in Japanese islands is first discussed from socio-political aspects. Then, revival of old idea of deep seabed disposal of HLW in Pacific Ocean is proposed as an alternative way of HLW disposal. Although this had been abandoned in the past for the reason that it will violate London Convention which prohibits dumping radioactive wastes in public sea, the author will stress the merit of seabed disposal of HLW deep in Pacific Ocean not only from the view point of more safe and ultimate way of disposing HLWs (both vitrified and spent fuel) than by underground disposal, but also the emergence of new marine project by synergetic collaboration of rare-earth resource exploration from the deep sea floor in Pacific Ocean.
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Steur, Ronald, Yanko Lyubenov Yaven, Boris Gueorguiev, Rao Mahadeva et Wenquan Shen. « Crosscutting Requirements in the International Project on Innovative Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) ». Dans 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22503.
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There are two categories of requirements: (i) user requirements that need to be met by the designers and manufacturers of innovative reactors and fuel cycles, and (ii) a wide spectrum of requirements that need to be met by countries, willing to successfully deploy innovative nuclear reactors for energy production. This part of the International Project on Innovative Reactors and Fuel Cycles will mainly deal with the second category of requirements. Both categories of requirements will vary depending on the institutional development, infrastructure availability and social attitude in any given country. Out of the need for sustainable development requirements will also more specific in the future. Over a 50-year time frame both categories of requirements will evolve with social and economic development as nuclear technology develops further. For example, the deployment of innovative reactors in countries with marginal or non-existing nuclear infrastructures would be possible only if the reactors are built, owned and operated by an international nuclear utility or if they are inherently safe and can be delivered as a “black box - nuclear battery”. A number of issues will need to be addressed and conditions and requirements developed if this is going to become a reality. One general requirement for wider utilization of innovative nuclear power will be the public and environmental considerations, which will play a role in the decision making processes. Five main clusters of topics will be handled: • Infrastuctural aspects, typology and consequences for nuclear development. • Industrial requirements for the different innovative concepts. • Institutional developments and requirements for future deployment of nuclear energy. (National as well as international). • Socio-political aspects, a.o. public acceptance and role of governments. • Sustainability: requirements following the need for sustainability. Analysis will be made of the evolution of national and international social, institutional and infrastructure requirements for the deployment of innovative nuclear technology through 2050 and beyond and requirements will be identified following the need for.
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Grenouillet, Jean-Jacques. « EDF Decommissioning Programme : A Global Commitment to a Sustainable Development ». Dans ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4722.
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Nowadays, decommissioning of nuclear power plants has become a key issue for nuclear industry in Europe. The phasing out of nuclear energy in Germany, Belgium and Sweden, as well as the early closure of nuclear units in applicant countries in the frame of EU enlargement, has largely contributed to consider decommissioning as the next challenge to face. The situation is slightly different in France where nuclear energy is still considered as a safe, cost-effective and environment friendly energy source. Electricite´ de France (EDF) is working on the development of a new generation of reactor to replace the existing one and erection of a new nuclear power plant could start in the next few years. Nevertheless, to achieve this objective, it will be necessary to get the support of political decision-makers and the acceptance of public opinion. Due to the growing concern of these stakeholders for environmental issues, their support can only be obtained if it is possible to demonstrate that nuclear energy industry will not leave behind unsolved issues that will be a burden to the next generations. In this context decommissioning of the first generation of EDF NPPs constitutes a prerequisite for the erection of a new type of nuclear power plant. This paper will present the programme defined by EDF for the decommissioning of its nine already shutdown reactors (Fig. 1). The reasons of the recent evolution of EDF decommissioning strategy will be explained and the key issues that will contribute to the successful implementation of this programme will be addressed. Finally, what has been achieved on sites so far and major planned activities will be described.
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Petruzzi, Alessandro, Francesco D’Auria, Tomislav Bajs et Francesc Reventos. « International Training Program in Support of Safety Analysis : 3D S.UN.COP—Scaling, Uncertainty and 3D Thermal-Hydraulics/Neutron-Kinetics Coupled Codes Seminars ». Dans 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-76056.
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Thermal-hydraulic system computer codes are extensively used worldwide for analysis of nuclear facilities by utilities, regulatory bodies, nuclear power plant designers and vendors, nuclear fuel companies, research organizations, consulting companies, and technical support organizations. The computer code user represents a source of uncertainty that can influence the results of system code calculations. This influence is commonly known as the ‘user effect’ and stems from the limitations embedded in the codes as well as from the limited capability of the analysts to use the codes. Code user training and qualification is an effective means for reducing the variation of results caused by the application of the codes by different users. This paper describes a systematic approach to training code users who, upon completion of the training, should be able to perform calculations making the best possible use of the capabilities of best estimate codes. In other words, the program aims at contributing towards solving the problem of user effect. The 3D S.UN.COP (Scaling, Uncertainty and 3D COuPled code calculations) seminars have been organized as follow-up of the proposal to IAEA for the Permanent Training Course for System Code Users. Nine seminars have been held at University of Pisa (two in 2004), at The Pennsylvania State University (2004), at the University of Zagreb (2005), at the School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (January-February 2006), in Buenos Aires, Argentina (October 2006), requested by Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), Nucleoelectrica Argentina S.A (NA-SA) and Comisio´n Nacional de Energi´a Ato´mica (CNEA), at the College Station, Texas A&M, (January-February 2007), in Hamilton and Niagara Falls, Ontario (October 2007) requested by Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL), Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS) and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), in Petten, The Netherlands (October 2008) in cooperation with the Institute of Energy of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission (IE-JRC-EC). It was recognized that such courses represented both a source of continuing education for current code users and a mean for current code users to enter the formal training structure of a proposed ‘permanent’ stepwise approach to user training. The 3D S.UN.COP 2008 at IE-JRC was successfully held with the attendance of 35 participants coming from more than 10 countries and 20 different institutions (universities, vendors and national laboratories). More than 30 scientists (coming from more than 10 countries and 20 different institutions) were involved in the organization of the seminar, presenting theoretical aspects of the proposed methodologies and holding the training and the final examination. A certificate (LA Code User grade) was released to participants that successfully solved the assigned problems. A tenth seminar will be held (October 2009) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Amsterdam (Sweden), involving more than 30 scientists between lectures and code developers (http://dimnp.ing.unipi.it/3dsuncop/2009/index.html).
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Schumerth, Dennis J. « The Nuclear Renaissance : Materials of Choice for Surface Condensers and BOP Heat Exchangers ». Dans ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Amidst the clamor and increasing world demand for energy, the continued use of fossil fuels for electric power generation has recently emerged as the bane of the industry. Green power is being championed as the new fuel de jour kid on the block. Environmentalists and other global warming advocates are successfully lobbying their political agendas for emission caps, carbon sequestration, NOx and SOx and other greenhouse gas limits. In many cases, these efforts have resulted in the outright cancellation, delay or unit reductions of new coal-fired plants. Similarly, simple and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) units, popularized during the Enron “gas bubble” era are at the mercy of unstable fuel prices which have, in large part, relegated this generation type from base load to load follow. Wind, biomass, hydro, photovoltaic and other renewables continue to produce an increased percentage of the power base but total contribution remains costly, inefficient and pitifully low. Enter the nuclear renaissance. A dramatic paradigm shift, even by the green power advocates, has allowed the nuclear phoenix to rise with the promise of emission-free power, generation efficiencies, increasing ROI revenues and demonstrating an enviable safety record since TMI and Chernobyl. Assuming this energy source conceives and bears the gestated fruit of a renaissance, the next decade will be telling in terms of the challenges brought forward by licensing, design, financing, construction and operation of a new generation of nuclear power reactors. Paramount among these is a new, time-tested generation of construction materials that will be evaluated to insure a 40 to 60 or even 80 year operational life of these new plants. Consider the problematic copper materials that were chosen during the early 70’s for their high thermal conductivity, competitive cost and ease of fabrication. Contrast these past lessons-learned to current-day, state-of-the-art generation fleet construction standards where demonstrated long-term sustainability coupled with state-of-the-art designs & materials must emerge as the prominent industry players of choice. The paper will examine these and other relevant aspects of the technical and commercial supply chain that is predicted to both challenge and reward designers and material suppliers well into the next decade.
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Salomón, Marianne, María F. Gómez, James Spelling et Andrew Martin. « Optimization of a Sawmill-Based Polygeneration Plant ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2013 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95844.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Biomass-based fuels have attracted worldwide interest due to their plentiful supply and their environmentally friendly characteristics. In many cases they are still considered waste but for most industries in Sweden, biomass has changed from being simply a disposal problem to become an important part of the energy supply, thanks to the long-term efforts made by the government, researchers and industry, where energy policies have played an important role. However, the amount of power that could be generated from biomass resources is much greater than that which is currently used. To effectively capture this resource requires a new generation of biomass power plants and their effective integration into already existing industrial processes. The implementation of an integrated polygeneration scheme requires the simultaneous consideration of technical, economic and environmental factors to find optimum solutions. With this in mind, a unified modeling approach that takes into account thermodynamic as well as economic and environmental aspects was used. The analysis was done using ASPEN Utilities and the MATLAB optimization toolbox. A specific case of a sawmill in Sweden, with an annual capacity of 130’000 m3 of sawn wood, has been analyzed and different options for generating electricity and process heat (for the sawmill and for a district heating network) as well as densified biofuels was analyzed. Optimization was then applied for different configurations and operational parameters. The results show that the sawmill has the capability to not only supply its own energy needs, but also to export from 0.4 to 1MW of electricity to the grid, contribute 5 to 6 MWth of district heating and 20 000 ton/y of biomass pellets. The production of pellets helps to maintain the electricity production throughout the year when the district heating demand is lower. However, the levelized electricity cost is higher than the usual electricity price in the Nordic electricity market and may have difficulty to competing with low-cost electricity sources, such as nuclear energy and hydropower. In spite of this, polygeneration remains attractive for covering the energy demands of the sawmill and pelletization plant.
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Menon, Shankar, Bo Wirendal, Jan Bjerler et Lucien Teunckens. « Validation of Dose Calculation Codes for Clearance ». Dans ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4667.
Texte intégralRésumé :
All proposals for clearance from regulatory control of very low level radioactive material are based on predicted scenarios for subsequent utilisation of the released materials. The calculation models used in these scenarios tend to utilise conservative data regarding exposure times and dose uptake as well as other assumptions as a safeguard against uncertainties. Another aspects is common to all these calculation models and codes: none of them has ever been validated by comparison with the actual real life practice of recycling. An international project has recently been concluded where two calculation codes used for this purpose (the RESRAD-RECYCLE and CERISE codes) were used to calculate the dose uptake by workers, during the segmentation and melting of a contaminated fuel rack at Studsvik RadWaste, Sweden. These calculated doses were compared with electronic dosimeter measurements on workers participating in the various operations. The measurements showed that segmenting was the work operation that gave the highest dose, almost 65% of the total dose incurred, while melting itself accounted for only about 13%. The project was a co-operation between the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Studsvik (Sweden), the US Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory (USA), the Institute de Radioprotection et Securite´ Nucle´aire (France) and Belgoprocess (Belgium). The comparison of the calculation results indicated that, even with a carefully controlled reflection of reality with respect to geometry and exposure time and with a “best judgment” choice of densities for each operation, the calculation programmes have tended to overestimate the dose uptake by a factor 4 to 7, i.e. about an order of magnitude. An obvious explanation is the fact that the workers are not static, they move about constantly, changing the geometry, thus not taking the assumed doses. There are also some other practical aspects difficult to reflect exactly in the calculations. It should be noted that the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute were not completely of the same opinion as the project team, pointing out that the codes also underestimated doses for certain operations. We feel, however, that this is irrelevant, as only the maximum estimated doses for any operation in the process are used for the determination of clearance levels. It seems reasonable to state that the use of ‘enveloping’ scenarios, which necessarily cover a wide range of scenarios range of scenarios in connection with the calculation of clearance levels, would tend to accentuate this tendency of overestimation of dose uptake in most individual cases of recycling by melting. Taking into account the sensitivity of the modelling and the practical aspects listed above, the estimated doses can be, say, one or even more orders of magnitude higher than those actually taken. A side aspect of the execution of the Validation Project — specifically the background measurements — was the revelation of radioactivity in unexpected places: the paint used for the painting of moulds at A˚kers (3–5 Bq/g), the slag binding product (twice background radiation), the stamp mass, insulation and new asphalt at the Studsvik furnace (all at three to four times background). This serves to illustrate the undetected omnipresence of radioactivity in the human habitat at dose rate levels considerably higher (up to 400% over background) than the levels (ca 1% over background) at which the currently proposed clearance criteria are based on. Finally, it is important to note that the degree of overestimation (a factor of 4 −7), as recorded in the validation project, is generally regarded as ‘acceptable’ by dose modellers. The results will most probably not lead to any revision or refinement of these codes. For the nuclear decommissioner and the other producers of large volumes of only slightly radioactively contaminated material, the clearance levels resulting from such a degree of conservatism can lead to huge amounts of material unnecessarily being condemned to burial as radioactive waste. Considering that most such producers transfer their costs to the public, it is society at large that will foot the bill for this exercise in conservatism.