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1
Birnie, Esmond. « Trading Places : Continuity and Change in Northern Ireland's Trading Relationships ». Irish Studies in International Affairs 35, no 2 (2024) : 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2024.a928747.
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ABSTRACT: Northern Ireland's external trading relations for 2011–22 were analysed using the NISRA 'Northern Ireland economic trade statistics'. The major geographical markets were considered: Northern Ireland itself, Ireland, Great Britain (GB), rest of EU and rest of the world. In volume terms exports and external sales of goods declined during 2011–22. There was considerable growth of services. Trade integration between Northern Ireland and Ireland was considered as one indicator of the all-island economy. For both goods and services, especially the former, Northern Ireland sales to Ireland outgrew those going to GB during 2011–22. Potential explanations were considered: development of cross-border supply chains, impact on aggregate figures of the closure/contraction of a small number of larger firms and InterTradeIreland interventions. Data for 2021 and 2022 were used to consider the impact of the Protocol: more rapid growth in Northern Ireland purchases of goods from Ireland than from GB may indicate trade diversion.
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Walter, Bronwen. « From ‘flood’ to ‘trickle’ : Irish migration to Britain 1987 ». Irish Geography 41, no 2 (16 avril 2014) : 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2008.116.
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A dramatic change in the size and direction of emigration from Ireland has taken place over the past 20 years. The most striking feature is the sharp decline in movement to Britain from the Republic of Ireland, a traditional supplier of labour for well over 200 years. By contrast there has been a small increase in emigration from Northern Ireland, an important element of which is higher education students from Protestant backgrounds, who may be permanent migrants. Detailed statistics available from the Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Ireland show that proportionately more women have left as gross numbers have declined. This reflects the persistence of social, rather than predominantly economic, causes of emigration, also evident in the range of socially excluded people for whom Britain represents a ‘safety valve’. Two groups now characterise the Irish population in Britain; the ageing 1950s cohort and their children and grandchildren, the large second and third generations.
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Gormley, Cairine, Maureen Spargo, Glenda Fleming, Brendan Moore, Michael Scott, Rose Sharkey et Anne Friel. « Medicines Optimisation for Respiratory Patients : The Establishment of a New Consultant Respiratory Pharmacist Role in Northern Ireland ». Pharmacy 9, no 4 (30 octobre 2021) : 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9040177.
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Medicines optimisation for those with respiratory conditions can have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and substantial efficiency gains for health care. Consultant pharmacists are experts working at the top of their specialism in four main pillars of practice, namely clinical care, leadership, education and training, and research and development. A consultant respiratory pharmacist has recently been appointed at a large Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland to provide expert care and clinical leadership for the medicines optimisation agenda with regards to respiratory care in Northern Ireland. Alongside clinical practice, leadership, and service development, emphasis will be placed on monitoring and evaluating the work of the consultant respiratory pharmacist with a view to gathering the necessary evidence to support the case for further investment in such consultant pharmacist posts in the region. This short communication article outlines some of the clinical and economic factors associated with the decisions to invest in the consultant pharmacist model of care in Northern Ireland
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Privilege, John. « The Northern Ireland government and the welfare state, 1942–8 : the case of health provision ». Irish Historical Studies 39, no 155 (mai 2015) : 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2014.2.
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Abstract Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom’s only self-governing region, recorded year-on- year the worst statistics on health and poverty. However, it was far from certain that the Unionist government in Belfast would enact the kind of sweeping post-war reform that occurred in England and Wales. The raft of legislation governing health and social care introduced in 1948 was, therefore, the product of conditions and circumstances peculiar to Northern Ireland. The government in Belfast needed to overcome the conservative instincts of Ulster Unionism as well as suspicions regarding Clement Attlee’s Labour administration. Although the process was somewhat blighted by sectarianism, the government of Sir Basil Brooke enacted what amounted to a revolution in health and social care provision.
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Roulston, Audrey, Anne Campbell, Victoria Cairnduff, Deirdre Fitzpatrick, Conan Donnelly et Anna Gavin. « Bereavement outcomes : A quantitative survey identifying risk factors in informal carers bereaved through cancer ». Palliative Medicine 31, no 2 (10 juillet 2016) : 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216316649127.
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Background: Enabling patients to die in their preferred place is important but achieving preferred place of death may increase the informal carer’s risk into bereavement. Aim: To determine risk factors of family carers bereaved through cancer in Northern Ireland. Design: These results form part of a larger QUALYCARE-NI study which used postal questionnaires to capture quantitative data on carer’s bereavement scores using the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. Setting/participants: Participants were individuals who registered the death of a person between 1 December 2011 and 31 May 2012; where cancer (defined by ICD10 codes C00-D48) was the primary cause; where the deceased was over 18 years of age and death occurred at home, hospice, nursing home or hospital in Northern Ireland. Participants were approached in confidence by the Demography and Methodology Branch of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Those wishing to decline participation were invited to return the reply slip. Non-responders received a second questionnaire 6 weeks after initial invitation. Results indicated that risk factors positively influencing bereavement outcomes included patients having no preference for place of death and carers remaining in employment pre- or post-bereavement. In contrast, patients dying in hospital, carers stopping work, being of lower socio-economic status and close kinship to the deceased negatively affected bereavement scores. Family carers should be adequately supported to continue in employment; priority should be given to assessing the financial needs of families from lower socio-economic areas; and bereavement support should focus on close relatives of the deceased.
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Jordan, Crawford, Chaosheng Zhang et Alex Higgins. « Using GIS and statistics to study influences of geology on probability features of surface soil geochemistry in Northern Ireland ». Journal of Geochemical Exploration 93, no 3 (juin 2007) : 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.03.001.
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Carlsten, Jennie. « Feelings and Facts : Agency in Northern Irish Cinema ». Journal of British Cinema and Television 20, no 3 (juillet 2023) : 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2023.0680.
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Northern Irish cinema has long had an ambivalent relationship to the representation of history, sometimes implicitly rejecting ‘rational’ or ‘objective’ approaches in favour of emphasising the untidy and subjective emotions of its historical narratives. More recently, the films made in and about Northern Ireland have reflected a loss of agency, in particular, the sense of efficacy, locus of control and prospection which creates a belief in our ability to change our environment. Meanwhile, neoliberalism, placing the responsibility for recovery on the individual while removing systems of economic, social and cultural support, creates the conditions under which this loss of agency becomes crisis. The promotion of individual interest obstructs collective political action and progressive change. This article considers the representation of agency in two recent films about the Troubles, Belfast (2022) and I Am Belfast (2015), suggesting that film can – but does not necessarily – offer a space for emotional reflection and restoration of agency.
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Ploss, Katharina. « Beyond the Meeting : How Community Activists Construe Idea Transfer from Intercommunity Encounters ‐ The Cases of Northern Ireland and Kosovo ». International Negotiation 16, no 2 (2011) : 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234011x573066.
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AbstractIntercommunity dialogue encounters are a crucial tool for constructive conflict resolution. This research examines grassroots dialogue encounters with regard to the societal position of the participants, as well the situation ‘on the ground’ as influential to the transfer process. Interviews in Northern Ireland and Kosovo with community activists stressed the effectiveness of personal characteristics of dialogue participants when it came to transfer. Moreover, the readiness ‐ affected by socio-economic conditions as well as external/secondary conflict parties ‐ of the peer group to listen to its participant seemed fundamental.
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Halvorsen, Knut. « Economic, Financial, and Political Crisis and Well-Being in the PIGS-Countries ». SAGE Open 6, no 4 (octobre 2016) : 215824401667519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675198.
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The research question in this article is threefold: To which degree is the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent recession associated with reduced well-being among people in the four hardest affected EURO countries? Are individual factors associated with reduced well-being the same in these countries? and Are lower socioeconomic groups more severely hit than the better off?. Data before the crisis are compared with data in 2013/2014 (EU-SILC [European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions] survey 2013) for Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. Finland is used as a reference category. Before control of individual characteristics, regressions demonstrate a small and mostly significant fall in average satisfaction with life in these countries, Portugal being an exception. According to the theory of capability and actual economic and political development, it was hypothesized that Greece—being the worst case in terms of economic development—may experience the greatest fall in life satisfaction. This hypothesis is not supported by the data. In fact, the strongest decline was found in Ireland. In particular, lack of political trust stands in Greece out as having an impact, while poor health is related to Ireland and unemployment to Portugal and Spain. Greatest socioeconomic inequality in life satisfaction was found in Portugal.
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Kent, Lisa, Christopher Cardwell, Ian Young et Kelly-Ann Eastwood. « Trends in maternal body mass index in Northern Ireland : a cross-sectional and longitudinal study ». Family Medicine and Community Health 9, no 4 (décembre 2021) : e001310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2021-001310.
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ObjectivesExplore (1) associations between maternal body mass index (BMI), demographic and clinical characteristics, (2) longitudinal trends in BMI, (3) geographical distributions in prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity.DesignRetrospective population-based study.SettingLinked, anonymised, routinely collected healthcare data and official statistics from Northern Ireland.ParticipantsAll pregnancies in Northern Ireland (2011–2017) with BMI measured at ≤16 weeks gestation.MethodsAnalysis of variance and χ2 tests were used to explore associations. Multiple linear regression was used to explore longitudinal trends and spatial visualisation illustrated geographical distribution. Main outcomes are prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).Results152 961 singleton and 2362 multiple pregnancies were included. A high prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity in Northern Ireland is apparent (singleton: 52.4%; multiple: 48.3%) and is increasing. Obesity was positively associated with older age, larger numbers of previous pregnancies and unplanned pregnancy (p<0.001). BMI category was also positively associated with unemployment (35% in obese class III vs 22% in normal BMI category) (p<0.001). Higher BMI categories were associated with increased rate of comorbidities, including hypertension (normal BMI: 1.8% vs obese III: 12.4%), diabetes mellitus (normal BMI: 0.04% vs obese III: 1.29%) and mental ill-health (normal BMI: 5.0% vs obese III: 11.8%) (p<0.001). Prevalence of maternal obesity varied with deprivation (most deprived: 22.8% vs least deprived: 15.7%) (p<0.001). Low BMI was associated with age <20 years, nulliparity, unemployment and mental ill-health (p<0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of maternal BMI >25 kg/m2 is increasing over time in Northern Ireland. Women are entering pregnancy with additional comorbidities likely to impact their life course beyond pregnancy. This highlights the need for prioritisation of preconception and inter-pregnancy support for management of weight and chronic conditions.
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Kuzmanović, Bojan, et Srđan Blagojević. « The significance of the political dimension of armed rebellion on the example of Northern Ireland ». Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no 3 (2021) : 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2103097k.
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At the beginning of the last century, after several unsuccessful armed uprisings against the central government, insurgents in Ireland realized that the fight with weapons was not enough and united in the political organization Sinn Fein (Irish: Sinn Fein - "We ourselves"), respecting the security grammar (Ejdus, 2017: 30), they managed to determine what was the danger they are fighting against, what was the reference object of security (what was endangered), who was the one who protected security (subject of security) and most importantly what were the means or measures to protect security. The subsequent mobilization of forces at the political level, the expansion and deepening of the conflict led to success, especially for the population in Northern Ireland who bore the brunt during the second thirty-year escalation of the conflict (armed insurgency) in the 20th century. The activities of Catholic rebels and Protestant loyalists in the second half of the twentieth century (from 1968 to 1998) confirmed the liberal view that political and economic order reduces tensions between social groups, but also the realistic view that the entire field of security is political, as well as Galula's statement that opposing an insurgency is eighty percent a political and only twenty percent a military struggle (Galula, 1966: 63). Rebel approach, motives, interests and goals, as well as the conditions (environment) were such that the repression and engagement of the army for the implementation of police tasks such are arrest, internment, maintenance of public order and peace (Alderson, 2009: 29), instead of contributing to solving conflict, in fact contributed to decades of instability. After this, the political segment of internal conflict gained importance because the military (hard) power, as a way of achieving goals (political results), did not have a decisive influence any more. The weapons that led to success at the strategic (state) level were the processes of political reconciliation, improvement of socio-economic conditions and diplomatic relations with the Republic of Ireland. At the tactical (local) level, these were investments in education, employment, housing and local government reform. So it can be concluded that the political dimension used to have and still has the biggest significance in this and similar conflicts.
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A. O, Tekkara, Kumakech A, Otim G, Alexandrina A, Wamani S et Turyagyenda L. « SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING BEAN PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN UGANDA ». JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no 1 (29 mars 2017) : 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i1.6027.
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Beans is an important source of proteins and income for poor resource households. However the yied of beans has remained very low in comparion to yields obtained under ideal management conditions. This necessitated the examination of socio-economic factors influencing bean yields of smallholder farmers in eight districts of northern Uganda. A total of 1112 farmers were randomly selected from the study area and the data was subjected to descriptive statistics and regression analysis using IBM SPSS (version 20). The results indicated that 2.3% of variation in beans yield was attributed to amount of seed and acreage planted. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents (81.7%) were practicing farming and most of them were 31-40 years of age (31%). Also, 90.4% and 59.6% of the respondents had bean gardens ranging from 1 to 2 acres and sourced seeds for planting from local market respectively. While 90.4% of the farmers didn't have access to credit, 91.7% actually had access to market information. From the study, majority of the farmers (20.4%) attained yields of either 60 - 120kgs or above 240kgs per acre. It is recommended that, the government’s effort to support agricultural mechanization for increased acreage and productivity be strengthened through private public partnership to quickly reach the smallholder farmers.
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Beacom, Emma, Sinéad Furey, Lynsey Elizabeth Hollywood et Paul Humphreys. « Food poverty contributors : individual, structural or political ? Examining stakeholder perspectives using interviews and nominal group technique ». British Food Journal 123, no 6 (12 février 2021) : 2199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2020-0817.
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PurposeData were collected from a range of stakeholders in Northern Ireland including consumer representatives, policy makers and public health representatives. Data collection occurred in two phases: firstly via in-depth interviews (n = 19), and secondly via roundtables (n = 4) with stakeholders (n = 36) using nominal group technique.Design/methodology/approachFood poverty has been identified as a significant societal and public health problem in the UK, evidenced in part by published statistics on the prevalence of food poverty, and the well-documented increase in the uptake of food bank provision. This paper presents various theoretical perspectives regarding the aetiology of (food) poverty, followed by stakeholders' opinions on the contributors to food poverty and consideration of how these align with various theoretical perspectives.FindingsVarious individual, structural and political factors were identified by stakeholders as contributors to food poverty, with income largely agreed to be the most significant contributor. Two themes of contributors were identified during analysis: micro-level and individual-level contributors and macro-level and economic-level contributors. Structural factors were most commonly cited as contributors to food poverty during both stakeholder interviews and stakeholder roundtables, followed by individual factors and political factors.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the contributors to food poverty can inform targeted policy action.Originality/valueThere is a lack of theoretical and conceptual literature regarding the causes of food poverty, and there has to date been limited research on the contributors to food poverty in Northern Ireland/the United Kingdom.
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Okhoshin, Oleg. « AFTERMATH OF BREXIT FOR WALES ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 24, no 6 (31 décembre 2021) : 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran62021104111.
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After withdrawal of the UK from the EU its Celtic regions (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales) faced a deterioration in the conditions for their socio-economic development and began to demand from B. Johnson to revise the principles of interaction between central government and local authorities in favor of expanding devolution. In Wales, separatist tendencies have not reached the same magnitude as in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, an acute confrontation arose at the intergovernmental level – the M. Drakeford’s Labour government protests against B. Johnson’s regional policy. The most acute contradictions arose against the background of the application of the UK Internal Market Act 2020 and the inability of the British government to compensate the region for the loss of subsidies from the EU structural funds after Brexit. To put pressure on the central government, Labour Party in Wales organized a special commission in October 2021 to consider separating the region from the United Kingdom and transferring additional powers to the local authority. This fact indicates the growth of a deep systemic crisis in the country, which makes the regions doubt the ability of the central government to effectively use its instruments to cope with the consequences of Brexit and the coronavirus pandemic.
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Hobbins, Anna, Luke Barry, Dan Kelleher et Ciaran O'Neill. « The health of the residents of Ireland : Population norms for Ireland based on the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system – a cross sectional study ». HRB Open Research 1 (4 septembre 2018) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.12848.1.
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Background: The EQ-5D descriptive system has become a widely used generic instrument to measure population health. In this study we use the EQ-5D-5L system to describe the health of residents in Ireland in 2015/16 and examine relationships between health and a range of socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A representative sample of residents in Ireland was established in a two-stage random sampling exercise in 2015/16. Self-reported health, together with a range of socio-demographic characteristics, were collected using a computer-assisted-personal-interview survey. Self-reported health was captured using the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system including a visual analogue scale. Data were presented as descriptive statistics and analysed using a general linear regression model and ordered logistic regression models in the case of specific health domains. Socio-economic gradients in health were also examined using concentration curves and indices. Results: A usable sample of 1,131 individuals provided responses to all questions in the survey. The population in general reported good health across the five domains with roughly 78%, 94%, 81%, 60% and 78% reporting no problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression respectively. Differences in health with respect to age, and socio-economic status were evident; those who were older, less well-educated of lower income and without private health insurance reported poorer health. Differences in health between groups differentiated by socio-economic status varied across domains of health, and were dependent on the measure of socio-economic status used. Conclusion: Residents of Ireland appear to rate their health as relatively good across the various domains captured by the EQ-5D-5L system. A pro-affluent gradient in self-reported health is evident though the sharpness of that gradient varies between domains of health and the measures of socio-economic status used. The study provides baseline data against which the health of the population can be measured in the future as demography and economic conditions change.
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Koop, Gary, Stuart McIntyre, James Mitchell et Aubrey Poon. « RECONCILED ESTIMATES AND NOWCASTS OF REGIONAL OUTPUT IN THE UK ». National Institute Economic Review 253 (28 juillet 2020) : R44—R59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.29.
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There is renewed interest in levelling up the regions of the UK. The combination of social and political discontent, and the sluggishness of key UK macroeconomic indicators like productivity growth, has led to increased interest in understanding the regional economies of the UK. In turn, this has led to more investment in economic statistics. Specifically, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) recently started to produce quarterly regional GDP data for the nine English regions and Wales that date back to 2012Q1. This complements existing real GVA data for the regions available from the ONS on an annual basis back to 1998; with the devolved administrations of Scotland and Northern Ireland producing their own quarterly output measures. In this paper we reconcile these two data sources along with UK quarterly output data that date back to 1970. This enables us to produce both more timely real terms estimates of quarterly economic growth in the regions of the UK and a new reconciled historical time-series of quarterly regional real output data from 1970. We explore a number of features of interest of these new data. This includes producing a new quarterly regional productivity series and commenting on the evolution of regional productivity growth in the UK.
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F., T. W., J. P. H., T. J. H., A. R. O., T. J. H., T. J. H., R. A. B. et al. « Reviews of Books ». Irish Geography 5, no 1 (3 janvier 2017) : 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1964.997.
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DAS WERDEN DER AGRARLANDSCHAFT IN DER GRAFSCHAFT TIPPERARY (IRLAND). Ingeborg Leister. Marburger Geographische Schriften, Heft 18, 1963. 434 pp. 21 DM.LAND USE IN NORTHERN IRELAND. General Report of the Land Utilisation Survey of Northern Ireland. Editor, Leslie Symons. University of London Press Ltd. 1963. pp. 288. £2–2‐0.WEST CORK RESOURCE SURVEY. Prepared and published by an Foras Talúntais (Agricultural Institute). Dublin 1963. £1.GEOLOGY AND IRELAND. W. E. Nevill. Dublin: Figgis, 1963. 8#fr1/2> × 5#fr1/2> in., xv + 263 pp., 65 text figures. 25s.RECENT RESEARCH ON IRISH RURAL SETTLEMENT. The report of a symposium held at Belfast, January 1963. By Ronald H. Buchanan. Belfast: Geography Department, The Queen's University. 1/‐.COUNTY LONDONDERRY HANDBOOK. Belfast: Nicholson & Bass. (no date) 2s. 6d.L'EUROPE DU NORD ET DU NORD‐OUEST. Tome III. LES ILES BRITANNIQUES. J. Beaujeu‐Garnier and A. Guilcher. ‘Orbis’ Introduction aux Etudes de Geographie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963. 560pp. F.32.THE ECONOMIC PATTERN OF MODERN GERMANY, by Norman G. Pounds. London: John Murray, 1963. Pp. 133. 80#fr1/2> × 5#fr1/4> in. 18s.NORTH AMERICA. N. J. G. Pounds. London: John Murray, 2nd. ed., 1964. 238 pp. 18s. 6d.THE EARTH AND YOU. Norman J. G. Pounds. London: John Murry, 1963. 591 pp. 60s.INDUSTRIALISATION AND UNDER‐DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, by Alan B. Mountjoy. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1963. 223 pp. 15s.ATLAS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. London: J. Murray, 1963. 13 ins. × 9#fr1/2> ins. 42s.STATISTICAL MAPPING AND THE PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS. G C. Dickenson. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1963. 160pp. 21s.INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY, III, 1963. Edited by Eduard Imhof. London: George Philip and Son Ltd., 1963. Pp. 232. 9#fr1/2> × 6#fr1/2> in. 40s.
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O’Donoghue, Daniel. « The Rise and Fall of the Celtic Tiger and the evolution of an Urban System : 1996–2011 ». Urban Development Issues 64, no 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0023.
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Abstract During the 1990s the Celtic Tiger era began in the Republic of Ireland. This article tracks the response of the Irish Urban System to that remarkable period of growth ended abruptly with the Global Economic Crisis of 2008. Using Small Area Population Statistics from Ireland’s Central Statistics Office for the years 1996, 2002, 2006 and 2011 it was possible to record growth across the towns and cities of Ireland that constituted the Irish Urban System. The location, size, type and rates of change were recorded and mapped with a view towards discovering the extent to which the urban hierarchy and the spatial distribution was being altered, and by what geographical processes. Over 15 years the national population grew by 26% with most of that growth taking place in urban centres. A clear diffusion outwards from the Dublin region is noticeable and the capital’s role in systemic change is explored alongside other factors. The article highlights the changing nature of growth over time and, based on the empirical observations made, identifies a sequence of clear stages in the growth of the urban system. The article concludes with a proposal for a Model of Urban System Evolution under conditions of Rapid Economic Growth based on the distinct phases, or stages, of growth identified in Ireland’s towns and cities from 1996–2011.
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Movchan, Mariia, Iryna Zaichenko, Mykola Bondarenko et Roman Kovalchuk. « The Model of Analysis of Modern Armed Conflicts and Political Practices of Conflict Management ». Empirio 1, no 2 (11 juillet 2024) : 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/3041-1718.2024.1.2.65-75.
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The paper proposes a model of analysis of modern armed conflicts in the world, based on the studied political practices of conflict management in Croatia, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Moldova. The authors highlight the critical conditions for resolving armed conflicts, including addressing security issues, consensus on a peace plan, involvement of minority groups in negotiations, establishing inclusive political institutions, promoting sustainable economic development, and strengthening the role of international organizations in mediating and monitoring peace agreements. The model endeavors to integrate political, economic, and social aspects to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing armed conflict management and settlement.Comparing the conflicts in Croatia, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Moldova, the authors considered the unique historical features of each case and identified their common object. The study of the conflicts allowed for the identification of the main stages of analysis. These stages include forming a historical background of the conflict, explaining its features, conducting an event analysis, studying the main stages of escalation and the current state of the conflict, identifying the main features of its settlement, as well as the characteristics of the post-conflict territories management policy.The study examines how local and international dynamics interact in maintaining or ameliorating conflicts, offering a comparative analysis of different approaches and their effectiveness in various contexts. In this way, the model considers the unique characteristics of armed conflicts in border areas and their governance practices, combining security, economic, social, and political factors essential for understanding the emergence of conflicts, their consequences, and possible solutions.This model has the potential to improve the study and development of conflict resolution policies, as well as to create strategies for conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction.
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Olbrycht, Paweł. « Outward migration of Poles after 2004 – its determinants, main directions, and influence on the economic security of the Republic of Poland ». Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 205, no 3 (23 septembre 2022) : 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0035.
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The aim of the study conducted for the purposes of this paper was to explore the scale, causes and directions of Polish outward migration (beyond national borders) after Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004, as well as to assess the impact of its increase on the economic security of the country. The subject of the study was the phenomenon of Polish outward migration after 2004. A theoretical research method was applied in the research process – source analysis (using content analysis technique) of literature, strategic documents, and statistics. The study shows that the main directions of outward migration of Poles after 2004 are the United Kingdom, Germany and Ireland, and the most important reasons for this migration include favourable economic conditions in these countries and the presence of Polish migrants who arrived there earlier.
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Tyuruzhanova, A. T., et A. M. Nurmagambetova. « Comprehensive socio-economic analysis of the Kostanay region ». BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 136, no 3 (2021) : 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2021-136-3-63-71.
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The purpose of the scientific article is to show the modern geography of the economic and social development of the Kostanay region of Northern Kazakhstan in the conditions of the phased implementation of state programs, to determine the principles of the formation of functional ties of the socio-economic characteristics of the administrative region, which ensure the progressive development of the territory depending on the economic and geographical conditions. The authors have carried out a systematic analysis of the problems of territorial development and modern methods of their solution. There were revealed the originality of the economic and geographical situation. The article considers the natural resource potential of administrative regions, the modern geography of the leading branches of industrial production, the agro-industrial complex of the Kostanay region. The information base of the study was the data of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics, the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Regional Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Program of Economic and Social Development of the Akmola region.
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Dawson, Malcolm. « Some aspects of the development of short-rotation coppice willow for biomass in Northern Ireland ». Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992) : 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007557.
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SynopsisWork on short-rotation coppice willow as an alternative and renewable energy source began in Northern Ireland in the mid-1970s, prompted by the massive rise in oil prices during that period. Although in the short run oil prices have dropped in real terms, interest in short-rotation coppice willow has ben sustained because of the potential role it has in the development of agriculture, particularly in marginal areas. This is particularly relevant in the current situation of over production of a wide range of agricultural commodities within the European Community and the moves to reduce Government support in the form of farm and export subsidies.Although Salix cultivars have yielded in excess of 30 tonnes dry matter (DM) ha−1 annually under experimental conditions, it is considered that 10–12 tonnes DM ha−1 is a sustainable commercial yield.Melampsora spp. rust has emerged as one of the most important factors limiting the development of short-rotation coppice as a commercial crop. For economic and environmental reasons, the application of fungicide for rust control is not a possibility. Consequently, other disease control strategies have to be established. The main focus of this work is in the selection, for suitability for coppice application, of the widening range of genetic material becoming available from breeding programmes in Canada, Sweden and Finland with a view to their incorporation into mixed stands.End product utilisation is considered a priority area for investigation if short-rotation coppice is to make a contribution to land use and the development of agriculture in marginal areas. Currently two potential end uses are being investigated: firstly fractionation – to produce cellulose for paper manufacture, hemi-cellulose for the production of molasses and lignin for further processing into other industrial chemicals, and secondly the simultaneous generation of heat and power using gasification – ‘combined heat and power’.
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Ahmed, Rakesh, et Peter May. « Does high COVID-19 spread impact neighbouring countries ? Evidence from Ireland ». HRB Open Research 4 (20 mai 2021) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13263.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has necessitated public health responses on an unprecedented scale. Controlling infectious diseases requires understanding of the conditions that increase spread. Prior studies have identified sociodemographic, epidemiological and geographic associations. Ireland offers an unusual opportunity to quantify how high infection rates in one country impacted cases in a neighbouring country. Methods: We analysed official statistics on confirmed COVID-19 cases on the island of Ireland for 52 weeks from March 2020. Our main research question was: Did higher cases in Northern Ireland (NI) impact the number of cases in the Republic of Ireland (ROI)? We used least squares regression to compare confirmed cases in ROI counties that border NI with the rest of the state. We included in our model sociodemographic, epidemiological and geographic factors. We employed the latitude of each county town as an instrumental variable to isolate a quasi-experimental estimate of the cross-border spread. Results: In the quasi-experimental framework, and controlling for population density, age distribution and circulatory disease prevalence, border counties had an extra 21.0 (95%CI: 8.4-33.6) confirmed COVID-19 cases per 1000 people. This equates to an estimated 9,611 additional cases in ROI, or 4% of the national total in the first year of the pandemic. Our results were substantively similar in non-experimental frameworks, with alternative additional predictors, and in sensitivity analyses. Additionally, population density in ROI counties was positively associated with confirmed cases and higher proportions of residents in the professional classes was negatively associated. Conclusion: On the island of Ireland during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, high infection rates in NI increased cases in the neighbouring ROI. Maximising co-ordination of pandemic responses among neighbouring countries is essential to minimising disease spread, and its associated disruptions to society and the economy. Socioeconomic disadvantage appeared to confer significant additional risk of spread.
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Ahmed, Rakesh, et Peter May. « Does high COVID-19 spread impact neighbouring countries ? Quasi-experimental evidence from the first year of the pandemic in Ireland ». HRB Open Research 4 (6 septembre 2021) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13263.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has necessitated public health responses on an unprecedented scale. Controlling infectious diseases requires understanding of the conditions that increase spread. Prior studies have identified sociodemographic, epidemiological and geographic associations. Ireland offers an unusual opportunity to quantify how high infection rates in one country impacted cases in a neighbouring country. Methods: We analysed official statistics on confirmed COVID-19 cases on the island of Ireland for 52 weeks from March 2020. Our main research question was: Did higher cases in Northern Ireland (NI) impact the number of cases in the Republic of Ireland (ROI)? We used least squares regression to compare confirmed cases in ROI counties that border NI with the rest of the state. We included in our model sociodemographic, epidemiological and geographic factors. We employed the latitude of each county town as an instrumental variable to isolate a quasi-experimental estimate of the cross-border spread. Results: In the quasi-experimental framework, and controlling for population density, age distribution and circulatory disease prevalence, border counties had an extra 21.0 (95%CI: 8.4-33.6) confirmed COVID-19 cases per 1000 people. This equates to an estimated 9,611 additional cases in ROI, or 4% of the national total in the first year of the pandemic. Our results were substantively similar in non-experimental frameworks, with alternative additional predictors, and in sensitivity analyses. Additionally, population density in ROI counties was positively associated with confirmed cases and higher proportions of residents in the professional classes was negatively associated. Conclusion: On the island of Ireland during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, high infection rates in NI increased cases in the neighbouring ROI. Maximising co-ordination of pandemic responses among neighbouring countries is essential to minimising disease spread, and its associated disruptions to society and the economy. Socioeconomic disadvantage appeared to confer significant additional risk of spread.
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Eide, Arne H., et Karin Dyrstad. « PTSD as a consequence of past conflict experience, recent exposure to violence and economic marginalization in post-conflict contexts : A study from Nepal, Guatemala and Northern Ireland ». International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, no 6 (2 juillet 2019) : 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019858122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Exposure to war and conflict increases the risk of mental health problems. Poor living conditions are known to negatively impact mental health. Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that exposure to negative events after armed conflict interacts with past negative experiences, socioeconomic factors and current mental health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in three contexts of previous internal armed conflict: Nepal, Guatemala and Northern Ireland. Three nationally representative samples were drawn, comprising a net sample of 3,229 respondents. Results: Both recent negative events and past negative events linked to the previous conflicts were found to be associated with elevated risk of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). Economic marginalization and urban residency also contributed to current risk of PTSD. Conclusions: The results support the study hypothesis that both past and recent negative events in combination with economic marginalization contribute to explain current risk of PTSD. It is necessary both to improve living conditions more broadly and to establish and develop health services that have the capacity to screen, prevent and treat mental health problems also in poor contexts, in particular against a background of previous armed conflict.
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Shevlin, Mark, Michael Rosato, Stephanie Boyle, Daniel Boduszek et Jamie Murphy. « Rates and predictors of anti-depressant prescribing in Northern Ireland 2011–2015 : a data linkage study using the Administrative Data Research Centre (NI) ». Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no 1 (29 avril 2019) : 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.14.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objectives:Research indicates that anti-depressant prescribing is higher in Northern Ireland (NI) than in the rest of the UK, and that socio-economic and area-level factors may contribute to this. The current study provides comprehensive population-based estimates of the prevalence of anti-depressant prescription prescribing in NI from 2011 to 2015, and examined the associations between socio-demographic, socio-economic, self-reported health and area-level factors and anti-depressant prescription.Methods:Data were derived from the 2011 NI Census (N = 1 588 355) and the Enhanced Prescribing Database. Data linkage techniques were utilised through the Administrative Data Research Centre in NI. Prevalence rates were calculated and binary logistic analysis assessed the associations between contextual factors and anti-depressant prescription.Results:From 2011 to 2015, the percentages of the population in NI aged 16 or more receiving anti-depressant prescriptions were 12.3%, 12.9%, 13.4%, 13.9% and 14.3%, respectively, and over the 5-year period was 24.3%. The strongest predictors of anti-depressant prescription in the multivariate model specified were ‘very bad’ (OR = 4.02) or ‘Bad’ general health (OR = 3.98), and self-reported mental health problems (OR = 3.57). Other significant predictors included social renting (OR = 1.67) and unemployment (OR = 1.25). Protective factors included Catholic religious beliefs, other faith/philosophic beliefs and no faith/philosophic beliefs in comparison to reporting Protestant/other Christian religious beliefs (ORs = 0.78–0.91).Conclusion:The prevalence of anti-depressant prescription in NI appears to be higher than the prevalence of depressive disorders, although this may not necessarily be attributable to over-prescribing as anti-depressants are also prescribed for conditions other than depression. Anti-depressant prescription was linked to several factors that represent socio-economic disadvantage.
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Ananieva, E. V. « Brexit : Reasons, Political Background, Implications ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 10, no 6 (28 février 2018) : 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-6-98-119.
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In the 1960s after the collapse of the colonial empire, the European direction became more important for Britain than relations with overseas territories. For Britain membership in the EEC and subsequently in the EU was a forced measure for the lack of an alternative. Britain gained a strong position in the integration group, but became “an inconvenient partner” in it, demanding special conditions. In the country there was a constant interand intra-party struggle on the “European question”. Eurosceptics were concerned about the country’s loss of national sovereignty and identity, dissatisfied with the social model of the EU in the spirit of social democracy. Euro-optimists considered self-isolation from the continent as disastrous for the country. The logic of integration led to deepening not only economic cooperation, but also political, which caused the rise of europetceptism in Britain in the conditions of the economic crisis of 2008- 2009, the crisis of the Eurozone and the migration crisis. Against this background, Prime Minister D. Cameron was forced to hold a referendum on Britain’s membership in the EU. The results of the referendum on Britain’s membership in the EU demonstrated a split in society: just over half of the British voted for the country’s withdrawal from the EU. The country is divided on social, age, and regional grounds. Not only socially vulnerable, but socially prosperous sections of the population voted for Brexit. As a result of globalization, the former concern immigration, the latter – the shift of economic power to the East. The political consequences of Brexit are serious. The political consequences of Brexit are serious. Scotland, having voted for the EU, is aiming to hold a new referendum on independence, Northern Ireland is wary of closing the border with Ireland. In the political arena, the struggle between eurosceptics and euro-opportunists did not stop, prompting the replacement of the leader and the Prime Minister (Conservative Party) and the aggravation of the crisis in the Labor Party. The successor of D. Cameron as head of the cabinet, T. May had to announce early parliamentary elections, hoping to strengthen the position of the ruling party and supporters of its line on the eve of difficult negotiations on the conditions for Britain’s withdrawal from the EU.
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BOLLENS, SCOTT A. « Ethnic Stability and Urban Reconstruction ». Comparative Political Studies 31, no 6 (décembre 1998) : 683–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031006001.
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This article investigates the role and influence of urban planning in ameliorating or intensifying deeply ingrained ethnic conflict. It is based on more than 70 interviews with urban professionals in Belfast (Northern Ireland) and Johannesburg (South Africa). Policy makers in Belfast have sought intergroup stability through neutral policies that protect the territorial status quo. Equity planning in post-apartheid Johannesburg seeks spatial reconstruction of a disfigured metropolis. In both cities, policy dilemmas challenge officials who are seeking to stabilize or reconstruct strife-torn cities. Hardening of Protestant-Catholic territorial identities in Belfast, which are deemed essential to urban peace, might constitute a barrier to long-term intergroup reconciliation. In Johannesburg, policy responses to crisis conditions and reliance on private economic forces may solidify rather than transcend apartheid geography. In ethnically polarized cities, a reconceptualized urban planning that is able to improve interethnic coexistence has a vital and difficult role to play in advancing and reinforcing formal peace agreements.
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O’Gorman, Roderic. « The Failure of the Troika to Measure the Impact of the Economic Adjustment Programmes on the Vulnerable ». Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 3 (1 août 2017) : 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The economic adjustment programmes for Ireland, Portugal, Greece and Cyprus were based on a range of legal measures and economic policy documents. In each programme, the concept of ‘monitoring the impact of the programme measures on the vulnerable’ was expressed, though in different formats. Based on research undertaken on the quarterly reviews compiled by the Troika missions to each of the four bail-out states, this article demonstrates that an inconsistent approach was taken to the monitoring of the impact of the programme measures on vulnerable groups and that statistical information was used in a haphazard manner. The legal consequences of this failure to adequately undertake statistical monitoring is examined in the context of challenges mounted to aspects of some of the bailout programmes before the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Social Rights. The article highlights how information concerning the impact on the vulnerable was accessible through the Union’s longstanding commitment to provide statistical data through Eurostat and the specific availability of figures on social deprivation through the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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de Cock, T. Paul, Michael Rosato, Finola Ferry, Emma Curran et Gerard Leavey. « Patterns of long-term conditions in older age and subsequent mortality : a national study of inequalities in health ». European Journal of Public Health 30, no 3 (26 octobre 2019) : 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Background Multiple long-term health conditions in older people are associated with increased mortality. The study aims to identify patterns of long-term health in a national ageing population using a census-based self-reported indicator of long-term health conditions. We assessed associations with subsequent mortality and socio-economic and demographic risk factors. Methods Using linked administrative data from the Northern Ireland Mortality Study, we assessed the presence of latent classes of morbidity in self-reported data on 11 long-term health conditions in a population aged 65 or more (N = 244 349). These classes were associated with demographic and socio-economic predictors using multi-nomial logistic regression. In a 3.75-year follow-up, all-cause and cause-specific mortality were regressed on morbidity patterns. Results Four latent classes of long-term ill-health conditions were derived, and labelled: ‘low impairment’; ‘pain/mobility’; ‘cognitive/mental’; ‘sensory impairment’. Groupings reflecting higher levels of long-term ill-health were associated with class-specific increases in all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Strongest effects were found for the ‘cognitive/mental’ group, which predicted all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.96: 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.83, 3.10) as well as some cause-specific mortality (i.e. dementia-related death: HR = 10.78: 95% CI = 9.39, 12.15). Class membership was predicted by a range of socio-demographic factors. Lower socio-economic status was associated with poorer health. Conclusion Results indicate that long-term ill-health clusters in specific patterns, which are both predicted by socio-demographic factors and are themselves predictive of mortality in the elderly. The syndromic nature of long-term ill-health and functioning in ageing populations has implications for healthcare planning and public health policy in older populations.
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Korchak, Elena A. « Living standards in the regions of the Russian North : A statistical analysis ». Север и рынок : формирование экономического порядка 27, no 1/2024 (1 avril 2024) : 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.1.2024.83.010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research focuses on the statistical analysis of the standard of living in the Russian North. The objectives of the study encompass a theoretical review of both Russian and international literature on living standards and an analysis of key indicators from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), examining income, expenses, and consumption patterns in the northern regions of Russia. The standard of living is recognized as a multifaceted social and economic category, reflecting the level of providing the population with consumer goods and services. This provision aims to shape a mix that best satisfies demands. In Russia's northern regions, this domain is influenced by distinctive factors, including challenging natural and climatic conditions, limited transportation, and the application of a regional pay system, which includes Northern benefits. The research identifies a gap in Russian studies concerning the differentiation of the standard of living by regions, particularly in lacking tools to assess rational consumption patterns. The use of the living wage proves challenging due to its monetary nature, and the utilization of a fixed market basket overlooks the necessity to consider difficult natural and climatic conditions. The scientific novelty of this study lies in terminology updates and an integrated approach to analyzing regional differentiation in the standard of living within the Russian North. The long-term implications of further research revolve around the imperative to develop a method for assessing such differentiation and to upgrade research and practical recommendations for improving living standards in the northern regions of Russia.
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Rosa, Mattia De. « Economic assessment of producing and selling biomethane into a regional market ». Energy & ; Environment 31, no 1 (21 mars 2018) : 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18762581.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Biogas is a promising renewable energy resource produced by using anaerobic digestion of organic substrates and it is mainly used to generate electricity by means of biogas engines. Other potential utilisations are growing, e.g. grid injection and biofuels production but, generally, a treatment aimed to increase its quality is mandatory and greater investments are generally required to produce upgraded biogas (biomethane). Despite the increasing of interest on these applications, a lack of information is still present from an economic point of view. The present paper performs an extended economic assessment of upgrading and selling biogas starting from a typical farm-based anaerobic digestion plant in Northern Ireland assumed as reference. Several economic indexes have been considered to assess the economic performance of the upgraded anaerobic digestion plant, namely net present value, pay-back period, profitability index and internal rate of return. Moreover, different scenarios in terms of fossil fuel prices have been analysed. The results show that producing and selling biomethane can be economically feasible if an adequate market is fostered. Optimum anaerobic digestion sizes between 26.9 and 64.4 tonne/y have been found, with correspondent net present value and pay-back period values in the range of £6.7–64.4M and 2.8–7.5 years, respectively, depending on the price scenarios analysed and the economic index chosen. Generally, adopting the net present value as objective function of the optimisation leads to greater anaerobic digestion size than the other indexes for any price scenarios considered. Finally, tougher market conditions (i.e. higher fossil fuel prices) lead to better economic performances of the upgraded anaerobic digestion configuration.
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Suschiy, Sergey Ya. « Northern Black – Azov Sea Region : Demographic and Economic Potential and Prospects of Economic Development of New Regions of Russia ». REGIONOLOGY 32, no 3 (28 juin 2024) : 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.127.032.202402.345-367.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction. The interstate transit of the Northern Black Sea ‒ Azov region, which took place under the conditions of the armed conflict, was associated with a large-scale geodemographic and socio-economic transformation of regional societies. The aim of the study is to investigate the available demographic resources and production potential of the Cherson and Zaporozhye Regions, to determine the most likely directions of their economic dynamics. Materials and Methods. The analytical and empirical base of the study, in addition to scientific sources, included collections of statistics, as well as media publications documenting the demographic and economic dynamics of the studied regions in 2022–2023. The methodological basis was a systematic approach that allowed combining the methods used in demography, social and economic geography with elements of structural-functional approach and discourse analysis of information obtained from media publications. Results. It was found that during the spring and summer of 2022, there was a significant decrease in the available population of both areas as a result of outmigration. Moreover, the losses of the urban population were higher than those of the rural population. The maximum population losses were suffered by the Dnieper cities and the settlement network of the frontline zone of the Zaporozhye Region. In both areas, the age structure of the population has significantly deformed (a significant increase in the proportion of elderly and old people), the shortage of specialists in the main areas of socio-economic activity has sharply worsened. It is recorded that in 2022–2023 the only major sphere of economic life that continued to function on a scale comparable to peacetime was agricultural production and related segments of industry (primarily food). Discussion and Conclusion. Demographic and socio-economic prospects for the development of both regions will largely be determined by the further dynamics of the armed conflict. The prolongation of its active stage will accelerate the process of reducing the local population due to outflow, and in the economic sphere will contribute to the deepening of agricultural (and more broadly – Agro-industrial) specialization of regional economic complexes. A stable truce will allow to diversify the directions of economic growth, first of all, to activate a number of industrial clusters, the tourist and recreational complex, the sphere of transport and logistics. The results of the study can be used in the development and detailing of plans for the socio-economic development of new territories.
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Annett, R. W., A. F. Carson, L. E. R. Dawson, D. Irwin et D. J. Kilpatrick. « Lifetime performance of crossbred ewes in the hill sheep sector ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (avril 2009) : 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029112.
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Hill sheep flocks in the UK are dominated by purebred ewe genotypes, with the Scottish Blackface being the most common. However a long term decline in economic returns, combined with recent changes to the Common Agricultural Policy, has lead many hill sheep producers to consider keeping crossbred ewes to exploit the benefits of hybrid vigour for lamb survival and to introduce beneficial traits for prolificacy, ease of lambing and carcass quality. In 2001, a major on-farm research programme was initiated to evaluate the performance of a range of crossbred ewe genotypes for the Northern Ireland hill sheep sector. Provisional data has already identified that retaining Lleyn X Blackface and Texel X Blackface ewes can improve lamb output at weaning by up to 10% relative to purebred Blackface ewes (Speijerset al., 2007). However, ewe longevity is a major issue for hill flocks, where the annual replacement rate often exceeds 20%. Therefore it is inappropriate to evaluate crossbred ewe genotypes based on average annual performance alone, and the aims of this study were to investigate the lifetime performance of a range of crossbred genotypes under hill conditions.
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Chen, Yun, Jinliang Wang, Eldar Kurbanov, Abraham Thomas, Jinming Sha, Yuanmei Jiao et Jingchun Zhou. « Ecological security assessment at different spatial scales in central Yunnan Province, China ». PLOS ONE 17, no 6 (28 juin 2022) : e0270267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270267.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Healthy ecosystems are the basis of social and economic development. It is of great significance to conduct ecological security assessments in rapidly urbanization areas. Based on the driving forces, pressure, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) model, five years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015) of remote sensing images, social and economic statistics, and field survey data were used to establish an ecological security assessment index system. The ecological security assessment of central Yunnan Province (CYP) urban agglomeration was conducted at the 1 km × 1 km pixel scale and at the county scale based on the multilevel weighted comprehensive index method. The results showed that: (1) With 2005 as the turning point, the ecological security situation in CYP first decreased and then increased. (2) The ecological security at the county scale was mainly categorized as unsafe. At the pixel scale, ecologically unsafe and relatively unsafe areas were mainly distributed in central, northern, and western CYP. (3) The ecological security deterioration and strengthened spatial distribution differences were caused by habitat fragmentation, different physical geographical conditions, and population agglomeration. These results can provide a basis for the coordination and sustainability of economic development and environmental protection in urban agglomerations with rapid urbanization.
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Calderón-Seguel, Matías, Manuel Prieto, Oliver Meseguer-Ruiz, Freddy Viñales, Paulina Hidalgo et Elías Esper. « Mining, Urban Growth, and Agrarian Changes in the Atacama Desert : The Case of the Calama Oasis in Northern Chile ». Land 10, no 11 (19 novembre 2021) : 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111262.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the mid-twentieth century, Latin American rural territories have undergone significant transformations. One of the leading causes is the expansion of large-scale operations that exploit natural resources for world market exportation with low processing. In this paper, we study the changes in agricultural activities, livestock, and land use in the Calama oasis (the Atacama Desert, northern Chile) in relation to the growth of large-scale copper mining and other chained processes (urbanization and increased demand for water resources); based on a mixed methodology combining descriptive statistics, archival and bibliographic review, ethnography, and spatial analysis. We present the results through a historical reconstruction of the analyzed dimensions and their relationships, accounting for contradictory dynamics in time and space. We identify how mining and urban growth promote some agricultural and livestock activities under certain economic and political conditions, while in other contexts, these activities have been severely weakened, seeing increasing urbanization of rural land, rural-urban pluriactivity, and a growing deagrarianization.
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Zoundji, Gérard C., Espérance Zossou, Fifanou Vodouhè, Charles Kwame Sackey et Gillette Bognonkpe. « Participatory Evaluation of Development Projects Contribution to Poverty Reduction in Northern Benin ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no 3 (1 octobre 2022) : 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p340.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study analyzed the sustainable changes induced by the "Banikoara Millennium Village Project" on rural poverty reduction. Using the purposive sampling method, 126 household heads were selected from three project beneficiary villages and one non- project beneficiary village. Data was collected through focus group discussions and a structured questionnaire which were processed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that nearly 78% of the respondents have adopted the improved technologies of soil fertility, and yields have increased from 1.2 tons to 3.5 tons per hectare for rice, from 1.4 tons to 2.1 tons per hectare for maize, and from 1 ton to 1.6 tons per hectare for sorghum. We also found that that the project has contributed to decreasing poverty in terms of the achievements of socio-community infrastructures in the education, health and agricultural sectors, the capacity building of communities etc. Majority (85%) of the project beneficiary households consider their current economic living conditions better than the period before the project implementation. This project has a great impact on household food security and shortening the hunger season. However, the project achievements are still fragile and require an action for sustainability. This study suggests that development projects should actively involve the target beneficiaries starting from the needs assessment in particular and implementation to ensure its sustainability.
Keywords: Development project, Millennium Villages, Impact evaluation, poverty reduction
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Volkova, A. A. « Promising Directions for the Development of the Transport and Logistics Infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route ». Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series : Economics. Sociology. Management 14, no 1 (13 avril 2024) : 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2024-14-1-133-142.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Relevance. The modern global agenda dictates new rules and principles of building international relations, including international trade. Under these conditions, the reorientation of foreign trade flows becomes an obvious step. This reorientation plays a significant role for Russia in terms of stabilizing the economy, increasing competitiveness and defending national economic interests. The purpose is consideration of the direction of reorientation of Russian foreign trade flows in the context of anti-Russian sanctions.Objectives: describe the composition and tasks of the functioning of the transport and logistics infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route; identify the problems and prospects for the development of the transport and logistics infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route.Methodology. The research methodology included the use of methods for analyzing quantitative and qualitative characteristics, theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature, methods of mathematical statistics, analysis of the expert method in open sources, generalization of the analyzed information.Results. The geographical position of Russia and its dominant position in the Arctic makes it promising to use the Northern Sea Route to develop its own transport potential, provided that all the problems that currently prevent an increase in the cargo turnover of this route are solved. Despite the advantages in the length of the route and speed, the meteorological features and complexity of the northern waters, as well as the technological backwardness of the port infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route, make it necessary to make serious investments in the development of both the transport and logistics infrastructure itself and in the creation of a fleet that will carry goods and ice wiring.Conclusions. The creation of an appropriate technological infrastructure for the development of cargo transportation involves the creation of new hub ports. In addition to improving technological infrastructure systems for improving loading and unloading capacities, the expansion of the container fleet is also relevant. To connect the ports of the Northern Sea Route with the railway infrastructure, the implementation of the projects "Northern Latitudinal Passage 1" and "Northern Latitudinal Passage 2" should be continued.
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Dukhnytskyi, Bogdan. « Foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain ». Ekonomika APK 30, no 3 (26 avril 2023) : 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202303029.
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Among the most important regional allies of Ukraine, it is worth highlighting the United Kingdom, which first as an EU member state, and then, from 2021, independently, within the framework of a bilateral agreement, contributes in every possible way to the development of free trade, in particular, agricultural, between the two countries. This is evidenced by the constantly growing volumes of exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and food products for Ukraine and the United Kingdom until 2022. The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural and food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom, including the relationship between the development of mutual trade and the liberalisation of its conditions. Generalisation, analysis, and synthesis, comprehensive assessment, historical, graphic, and tabular methods were used. The general socio-economic characteristics of the UK are given, considering its withdrawal from the European Union and focusing on the current state of trade in agri-food products on the international market. The quantitative and cost indicators of foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 2012 are analysed, the characteristic features of the commodity structure of export sales and import purchases of Ukraine are considered, including in 2022, the prospects for agricultural trade between the parties in the near future are assessed, in particular, areas for deepening foreign economic cooperation between Ukraine and the United Kingdom are proposed, and groups of products that will remain a priority even in war conditions, considering the needs of internal food markets of both countries are identified. The provisions of the study are aimed at providing information on the possibilities of developing trade in agricultural and food products with the UK for Ukrainian food sector enterprises and public authorities that ensure foreign policy and international cooperation.
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Podoplekin, Andrey. « PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF CANADIAN ARCTIC REGIONS ». Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century : theory and practice 9, no 4 (19 janvier 2022) : 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2022-9-4-21-34.
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The article examines the key issues and risks of the governing and socio-economic development of the Canadian Arctic regions. The relevance of this subject is determined by scientific and practical interest in adapting in Russia the most effective approaches and practices for realizing the economic potential of circumpolar regions in foreign countries. With regard to areas of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (characterized by low population density of vast areas, the absence of large urban settlements with scientific and cultural centers, undeveloped ground transport infrastructure, extreme climatic and geological conditions, the absence of large industrial and energy facilities) special interest represents the relevant Canadian experience. The article shows that in the 2000s, Canada did not come close to turning industry into a leading factor in the economy of the Arctic territories. At the same time, a series of federal programs for the modernization of social and transport infrastructure also did not become a significant incentive for the development of the northern regions. As federal statistics shows, the largest share of their GRP is still formed in the public sector, and the degree of diversification of the regional economy remains extremely low. The modern economy of the circumpolar Canada is based on the dominance of the state in investments and stimulating consumer demand. The consequence of this is an increase in wages, provoking an increase in the cost of all goods and the cost of living in general. Small businesses are unable to compete with the public sector for labor, which constrains private entrepreneurship. For Canada, the Arctic has not yet become the driver of national economic growth, and the lack of infrastructure is a serious obstacle to large-scale investment.
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McArdle, G., et R. Kitchin. « THE DUBLIN DASHBOARD : DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME ANALYTICAL URBAN DASHBOARD ». ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-4/W1 (25 août 2016) : 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-4-w1-19-2016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As many cities increase in size across multiple dimensions such as population, economic output and physical size, new methods for understanding and managing cities are required. Data produced by and about urban environments offer insight into what is happening in cities. Real-time data from sensors within the city record current transport and environmental conditions such as noise levels, water levels, journey times and public transport delays. Similarly administrative data such as demographics, employment statistics, property prices and crime rates all provide insight into how a city is evolving. Traditionally, these data were maintained separately and managed by individual city departments. Advances in technology and a move to open-government have placed many of these data in the public domain. Urban dashboards have emerged as a technique to visualise these data in an accessible way. This paper describes the implementation of one such dashboard, the Dublin Dashboard, an interactive website which collects, analyses and visualises data from a variety of sources about Dublin in Ireland through a series of interactive maps, graphs and applications. This paper describes the approach, the data and the technology used to develop the Dublin Dashboard and acts as a guideline for developing urban dashboards in other cities.
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McArdle, G., et R. Kitchin. « THE DUBLIN DASHBOARD : DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME ANALYTICAL URBAN DASHBOARD ». ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W1 (5 septembre 2016) : 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w1-19-2016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As many cities increase in size across multiple dimensions such as population, economic output and physical size, new methods for understanding and managing cities are required. Data produced by and about urban environments offer insight into what is happening in cities. Real-time data from sensors within the city record current transport and environmental conditions such as noise levels, water levels, journey times and public transport delays. Similarly administrative data such as demographics, employment statistics, property prices and crime rates all provide insight into how a city is evolving. Traditionally, these data were maintained separately and managed by individual city departments. Advances in technology and a move to open-government have placed many of these data in the public domain. Urban dashboards have emerged as a technique to visualise these data in an accessible way. This paper describes the implementation of one such dashboard, the Dublin Dashboard, an interactive website which collects, analyses and visualises data from a variety of sources about Dublin in Ireland through a series of interactive maps, graphs and applications. This paper describes the approach, the data and the technology used to develop the Dublin Dashboard and acts as a guideline for developing urban dashboards in other cities.
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Song, Qing, Shengyuan Zhong, Junyu Chen, Chuanming Yang et Yan Zhu. « Spatio-Temporal Evolution of City Resilience in the Yangtze River Delta, China, from the Perspective of Statistics ». Sustainability 15, no 2 (13 janvier 2023) : 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021538.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The development of resilient cities has become a critical global issue with respect to the stimulation of sustainable economic, social, and ecological advancement. The Yangtze River Delta region, which is the most densely populated region in China, is undergoing the fastest urbanization and is achieving the highest level of economic development in the country. Thus, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the evolution of spatiotemporal city resilience in this region. For this study, the resilience of 41 core cities in the Yangtze River Delta in China from 2010 to 2020 was evaluated through a combination of game weighting and fuzzy matter-element analysis. Subsequently, the spatiotemporal differences in city resilience were revealed via the Dagum Gini coefficient and the Kernel density model. Further, the driving factors of city resilience were analyzed by a geographic detector model. The results revealed the following: (1) The resilience of the cities under study experienced a gradual upward trend (with Shanghai being consistently in the lead) and significant differences occurred between them. (2) The Dagum Gini coefficient indicated that the resilience of cities in the western portion of the Yangtze River Delta was quite diverse. This phenomenon was primarily due to the differences between sub-regions, for which the differences between the southeast and northwest were the most prominent. (3) The Kernel density indicated the absolute differences across the entire Delta as well as the northern sub-region, and there was a significant polarization phenomenon in the southern and western sub-regions. (4) Driving factor analysis revealed that the driving force of the income levels of residents was stronger and more stable, the driving force of economic development level was weakened, and the driving force of medical and health conditions, the degree of openness, and energy utilization efficiencies were strengthened. Overall, the driving factors of city resilience became more diversified and complex. Consequently, the Yangtze River Delta needs to improve city resilience levels in the northwest region in order to promote its balanced development. Our results suggested that more attention should be allocated to the improvement of the livelihoods of urban residents, the adjustment of energy consumption structures, and the optimization of the provision of medical resources.
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Varlamova, M. « Cross-cultural aspects of business negotiations ». Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 72, no 5 (2021) : 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.05.103.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The features of conducting business negotiations with foreign partners, taking into account the influence of cultural factors are investigated in this paper. The systematization of approaches to understanding business negotiations is performed and it is determined that business negotiations are bilateral or multilateral processes of communication, as a result of which a joint decision concerning business interests realization is made. Scientific approaches to the cultures grouping by certain features, particularly, E. Hall, G. Hofstede and R. Lewis, Florence Clachon and Fred Strodbeck, D. Pinto, R. Gesteland, F. Trompenaars and C. Hampden-Turner are considered. Analysis of the manifestation of certain cultural features in relation to the representatives of the countries with which Ukraine currently has the most developed trade and economic relations is carried out. Accordingly, the probability of the need to negotiate the foreign economic activity implementation is rather high. The following countries are selected among them according to 2020 statistics: China, Poland, India, Spain, Italy, Russia, Belarus, Egypt, the Netherlands, Germany, Romania, Turkey, Hungary, USA, Belgium, Israel, Indonesia, Iraq, Moldova, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and the Czech Republic. Using Hert Hofstede's approach and his theory of cultural dimensions for the listed countries, the indicators characterizing the manifestation of the distance of power, individualism, masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, long-term orientation and indulgence are analyzed. The countries which cultures are the closest to Ukraine’s one are identified according to the above mentioned methodology, and, consequently, the construction of communications with their representatives is more understandable and is characterized by lower probability of misunderstandings due to cultural factors. For other countries the cultural features similar and different from Ukraine ones are defined. Taking into account these features, recommendations for planning and conducting business negotiations with representatives of other countries, aimed at increasing the benefits and opportunities for Ukraine in the process of making joint decisions with partners are given.
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Никифорова, В. В. « Assessment of the potential for sustainable development of the extractive industry of the northern resource-type regions ». Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no 4(30) (5 décembre 2022) : 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2022.35.20.005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
В статье проведена интегральная оценка потенциала устойчивости добывающей промышленности северных регионов ресурсного типа. Целью статьи является путем рейтинговой оценки устойчивости исследуемых регионов выявить их сильные и слабые стороны социально-экономического и экологического состояния. Объектами исследования подобраны восемь российских северных регионов ресурсного типа. Оценка проведена с использованием методов математической статистики: агрегирования и линейного масштабирования первичных и промежуточных показателей, также определены степени устойчивости регионов. Выявлено, что наиболее устойчивый потенциал у ХМАО – Югра, ЯНАО и Республики Саха (Якутия), наименее устойчивые – у Республики Коми, Чукотского АО. Применение данного методического подхода позволит при разработке вновь осваиваемых месторождений органам управления субъектов вкупе с недропользователями принять объективные решения, направленные на повышение степени сбалансированного устойчивого развития северных и арктических территорий. The article presents an integral assessment of the sustainability potential of the extractive industry of the northern regions of the resource type. The purpose of the article is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of socio-economic and environmental conditions by rating the sustainability of the studied regions. The objects of the study were selected eight Russian northern regions of the resource type. The assessment was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics: aggregation and linear scaling of primary and intermediate indicators, and the degrees of stability of the regions were also determined. It was revealed that the most stable potential of the Khanty-Mansy Autonomous Okrug-UGRA, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous okrug and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the least stable are the Komi Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The application of this methodological approach will allow the management bodies of the subjects, together with the subsoil users, to make objective decisions aimed at increasing the degree of balanced sustainable development of the northern and Arctic.
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Klokov, Konstantin B. « Changes in reindeer population numbers in Russia : an effect of the political context or of climate ? » Rangifer 2, no 1-App (1 mars 2013) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.32.1.2234.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper analyses trends in domesticated reindeer numbers at the federal, regional, and local levels based on official statistics and interviews with herders in different northern districts across Russia. During the second half of the last century, the domesticated reindeer population in Russia shifted dramatically from a maximum of 2.5 million head to a minimum of 1.2. The most important trends were connected to changes in social and economic conditions linked to government directives. Post-Soviet reforms in the 1990s resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in the total number of domesticated reindeer. However in some regions, these political events had the opposite effect. The contrast was due to the abilities of herders to adapt to the new conditions. A detailed analysis of these adaptations reveals an important difference between reindeer-holding enterprises with common ownership (i.e. kolkhozes, sovkhozes, municipal enterprises, etc.) and households with family owned reindeer. The paper concludes that the effect the political context is so large as to conceal the impact of other natural factors on reindeer populations such as climate change. However, a gradual increase of reindeer populations in the north-eastern part of Russia in the 1960s can be associated with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns.
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Junaidi, Muhammad, Nurliah Nurliah et Fariq Azhar. « Kondisi Kualitas Perairan untuk Mendukung Budidaya Lobster di Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat ». JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & ; LINGKUNGAN 4, no 2 (25 décembre 2018) : 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jstl.v4i2.92.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lobster (Spiny lobster, Panulirus sp) is an important economic value commodity, then it needs to be developed through cultivation. North Lombok Regency has potential coastal and coastal resources for the development of marine aquaculture. Therefore, this study was to determine the condition of water quality in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province to support the development of lobster aquculture. Water quality data collection was carried out in May 2018. A total of 23 stations that were spread out in simple random locations were collected at the research location.Water quality parameters collected include: temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), brightness, turbidity, nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4-P) and plankton.The results showed that the water conditions of North Lombok Regency still meet the range of quality standards or values recommended for lobster cultivation. Based on analysis of the statistics multivariate used in this research divide research locations into three different regions , the waters of the south (Gulf Sire) , middle parts in Tanjung and Gangga District, and the northern in off shore.The result of this research is expected to be able as additional information to support the development of the cultivation of spiny lobster in North Lombok Regency
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Ewing, Keith. « The political constitution of emergency powers : a comment ». International Journal of Law in Context 3, no 4 (décembre 2007) : 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552307004041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The United Kingdom had the experience of at least five different kinds of emergency throughout the twentieth century. The first and most serious is war, though not all wars (including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan) create or created national emergencies. Nevertheless, the world wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 almost certainly did, especially in the latter case with its risk – albeit short-lived – of invasion by a foreign power. The other causes of emergency were: second, the long-term internal conflict in Northern Ireland in what seemed like a separatist armed struggle, with one community pitted against another, and against the State (1969–2007); third, short-term but large-scale industrial action, which in at least one case (1926) was thought to border on the subversive; while the fourth has been an array of natural disasters, sometimes caused by adverse weather conditions, and sometimes caused by disease; finally, and most recently, there is the threat posed by international terrorism in the wake of 9/11 and our experiences in London in July 2005. Although emergency situations can thus arise for a host of reasons, it might be argued that the foregoing list is far from complete, with a sixth category of emergency being the various economic and fiscal crises that have engulfed the country from time to time, notably in 1931, when emergency powers were taken, and again after the end of World War II, when the country was financially exhausted by the demands of conflict.
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Bondarenko, Ksenia Andreevna, et Natalia Alekseevna Kharitonova. « Well-being of immigrants in Germany : country of origin and income convergence ». Contemporary Europe, no 2 (15 avril 2023) : 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708323020158.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As of 2021, Germany is a host country for 22,3 million people with a migration background, that amounts to 26,9% of the total population of the country. Most of migrants come to Germany to improve their level of welfare, and seek for getting the same income as the locals do. The article outlines econometric modeling of the well-being of ethnic Germans and migrants living in Germany based on the statistics from the World Bank and the data from a representative longitudinal study of private households by the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-Core), which covers more than 683,000 respondents for 1984-2019. Based on the SOEP data, it is possible to reveal the real socio-economic conditions surrounding both the local population and the migrants in Germany. It is concluded that respondents with migration background tend to have higher real income (a proxy for wealth) rather than their peers born in Germany. However, migrants’ real income varies significantly depending on the country of origin/birth (i. e. newcomers from Northern Europe and Africa earn the most) and has non-linear relationship with the duration of staying in Germany. Personal characteristics (age, gender) and professional qualities (education, employment status) have generally similar impact on real income both for migrants and ethnic Germans, while the effect of marital status varies case by case (i. e. married local Germans have lower real incomes than their peers, while for migrants the effect of marriage is insignificant).
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Cuong, Vu Dinh, Nguyen Thanh Hung, Tran Dinh Hoa et Nguyen Tien Thanh. « Shoreline Changes and Sediment Transport along Nhat Le Coast, Vietnam ». Engineering, Technology & ; Applied Science Research 14, no 2 (2 avril 2024) : 13493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6822.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the most beautiful beaches in Northern Vietnam, Nhat Le, has recently experienced severe erosion as a result of the ensemble interaction of natural factors, such as tropical cyclones, extreme weather events, and human activities. Consequently, negative impacts on tourism and social and economic development have been recorded. This paper aims to provide a deep understanding of the changes in shoreline and longshore sediment transport at Nhat Le estuary based on two modules of LITDRIFT and LITLINE of the LITPACK software package combined with geospatial analysis. The rate of change statistics is calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) from 30-year multi-temporal satellite data (1989-2019) for multiple historical shoreline positions. The Module of LITDRIFT is employed to estimate sediment transport and the shoreline position calculated from the LITLINE module. These data are then compared with measured topographic data and satellite images. Wave climate conditions are incorporated into the LITDRIFT module to identify the volume of sediment transport along the coast on seasonal and annual bases. The results illustrate that a mean erosion rate of about 2 m per year was observed in the southern sandspit of Nhat Le from 1989 to 2019. This rate reaches 4.5 m per year during 2009-2019.