Bibliographies thématiques / North Bengal

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « North Bengal »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 18 mai 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Brown, Carolyn Henning. « Raja and Rank in North Bihar ». Modern Asian Studies 22, no 4 (octobre 1988) : 757–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015730.

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The Maithil Brahmans of Bihar and the Bengali Brahmans of Bengal, two of the five great North Indian Brahman castes, had, as of the early nineteenth century, closely similar systems of ranked grades and hypergamously marrying lineages. In addition, fundamental concepts—of purity and pollution, of coded substance, of sattva, rajas, and tamas (Dumont 1970; Inden 1976; Davis 1983)—form a shared construction of reality for both groups of Hindus. Yet despite a common ideation and similar patterns of organization up to that point, the ‘Kulin system’ of Bengal virtually disappeared in the middle of the last century, while among the Brahmans to the east in Bihar, the system faltered during the same period, then corrected itself, grew more complex with greater refinements of rank than at any time in the past, and has survived into the present.
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Sen, Jaydip, et Asit Chaudhuri. « Arsenic Exposure through Drinking Water and its Effect on Pregnancy Outcome in Bengali Women ». Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 59, no 4 (1 décembre 2008) : 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1871.

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Arsenic Exposure through Drinking Water and its Effect on Pregnancy Outcome in Bengali WomenTwelve districts of the state of West Bengal, India are affected by arsenic (As) and millions of individuals are consuming As-contaminated groundwater. The probable adverse effects of As on pregnancy outcome (stillbirth and miscarriage) are yet to be properly studied. The present investigation is an attempt to understand the effects of As exposure on the pregnancy outcome in Bengali women exposed to As through drinking water and residing in different villages in North 24 Parganas District of West Bengal. The results show a significantly higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages than those in the unexposed population.
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Ryzhakova, Svetlana. « Welcomed and Unwanted : Uncertainty and Possession in a Manasā Cult (North Bengal and West Assam, India) ». Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 14, no 1 (1 juin 2020) : 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2020-0003.

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AbstractManasā is a very important goddess of the eastern part of India, particularly for the lower castes of Bengal, West Assam, some districts of Odisha, Jharkhand and Bihar. She is the main goddess for the majority of Rajbansis of North Bengal. The fluid border between deities, witches and human beings is an essential part of both her myth and cult. Being a Tāntric deity, Manasā has an extremely ambivalent character: according to the narratives and ritualistic practice she is at the same time both welcomed and unwanted. Her worship involves negotiation with dangerous divine power, which generates insecurity and uncertainty, but at the same time rewards adepts with wonderful abilities. This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the author in rural places in the Jalpaiguri, Koch-Behar, Goalpara and Darrang districts of West Bengal and Assam, India, among Rajbansis, Bodo Kachari and Assamees. The details of Manasā worship, Behula dance and storytelling by Bengali Monośa gidal, and in a form of Assamese suknāni ojha-palli (with deodhani dance and trance) will reveal a peculiar local knowledge system, directly aimed at overcoming and transforming mundane life crises.
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Adhikary, Dr Madhab Chandra, et Latika Barman. « Migration and Environmental Disorder in Post-Colonial North Bengal : An Impact on Society ». International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no XI (2023) : 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.81112.

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Migration and Environmental Disorder in Post-Colonial North Bengal: An Impact on Society a micro level study. Environmental disbalance and Migration is a fact. Several countries in India have faced this problem. Migration is one of the primary factors of population explosion. The theory of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factor were mainly responsible for migration of people from one place to another. As because, North Bengal is considered as a gateway of India, so migration means did not only indicate the outsiders, migration indicates the internal migration also. However, whether the population increases for internal or external reason, it creates an unusual situation for a common traditional society, economy, politics, administration, socio-cultural lifestyle as well as the environment of North Bengal. Environmental resources were greatly affected by the migration issues in North Bengal. Actually, human migration and population growth in concert with globalization trends, greatly affect the environment and conservation efforts. The concept of the environment and the migration that is “environmental refugee” is particularly earned the attention during 1970s. It can be said that the real purpose of the said paper is to discuss the effect of migration on the environment and on the lives of the people of North Bengal.
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Ghosh, Nilanjana, et Indranil Chakrabarti. « Client satisfaction in Thalassemia Control Unit , North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling district, West Bengal ». Annals of Applied Bio-Sciences 4, no 1 (janvier 2017) : A24—A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aabs.2017.1309.

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Roy, Subhas Chandra, Dipayan Rakshit et Sandeepan Sengupta. « Evaluation of genetic variation among fourteen rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties (Landraces) of North Bengal using morphological traits ». NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no 1 (2010) : 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.006.

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The Northem region (North Bengal) of West Bengal possesses a rich genctic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L).This region is known for growing one important rice variety Tulaipanji with GI number in the district of North Dinajpur and many other varieties of local landraces with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A considerable range of diversity and variation exists among the genetic resources of rice landraces of North Bengal. Prominent fourteen (14) landraces such as Sadanunia, Kalonunia, Dhepi, Banni, Dudkalam, Malsira, Lalpanati, Bhadoi, Ashami, and Gobindabhog, Enda, Chenga, Katharibhog, Tulaipanji are known for their special quality attributes were collected from the different districts of North Bengal. Genetic variation among these landraces was characterized by means of morphological traits such as seed sizes, shape, volume, colour, awn character, surface texture with husk (Microscopic observation) and pericurp colour. The Karl Pearson's simple matching coefficient was used to calculate the genetic diversity among the varieties. Similarity coefficient was ranged from 0.94 to 0.64 with an average of 0.79 among the 14 varieties. Clusier analysis based on genetic similarity of these varieties gave rise to three distinct groups The results suggested that the level of genetic diversity within this group of rice varieties of North Bengal was suficient for brecding programs and can be used to establish genetic relationships among them on the basis of morphological traits.
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SINGH, O. P. « Influence of Bay o Bengal on winter monsoon rainfall ». MAUSAM 46, no 3 (2 janvier 2022) : 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v46i3.3290.

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ABSTRACT. Utilizing marine meteorological data the values of 1 latent heat flux, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea minus air temperature have been computed on a grid mesh of 5° over the Bay of Bengal during September month of the contrasting Winter monsoon years 1987 and 1988. It has been found that the good winter monsoon of 1987 followed (I) higher SSTs over western Bay of Bengal; (ii) very high evaporation rate over the sea area bounded by 10°.20°N. 80°.90oE and (iii) instability in the surface layer over north and adjoining central Bay of Bengal, whereas, the bad winter monsoon of 1988 followed (i) lower SSTs over western Bay of Bengal; (ii) very low evaporation rate over the area I0°.20oN, 80°.90oE and (iii) stability in the surface layer over north and adjoining central Bay of Bengal.
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Bajpai, R. R. N., et Sumita Bajpai. « Some genetic markers among the Bodos of North Bengal, India ». Anthropologischer Anzeiger 48, no 1 (23 mars 1990) : 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/48/1990/25.

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Ranjan, Vinay, Anant Kumar et Gopal Krishna. « Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miv. : An Endangered Species Collected After Eight Decades From West Bengal ». Indian Journal of Forestry 38, no 2 (1 juin 2015) : 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2015-4149h7.

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Bandyopadhyay, Probir K., C. K. Mandal et Amlan K. Mitra. « Earthworms of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal ». Records of the Zoological Survey of India 108, no 3 (1 septembre 2008) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v108/i3/2008/159040.

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Thèses sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Dutta, Papiya. « Caste, society and politics of North Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1218.

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Biswas, Subir. « Anthropological profile of the dhimals of North Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3600.

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Biswas, Subir. « Anthropological profile of the dhimals of North Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1270.

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Ghosh, Smarajit. « History of North Bengal archaeological probings in the district of North Dinajpur ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2000. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1227.

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Guin, Deb Prasad. « Ecology and behaviour of Gour (Bosgaurus H Smith) in North Bengal region, West Bengal, India ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/986.

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Sikdar, Bikash Kumar. « Ecology and behaviour of stray dogs ( Canis familiaris) in north bengal region, West Bengal India ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1113.

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Goyal, Arvind Kumar. « Study of genetic diversity and micropropagation of bamboos of North Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3658.

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Saha, Gour Krishna. « The Planning of the milk economy of North Bengal ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/290.

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Sengupta, Manashi. « Social and political movements of North Bengal (1911-1969) ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2679.

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Chowdhury, Arabinda N. « North Bengal Koro epidemic : a comprehensive psycho-social study ». Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1058.

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Livres sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Kumar, Debnath Pankaj, et Bhattacharjee Subhasis, dir. Economy and society of North Bengal. Kolkata : Progressive Publishers, 2008.

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1932-, Mukherjee Bratindra Nath, Bhattacharyya Pranjal Kumar, Akshaya Kumar Maitreya Museum et Seminar on "Early Historical Perspectives on North Bengal" (1982 : Balurghat College), dir. Early historical perspective of north Bengal. Darjeeling : Akshaya Kumar Maitreya Museum (incorporating Raja Rajaram Museum Collection), North Bengal University, 1987.

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A geographical outline of North Bengal. Siliguril : N.L. Publishers, 2011.

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India) National Level Seminar on Developmental Perspective of North Bengal and North East India (2005 Koch Bihar. Developmental perspective of North Bengal and North East India. Sous la direction de Paul, Chaya Rani, 1958- editor et Vashishta Institute for North Bengal and North East Developmental Studies. Coochbehar : Vashishta Institute for North Bengal and North East Developmental Studies, 2013.

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Essays on cultural history of north Bengal. Siliguri, West Bengal : N.L. Publishers, in association with National Library, 2008.

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Sarkar, Anil Kumar. Reflections on the history of North Bengal. New Delhi : Abhijeet Publications, 2018.

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Copleston, Allen Basil, dir. Gazetteer of Bengal and North East India. New Delhi : Mittal Publications, 1993.

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Roy, D. C. Economy of North Bengal : A district level study. Darjeeling : N.L. Publishers, 2013.

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Growth of ecotourism in North Bengal and Sikkim. Siliguri : N.L. Publishers in association with National Library, 2011.

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Sengupta, Satyabrata. Jute cultivation in North Bengal : Its problems and prospects. Mumbai : Himalaya Publishing House, 2014.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Das, Gautam Kumar. « River Environments of North Bengal ». Dans Springer Water, 141–53. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53480-5_10.

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Basu, Jyotish Prakash. « Forest Dependency and Forest Governance in South Bengal and North Bengal Forest Divisions ». Dans Governance and Institution in the Indian Forest Sector, 203–21. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34746-7_10.

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Hannan, Abdul. « Smallholder Tea Economy in Assam and North Bengal ». Dans The Smallholder Tea Economy and Regional Development, 49–69. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51812-6_3.

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Basu, Jyotish Prakash. « Measurement of Forest Governance in South Bengal and North Bengal Forest Divisions at Household Level ». Dans Governance and Institution in the Indian Forest Sector, 173–202. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34746-7_9.

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Basu, Jyotish Prakash. « Socio-economic Analysis of Sample Households in the South Bengal and The North Bengal Forest Division ». Dans Governance and Institution in the Indian Forest Sector, 63–107. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34746-7_5.

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Furui, Ryosuke. « Changing patterns of agrarian development in early medieval North Bengal ». Dans The Archaeology of Early Medieval and Medieval South Asia, 139–53. London : Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003340416-7.

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Pattanaik, D. R., O. P. Sreejith, D. S. Pai et Madhuri Musale. « Seasonal Forecast of Tropical Cyclogenesis Over Bay of Bengal During Post-monsoon Season ». Dans Tropical Cyclone Activity over the North Indian Ocean, 201–12. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40576-6_13.

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Basu, Hemantika. « Urbanization, Land Alienation and Proletarianization : A Study of Rajbansis in North Bengal ». Dans Work, Institutions and Sustainable Livelihood, 193–225. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5756-4_8.

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Roy, Tejashi. « Finding Sustainable Livelihood Strategies Among the Rajbanshi Community of Dooars Region, North Bengal ». Dans Population, Sanitation and Health, 321–41. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40128-2_20.

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Chowdhory, Nasreen, et Shamna Thacham Poyil. « The anxious integration of former enclave or “new” citizens in North Bengal, India ». Dans Displacement, Belonging, and Migrant Agency in the Face of Power, 136–52. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170686-10.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Biswas, Dr Mery. « Neotectonism and Geomorphology : A Positive Feed Back System of North Bengal Foothills, West Bengal ». Dans Annual International Conference on Geological & Earth Sciences. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3353_geos14.55.

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Snider, Dale Michael, et Arghya Goswami. « A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE BAY OF BENGAL SEDIMENT, TECTONICS, AND CLIMATE ». Dans 54th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020nc-348057.

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Vasavi, S., Voleti Sravya, Atluri Lakshmi Likhitha, Jampa Yasaswini et C. HariKiran. « Sea Wave Direction Forecasting System for Bay of Bengal Using Satellite Images ». Dans 2022 IEEE North Karnataka Subsection Flagship International Conference (NKCon). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nkcon56289.2022.10126867.

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Brahma, Kaberi. « Geomorphological Study of Kaljini River Basin of Brahmaputra River System, North Bengal, India ». Dans Annual International Conference on Geological & Earth Sciences. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3353_geos14.16.

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Narayanan, Karthick, et Meriaba Takhellambam. « Emerging Role of Libraries in Language Archiving in India A Case Study of SiDHELA ». Dans International Workshop on Digital Language Archives. University of North Texas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12794/langarc1851181.

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SiDHELA is a language archive developed by the Centre for Endangered Languages, Sikkim University in collaboration with the Central Library, Sikkim University. It is the first language archive developed in India. SiDHELA is a model attempt at digital archiving in collaboration with communities of Sikkim and North Bengal region of India. The main highlight of the paper is the possibilities which emerges out of a collaboration between under resourced indigenous communities and an institutional library backed by a language documentation project to curate digital contents for endangered and lesser known languages from under resourced regions like the Northeast of India.
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Bhavithra, R. S., et S. A. Sannasiraj. « Cyclonic Wave Field in the Bay of Bengal Region Under Changing Climate Scenarios ». Dans ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79092.

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Abstract Wind-wave plays a major role in the planning and designing of important coastal structures. The study on wave characteristics is considered necessary for the routing of ships, wave hindcasting and forecasting. Climate change is one of the major threat that has been occurring over the years and the impact of climate change on wave climate results in increased storm effects and rough sea conditions. Bay of Bengal (BOB), an active cyclonic region along the North Indian Ocean experiences severe storms every year during the north-east monsoon season. Hence, an understanding of wind-wave climate under cyclonic storms in the BOB region is essential. The present study considers three severe cyclonic storms in the BOB region: Phailin which occurred during October 2013; Hudhud during October 2014; and, Vardah during December 2016. The study further details about the impact caused by these cyclone when projected to the future under the climate change scenarios. The wave climate of the three considered cyclones is projected for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios of RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 under both for the Near-Future (2035) and Far-Future (2075) categories. The domain covering the BOB region is discretized with a resolution of 0.25°x0.25°. The surface wind of the chosen domain for the projected scenarios is obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and then these winds are forced into the WAve Model (WAM) to predict the corresponding wave climate. The significant wave height (Hs) obtained from the WAM model for the projected scenarios has been compared to the present scenario of the respective cyclones and the results show an increase in intensity for all the three cyclones under the Far-Future categories of RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The wave climate under Hudhud cyclone has the greatest intensity of about 21% under the Far-Future category.
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Johannesson, Karen, Ningfang Yang, Katherine Telfeyan, T. Jade Mohajerin et Saugata Datta. « A NORTH AMERICAN ANALOG FOR HIGH ARSENIC GROUNDWATER FROM BANGLADESH AND WEST BENGAL, INDIA : THE CASE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA ». Dans GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283638.

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Shamsuzzaman, Muhammad. « Challenges of spatial planning in coastal regions of Bangladesh. A case for Chalna ». Dans 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mkmg5699.

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The delta land Bangladesh has a unique coastline where numerous rivers meet the Bay of Bengal, creates a complex net of tidal river estuaries, forming the base for world’s largest mangrove forest the Sundarbans. Chalna is small town located at the confluence of Rupsha and Chunkuri rivers, only 9 km north of the Sundarbans, and a well know river port. The Sundarbans, which acts as a buffer between the sea and the human habitats including arable lands. The forest is rich in unique biodiversity and natural resources providing livelihoods of a large number of people living in the towns and villages around it. As the region is near the sea and land morphology is plain and of low altitude it is always vulnerable to natural disasters. Due to global warming and sea level rising the land mass is vulnerable to flooding. The sign of climate change; erratic behavior of rainfall and draught, intrusion of salinity etc., are changing the usual pattern of agriculture and fishing, affecting the livelihoods of the people here. The eco system of this mangrove forest is also threatened by recent policies of the Government and initiatives of private sectors of establishing high risk industrial establishments like thermal power plant, liquid petroleum gas stations etc., around Chalna and its surrounding region in sprawling manner. The potential of running large number of vessels through the rivers and canals of the Sundarbans might have negative impacts of the flora and fauna living there. Popular protests against these harmful interventions are being observed, international public organizations and concerned learned societies are also recommending not let these damaging developments going on. Although there are some promises from the government to the international agencies, there is no sign of management of such developments. This paper systematically investigates the reasons of this phenomenon, identifies the challenges and concludes that; absence of regional spatial planning in Bangladesh, neglecting the values of environment and public goods, defying the regulations in various ways and not accounting public opinions in the decision making process are the core ones.
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Mazumdar, Dipanjan, Akhilesh Singh et Raj Kishore. « Microtunneling for Pipeline Installation : A Case Study ». Dans ASME 2023 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2023-118953.

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Abstract The use of pipeline as a reliable, safe and cost-effective mode of transportation for hydrocarbon including crude oil, POLs, natural gas or for water, sewage transmission among other services, is well established in the industry. A pipeline, while traversing from the point of dispatch to point of receipt may have to cross obstructions like river, canal, railway line, road etc. Various methods including conventional trench and lay method or trenchless techniques like Jacking-Boring or Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) are used to cross such obstacles. The conventional trench and lay method may be restrictive due to its disruptive nature or its limitations in crossing rivers / large water-bodies. Similarly, conventional HDD has its inherent shortcomings with respect to geology of the sub-surface conditions which renders it unsuitable for many real-world river crossing scenarios, where the presence of gravel, cobbles or boulders in the sub-soil makes pipeline installation by Microtunneling & Pipe Jacking as the preferred method. Microtunneling involves installation of pipes, preferably concrete, below ground by jacking behind a remotely controlled, steerable, guided, articulated Microtunnel Boring Machine providing continuous support to the excavation face and the bored cavity / opening and uninterrupted removal of excavated spoils without requirement of any personnel entry into the tunnel. Microtunneling activity involves construction of Launch, Receipt and Intermediate Shafts, installation of Jacking Pipes employing suitable Guidance System followed by securely installing the pipeline carrying the hydrocarbon (or other fluid) within the installed tunnel. The present case study discusses at length the crossing methodology selection of a 26″ crude oil pipeline of an operator across the Gangia River in Assam, India. The particular geology of the river bed will make any unsupported opening or hole made by HDD method prone to collapse from the surrounding boulders occupying the void, making Microtunneling as the method of choice for installation of pipeline across such rivers. The instances of use of Microtunneling for pipeline installation across the world is limited, lesser so in India, with the exception of Tista river crossing in West Bengal, East-West Gas Pipeline crossing Gauthami Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh or a few completed and ongoing projects in North-East India. The presence of gravels and boulders in the sub-soil strata through which the pipeline is proposed to be laid across Gangia River makes Microtunneling as the only possible choice of installation.
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« Dimensions of the Pedestrians' Personal Territory in the "New Bendar 45" Urban Area in Manado – North Sulawesi, Indonesia ». Dans 2nd Basic and Applied Science Conference (BASC) 2022. Galaxy Science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2022.2512.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "North Bengal"

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Orbeta, Aniceto C., Neeta Pokhrel, Saswati Ghosh Belliappa, Saugata Dasgupta et Arati Nandi. Measuring the Impact of West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project : A Baseline Study. Asian Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200410-2.

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Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental right of people. The West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project is assisting the Government of West Bengal to provide safe, sustainable, and inclusive drinking water services to over 1.65 million people in the arsenic, fluoride, and salinity-affected areas of Bankura, North and South 24 Parganas, and Purba Medinipur districts. This publication sets the baseline of the project by providing the benchmark comparison of primary outcomes for the project and non-project households, before implementation, so that an impact evaluation can be carried out at project completion.
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