Articles de revues : « Non (The Latin word) »

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Al-Jarf, Reima. « Difficulties in Learning English Plural Formation by EFL College Students ». International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, n^o 6 (19 juin 2022) : 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.6.13.

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Freshman students at the College of Languages and Translation received direct instruction in plural formation. Instruction covered regular plural nouns, irregular plural nouns, plural formation of words ending in –f, and –o, nouns that have the same plural and singular form, and words with Latin and foreign plurals. The students did all the exercises in the textbook, then took an immediate test a week after instruction and a delayed test at the end of the semester (3 months later). Responses were scored and a corpus of 3099 errors was collected from both tests. No significant differences were found in the amount and types of errors made by the students in the immediate and delayed tests. Results revealed that freshman students tended to regularize English plural formation and overgeneralize regular English plural morphemes (63.28%), i.e., they deleted the regular plural suffix from nouns ending in an –s or –es (35.37%) or tended to add the regular plural suffix to words that do not have it (27.91%). They also confused singular and plural endings of Latin words (15.07%). They either confused the singular and plural forms of the same Latin word or added a faulty Latin suffix to a Latin word or even a non-Latin word such as criterium, *curriculon, *natia, *salma, *petrolea. In other cases, they thought the singular and plural forms of a word were the same (7%). In addition, findings showed that the most difficult plurals to master were those of words that end with an –s or –es but have no singular form such as measles, news, pajamas, means, linguistics (28.85%); words with Latin plurals (21.85%); non-count nouns such as information, electricity, petroleum, salmon with no plural form (21.4%), and words that have a plural, but they thought they have no plural form such as nation, illness, infection, African (8.55%). Interference among the English plural morphemes themselves and confusing plural formation rules caused most errors. No interference from Arabic pluralization was found. Recommendations for improving students’ English plural formation competence are given.

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Di Battista, Silvia, et Monica Pivetti. « “Non-Traditional” Parents in Contemporary Societies ». Social Sciences 13, n^o 1 (19 décembre 2023) : 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13010002.

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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, et Silvia Luraghi. « Non-configurationality in diachrony ». Diachronic Treebanks 35, n^o 3 (5 novembre 2018) : 367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.00007.pon.

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Abstract Non-configurationality is a linguistic property associated with free word order, discontinuous constituents, including NPs, and null anaphora of referential arguments. Quantitative metrics, based both on local networks (syntactic trees and word order within sentences) and on global networks (incorporating the relations within a whole treebank into a shared graph), can reveal correlations among these features. Using treebanks we focus on diachronic varieties of Ancient Greek and Latin, in which non-configurationality tapered off over time, leading to the largely configurational nature of the Romance languages and of Modern Greek. A property of global networks (density of their spectra around zero eigenvalues) measuring the regularity in word order is shown to be strengthened from classical to late varieties. Discontinuous NPs are traced by counting the words creating non-projectivity in dependency trees: these drop dramatically in late varieties. Finally, developments in the use of null referential direct objects are gauged by assessing the percentage of third-person personal pronouns among verb objects. All three features turn out to change over time due to the decay of non-configurationality. Evaluation of the strength of their pairwise correlation shows that null direct objects and discontinuous NPs are deeply intertwined.

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Pultrová, Lucie. « Periphrastic comparison in Latin ». Journal of Latin Linguistics 17, n^o 1 (26 juin 2018) : 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2018-0004.

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Abstract Comparison of adjectives (and adverbs) is a grammatical category that has passed practically unremarked upon by generations of Latin linguists. Latin grammar books (with few exceptions, cf. Kühner and Stegmann, 1955: 565–566The Oxford Latin syntax. Volume I: The simple clause, 47. Oxford: Oxford University Press) omit entirely the question of which adjectives can be compared and which cannot. Nevertheless, the data from modern languages show that the category of comparison of adjectives (and adverbs) is actually highly limited, making it essential to address this question for Latin, too. One of the issues comprehended within the extremely complex area of (non-)gradability of adjectives is periphrastic comparison. Latin grammar books explain, based on the assertions of ancient Latin grammarians, that it applies to adjectives ending in -eus, -ius and -uus, implying, or even explicitly stating, that the reason for this type of comparison is phonetic incompatibility of the word-formative suffix with the comparative suffix. However, two facts call for reinterpretation of the matter: (i) periphrastic comparison also occurs in other adjectives for which there is no phonetic incompatibility; (ii) by contrast, some adjectives in -eus, -ius and -uus actually do have simple forms. In the light of these facts, this paper aims to map the real situation of periphrastic comparison in Latin. The employed corpus comprises all the words marked as adjectives in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (more than 10,000 items) and all their occurrences throughout the database Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina III.

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Mullaney, Thomas S. « Facing the World : Towards a Global History of Non-Latin Type Design ». Philological Encounters 3, n^o 4 (27 novembre 2018) : 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340050.

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Abstract This essay serves as the entry point into a broader exploration of critical issues in the history of “non-Latin” type design—that is, type design beyond the Latin alphabet. With special emphasis on certain scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Greek, and Devanagari, among others) and regions (South Asia, East Asia, South Africa, and beyond), this special issue brings together practicing designers and scholars, federating rigorous archival work, practice-based insight, and a deep engagement with the global history of the written, designed, and printed word.

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Martín-Luengo, Beatriz, Zhimin Hu, Sara Cadavid et Karlos Luna. « Do pictures influence memory and metamemory in Chinese vocabulary learning ? Evidence from Russian and Colombian learners ». PLOS ONE 18, n^o 11 (2 novembre 2023) : e0286824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286824.

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Despite the increasing interest in learning non-alphabetical languages such as Chinese, research about its learning process for alphabet users is scarce. Research conducted on Latin alphabet users on learning languages written in Latin alphabet, or on Chinese language learning in Chinese native speakers, users is undoubtedly useful but it does not inform about the peculiarities of leaning Chinese language by other alphabet users. Additionally, several authors have highlighted the need to inform and extend the current second language acquisition theories on the particular challenges of learning a language that uses another script. In this research we aim to contribute filling this research gap and studied the learning process of Chinese vocabulary by users of scripts different from Chinese. In particular, we examined the role of pictures and translations as learning aids for Chinese language vocabulary learning in participants familiarized with either one or two alphabetical scripts (different from the Chinese logographic script). One hundred thirteen participants studied word-aid pairs in different conditions: Hanzi (Chinese in Chinese characters)-picture; Pinyin (Chinese in Latin alphabet)-picture; Hanzi-translation; Pinyin-translation. Participants evaluated the future recallability of the words and their meanings (i.e., judgements of learning) and completed two recognition tests. Words in Pinyin and words-translation pairs were judged to be easier to remember than Hanzi and word-pictures pairs. Participants remembered the meaning of words written in Hanzi better than in Pinyin, and word-translations pairs better than pictures, but they were more confident about word-picture pairs. These results suggest that pictures boost confidence in learning Chinese, but do not affect performance. These findings suggest that while pictures may boost confidence in learning Chinese, they may not necessarily lead to better performance. Our study provides valuable insights into the interaction of learning aids and writing system in (meta)memory during vocabulary acquisition.

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Nosacheva, Marina, et Nataliya Danilina. « Types of Compound Word-Formation in Medical Terminology (On the Material of the German Language) ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, n^o 4 (décembre 2019) : 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.11.

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The aim of the study is to optimize the classification of the types of the compound word-building with components of Greek and Latin origin; the research is based on the sample of 2882 substantive compound terms of the German clinical terminology. The researches apply the descriptive analytical and quantitative methods to the study. It is stated, that the words with complex morphemic structures can be formed by composite and non-composite types of word-building. The paper presents the complex classification of different ways of the compound word-formation considering following criteria: the type and the base of the word-formation process (morphological and morphological-and-syntactic ways of the compound word-formation), the number of the word-building processes, taking place within the compound word-formation (pure and mixed types of the compound word-formation). The analysis of the material reveals the dominance of the morphological compound word-building. In the medical terminology the following subtypes of the compound word-formation are distinguished: stem + terminological element, term + term, stem + term, with the latter two to be the most productive.The use of terminological units as structural elements of compounds and their employment in classification allows to avoid excessive extension of stock of morphemes used in the so-called intermediate zone. Further arrangement of word-building patterns is carried out according to the genetic criterion. In German clinical terminology the dominance of hybrid terms with German components has been established; among homogeneous compounds the terms consisting of Greek rather than Latin or German components are more widely represented. The proposed classifications are applicable to the material of medical terminologies in other languages and enable their accurate comparison.

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Zarabozo, Carlos. « The Gascon evolution of Latin ‑ll‑ : A new theory ». Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 139, n^o 2 (1 juin 2023) : 333–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2023-0013.

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Abstract In Gascon, Latin ‑ll‑ has evolved to the word‑medial result ‑r‑ and the secondarily word‑final result ‑t in most of Gascony, along with word‑final palatal variants. These results are generally assumed to have originated from a lost retroflex stage, paralleling existing retroflex results for ‑ll‑ in South Italian dialects and in Western Asturias. The present study offers an alternative theory by positing a delateralization of a lateral to a voiced non‑spirant alveolar stop *d, with no change in the point of articulation. The *d is shown to be an areal phenomenon in that it is the source of the Upper Aragonese ‑ll‑ results and is a sound that is found currently in some Basque dialects. The same theory of a nonspirant alveolar *d stage for ‑ll‑ explains the eventual presence of retroflexion in Western Asturias. While on the surface any Basque influence on the Gascon sound changes appears unlikely, this study shows that both the initial change to an alveolar stop, and the word‑final palatal results, can plausibly be attributed to Basque influence.

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Geary, Jonathan A., et Adam Ussishkin. « Root-letter priming in Maltese visual word recognition ». Mental Lexicon 13, n^o 1 (10 août 2018) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18001.gea.

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Abstract We report on a visual masked priming experiment designed to explore the role of morphology in Maltese visual word recognition. In a lexical decision task, subjects were faster to judge Maltese words of Semitic origin that were primed by triconsonantal letter-strings corresponding to their root-morphemes. In contrast, they were no faster to judge Maltese words of non-Semitic origin that were primed by an equivalent, but non-morphemic, set of three consonant letters, suggesting that morphological overlap, rather than simple form overlap, drives this facilitatory effect. Maltese is unique among the Semitic languages for its orthography: Maltese alone uses the Latin alphabet and requires that all vowels are written, making such triconsonantal strings illegal non-words to which Maltese readers are never exposed, as opposed to other Semitic languages such as Hebrew in which triconsonantal strings often correspond to real words. Under a decomposition-based account of morphological processing, we interpret these results as suggesting that across reading experience Maltese readers have abstracted out and stored root-morphemes for Semitic-origin words lexically, such that these morphemic representations can be activated by exposure to root-letters in isolation and thus prime morphological derivatives.

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Greco, Paolo, et Valentina Ferrari. « Aspetti della Subordinazione a verbo non finito nella Vulgata ». Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n^o 1-4 (25 septembre 2020) : 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.13.

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SummaryThis paper aims at describing some of the main structural and functional characteristics of two subordinate patterns, namely infinitive clauses governed by verba dicendi et sentiendi (i.e. the so-called Accusativus cum Infinitivo) and participial clauses, as they occur in the Vulgate. The characteristics of the use of the Accusativus cum Infinitivo will be interpreted within the context of the uses of this structure in other Latin texts written in different periods. In particular, and in the framework of a functional-typologi- cal approach, we will investigate word-order phenomena.

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Verbrugghe, Gerald. « Eighteenth (duodevicesimus) or Twenty-Second (duoetvicesimus) ? Twenty-Second but duovicesimus (Gel. 5.4.1-5 and Non. s.v. duodevicesimo p. 100M) ». Mnemosyne 61, n^o 3 (2008) : 436–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x235218.

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AbstractManuscripts of two relatively late authors of classical Latin, Aulus Gellius and Nonius Marcellus, have garbled the word duovicesimus, a word that fell out of use after the first century BC. Modern scholars have had difficulty in restoring the true form of the word to the ancient manuscripts and then in assessing the effect of that restoration on the histories written by three authors of the second and first centuries BC, who are cited as having used that word: Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, and Varro. Once the valid form of the word is restored and its meaning realized, the following conclusions are possible. Fabius Pictor had his own peculiar chronology of the period between the Gallic sack of Rome and the first plebeian consul. Cato the Elder marked the beginning of the siege of Sarguntum as the sixth violation of a treaty by the Carthaginians. It is highly likely that Varro had Ancus Marcius die in the twenty-second year of his reign.

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Mare, María. « Issues on word formation. The case of Latin circum ». Linguistic Review 35, n^o 1 (26 janvier 2018) : 121–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0019.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of circum’s prefixation in Latin taking into account the properties of this item in different syntactic contexts and its combination with transitive and intransitive base verbs. The analysis follows a non-lexicalist framework −Distributed Morphology (Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale & S. Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), specifically Acedo-Matellán’s (Acedo-Matellán, Víctor. 2016. The morphosyntax of transitions. A case study in Latin and other languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press) approach−, which is particularly relevant to relate the prefix to its homophonic preposition and adverb. Thus, we assume that this prefix is a Root related to Place in the main structure, not a preposition or an adverb incorporated to a verbal configuration. In fact, we argue that the distinction among the prefix, the preposition and the adverb derives from the merger of the same Root √CIRCUM in different structures. Along this discussion, it is shown that circum’s prefixation has different consequences for the argument structure depending on the location of √CIRCUM in the structure: when it adds the nuance of manner, its presence does not trigger the addition of new arguments; nevertheless, when it is interpreted with reference to final location, unexpected accusative objects frequently appear with the prefixed verb. We argue that these unexpected objects do not end up showing accusative case because of circum’s case assignment, but because of the DP position in the main structure. For that reason, the DPs involved in the structure of the prefixed verb behave like any other argumental DP and they are subject to the same syntactic operations (ellipsis, demotion, and so on).

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Ciutacu, Sorin. « Language purism in the mirror. William Barnes and August Treboniu Laurian ». Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 6, n^o 1 (15 mai 2023) : 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v6i1.25003.

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The article sets out to draw a very brief comparison of the common features shared by the purist attitudes displayed by two 19th-century English and Romanian scholars, William Barnes and August Treboniu Laurian and classifies them according to the set of criteria devised by Thomas (1991). The paper also goes over several concepts regarding purism. The author of the paper analyses the concept of purism in both countries within the intellectual and temporal dimensions of purism. William Barnes was a Victorian reformer, a polymath, a priest, a poet in his Dorset dialect and a utopian prescriptivist linguist capitalizing on the Germanic word stock of English and suggesting the removal of excessive Latin & Greek vocabulary. He wrote several linguistic books and poetry. August Treboniu Laurian was an outstanding Romanian reformer and polymath. He penned a theoretical book heralding his reformist belief: “Tentamen Criticum”, in 1840 and a huge Dictionary of the Romanian language in 1876 (after a seven year work) capitalising on the Latin word stock of Romanian and suggesting the removal of non-Latin lexemes.

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Simon, Zsolt. « Zur Herkunft von leuga ». Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n^o 1-4 (25 septembre 2020) : 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.37.

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SummaryAccording to the communis opinio, Lat. leuga was a Gaulish loanword, survived in the Romance languages and was borrowed into Old English. However, this scenario faces three unsolved problems: the non–Celtic diphthong –eu–, the Proto–Romance form *legua and the fact that the Old English word cannot continue the Latin form on phonological grounds. This paper argues that all these problems can regularly be solved by the reconstructed West Germanic and Gothic cognates of the Old English word borrowed into Gaulish and early Romance dialects, respectively.

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van Herwaarden, Jan. « Erasmus and the Non-Christian World ». Erasmus Of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 32, n^o 1 (2012) : 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-00000006.

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Throughout his writings, Erasmus emphasized the necessity of reform within the Latin Christian world in order to protect Christian community better against Schismatics and Turks on the eastern and south-eastern borders and to bring Christianity to the New World, which was in Erasmus’ eyes a Land of Promise. All this places Erasmus in an oppressive dilemma: the defence of Latin Christianity and the mission to the New World could not be realized without the violence of war, which Eramus abhorred but nevertheless justified.

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Zemler-Cizewski, Wanda. « From Metaphor to Theology : Proprium and Translatum in Cicero, Augustine, Eriugena, and Abelard ». Florilegium 13, n^o 1 (janvier 1994) : 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.13.003.

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“It may be that universal history is the history of the different intonations given a handful of metaphors.” Jorge Luis Borges (189) In his prologue to the Sic et non, Peter Abelard describes a series of hermeneutical problems in the interpretation of sacred texts, especially those texts that appear to be mutually contradictory although equal in antiquity and authority. A theme to which he returns repeatedly is the intractability of language, and the struggles faced by a theologian who seeks to use words with precision. Different words in the Latin language may have the same meaning, while the same word may be used in different senses, depending on the context (89). Moreover, the use of a word may vary with the intention of the speaker and the capacity of his hearers. Thus, for example, Abelard contrasts the elaborately varied vocabulary of the careful stylist with the “studied carelessness” of the impassioned orator or the classroom teacher (90).

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Raflis, Raflis, et Mailiani Mailiani. « Morphological Analysis on Cranberry Morpheme Found In Mark Twain’s Selected Works ». Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 3, n^o 2 (31 août 2020) : 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v3i2.436.

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This research uses descriptive qualitative research which aimed to find the cranberry morphemes and the applications in Mark Twain’s selected works entitled The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Cranberry morpheme is a morpheme that occurs in only one word and it can be thought of as a bound root that occurs in only one word. The bound roots are often foreign borrowings that were free in the source language, but not free in English. Documentation method used to collect the data. Translational identity method used to analyze the data because the research involves other language which is Latin. Some theories are employed to analyze the data, such as Carstairs-McCarthy (2002) and Denham (2010). The result shows that there are 12 Latin-derived cranberry morphemes found:-ceiv, –sum, -mit, -duc, -serv, -scrib, -tain, -fer,-vert, -ced, -lat, and –vok which -ceiv is the dominance and 3 non-Latin-derived cranberry morphemes found: twi-, -kemp and hap- which twi- is the dominance. The applications of cranberry morphemes occur with and without affix which are suffixes -ed, -er, -ing, and -s. The suffix -ed is the most frequently used suffix of the cranberry morpheme application.

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Sinclair, Patrick. « Political Declensions in Latin Grammar and Oratory 55 BCE - CE 39 ». Ramus 23, n^o 1-2 (1994) : 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x0000240x.

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In a discussion of the rhetorical styles of Caesar and the early principes, Fronto formulates the maxim thatimperium…non potestatis tantummodo uocabulum, sed etiam orationis(‘’command’…is a word connoting not only power, but also oratory’ [p.123.16-17 van den Hout]). This essay will explore the political background and implications of trends and shifts in Roman ways of thinking about language and oratory in the transition from Republic to Principate. The word declension in my title functions in two senses: literally, in the case of Caesar's discussion of the nature of the Latin language (inDe Analogia) and his rivalry with Cicero's views on oratorical style; and figuratively, in the perception of decline in oratory expressed by the elder Seneca and other writers of the early Principate. I hope to be able to present a new approach to, and understanding of, both these aspects.

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Christiansen, Bethany. « Scytel : A New Old English Word for ‘Penis’ ». Anglia 136, n^o 4 (9 novembre 2018) : 581–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2018-0060.

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Abstract In this paper, I examine the Old English word scytel, which appears in the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus. I argue that, contrary to definitions offered in current Old English lexical aids, scytel does not mean ‘dung’, but rather ‘penis’. In the Medicina de quadrupedibus, OE scytel translates Lat. moium (from Greek μοιóν) ‘penis’. I begin by tracing the development of the definition/s of scytel in the lexicographic tradition (Sections 1.1 and 1.2) and in editions of the Medicina de quadrupedibus (Section 1.3). Starting with Bosworth-Toller (1882–1898), scytel (1) was defined as ‘dung’, apparently on the misperception of an etymological relationship between scytel (1) and Old English scitta, n. ‘shit’. Section 2 offers a discussion of the manuscripts containing the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus and its Latin source text, and Section 3 contains a discussion of the two relevant recipes that contain OE scytel (1). In Section 4.1 I show that, in fact, scytel (1) cannot be etymologically related to any scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’ words in Old English, as the two derive from separate Germanic (Gmc.) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. In Section 4.2, I argue that the scribe of the manuscripts containing scytel could not have written a non-etymological <y> for /i/, which eliminates the possibility that scytel is connected to scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’. It becomes clear, as demonstrated in Section 4.3, that scytel (1) ‘penis’ and scytel (2) ‘dart’ can be reconciled as a single dictionary entry, with ‘penis’ as a metaphorical extension of ‘dart’. I demonstrate in Section 4.4 that, from a cross-linguistic perspective, ‘dart’ > ‘penis’ is a well-attested semantic shift. Ultimately, it is clear that the Old English translator/s of the Medicina de quadrupedibus correctly translated the rare Latin word for ‘penis’ they encountered in the source text.

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Montero-Fleta, Begoña. « Cross-linguistic investigation of Greek and Latin prefixes : Spanish and English contrastively ». Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción 27 (2013) : 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.27.18.

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This manuscript sets forth an in-depth study of competing pairs of prefixes of Greek and Latin origin: hyper- vs. super-, micro- vs. mini-, and polyvs. multi- from a contrastive Spanish-English perspective. Two major source corpora, the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual for Spanish, and the British National Corpus for English were used for the purpose of this research. The prefixes were further analysed within the framework of a corpus of 200 translational equivalences, compiled from a lexicographic bilingual source, the Oxford Spanish Dictionary (2003); the results were then corroborated with the use of the prefixed words in a bilingual text-based online source, Linguee. This research sheds light on similarities and differences between such pairs of prefixes. The present contribution confirms the higher use of prefixation in Spanish. A much more frequent use of Latin prefixes, mainly super- and multi-, is attested in both languages. The cross-linguistic study reveals that prefixes seem to overlap semantically and syntactically across Spanish and English. Nevertheless, a representative percentage of Spanish prefixed words contrastively exhibit a non-morphological equivalence in English. Hence, a single different word, or a multiword unit may be used in English where derivational expansion of the base is preferred in Spanish

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Scheer, Tobias, et Philippe Ségéral. « Elastic s+C and Left-moving Yod in the Evolution from Latin to French ». Probus 32, n^o 2 (18 novembre 2020) : 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2020-0003.

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AbstractElastic s+C is the idea that s+C clusters are heterosyllabic by default in all languages, and that some repair will occur in case, pending on language-specific circumstances, a heterosyllabic parse is illegal (preceding long vowel, preceding coda, beginning of the word). The repair at hand is the branching of the s on the following empty nucleus. This generalization is derived from the behaviour of left-moving yod in the diachronic evolution from Latin to French. The floating yod (here coming from palatalization k+i,e > j+ʦ) anchors as a coda if the preceding syllable is open (placēre > plaisir), but is lost in case it is closed (cancellāre > chanceler), except when the syllable-final C is s (cresc(e)re > croistre (mod. croître)). We know independently that intervocalic s+C clusters are regular coda clusters: they block diphthongization (testa > teste (mod. tête)). Hence s is elastic: s+C is a regular coda cluster unless there is a demand for s to vacate its coda position. It is shown that among all syllabic identities for s+C that are entertained in the literature only one is compatible with this pattern: in CsC clusters, i.e. in absence of a preceding vowel, s branches on the following empty nucleus, i.e. the one that separates it from the following C. This is confirmed by an independent pattern: the middle consonant of CCC clusters is lost unless it is s (CsC), but is regularly dropped in sCC clusters. Here as well s+C is a regular coda-onset cluster when preceded by a vowel (sCC), but s elastically becomes a non-coda when preceded by a consonant (CsC). This empirical generalization appears to be an unprecedented finding: s in s+C is a coda when preceded by a vowel, but a (branching) non-coda when not preceded by a vowel. It is shown that it may solve a good deal of the notoriously mysterious behaviour of s+C clusters as such, i.e. in other languages and in synchronic analysis. Word-initially s+C is not followed by a vowel and therefore a non-coda, thus accounting for the typical cross-linguistic pattern whereby s+C is exceptional word-initially, but not word-internally (where it is followed by a vowel). Also, the branching analysis solves the mysterious fact that s only shows exceptional behaviour when it is followed by a consonant: there is no empty nucleus it could branch on when followed by a vowel.

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Petrocchi, Alessandra, et Martin Maiden. « Italian Zero : A Comparative History ». Romanische Forschungen 135, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2023) : 324–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581223837771490.

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The aim of this paper is to provide the first comparative, corpus-based description of the linguistic history of the Italian numeral-word zero. We show that the formal and semantic development of zero is far more complex than has been assumed and that it is intertwined with the history of cifra, originally a medieval Latin name for the symbol ’0‘. Cifra has received little attention from linguists despite the fact that its semantic development as a polysemous word is still reflected in modern Italian and in some of the other languages here explored. We examine the occurrence of these words in the context in which numerals for the symbol ’0‘ originated, namely the mathematical register, and then consider their uses in non-mathematical sources. We employ diachronic and synchronic analysis, both intragenre (within mathematical writings) and intergenre, and provide a comparative perspective by placing side-by-side works written in a variety of languages which have so far only been studied separately. Our theoretical observations and arguments cover both semantics and morphology. We argue that cifra underwent productive word-formation processes which created new lexemes via derivation and that its semantic development is a kind of expansive synecdoche. We also set out the challenges encountered in trying to explain the form zero.

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Yang, Jinbiao. « Rethinking tokenization ». International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 11, n^o 1 (17 juin 2024) : 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.00023.yan.

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Abstract Tokenization significantly influences language models (LMs)’ performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model adaptability while controlling complexity. Despite subword tokenizers like Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) overcoming many word tokenizer limitations, they encounter difficulties in handling non-Latin languages and depend heavily on extensive training data and computational resources to grasp the nuances of multiword expressions (MWEs). This article argues that tokenizers, more than mere technical tools, should drawing inspiration from the cognitive science about human language processing. This study then introduces the “Principle of Least Effort” from cognitive science, that humans naturally seek to reduce cognitive effort, and discusses the benefits of this principle for tokenizer development. Based on this principle, the paper proposes that the Less-is-Better (LiB) model could be a new approach for LLM tokenizer. The LiB model can autonomously learn an integrated vocabulary consisting of subwords, words, and MWEs, which effectively reduces both the numbers of tokens and types. Comparative evaluations show that the LiB tokenizer outperforms existing word and BPE tokenizers, presenting an innovative method for tokenizer development, and hinting at the possibility of future cognitive science-based tokenizers being more efficient.

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Resmy V et Juliet Jenifer. « A study to assess the effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on prevention of nipple pain among primi parous mother ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, n^o 4 (16 octobre 2019) : 2805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1551.

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Parenthood is a very civilizing experience. Mother is placed at the level of soul to provide sacrifice, love and affection and satisfy the need of her child. It is generally a cheerful event. The word ‘postnatal’comes from Latin word ‘post’ means ‘secundum', and ‘nativitas’ means ‘delivery’. The postpartum period begins immediately after the birth of a child and extends up to the first six weeks. The main aim to assess the effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on prevention of nipple pain among primi parous mother. The study was conducted in Thiruvallur district headquarters hospital with 60 samples. The information was collected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The result indicates that the application of lukewarm water compress is effective on nipple pain among primi parous mother.

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Kumar Dular, Anil, et Pramila Solanki. « COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETER OF SOIL IN NON IRRIGATED AND IRRIGATED (WELL OR CANAL) FIELD AREAS AROUND BIKANER CITY RAJASTHAN ». International Journal of Advanced Research 10, n^o 03 (31 mars 2022) : 705–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14441.

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The most vital and essential common asset is soil. The production of the sustenance to meet the requirements of people and animals is basically reliant upon agriculture which is dependent on soil. The word soil originated from Latin word Solum which means Flour. The soil is a dynamic natural body composed of minerals and organic material as well as living forms in which plant grow. Soil is the unconsolidated outer layer of Earths crust. Soils consist of four major components: mineral materials, organic matter, water, and air. The physical properties of a soil are important to determine the manner in which it can be used either for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes R. S. Meena and A. K. Mathur,2017 Properties viz. infiltration rate, water- holding capacity, permeability, aeration, plasticity and nutrient-supplying ability, are influenced by the size, proportion, arrangement and mineral composition of the soil particles.

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Sims-Williams, Patrick. « Cadelling ffraw and the Date of Marwnad Cynddylan ». Journal of Celtic Linguistics 24, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2023) : 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/jcl.24.6.

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Anachronistic rhymes can indicate that lines of Welsh poetry cannot go back to an early date. This note considers the elegy on the seventh-century Cynddylan. This has been held to be non-contemporary because the word braw 'terror', which never had a final fricative, rhymes with words that originally did have one. It is pointed out that the manuscript reading, ffraw, need not be connected with braw ; instead, it may be the adjective ffraw 'brisk, fervent, mighty', which originally had a nasal fricative (cf. the river name Ffraw, English Frome), or a cognate of Old Irish sráb 'torrent', or a form of Welsh ffrawdd 'passion, violence, annoyance'. A suggested emendation to ffaw 'fame, famous' < Latin fāma is also discussed. All these would have had final fricatives and would have rhymed acceptably.

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Litevkienė, Nijolė. « Latin and Lithuanian Anatomical Terms in “Medicinos terminų žodynas” : Two-Word Anatomical Terms ». Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti : rakstu krājums = The Word : Aspects of Research : conference proceedings, n^o 24 (2 décembre 2020) : 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.359.

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Based on the collected material, the article reviews the aspects of the appearance of Lithuanian anatomical terms. Anatomical terms, like terms in general, must be short and informative. The scientific-technical term must be accurate, short, and easy to use so that it can be used as a constituent of a new term. Traditional Latin terminology, in some cases, of course, is more precise than Lithuanian: the same thing in Lithuanian dialects has several or even dozens of names. However, the majority of medical terms are composite terms. Composite terms are most productive. Lithuanian terminology has been developed since the last decades of the 19th century. The latest Lithuanian-Latin Dictionary of Medical Terms by Vytautas Astrauskas, Stasys Biziulevičius, Salezijus Pavilonis, Adomas Vaitilavičius, and Antanas Vileišis was issued in 1980. The terms of anatomy are given according to the Paris Anatomical Nomenclature with the amendments of New York (1960) and Wiesbaden (1965). Non-relevant terms were rejected. The terms created from scientists’ surnames as well as the names of proprietary and branded medications, were also not included. The terms of histology and embryology are presented in accordance with the international nomenclature approved at the International Congress on Anatomy held in Leningrad in 1970. The dictionary has contributed to the process of purification, standardization, and different development of written Lithuanian language.

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Srika, M. « A Critical Analysis on “Revolution 2020” - An Amalgam of Socio- Political Commercialization World Combined with Love Triangle ». SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, n^o 10 (31 octobre 2019) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i10.10255.

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Literature is considered to be an art form or writing that have Artistic or Intellectual value. Literature is a group of works produced by oral and written form. Literature shows the style of Human Expression. The word literature was derived from the Latin root word ‘Litertura / Litteratura’ which means “Letter or Handwriting”. Literature is culturally relative defined. Literature can be grouped through their Languages, Historical Period, Origin, Genre and Subject. The kinds of literature are Poems, Novels, Drama, Short Story and Prose. Fiction and Non-Fiction are their major classification. Some types of literature are Greek literature, Latin literature, German literature, African literature, Spanish literature, French literature, Indian literature, Irish literature and surplus. In this vast division, the researcher has picked out Indian English Literature. Indian literature is the literature used in Indian Subcontinent. The earliest Indian literary works were transmitted orally. The Sanskrit oral literature begins with the gatherings of sacred hymns called ‘Rig Veda’ in the period between 1500 - 1200 B.C. The classical Sanskrit literature was developed slowly in the earlier centuries of the first millennium. Kannada appeared in 9th century and Telugu in 11th century. Then, Marathi, Odiya and Bengali literatures appeared later. In the early 20th century, Hindi, Persian and Urdu literature begins to appear.

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Zhao, Boyang. « Clinical Data Extraction and Normalization of Cyrillic Electronic Health Records Via Deep-Learning Natural Language Processing ». JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, n^o 3 (décembre 2019) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.19.00057.

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PURPOSE A substantial portion of medical data is unstructured. Extracting data from unstructured text presents a barrier to advancing clinical research and improving patient care. In addition, ongoing studies have been focused predominately on the English language, whereas inflected languages with non-Latin alphabets (such as Slavic languages with a Cyrillic alphabet) present numerous linguistic challenges. We developed deep-learning–based natural language processing algorithms for automatically extracting biomarker status of patients with breast cancer from three oncology centers in Bulgaria. METHODS We used dual embeddings for English and Bulgarian languages, encoding both syntactic and polarity information for the words. The embeddings were subsequently aligned so that they were in the same vector space. The embeddings were used as input to convolutional or recurrent neural networks to derive the biomarker status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. RESULTS We showed that we can resolve ambiguity in highly variable medical text containing both Latin and Cyrillic text. Final models incorporating both English and Bulgarian syntax and polarity embeddings achieved F1 scores of 0.90 or higher for all estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 biomarkers. The models were robust against human errors originally found in the training set. In addition, such models can be extended for analyzing text containing words not seen during training. CONCLUSION By using several techniques that incorporate dual-word embeddings encoding syntactic and polarity information in two languages followed by deep neural network architectures, we show that researchers can extract and normalize parameters within medical data. The principles described here can be used to analyze Cyrillic or Latin mixed medical text and extract other parameters.

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Kruijer, Mike, et Ezra la Roi. « Paradigmatic Possibilities as Perspective for Absolute Constructions ». Mnemosyne 71, n^o 5 (13 septembre 2018) : 799–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342429.

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AbstractCompared to Greek genitive absolutes, Latin ablative absolutes are of two types. The first have agents that are non-coreferential with the subject of the main clause. The second have agents that are coreferential with the subject of the main clause. The first type strongly resemble Greek genitive absolutes because of their high frequency of animate subject complements and the similar way in which they articulate referential coherence. The second type, which always contains a perfect passive participle, from a comparative perspective can be seen as a paradigmatic filler, which is a Latin alternative to an anterior active participle. Their subject complements are less frequently animate and in the word order (iconically) placed close to the subject of the main clause that is also the agent of the ablative absolute. However, paradigmatic differences have only minor consequences for the preferred sentence position of the absolute constructions and their internal complexity.

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Miller, D. Gary. « Gerund and gerundive in Latin ». Diachronica 17, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2000) : 293–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17.2.03mil.

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SUMMARY The Latin gerundive has three distinctive properties: (i) agreement with thematic object; (ii) ungrammaticality of lexical thematic subject; and (iii) inability to take both a specifier (determiner) and a complement while infinitives can have both. A case- theoretic account within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995) explains all three of these properties at once. The oldest documents in Italic and Latin support the hypothesis that the gerundive is older than the gerund + acc object. The most frequent exception to obligatory agreement into the Classical Period involves a gerundial with multiple objects, where the gender/number mismatch blocked standard agreement. Furthermore, agreement (motivated by gender conflict) with the nearest masculine or neuter D/NP was perceptually equivalent to a gerund + acc object. These two cues, in conjunction with the increase in impersonals in -um and possible word order changes, were deterministic triggers for the Latin change that introduced gerund + acc object. As a parameter setting in Italic, as in West Greenlandic, non-structural case assigned to a clause blocked checking of structural case within. In Italic, this forced the thematic object to raise for case, prompting the erroneous notion that the gerundive is passive, but there is never a change in valence. The (Proto-)Latin change was for PRO to accommodate non- structural case (from a non-overt assigner) to license structural object case checking, whence the gerund with acc object. RÉSUMÉ Le gérondif latin se distingue par trois caractéristiques: (i) son accord avec son objet thématique (ii) le statut non-grammatical de son sujet thématique (iii) l’incapacité de permettre un déterminant ainsi qu’un complément, alor les constructions infinitives peuvent accepter les deux. Un explication tiré de la “cas-théorie” selon le programme minimalist de Chomsky regroupe d’un coup ces trois caractéristiques. Les documents les plus anciens de l’italique et du latin soutiennent l’hypotèse que le gérondif prédate la construction gérond + complément accusatif. Dans l’exception la plus fréquente à concord obligatoire, un gérondial a plusieurs objets et il n’y a pas de concord ordinaire parce que le gendre et le nombre ne s’accordent pas. En ce cas, on trouve le concord avec le NP le plus proche. Une telle situation, avec un accroissement des constructions impersonelles, permet et détermine le changement en latin de la construction avec le gérondif à la construction gérond + complément accusatif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das lateinische Gerundiv hat drei charakteristische Eigenschaften: (1) Kongruenz mit dem logischen Objekt; (2) Ungrammatikalität eines lexikalischen Agens-Arguments; und (3) Beschränkung auf entweder einen Specifier oder ein Komplement, im Gegensatz zu den Infinitiven, bei denen die Beiden auftreten können. Eine kasustheoretische Analyse im Rahmen von Chomskys (1995) Minimalistischen Programm erklärt alle drei Eigenschaften. Die ältesten literarischen Quellen zum Italischen und Lateinischen unterstützen die Hypothese, dass das Gerundiv älter ist als das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt. Die häufigste Ausnahme von der obligatorischen Kongruenz bis in die klassische Zeit ist die Gerundialkonstruktion mit mehreren Objekten, bei der ein Genus/Numerus-Konflikt die übliche Kongruenz verhinderte. Zudem war die Kongruenz (von widersprüchlichem Genus motiviert) mit der nächstliegenden maskulinen oder neutralen D/NP nicht von einem Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt zu unterscheiden. Diese beiden Hinweise, zusammen mit der gestiegenen Zahl von unpersönlichen Konstruktionen auf -um und möglichen Änderungen der Wortstellung, waren die entscheidenden Anlässe für die Änderung, die das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt hervorbrachte.

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Adema, Suzanne. « Alwetend en objectief ». Lampas 52, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2019) : 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2019.3.007.adem.

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Summary Word order and lexical cohesion are the main devices by means of which the coherence of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti is made explicit. Word order is used to structure the text as a whole, while lexical cohesion functions as a cohesion device on the level of the caput; on this level, the particle autem is used as well. In brief asides, usually relative clauses, the author evaluates his deeds. An analysis of tense usage (both quantitative and in close reading) shows that the text type of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti is non-narrative, with an important role for the perfect tense. At the sentence level epistolary tense usage creates the effect of a temporal standpoint after the death of Augustus. Together, these Latin cohesion devices enhance the objective and factual tone of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.

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Rivera Espinosa, Nallely, Pedro Lina Manjarrez et Gustavo Cruz Cárdenas. « Conceptualización teórica y referentes para la conservación del patrimonio paisajístico histórico-cultural en América Latina ». Latinoamérica. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, n^o 73 (13 septembre 2021) : 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2021.73.57283.

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el objetivo de este artículo es sustentar la conceptualización teórica y referenciar los fundamentos vinculantes y no vinculantes en la conservación de los paisajes históricos culturales para los territorios latinoamericanos. La revisión sobre las declaraciones en convenciones internacionales, tanto en Europa como América Latina, sobre las temáticas del paisaje histórico, paisaje cultural y conservación del patrimonio, abren una perspectiva de entendimiento sobre la concepciónde ideas y referencias clave que, junto al desarrollo de constructos conceptuales, guían hacia una fundamentación de nuevos caminos para la interpretación y fundamentación de la conservación del patrimonio paisajístico latinoamericano.Abstract: The main objective is to support the conceptualization and to reference the binding and non-binding documents to conserve Latin American cultural historical landscapes. The review on the declarations in international conventions, both in Europe and Latin America, on themes of historical landscape, cultural landscape and heritage conservation, they open a perspective of understanding on the conception of ideas and key references that, together with the development of conceptual constructs, they guide to think on new paths for the interpretation and basis of conservation of Latin American landscape heritage.Key words: Latin America; Culture; History; Landscape heritage; Historical-cultural landscape.

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Martinico, Giuseppe. « Complexity and Cultural Sources of Law in the EU Context : From the Multilevel Constitutionalism to the Constitutional Synallagma ». German Law Journal 8, n^o 3 (1 mars 2007) : 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000554x.

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In this work I will try to analyse the latest trends of the European integration process in light of the notion of complexity, conceived as a bilaterally active relationship between diversities.This notion of complexity comes from a comparison among the different meanings of this word as used in several disciplines (law, physics, mathematics, psychology, philosophy) and recovers the etymological sense of this concept (complexity from Latin complexus= interlaced). The effort to find a common linguistic core could cause ambiguity but I would like to take the risk because only a multidisciplinary approach can “catch” the hidden dimension of the European process I argue that the European Union legal order is a “complex” entity that shares some features with complex systems in natural sciences: non-reducibility, unpredictability, non-reversibility and non-determinability.

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Björk, Bo-Christer. « Journal portals – an important infrastructure for non-commercial scholarly open access publishing ». Online Information Review 41, n^o 5 (11 septembre 2017) : 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-03-2016-0088.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look at third party journal portals, which facilitate the low-cost publishing of open access journals. Portals have become very important enablers for converting journals published by scholarly societies and universities to open access, in particular in the social sciences and humanities. Design/methodology/approach Portals were identified using a combination of methods including a literature search, interviews with experts, a key word web search and by analyzing web addresses and publishers in data from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Findings In total, 21 portals fitting our definition were identified. Together these published more than 6,000 journals. They contribute around 10 percent of the journals indexed in the DOAJ, and the content is very highly skewed to certain countries, in particular Latin America and Asia. Originality/value While there have been earlier case study reports about individual portals, especially SciElo, this is probably the first systematic study of this phenomenon as a whole.

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Кюрегян, Т. С. « Non-Musical Origins of Musical Categories ». Научный вестник Московской консерватории, n^o 1(40) (20 mars 2020) : 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26176/mosconsv.2020.40.1.007.

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Классические инструментальные формы справедливо трактуются как высшее выражение имманентно-музыкального начала в композиции. Однако многие их важнейшие категории очень долго и постепенно формировались в синкретичном искусстве, где музыка еще не получила автономию. Среди них мотив и каденция. Их происхождение обычно связывают со словесным текстом: предшественников одной сильной доли в мотиве находят в словесном ударении, в стихотворной стопе, а прообраз кадансового завершения видят в окончаниях словесных строк, предложений (в том числе стихотворных). Однако это был не единственный источник. Танец, его движения также формировали акцентные опоры мотива и каденционные завершения, что зафиксировано в хореографических трактатах XV–XVI веков. Подобно тому, как Ю. Н. Холопов выделяет «словмотив», или «лексический мотив» в старинной вокальной музыке, правомерно указать на танцевальный «шаг-мотив», или «жест-мотив». Связь другой важнейшей музыкальной категории, каденции, с танцем прямо подтверждается наличием движения с тем же названием— cadence (франц.), cadenza (итал.). Указывая на прыжок с приземлением (отсюда название: от лат. cado— падаю), оно так же устанавливает границы, как каденция в музыке. «Чисто музыкальное», таким образом, глубоко коренится не только в слове, но и в движении, в танце. И все они по-своему организуют время как свою основу— в слове, танце, музыке время обретает ритм. Classical instrumental forms are rightly viewed upon as the highest expression of immanent musical essence in composition. Still many of its extremely important categories have been forming themselves gradually for a very long time within syncretic art in which music hadn’t become autonomous yet. Among them are motive and cadency. Their origin is usually associated with verbal text: the forerunner of one strong beat in a motive is found in the stressed syllable of the word, in the metric foot and the preimage of the cadence completion is seen in the endings of verbal lines, sentences (including verse). Still it was not the only specimen. Dance, its movements also formed the accented bases of the motive and cadence endings, which were recorded in choreographic tractates of the 15–16 centuries. Similar to Yu. N. Kholopov mentioning “wordmotive” or “lexical motive” in ancient vocal music it is rightful to point out dance “step-motive”, or “gesture-motive”. The connection of another most important musical category with dance is directly confirmed by the presence of movement with the same name— cadence (French), cadenza (Italian). Pointing at a jump with a landing (the name comes from the Latin cado— to fall), it also sets boundaries, as cadency in music. Thus, “purely musical” is connected not only with word but also with movement, with dance. And they regulate in their own way time as its own basis— time gets rhythm in word, dance, music.

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Kumar Shukla, Dr Ratnesh, Dr Shraddha Sharma, Dr Shrikant Lodhi et Dr Vivek Sharma. « THE EFFECT OF AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF ARDHAVABHEDAKA W.S.R. MIGRAINE – A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ». Sanjeevani Darshan - National Journal of Ayurveda & ; Yoga 02, n^o 01 (2024) : 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.55552/sdnjay.2024.2101.

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Migraine is a type of headache characterized by recurrent attack of moderate to severe throbbing kind of pain on one side of the head with symptoms may be include nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia. Migraine affects more than 1 billion peoples each year in the world, on international prevalence of migraine was 11.6%. In India there are more than 213 million persons to be suffering from migraine while more than 50% of these cases were reported by females. Migraine word arised from Latin word ‘Megrim” means hemi cranial. In most cases pain is limited to one half of the cranium may be corelated to the Ardhavabhedaka presented in ayurveda. As per modern aspect for acute migraine treatment are NSAIDs, 5-HT antagonist, Ergotamine alkaloids, Non-selective B-blockers and calcium channel blocker, have their own complication. Hence an attempt is made to understand Migraine as Ardhavabhedaka in ayurveda and its management is discussed, which can be helpful in improving quality of life of patient of migraine.

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De melo, Wolfgang D. C. « VARRO ON ADJECTIVE GRADATION : DE LINGVA LATINA 6.59 AND AELIUS STILO'S AVOIDANCE OF NOVISSIMVS ». Classical Quarterly 69, n^o 2 (24 octobre 2019) : 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000788.

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Varro's De lingua Latina (= Ling.) is a treasure trove of information. Of the originally twenty-five books, six have come down to us more or less complete. Among these, Books 5–7 give us many hundreds of etymologies, and Books 8–10 discuss the question whether Latin morphology is regular or not. What Varro rarely comments on is sociolinguistic variation. The sociolinguistic comments in Varro's work can almost be counted on one hand. For instance, in 5.162 Varro remarks that cenaculum, from cena ‘dinner’, means ‘attic’ in Roman Latin, but that the original meaning was, as one might expect, ‘dining-room’, a meaning preserved in the non-Roman dialects of Latium, Falerii and Corduba in Spain; the meaning also lives on in religious uses in Lanuvium. In 7.96, Varro tells us that some words are pronounced with -ae- by some, but with -ē- by others. We know that non-Roman varieties of Latin monophthongized -ae- earlier than the Roman dialect did. Varro mentions pairs like scaena / scēna ‘stage’, a loan from Greek σκηνή, which shows that -ae- is hypercorrect here. Interestingly, only in one such pair is the variant with -ē- ascribed to country people, in the name Maesius / Mēsius, and this is indeed the only pair where the diphthong -ae- is original rather than the result of hypercorrection.

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Gunna, Sanjana, Rohit Saluja et Cheerakkuzhi Veluthemana Jawahar. « Improving Scene Text Recognition for Indian Languages with Transfer Learning and Font Diversity ». Journal of Imaging 8, n^o 4 (23 mars 2022) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040086.

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Reading Indian scene texts is complex due to the use of regional vocabulary, multiple fonts/scripts, and text size. This work investigates the significant differences in Indian and Latin Scene Text Recognition (STR) systems. Recent STR works rely on synthetic generators that involve diverse fonts to ensure robust reading solutions. We present utilizing additional non-Unicode fonts with generally employed Unicode fonts to cover font diversity in such synthesizers for Indian languages. We also perform experiments on transfer learning among six different Indian languages. Our transfer learning experiments on synthetic images with common backgrounds provide an exciting insight that Indian scripts can benefit from each other than from the extensive English datasets. Our evaluations for the real settings help us achieve significant improvements over previous methods on four Indian languages from standard datasets like IIIT-ILST, MLT-17, and the new dataset (we release) containing 440 scene images with 500 Gujarati and 2535 Tamil words. Further enriching the synthetic dataset with non-Unicode fonts and multiple augmentations helps us achieve a remarkable Word Recognition Rate gain of over 33% on the IIIT-ILST Hindi dataset. We also present the results of lexicon-based transcription approaches for all six languages.

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VAJDA, S., K. ROY, U. PAL, B. B. CHAUDHURI et A. BELAID. « AUTOMATION OF INDIAN POSTAL DOCUMENTS WRITTEN IN BANGLA AND ENGLISH ». International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 23, n^o 08 (décembre 2009) : 1599–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409007776.

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In this paper, we present a system towards Indian postal automation based on pin-code and city name recognition. Here, at first, using Run Length Smoothing Approach (RLSA), non-text blocks (postal stamp, postal seal, etc.) are detected and using positional information, Destination Address Block (DAB) is identified from postal documents. Next, lines and words of the DAB are segmented. In India, the address part of a postal document may be written by a combination of two scripts: Latin (English) and a local (State/region) script. It is very difficult to identify the script by which pin-code part is written. To overcome this problem on pin-code part, we have used a two-stage artificial neural network based general scheme to recognize pin-code numbers written in any of the two scripts. To identify the script by which a word/city name is written, we propose a water reservoir concept based feature. For recognition of city names, we propose an NSHP-HMM (Non-Symmetric Half Plane-Hidden Markov Model) based technique. At present, the accuracy of the proposed digit numeral recognition module is 93.14% while that of city name recognition scheme is 86.44%.

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Hidayat, Deden Taufik. « ا لمحر ب قي ا لا حا د يث ا لنبو ية من خلا ل سنن ا بن ما خحا ». Buletin Al-Turas 18, n^o 2 (23 janvier 2018) : 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v18i2.4300.

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History records that the Arabs before Islam interacted with the non-Arabs, especially through the trading process. In addition, the Kaaba frequented by the non-Arabs which has experienced partial conquest by the Greek and Latin. Jews who spoke Hebrew and Christians who spoke Syriac had lived with them for centuries. This allowed influenced Arabic by foreign languages into Arabic (ta'rib) had special adjusments with oral Arabs as a whol so it could be used bu all of them. Hence, it cannot be denied that words Arabization results (mu'arrab) are in the Qur'an and Hadith. This paper attempts to analyze mu'arrab according to the hadith in the bookm Sunan Ibn Majah which reached 67 words consisting of 22 words derived from Greek, 8 words derived from Syriac, and 6 words derived from Latin.

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Kececi, Eser, et Gokce Kececi. « Simmel's concept of culture ». Global Journal of Sociology : Current Issues 6, n^o 1 (14 août 2016) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v6i1.985.

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Culture is a Latin-origin word and derived from ‘cultura’. The word ‘cultura’ in Latin was then used for the meanings of to sow and get crops, produce. Before Turkish fell under the influence of Western languages, the word with Arab-origin ‘Hars’ was used instead of culture. After the Republic, rather than using ‘hars’, the word of culture was derived from the Western languages. The word ‘culture’ was widely started to be in use around Europe with the end of 18th century and beginning of 19thcentury. From the historical context of this word, it is described with relevantly complicated definition due to its different or similar uses for centuries. Thus, it has become difficult to make a single, scientific or appropriate definition concerning culture. Raymond Williams developed three wide and effective categories of use in order explain the development of word and complexity of its use. “(i)independent and abstract noun that describes a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development from 18th century; (ii) whether used specifically or generally,… an independent noun that indicates a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period or humanity. But we also have to recognise (iii) the independent and abstract noun which describes the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity” (Williams, 2005).When we look at the word of culture from the sociological aspect, it is reviewed in a more comprehensive way compared with its daily use. In general, culture is describes by the life styles and all actions of a society. Additionally, the concept of culture is explained together with society due to their close relation. The society constitutes the mutual relationship systems. The joint orientation of a society leads them to be under a common culture roof. Society cannot be without culture and vice versa. Both terms make each other exist. The members of society share cultural elements. Then these form the mutual contexts that individuals within a society live in. “The culture of a society is comprised by both non-material- beliefs, thought and values that compose the content of culture- and material elements- objects, signs or technology that represent this content”(Giddens, 2005,22). The concept of culture does not form itself from the nature. Culture is a human activity that is comprised by human activities. Culture is also an abstract concept that individuals form together but also when appropriate surrender to it. “Culture means to create and protect an order, fight with everything that disturbs the order and looks chaotic for the order. Culture is the act of putting or adding an artificial, manmade order in the place of “Order of nature” (i.e status of without no human interference” (Bauman, 2004). Keywords: Simmel, culture, cultura, society, Hars

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Berktold, Christian. « Termini nicht-lateinischer Herkunft in der mittelalterlichen Musiktheorie anhand des Lexicon musicum Latinum medii aevi ». Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 71, n^o 1 (2013) : 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2013.1272.

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The Lexicon musicum Latinum medii aevi (LmL) is a «Dictionary of Medieval Latin Musical Terminology to the End of the 15th Century» . In comparison with a comprehensive dictionary of Medieval Latin, such as the Mittellateinische Wörterbuch, there are some peculiarities of the musical terminology. Thus, five linguistic categories of increasing complexity can be found within the LmL : single letters – syllables – vocalises – single words – conjunctions of words. In addition, technical terms of non-Latin origin are also included in the LmL. Typically they occur in these areas : termini from the ancient Greek musical theory – Greek lemmata without an ancient origin – vernacular language (terms that designate musical instruments or genres) – names of neumes – intonation formulas – terms in the manuscript Montecassino 318.

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Garnier, Romain, et Benoît Sagot. « A shared substrate between Greek and Italic ». Indogermanische Forschungen 122, n^o 1 (26 septembre 2017) : 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2017-0002.

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Abstract The Greek lexicon is known for its significant proportion of words lacking a clear etymology. Previous attempts to explain these words range from the socalled “Pelasgian” hypotheses, which resort to an unattested satem Indo-European language, to Beekes’s (2010; 2014) non-Indo-European “Pre-Greek”. In this paper, we reconsider this long-disputed question, and adduce Latin and even Proto- Romance data to unveil a centum language which possibly served as the basis for borrowing in both Common Greek and, at a later date, Common Italic. We analyse several dozen difficult Greek and Italic words as borrowings from this newly identified language, for which we provide a set of phonetic laws that model its development from Proto-Indo-European. Important methodological strengths of our proposal include the systematic correspondence between Greek and Italic forms, the semantic plausibility of our etymologies, and their consistency with what is known about Proto-Indo-European word-formation patterns. Moreover, a computer implementation of these phonetic laws ensures its formal consistency and validates the chronological ordering we put forward. This is all the more important since most of our etymologies involve more than one of these phonetic laws, which is an additional confirmation of the plausibility of our proposal.

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Yoo, Hyesoo, Sangmi Kang et Victor Fung. « Personality and world music preference of undergraduate non-music majors in South Korea and the United States ». Psychology of Music 46, n^o 5 (14 juillet 2017) : 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735617716757.

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We investigated contributors of undergraduate nonmusic majors’ preferences for world musics, specifically those from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Drawing upon the reciprocal feedback model as a theoretical framework, we determined the extent to which predictor variables (familiarity with the music, personality, and music absorption) were related to music preference. Participants were 401 undergraduate nonmusic majors from South Korea ( n = 208) and the USA ( n = 183). Participants took an online survey via Qualtrics that included demographic information, the World Musics Preference Rating Scale, the Big-Five Inventory, and the Absorption in Music Scale. Results indicated that, familiarity, followed by openness to experience, was the strongest predictor of participants’ preferences for world musics. For the U.S. participants, familiarity, followed by openness to experience, was the strongest predictor of participants’ preference for musics from each continent. By contrast, for the South Korean participants, although familiarity was also the strongest predictor for African, Latin American, and Asian musics, openness to experience was not consistently the second strongest contributor. For African music, openness to experience was ranked second; for Latin American and Asian music, agreeableness and music absorption were ranked second, respectively.

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Šedinová, Hana. « Non vivens nisi per unum diem. A Winged Aquatic Animal on Its Way from Aristotle to Thomas of Cantimpré ». Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi 77, n^o 1 (2019) : 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/alma.2019.2575.

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Apart from more or less well-known names of animals which are attested already in the Classical Latin and whose origins and meanings have been studied and traced by modern scholars, it is possible to find in medieval encyclopaedias other expressions that still lack a proper explanation of their etymology and meaning. Many unusual terms can be found in the encyclopaedia Liber de natura rerum written by Thomas of Cantimpré (13th century). Although modern researchers have gradually discovered that the curious animals were originally the species described by ancient natural scientists, medieval encyclopaedists could not decipher the unfamiliar names. One of these new terms is the name dies which denotes an unknown winged fish in medieval Latin encyclopaedias and glossaries. Thomas of Cantimpré invoked Aristotle to validate the information about the creature and modern researches have assumed that Thomas’ source was a passage concerning mayfly in the fifth book of Aristotle’s Historia animalium and that the word dies is a direct equivalent of the Greek ἐφήμερον, «mayfly » . In fact, Thomas found this term and the description of the animal in the Book I of Latin version of Aristotle’s Historia animalium, translated by Michael Scotus around 1220 from Arabic. Aristotle’s description of a bloodless animal endowed with four legs and four wings, which only lives one day after it reaches maturity, kept its original sense in the Arabic version of his treatise, in which the Greek adjective ἐφήμερον, «one-day » , was replaced with the Arabic equivalent yaumī of the same meaning. Michael Scotus also translated the name, replacing the adjective with the noun dies, «day » . Thomas of Cantimpré, consequently, accepted Michael’s description, but asserted that dies is a bloodless marine fish which only lives one day and has two wings and two legs. His description of a «new » creature fascinated both the authors of encyclopaedic works (Albert the Great, Vincent of Beauvais, Jacob van Maerlant) and the medieval illustrators who depicted the dies as a hybrid with a fish head, tail and scales, with strong legs resembling lion’s paws, and with two massive feathered wings which allow it to fly over expanses of water.

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Ciobanu, Alina Maria, et Liviu P. Dinu. « Automatic Identification and Production of Related Words for Historical Linguistics ». Computational Linguistics 45, n^o 4 (janvier 2020) : 667–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00361.

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Language change across space and time is one of the main concerns in historical linguistics. In this article, we develop tools to assist researchers and domain experts in the study of language evolution. First, we introduce a method to automatically determine whether two words are cognates. We propose an algorithm for extracting cognates from electronic dictionaries that contain etymological information. Having built a data set of related words, we further develop machine learning methods based on orthographic alignment for identifying cognates. We use aligned subsequences as features for classification algorithms in order to infer rules for linguistic changes undergone by words when entering new languages and to discriminate between cognates and non-cognates. Second, we extend the method to a finer-grained level, to identify the type of relationship between words. Discriminating between cognates and borrowings provides a deeper insight into the history of a language and allows a better characterization of language relatedness. We show that orthographic features have discriminative power and we analyze the underlying linguistic factors that prove relevant in the classification task. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt of this kind. Third, we develop a machine learning method for automatically producing related words. We focus on reconstructing proto-words, but we also address two related sub-problems, producing modern word forms and producing cognates. The task of reconstructing proto-words consists of recreating the words in an ancient language from its modern daughter languages. Having modern word forms in multiple Romance languages, we infer the form of their common Latin ancestors. Our approach relies on the regularities that occurred when words entered the modern languages. We leverage information from several modern languages, building an ensemble system for reconstructing proto-words. We apply our method to multiple data sets, showing that our approach improves on previous results, also having the advantage of requiring less input data, which is essential in historical linguistics, where resources are generally scarce.

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Kozlov, Alexey E., et Francesco Varlaro. « The Way of listven’ in the Russian and Siberian Worldview : From Phytonym to Concepts ». Critique and Semiotics 40, n^o 1 (2022) : 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2022-1-183-197.

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The article is devoted to the study of the semantic properties of the dialect word listven’ (“larch”) in the narrative prose. Based on the material of encyclopaedias, fiction and travel prose, observations on the lexical and semantic properties of the word “larch” (lat. Larix dahurica; in the studied context – larix sibirica) are presented. It is shown how, being a dialect nomination, the word becomes a part of the individual author’s system. In the treatise of Vitruvius, the word Larix is associated with the name of the citadel Larignum. The historian talks about the fire that started during the storming of the fortress and mentions the amazing durability of the tree. The idea of Larix as being of the same root as the Latin laridum is widespread, which gives the tree a metaphorical resemblance to body. As M. Statley notes, in European shamanism the world tree was often depicted as a larch. It is significant that all these options are equally reflected in the modern village prose, in particular, in the work of V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” (1976). The purpose of the article is to trace the stages that a given lexeme goes through on the way from a phytonym to a concept. In particular, the word begins to appear in non-fiction texts related to the development of Siberia and the Far East from the end of the 18th century, for example the Russian travel logs and subsequently reports. In almost all of the considered contexts, a characteristic enumerative intonation is used, while the word is included in the same row as the normative phytonyms. In some contexts, the properties of the tree are recorded, which can be considered proto-metaphors: the extraordinary strength of the wood, the ugliness of the tree itself, and, finally, frequent comparisons of the bark of larch with human skin or paper are noted. These remarks are given in passing and are not developed into a narrative. Ethnographers were not very interested in the picture of the world of the indigenous people, so the rich folklore, pagan idea of larch as the center of hulde. That’s correlated with the spirit or personality of a person in the religion of the Druids, remained out of sight. The considered path of the word demonstrates the specific mechanism of the transition of a marked dialect word into non-fiction writing and narrative reflection on the essence of the word in fiction writing. Referring to the local dialect, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak and V. G. Korolenko gave to the word the necessary imagery and expressiveness, which became a constructive part of the language of rural prose of the second half of the 20th century, that is to say the new travel prose of the 21st century. Of course, with the development of Siberian literature, these ideas reached their positions in the prose of L. M. Leonova, V. N. Rasputin, E. Aypin and many others. “Farewell to Matera” becomes a precedent text, where larch as a world tree is not only transformed into a dialectal “larch”, but also acquires a different morphological and semantic genus (Nf + sing → Nm + sing). In modern literature, the word turns into a topos, or rather a narrative element that is variable, repeated and recognizable by the reader. In this regard, of course, the question arises of translations of the word “larch” into other languages. Of course, bringing this lexeme to its exact literary equivalent, “larch” significantly impoverishes the style, discourse and plot possibilities contained in the lexeme under consideration.

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Marcet, Ana, María Fernández-López, Ana Baciero, Albert Sesé et Manuel Perea. « What are the letters e and é in a language with vowel reduction ? The case of Catalan ». Applied Psycholinguistics 43, n^o 1 (3 décembre 2021) : 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716421000497.

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AbstractAlthough the Latin-based orthographies of most Western languages employ vowels with accent marks (e.g., é vs. e), extant models of letter and word recognition are agnostic as to whether these accented letters and their non-accented counterparts are represented by common or separate abstract units. Recent research in French with a masked priming alphabetic decision task was interpreted as favoring the idea that accented and non-accented vowels are represented by separate abstract orthographic units (orthographic account: é↛e and e↛é; Chetail & Boursain, 2019). However, a more parsimonious explanation is that salient (accented) vowels are less perceptually similar to non-salient (non-accented) vowels than vice versa (perceptual account: e→é, but é↛e; Perea et al., 2021a; Tversky, 1977). To adjudicate between the two accounts, we conducted a masked priming alphabetic decision experiment in Catalan, a language with a complex orthography-to-phonology mapping for non-accented vowels (e.g., e→/e/, /ə/, /ε/). Results showed faster responses in the identity than in the visually similar condition for accented targets (é–É < e–É), but not for non-accented targets (e–E = é–E). Neither of the above accounts can fully capture this pattern. We propose an explanation based on the rapid activation of both orthographic and phonological codes.

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Grisé, C. Annette. « The Textual Community of Syon Abbey ». Florilegium 19, n^o 1 (janvier 2002) : 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.19.008.

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Brian Stock's definition of textual community describes the process by which—in the face of growing levels of literacy and the rise of heretical movements in eleventh- and twelfth-century France—religious communities (from heretical sects to orthodox monastic communities) came to understand their identities through the mediation of written texts, which often were interpreted for them by key individuals. The text, the written word, became central to communal identity, affecting even the non-literate through its dissemination and acceptance by the members of the community. The relationship between the oral and the written, and the relationship developed between text and life, word and deed, in the interpretive models that developed out of texts and came to be applied to the lives of the readers or auditors, are two areas which are not the exclusive preserve of eleventh- and twelfth-century France, but are continuing concerns throughout the Middle Ages. Furthermore, the tendency to develop textual communities can also be found in the later medieval period, but with a different perspective on the question of literacy. For women religious in late-medieval England, for example, literacy usually did not denote Latinity but rather vernacularity; as a result, vernacular texts comprised the means by which these female religious came to understand their communal identity. While Bernard of Clairvaux's sermons on the Song of Songs addressed his male monastic community in Latin, women's religious rules formed a different kind of textual community that relied not on Latin exposition of mystical experience but on vernacular instruction concerning certain daily activities and proper conduct. The parallels between Stock's examples and the situation of medieval English female religious are still useful, because both highlight literacy, textuality, ritual, and activity as central to how communities define themselves.

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