Thèses : « Non (The Latin word) »

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Conley, Brandon W. « Minore(m) Pretium : Morphosyntactic Considerations for the Omission of Word-final -m in Non-elite Latin Texts ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent149253496962922.

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Cede?o, Magnolia. « Perceived Discrimination in Healthcare and Psychological Distress| A Study of Non-immigrant and Immigrant Latinos ». Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751936.

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The aim of the study was to examine discrimination in healthcare and psychological distress among non-immigrant and immigrant Latinos. The current study is quantitative study that utilized secondary data that was retrieved from the 2015 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). The total sample included 5,165 Latino adults, including 2,226 (43.1%) males and 2,939 (56.9%) females. The results revealed associations between gender and poverty level on psychological distress. There were associations found on needing help from someone to understand the doctor, unfair treatment when getting medical care, and English proficiency on psychological distress. There was no significant association between citizenship status and psychological distress. Research on Latinos and discrimination continues to be limited, thus more research could help to create programming for consumers and trainings for staff to reduce health disparities for Latinos.

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Antonio-Alfonso, Francisco. « Cultural encounters in a global age : knowledge, alterity and the world in Mexico-China relations (1972-2012) ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8350.

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Mexico and China established official diplomatic relations in 1972. Since then, their mutual economic, political and social links have been developed in an unprecedented way. However, from the perspective of International Relations, the analytical richness of the relationship is obscured by hegemonic conceptualisations of global power, materiality or teleological truths. The literature dealing with the relation in itself has not prioritised a theoretical or holistic approach. Through an analysis of the discursive production of a series of diplomatic, media and academic sources, this thesis demonstrates that, embedded in the great technological and political transformations of the contemporary world, Mexico‐China relations have embodied a complex process of knowledge formation out of the confrontation of their socially constructed conceptions of time, space and otherness: a cultural encounter. During the period from 1972‐2012, not only did Mexico‐China relations involve state and trade interactions, but also a complex intellectual construction of the world and of themselves ranging from the formation of a common anti‐Western identity and the erection of binary oppositions between them, to the formulation of rich proposals for self-criticism and cultural learning. Mexico-China cultural encounter, therefore, provides a fundamental case for understanding world politics and human interaction from a truly global perspective beyond reductionist views of materiality.

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Jøhndal, Marius Larsen. « Non-finiteness in Latin ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607799.

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Eaton, Emma. « Patterns of word and non-word production in jargon aphasia ». Thesis, City University London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435046.

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Abu-Hamour, Bashir Essa. « The Relationships among Cognitive Ability Measures and Irregular Word, Non-Word, and Word Reading ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195329.

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This study examined the relationships between and among: (a) Processing Speed (PS) Cluster and Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) Total to reading ability; (b) measures of RAN and PS to irregular word, non-word, and word reading; and (c) the relationships among irregular word, non-word, and word reading. The word reading measures were predicted by using multiple cognitive abilities including Phonological Awareness (PA), RAN, PS, and Working Memory (WM). Sixty participants, 39 students who were average readers and 21 students with reading difficulties in Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 were recruited.Correlational designs testing predictive relationships were used to conduct this study. The results indicated that the PS Cluster had the strongest correlation with irregular word reading, whereas the RAN Total had the strongest correlation with both word reading and non-word reading ability. Reading performance was best predicted by RAN-Letters. In addition, the Woodcock-Johnson III Visual Matching test had the strongest predictive power of reading ability among all of the PS measures.High correlations were found among the reading variables within normally distributed data, whereas there was no significant correlation between irregular and nonword reading within the group of students with Reading Difficulties. These findings provide support for the dual-route theory. Among the 21 students with RD, 10 students presented problems in both non-word reading and irregular word reading; 9 students presented problems just in non-word reading; and 2 students presented problems just in irregular word reading. A model consisting of RAN, PA, and PS, as included in the study measures, provided the most powerful prediction of all reading skills. These findings also lend more support to the double-deficit model and indicate that PA and naming speed problems contribute independently to variance in reading.This study provides direction for the assessment of specific reading disability and the cognitive underpinnings of this disorder. These findings support the need to assess PA, RAN, and PS, as well as various types of word reading skills, when making a reading disability diagnosis. Further research may cross validate the results of this study, or add other aspects of reading (eg., reading fluency or comprehension) to this line of research.

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Langslow, David R. « The formation and development of Latin medical vocabulary : A. Cornelius Celsus and Cassius Felix ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f2c9b29-d9a5-413c-a930-d03c28c5e79a.

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This is a study of the substantival medical terminology of Aulus Cornelius Celsus (early 1st c.) and Cassius Felix (mid 5th c.), in the fields of Anatomy and Physiology; Pathology; and Therapeutics. Two broad questions are considered: (1) What were the possible and the preferred means of extending the Latin vocabulary in these technical areas in the first and the fifth century A.D.? (2) May any linguistic features be identified as proper or peculiar to Latin medical - or, more generally, technical - terminology? Chapter 1 presents a general characterisation, based on examples of medical language, of modern technical terminology. Certain features of the structure and composition of the modern terminology are observed also in our Latin authors, especially in Cassius Felix. Chapters 2-5 focus each on one linguistic means of term-formation in Celsus and Cassius Felix. These are (Ch.2:) the use of Greek medical terms within the Latin terminology; (Ch.3:) the use of semantic extension, that is the deployment of established Latin words with new, medical reference (sutura 'stitching' → 'cranial suture'); (Ch.4:) the minimal use of compounding (dentifricium 'tooth-rub'), and the use as single terminological units of lexicalised Noun Phrases, Noun + Adjective (ignis sacer a type of skin-disease) or Noun + Genitive (difficultas urinae 'dysury'), here called "Phrasal Terms"; (Ch.5:) the favouring of certain suffixes in deriving Nouns (and some Adjectives) and the striking correlation between suffix and the lexical-semantic field of the derivative (-or and clinical signs and symptoms: dolor, rubor). Chapter 6 presents comparative figures for the two authors and a general working hypothesis that emerges: namely that divergences between Cassius Felix and Celsus may be interpreted as symptoms of the development of a Latin technical medical terminology (notably the integration of Greek and Latin terminology; reduction in the use of non-metaphorical polysemy; increased use of Phrasal Terms in fixed word order; extended use of suffixation to signal the semantic organisation of the terminology and, additionally, to form nominalisations as part of the development of a heavily-nominal style). A programme is adumbrated for testing this hypothesis. Volume II contains brief historical introductions to Celsus and Cassius Felix, the authors and their works; a Glossary of their medical terminology in three parts (ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; THERAPEUTICS); and full word indexes to both authors listed on microfiche.

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Dickerson, Stephanie Joy. « Dialectal and developmental influences on real word and non-word spelling tasks ». [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002913.

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THOMPSON, ELIZABETH M. « SPELLING ACCURACY WITH NON-FLUENT APHASIA : WORD PROCESSING V.S. WORD PREDICTION COMPUTER SOFTWARE ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116211390.

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McLachlan, Kathryn Anne. « Verborum ordo – ordo verborum : the placement of the dependent genitive in Classical Latin ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc9b0a88-ffcb-49ae-8788-3975d9a6264e.

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In this thesis I examine the placement of the dependent genitive relative to its head noun in Classical Latin prose. The corpus is drawn from the works of four first-century B.C. authors: Caesar, Cicero, Sallust and Varro. The thesis itself is split into two main sections, a qualitative analysis and a quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis discusses a number of factors that may influence genitive position, drawn from literature on the subject as well as my pilot studies. These factors are information structure, the genitive’s grammatical function, discontinuity, lexical category, animacy, prepositions governing the head noun, reported speech, idioms, lexical items, and grammatical number of the genitive. This analysis examines individual instances of genitive position in context, providing examples and counter-examples of the ordering patterns found with each potential factor. The qualitative analysis suggests that a number of these factors have an effect on genitive position, particularly information structure. These results are tested by the quantitative analysis. By performing a multivariate statistical analysis using the programme GoldVarb, the combined effects of multiple factors are determined and the statistically significant factors ranked in order of importance and strength of effect. The statistics show that information structure is the most important of the factors. Other significant influences are the presence of prepositions, the function of the genitive and its lexical category. By combining the two types of analysis, qualitative and quantitative, this thesis shows in detail how the factors combine to influence word order, which of them are independent, which interact, which are important and which have little to no effect at all, resulting in a better understanding of the data and the way that the contextual factors work together to produce the variant orders of the dependent genitive.

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Taylor, Barnaby. « Word and object in Lucretius : Epicurean linguistics in theory and practice ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c0ed507b-6436-4c84-8457-34fa707af79a.

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This thesis combines a philosophical interpretation of Epicurean attitudes to language with literary analysis of the language of DRN. Chapters 1-2 describe Epicurean attitudes to diachronic and synchronic linguistic phenomena. In the first chapter I claim that the Epicurean account of the first stage of the development of language involves pre-rational humans acting under a ‘strong’ form of compulsion. The analogies with which Lucretius describes this process were motivated by a structural similarity between the Epicurean accounts of phylogenetic and ontogenetic psychology. Chapter 2 explores the Epicurean account of word use and recognition, central to which are ‘conceptions’. These are attitudes which express propositions; they are not mental images. Προλήψεις, a special class of conception, are self-evidently true basic beliefs about how objects in the world are categorized which, alongside the non-doxastic criteria of perceptions and feelings, play a foundational role in enquiry. Chapter 3 offers a reconstruction of an Epicurean theory of metaphor. Metaphor, for Epicureans, involves the subordination of additional conceptions to words to create secondary meanings. Secondary meanings are to be understood by referring back to primary meanings. Accordingly, Lucretius’ use of metaphor regularly involves the juxtaposition in the text of primary and secondary uses of terms. An account of conceptual metaphor in DRN is given in which the various conceptual domains from which Lucretius draws his metaphorical language are mapped and explored. Chapter 4 presents a new argument against ‘atomological’ readings of Lucretius’ atoms/letters analogies. Lucretian implicit etymologies involve the illustration, via juxtaposition, of language change across time. This is fully in keeping with the Epicurean account of language development. Chapter 5 describes Lucretius’ reflections on and interactions with the Greek language. I suggest that the study of lexical Hellenisms in DRN must be sensitive to the distinction between lexical borrowing and linguistic code-switching. I then give an account of morphological calquing in the poem, presenting it as a significant but overlooked strategy for Lucretian vocabulary-formation.

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Reyes, Marisol. « Patterns of non-voting in Latin America (1980-2000) : ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438258.

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Finlay, Ann. « Word identification strategies used by non-fluent adult readers ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363650.

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Diez, Stephanie L. « The Mediating Effects of Problematic Internet and Video Gaming Behaviors on Family, Cultural, and Individual Constructs among Latinx and non-Latinx Black Youth ». FIU Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3966.

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Problematic Internet use (PIU) and problematic video gaming (PVG) are associated with various negative health outcomes and are increasingly concerning behavioral health issues among youth. While market research indicates that US Latinx use the Internet and video games more frequently than non-Latinx US youth, research on PIU and PVG among this historically understudied population is lacking. Accordingly, data on PIU, PVG, parental monitoring, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, depression, parental attachment, acculturation, and positive future orientation were collected using validated standardized measures from three separate samples of US Latinx and non-Latinx youth. The aims of this research were to explore the associations between PIU, PVG, and family, cultural, and individual wellbeing outcomes in a community sample of US Latinx and non-Latinx black adolescents. The first study (N = 159) examined the incidence of PVG among youth and found that younger elementary school aged males (ages 6-11) had the highest PVG scores, followed by middle school aged males (ages 12-14), and high school aged males (ages 15-18). Building off previous research, the second study collected data (N = 247) examined PIU as a mediator of the association between parental monitoring and academic achievement, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, and depression. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to estimate the relationships between the variables, controlling for adolescent’s age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results revealed that PIU is a significant mediator between parental monitoring and low academic achievement, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, and depression. A third study was conducted to examine if PIU and PVG mediate the relation between family, cultural, individual constructs and academic achievement. Two separate simple mediation models were tested using PROCESS© macro v3.0 for SPSS 25. Results from the hypothesized mediation models were not significant. Suggestions for future research to examine critical Latinx cultural values and their influence on behavioral health is discussed.

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FILHO, MANOEL BERNARDINO DE SANTANA. « EVENT WORD AND LIBERATION PRAXIS : KARL BARTH’S ECCLESIOLOGY AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO LATIN-AMERICAN THEOLOGY ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19660@1.

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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A teologia de Karl Barth se caracteriza por afirmar o caráter fenomenal da manifestação de Deus na história. Ela só é verdadeiramente Palavra de Deus quando toca existencialmente o ser humano. É a palavra que acontece a cada instante levando o indivíduo a uma crise e consequentemente a uma tomada de posição. Ela acontece plenamente em Jesus Cristo, Aquele que propicia o encontro entre o eterno e o temporal. Neste trabalho o autor procurará mostrar a influência desta teologia nos teólogos latino-americanos especialmente naqueles pertencentes à Teologia da Libertação. O conceito barthiano de palavra como evento encontra sua correspondência na práxis histórica que privilegia a ação antes que a teoria. Barth trabalha com o método prática maior teoria maior prática. Ele parte da experiência e faz da teologia um segundo momento na prática eclesial. A partir daí retorna para a prática. Esse método encontra-se presente na metodologia teológica da América Latina.
Karl Barth’s theology is characterized by the affirmation of the phenomenal character of the manifestation of God in history. It is only truly the Word of God when it touches the human being existentially. It’s the word that happens at each moment taking the individual to a crisis and, consequently, to take a position. It happens fully in Jesus Christ, the One who provides the meeting of the eternal and the temporal. In this work the author will try to show the influence of this theology in the Latin-American theologians, especially in those belonging to the Theology of Liberation. The barthian concept of the word as an event finds its equivalent in the historical praxis that gives privilege to the action over the theory. Barth works with method practice more theory more practice, starting from the experience and making theology a second moment in ecclesial practice, returning to practice from this point. This method is present in Latin America’s theological methodology.

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Garcia, Maud Danitza. « Cultural factors affecting Latino diabetics ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2816.

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This study addressed cultural factors that prevent Hispanic diabetics from getting diagnosed early, controlling their glycemic levels, and obtaining appropriate transportation, health insurance, and better education on nutrition.

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Aguilar, Myriam Renee, et Amanda Nicole Robles. « Cultural competence needs of non-Latino foster parents : A study of transcultural foster care with Latino children ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2728.

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Lazarinis, Fotis. « Text extraction and Web searching in a non-Latin language ». Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2008. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3326/.

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Recent studies of queries submitted to Internet Search Engines have shown that non-English queries and unclassifiable queries have nearly tripled during the last decade. Most search engines were originally engineered for English. They do not take full account of inflectional semantics nor, for example, diacritics or the use of capitals which is a common feature in languages other than English. The literature concludes that searching using non-English and non-Latin based queries results in lower success and requires additional user effort to achieve acceptable precision. The primary aim of this research study is to develop an evaluation methodology for identifying the shortcomings and measuring the effectiveness of search engines with non-English queries. It also proposes a number of solutions for the existing situation. A Greek query log is analyzed considering the morphological features of the Greek language. Also a text extraction experiment revealed some problems related to the encoding and the morphological and grammatical differences among semantically equivalent Greek terms. A first stopword list for Greek based on a domain independent collection has been produced and its application in Web searching has been studied. The effect of lemmatization of query terms and the factors influencing text based image retrieval in Greek are also studied. Finally, an instructional strategy is presented for teaching non-English students how to effectively utilize search engines. The evaluation of the capabilities of the search engines showed that international and nationwide search engines ignore most of the linguistic idiosyncrasies of Greek and other complex European languages. There is a lack of freely available non-English resources to work with (test corpus, linguistic resources, etc). The research showed that the application of standard IR techniques, such as stopword removal, stemming, lemmatization and query expansion, in Greek Web searching increases precision. ii

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Godbolt, Catherine. « Non-word errors in jargon aphasia : exploring the underlying mechanisms ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75261/.

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Jargon aphasia describes the profile of individuals producing fluent but largely unintelligible output, often comprising high proportions of non-word errors. This thesis presents a series of studies exploring possible mechanisms underlying the output difficulties in these individuals, drawing on data from 19 individuals from the Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistic Database and six individuals who participated in experimental testing. The studies addressed four research questions: a) to what extent target phonological information is preserved in non-word errors; b) how manipulating semantic and phonological activation affects output; c) whether a phonological-level breakdown is responsible for output difficulties in all individuals or does impairment at prior/subsequent levels play a role; and d) the origin of non-target phonemes in non-word errors. Analysis of phonological overlap between non-word errors and their targets suggested that participants were consistently accessing target phonology, with non-word errors falling along a continuum of how much target phonology was available. Experiments involving manipulation of phonological and semantic activation through characteristics of target words (Chapters 2 & 3: Principal Components Analysis comprising variables such as length, frequency and imageability; Chapter 5: Phonological Neighbourhood Density experiment) or semantic/phonological blocking paradigms (Chapter 4) suggested that increasing the activation reaching target phonemes improves output. A comparison of performance on different tasks (picture-naming, word/non-word repetition) where the majority of individuals showed a difficulty activating phonemes across tasks, and consistent effects of phonological-level variables, supported a phonological-level breakdown as the primary difficulty. Finally, analysis of the non-target phonemes produced by participants suggested that highly-activated phonemes can be selected in place of weakly activated target phonemes. Non-target phonemes may become more activated than target phonemes because they have been previously produced (i.e. perseveration), are high frequency, or a semantic or phonological relationship exists between a competing word and the target. It is argued that non-word errors in jargon aphasia arise, at least in part, from insufficient activation of target phonology. This can result from insufficient activation at any level of the lexical system, but the deficit is primarily localised to the phonological system.

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Popan, Marin. « L’hyperbate nominale en latin : construction, typologie, raison de texte ». Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20050/document.

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Dans sa première partie, cette thèse se propose d’éclairer la portée du terme d’hyperbate chez rhéteurs et grammairiens romains. L’examen montre que ce concept est utilisé dans deux sens distincts : d’abord, l’hyperbate au sens restreint qui n’inclut que l’anastrophe, et la transiectio – disjonction d’un syntagme, en particulier d’un syntagme nominal. Ensuite, l’hyperbate au sens large est utilisée par les grammairiens romains pour désigner cinq espèces qui concernent l’inversion de l’ordre des mots. Chez Julien de Tolède, on rencontre l’emploi du terme d’« hyperbate » aussi pour désigner de longues parenthèses interposées. La première partie du chapitre II de la thèse propose une brève présentation des réflexions sur l’hyperbate dans la tradition philologique et linguistique. Traditionnellement, l’hyperbate est présentée comme une figure de style ; les études modernes se concentre sur l’hyperbate représentant un moyen pragmatique de « mise en relief ». La deuxième partie du chapitre II a pour l’objectif de présenter l’encadrement et le champ médian (séquence de mots insérés) décrits par la linguistique allemande. Le chapitre III propose une étude typologie des mots insérés dans le champ médian et de l’ordre dans lequel ils sont linéarisés. L’étude est fondée sur un corpus de syntagmes nominaux disjoints comportant un génitif et un nom, relevés en particulier chez César, chez Cicéron et dans l’Histoire Auguste. Le champ médian peut être représenté par des mots et des groupes de mots variés, dont le nombre va d’un mot jusqu’à trois ou plus. Les résultats sont résumés dans des tableaux synoptiques
This dissertation, devoted to hyperbaton in Latin, is divided into three chapters. The aim of chapter I is to examine the concept of hyperbaton used by Roman rhetoricians grammarians. It shows that this term is used in two distinct ways. Firstly, hyperbaton in the narrow sense covers anastrophe and transiectio, i.e. a discontinuous phrase, especially a discontinuous noun phrase. Secondly, Roman grammarians conceive hyperbaton in a broad sense for designating five types of inversion of word order. Furthermore, Julian of Toledo adds a type of “long hyperbaton”, i.e. long inserted parentheses. The first part of chapter II provides an overview of reflections about hyperbaton in philological and linguistic literature. Hyperbaton is traditionally regarded as a stylistic figure; however, Modern studies on this topic focus on pragmatic implication of the use of discontinuous phrases. The second part of chapter II presents the concept of framing and median field (sequence of inserted words), developed by German linguistics. Chapter III provides a typology of words inserted into a discontinuous noun phrase formed by a genitive and its head noun. Attention is paid to the order in which inserted elements are linearised. The research is based on a corpus of discontinuous noun phrases collected mainly in Caesar, Cicero, and Historia Augusta. The median field can be formed by various words or groups of words. Examples of median fields with two, three, and more words and their ordering are presented in synoptic tables

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Gassas, Rezan. « Best practice in adapting logo marks from Latin to non-Latin scripts : a case study in the Arabic market ». Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/701484/.

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Throughout the past few decades, global brands with strong visual identities have been entering the Arabic market. From the start, the Arabic language was integrated into packaging, signage and advertisements in an unstructured style. Today, some regulations require the translation of brand names and adaptation of the Latin logo mark and the rest of the visual identity. However, logo marks are still not always adequately designed and managed when adapted to different markets with a new language, script, and culture. The study seeks to explore the phenomenon of logo mark adaptations in the Arab region from Latin to Arabic scripts, to provide a toolkit for designers and the process of brand management to maintain the visual identities. This research investigates the subject by using a qualitative multi-stage case study approach to investigate the subject visually, linguistically, and culturally. A conceptual framework adapted the concept of third culture to identify three cultures for global brands; the first culture consists of the brands’ logo mark and visual elements. The second culture consists of the new market into which it is expanding, and the third culture is created by the global brands where the first and second cultures overlap. This study is divided into three stages: (1) describing the current state of Arabic adapted logo marks by conducting visual observation and archival research; (2) exploring how the brands managed their visual identities by performing document analysis on guideline manuals; and (3) investigating designers’ perspective of Latin logo mark adaptations into Arabic by carrying out interviews. The findings of this study indicate that every global brand that expands to a new market creates a third culture brand. Thus, each global brand has a third culture logo constructed as a result of the overlap of the first and second cultures. Each visual element that constitutes the third culture logo contains different factors for adapting to the new market linguistically, culturally and visually. The study develops the Third Culture Brand and Third Culture Logo models adopted from the concept of the third culture to a context that has not been applied before, creating an adaptation tool to aid maintaining the consistency of the corporation’s visual identity. Also, the research presents a practical recommendation presented in a guidebook as a toolkit for global brands adapting their logo marks to regions with non-Latin scripts. The guide advises both the brand managers and the designers to work side by side from the beginning of all the major decision-making steps to implementing the adaptations.

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Malone, Stephanie Ann. « Word learning in non-ostensive contexts : evidence from children with autism ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656314.

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Social-pragmatic accounts of word learning focus on the roles of joint attention (JA) and intention reading (IR) when acquiring new words (Bloom, 2001; Tomasello, 2003). These key social-pragmatic skills are known to be impaired in autism and have been linked to their language difficulties. Although thought to be important in non-ostensive contexts, previous research has provided inconsistent findings concerning the word-learning ability of children with autism (CWA) in these contexts (Franken, Lewis, & Malone, 2010; Parish-Morris, Hennon, Hirsh-Pasek, Michnick Golinkoff, & Tager-Flusberg, 2007). This thesis explores the mechanisms that CWA use when word-learning by drawing upon three non-ostensive paradigms. Word comprehension and production is related to the use of social-pragmatic skills and more general skills, teasing apart the attentional learning account (Smith, Jones & Landau, 1996) and social-pragmatic account (Tomasello, 2003) of language development. CW A were able to learn words at the same level as typically developing children (TDC) and children with moderate learning disabilities (MLDC) in paradigms thought to draw upon IR. Findings pointed to the use of mechanisms alternative to those used by typically developing children (TDC), with these developing through experience and cognitive development. Rather than relying on interpreting the speaker's communicative intentions to learn words, CWA are able to make use of attentional salience (as determined through novelty) or logical reasoning to discern the referent object. It is suggested that these alternative mechanisms are utilised in a confirmatory manner. Specifically, CWA make use of their impaired social-pragmatic skills in order to discern the referent, with the identification of this referent supported by these alternative mechanisms which also highlight the referent object. The findings of these studies have been combined to provide an alternative account of how CW A are able to learn words, thus accounting for their unpredicted word-learning ability.

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Scrivner, Olga B. « A Probabilistic Approach in Historical Linguistics Word Order Change in Infinitival Clauses| from Latin to Old French ». Thesis, Indiana University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3714098.

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This thesis investigates word order change in infinitival clauses from Object-Verb (OV) to Verb-Object (VO) in the history of Latin and Old French. By applying a variationist approach, I examine a synchronic word order variation in each stage of language change, from which I infer the character, periodization and constraints of diachronic variation. I also show that in discourse-configurational languages, such as Latin and Early Old French, it is possible to identify pragmatically neutral contexts by using information structure annotation. I further argue that by mapping pragmatic categories into a syntactic structure, we can detect how word order change unfolds. For this investigation, the data are extracted from annotated corpora spanning several centuries of Latin and Old French and from additional resources created by using computational linguistic methods. The data are then further codified for various pragmatic, semantic, syntactic and sociolinguistic factors. This study also evaluates previous factors proposed to account for word order alternation and change. I show how information structure and syntactic constraints change over time and propose a method that allows researchers to differentiate a stable word order alternation from alternation indicating a change. Finally, I present a three-stage probabilistic model of word order change, which also conforms to traditional language change patterns.

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Balmaceda, Catalina. « Identifying Romanness : virtus in Latin historiography during the late Republic and early Empire ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6a8919af-7367-4d3b-b6e1-e6318ae098a2.

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This thesis deals with the role of the concept of virtus in Roman historiography of the late Republic and early Empire. I shall argue throughout the study that analysing and tracing this concept in the works of the historians of this period take us to the very heart of the question of their appraisal both of political change and Roman identity. Understanding this moral appraisal does not mean just a better comprehension of their concept of virtus, but a new approach to their concept of history as magistra vitae. In the first chapter, I shall introduce some characteristics of the nature of historical writing and the approaches of ancient and modern historians. I shall be challenging some currents views on the complexity of evaluating ancient history by rhetorical and moral standards. In chapter II, I shall consider the concept of virtus in terms of its etymology and usage; I will then attempt to show the particular connection between virtus and Romanness. I will also develop and explain the concepts of virilis-virtus and humana-virtus and place them in their philosophical context. Chapters III, IV, V and VI will form part of what I have called 'Virtus in History', and in these chapters I shall deal with four historians. The first section is dedicated to Sallust and his analysis of political decline in relation to virtus. I shall attempt to assess Sallust's influential creation of moral language in the writing of history. Then, I will consider the connection of virtus as a means to preserve libertas in Livy's work, especially considering the author's time. Chapter V is concerned with Velleius' history and his view that the principate has re-established virtus in Rome. I shall concentrate on Tiberius for my analysis of virtus and challenge some traditional approaches to this author and his prince. Finally, in chapter VI, I will examine Tacitus' perception of the nature of the political change that Rome has undergone. I will show how the transformations in politics have a deep influence on the very idea of Romanness and how the disturbance of this concept leads to a more profound and internal interpretation of it.

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Demissie, Fitsum. « Developing Optical Character Recoginition for Ethiopic Scripts ». Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5541.

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The Amharic language is the Official language of over 70 million people mainly in Ethiopia. An extensive literature survey and the government report reveal no single Amharic character recognition is found in the country. The Amharic script has 33 basic characters each with seven orders giving 310 distinct characters, including numbers and punctuation symbols. The characters are visually similar; there is a typeface, but no capitalization. Beside this there is no any standard font to use the language in the computer but they use different fonts developed by different stakeholders without keeping a standard on their own way and interest and this create a problem of incompatibility between different fonts and documents.This project is to investigate the reason why Amharic optical character recognition is not addressed by local and international researchers and developers and finally to develop Amharic optical character recognition uses the features and facilities of Microsoft windows Vista or 7 using Unicode standard.

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Colomer, Josep M. « Non-Median and Condorcet-loser Presidents in Latin America : an instability factor ». Politai, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/92164.

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A favorable condition for good governance is that elected presidents obtain the support of both the median voter and the median legislator. Several electoral rules are evaluated for their results in 111 presidential and 137 congressional elections in 18 Latin American countries during the current democratic periods. The frequency of median voter’s or Condorcet-winner presidents appears to be higher under rules with a second-round runoff than under simple plurality rule. The victory of Condorcet-loser or the most rejected candidate is discarded under majority runoff rule. More than half of democratic presidents have not belonged to the median voter’s party in the presidential or the congressional elections. Many of them have faced wide popular and political opposition and entered into inter-institutional conflict.
Una condición favorable para la gobernabilidad es que el presidente electo obtenga el apoyo tanto del elector mediano como del legislador mediano. Por ello, se evalúan las reglas y resul- tados electorales en 111 elecciones presidenciales y 137 elecciones parlamentarias en 18 países en América Latina durante el actual periodo democrático. La frecuencia de presidentes elegidos por los electores medianos o ganadores parece ser más alta cuando las reglas implican una segunda vuelta electoral. La victoria del perdedor de Condorcet, o el candidato con más anticuerpos en los votantes, queda descartada bajo el sistema de mayoría simple electoral. Más de la mitad de los presidentes electos no pertenecieron al partido del votante mediano en las elecciones presidenciales o congresales. Muchos de esos gobernantes se han enfrentado a una amplia oposiciónpolítica y popular y han ingresado a un conflicto interinstitucional.

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Holz, Carcamo Raul Luis. « The food system in Latin America : Between dispossession and non-capitalist provision ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18421.

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This thesis examines the system of food provision in Latin America in the context of hunger and environmental crises which have been brought about through capital accumulation. In analysing this crisis, I focus on the role of capital represented by agribusiness and the Latin American campesino. I ground my conceptual understanding of the food system through a Marxist approach that considers critical knowledge and practice specific to Latin America. My conceptual framework derives from a critical understanding of Harvey’s concept of accumulation by dispossession, and the mode of production approach. Accumulation by dispossession accounts for a dual character of capital accumulation prevalent in the food system. The first characteristic consists of the systemic features of ‘extra economic’ surplus extraction and the second characteristic considers the resistance to capital penetration and experiences of non-capitalist food provision. The mode of production approach links the systemic features of dispossession to the coexistence of capitalist and non-capitalist modes of production in capitalism. The concept of modes of production is combined with the metabolic rift perspective to account for the interaction of human and extra-human nature. This thesis demonstrates that the food system is a contested space between agribusiness and the campesino. I analyse how this contested dynamic has destructive consequences for human nature through the persistence of hunger, and on extra-human nature through the deepening of the metabolic rift. The thesis establishes that capital accumulation is destroying the social and natural foundation of production and reproduction. In this context, I argue that the campesino economy encompasses alternatives to the capital dominated food system, which has the potential to simultaneously feed the population and mitigate the degradation of nature.

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Thompson, Elizabeth M. « Spelling accuracy with non-fluent aphasia wordprocessing vs. word prediction computer software / ». Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1116211390.

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Abrams, Richard Lee. « Unconscious analysis of non-adjacent letters in four- and five-letter words / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9034.

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Harbaugh, Isabel. « Non-farm Rural Employment in Latin America : Help Small Landowners Make the Transition ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/682.

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For many of Latin America’s small farmers, a future in agriculture may be short lived. Due to increasing mechanization, land consolidation, and globalization, the demand for agricultural labor is declining, and small landowners are feeling the brunt of this change. Given this reality, the non-farm rural economy should become a much greater priority on the rural development agenda. Many non-farm positions demonstrate significant potential for poverty alleviation, but these jobs often present substantial barriers to entry. In order for smallholders to access these positions rather than low-skilled, low-productivity, and low-paying jobs, government involvement is essential. By helping small farmers build non-farm skills and knowledge, facilitating profitable land transactions, and fostering a business environment that supports rural job creation, governments can ensure that small farmers are not only able to transition to non-farm employment, but that they are able to do so in a way that maximizes the impact on overall rural welfare.

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Sheppard, Samantha. « NATIVE SPEAKERS' REALIZATIONS OF WORD-INITIAL FRICATIVE + CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN ENGLISH NON-WORDS ». OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1448.

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This study examines the role of voiceless and voiced fricatives as the first consonant in word-initial true consonant clusters and adjunct clusters. Specifically, this study sought evidence to determine whether the lack of voiced fricatives, such as /z/ and /v/, in English word-initial true and adjunct clusters is due to an active ban or an accidental gap in the language's phonotactics. This study also looked into whether the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ is the only fricative that can play the role of adjunct segment in word-initial adjunct clusters, or whether other fricatives, such as the voiced alveolar fricative /z/, or the voiceless and voiced labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/ could also be adjunct segments in word-initial adjunct clusters. Fourteen native English speakers were asked to pronounce a list of non-words containing word-initial clusters with /s/, /f/, /z/, and /v/ as the first consonant and /r/, /l/, /n/, /k/, and /g/ as the second consonant. The clusters were chosen to represent different voicing statuses and places of articulation for the first consonant in the cluster, in addition to differing sonority distances between the first consonant and the second consonant of the word-initial cluster. The native English speaker productions were recorded and acoustically analyzed in order to determine the exact pronunciations each speaker used for each target cluster. The results were then statistically analyzed to reveal patterns. Results showed that the lack of voiced fricatives as the first consonant in word-initial position of true clusters in English is due to an accidental gap, due to the relatively numerous correct productions of such clusters. The the lack of voiced fricatives as the first consonant in word-initial position of adjunct clusters in English, however, is due to an active ban, due to the difficulty that the native English speakers had in correctly producing such clusters. This study also concluded that while /s/ is the only adjunct segment in English, /f/ could also play that role.

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Pinto, Julia de Vasconcelos Magalhaes. « "Literature of the non-word" : the paradox of bilingualism in Samuel Beckett's fiction ». Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ECAP-8RXGUJ.

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Para contribuir com o estudo da obra de Samuel Beckett, com foco na trilogia 'Molloy, Malone Dies' e 'The Unnamable' - especialmente o último, esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo destacar a realização de Beckett enquanto um autor bilíngue. Nossa tese é a de que além do autoexílio geográfico, o autoexílio linguístico facilitou o processo de tornar a experiência de ser estrangeiro em um tema, na busca de Beckett por uma espécie de projeto estético - a 'literatura da despalavra', como ele mesmo o denominou. Demonstraremos que a experiência do bilinguismo é o eixo central em 'The Unnamable'. Além disso, a obra também se consolida num entre-lugar-entre nações e línguas. Esta pesquisa busca encontrar no trabalho de Beckett, como autor e como tradutor, justificativas para o desenvolvimento da hipótese de que tanto o bilinguismo quanto o trabalho de tradução mudaram a escrita de Beckett numa direção em que a relação entre língua e realidade e a dissolução do 'Eu' se configuram como eixo principal.

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Redoutey-Grosjean, Nicolas. « Le matériel prépositionnel, préverbal et préfixal en latin littéraire et non littéraire : étude de la documentation autographe ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2017.

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La présente thèse a pour sujet la question du système des prépositions en latin vulgaire, ainsi que des morphèmes liés à ces dernières dans les langues indo-européennes (préverbes et préfixes). Notre objectif a été d’évaluer quelles ont pu être les spécificités relatives à l’emploi des prépositions (et des morphèmes connexes) dans la langue ordinaire, sur le plan sémasiologique comme onomasiologique. Est bâti pour ce faire le corpus le plus large possible de documents « autographes », c’est-à-dire de pièces portant une inscription directement réalisée par un latinophone (graffites, ostraca, tablettes de cire, defixiones, papyri documentaires), rédigés entre 1 et 395 p.C. La construction même de ce corpus et l’établissement d’une référenciation stable ont constitué un objectif secondaire de ce travail. La première partie établit les outils terminologiques nécessaires. Sont donc passées en revue toutes les théories relatives aux prépositions et à leur sémantisme depuis l’Antiquité, dans le but de souligner les manques et les imprécisions de la tradition terminologique. L’attention est ensuite portée sur le problème récurrent du « latin vulgaire », appellation nécessairement tolérée, même si elle demeure insatisfaisante et embarrassante. La question est spécifiquement posée au regard de la particularité du corpus, sur le plan matériel comme théorique. La notion « d’autographie » est en effet très floue, du fait de l’immixtion d’intermédiaires humains (comme les scribes, professionnels ou non), de la question de la « formularité » et des text types, et des problèmes complexes liés aux différentes formes de littératies à travers les provinces romaines. Cette partie se clôt sur les choix terminologiques et méthodologiques opérés, relativement au processus sous-jacent de collecte des données. La seconde partie présente les données. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées sous l’angle quantitatif, avec prudence ; il s’agit d’abord d’établir quels sont les morphèmes encore en usage, quels sont ceux qui déclinent et quels sont ceux qui ont déjà disparu. Il s’agit également de comprendre quels écarts peuvent se manifester entre les données et nos attentes. On souligne ce faisant les différents processus de développement, en synchronie ou en diachronie, de certains morphèmes ou usages ; la notion de « préfixation pré-nominale », jusqu’ici peu envisagée dans les études latines, et ainsi étudiée. Le second chapitre de cette partie étudie ce matériel, sur un plan phonétique, morphosyntaxique et lexical. Il s’agit alors non seulement de découvrir les signes d’un possible renouvellement dans certaines zones de la langue (il est fait ici usage du concept de sermo castrensis, mais aussi de celui – encore peu envisagé – de sermo mercatorius) ; il s’agit en outre de comprendre pourquoi ce corpus manifeste une véritable résistance à l’égard des vulgarismes, et pourquoi l’on ne constate aucun véritable fossé entre la langue normée et celle du corpus.Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur le problème déjà ancien, mais complexe, de la chute des <-m> (et accessoirement, des <-s>) en latin vulgaire, et sur la conséquence de celle-ci au sein des groupes prépositionnels. Ce problème a une histoire (depuis Diehl), qui est rappelée afin d’expliquer comment se mélangent ici les niveaux graphiques, phonologiques et grammaticaux. Il s’agit de comprendre dans quels cas la disparition de <-m> peut être attribuée à une pure convention graphique, dans quels cas elle est relative à l’analphabétisme ou à la faible littératie des scripteurs, et dans quels cas elle constitue effectivement le premier signe (mesuré) d’un effondrement des systèmes flexionnels, dans une perspective romane. Ce chapitre s’interroge ine fine sur la capacité des locuteurs semi-lettrés, à un moment de la diachronie, à faire usage d’un « système polymorphique » (Banniard), et à choisir ainsi, bien qu’ils fussent relativement conscients des règles morphologiques, de marquer ou non le cas accusatif
In this thesis, we deal with the question of prepositional systems in Vulgar Latin, and the linguistic material wih which it is usually associated, in indo-european languages, i.e. preverbs and prefixes. Our work aims to evaluate how specific usages of prepositions (and related material) in colloquial speech may have been, in both semasiological and onomasiological ways. For this purpose, we draw on the largest corpus of « Autographical » documents, i.e. directly inscribed artifacts, such as graffiti, ostraca, wax tablets, defixiones, documentary papyri, etc., from 1 to 395 a.D. Moreover, as a second objective ot the dissertation, we set up a fully-ordered and well-referenced corpus of our archaeological material.The first part of the thesis tries to lay the methodological tools of such the said design. Theories of prepositions and prepositional meanings from Antiquity to present reviewed are reviewed, in order to understand the lack and fuziness of inherited terminological displays. We then consider the customary problem of utilising and defining the terme « Vulgar latin » (which we tolerate, as embarrassing and unsatisfying as it is) and most specifically the peculiarity of our corpus, in a theorical and practical ways : « autography » is indeed a messy concept, due to the involvement of human go-betweens (like professional or casual scribes), the question of formularity and « text types », and the complex pattern of literacy, throughout the Roman provinces. This chapter ends with terminological and methodological choices, referring to the undergoing process of the data report.In second part of the thesis we lay out the data itself. We first deal with this data quantitativly by cautiously using statistical approaches, we try to establish which morphemes were still in use, recessing, or had already disappeared. Furthermore, we examine what kind of discrepancies could arrise between our expectation and the data. We stress, by doing so, the synchonical and diachronical expansions of certain morphemes or usages, and more specifically the question of « Pre-nominal prefixation », on which little has yet been written in classical tradition. The second part of this chapter studies the dynamics of our material phonetically, morphosyntaxically and lexically. Not only do we try to catch sight of linguistic renewals in some areas of language (dealing with the concept of sermo castrensis, or the yet unexplored sermo mercatorius), but also the evidence of a structural dragging into vulgarisms and linguistical changes in our corpus, questioning the lack of an expected « gap » between litterary standards and the language that our documents are using.The third part of our thesis deals with the very well known but very intricate problem of falling /-m/ (and, casually, falling /-s/) in Vulgar Latin, and their consequences in the prepositionnal phrases. The problem’s history (from Diehl’s work) shows up, explaining the entanglement of graphical, phonological and grammatical levels in such an inquiry. We then try to establish which part of the disappearing <-m>, in prepositional phrases, could be assigned to graphical convention, which part goes to real illiteracy (or « low-level literacy ») and which part shows the evidence for a real (but limited) starting point toward a future collapse of nominal flection, from a romance perspective. We conclude this chapter by questioning the ability of semi-literate latin-speakers, at some point of the diachronic evolution of latin language, to deal with « polymorphic » systems (as proposed by Banniard), who ware quite aware of morphological rules but choosing to mark or not mark or to omit the accusative case

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Godard, Pierre. « Unsupervised word discovery for computational language documentation ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS062/document.

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La diversité linguistique est actuellement menacée : la moitié des langues connues dans le monde pourraient disparaître d'ici la fin du siècle. Cette prise de conscience a inspiré de nombreuses initiatives dans le domaine de la linguistique documentaire au cours des deux dernières décennies, et 2019 a été proclamée Année internationale des langues autochtones par les Nations Unies, pour sensibiliser le public à cette question et encourager les initiatives de documentation et de préservation. Néanmoins, ce travail est coûteux en temps, et le nombre de linguistes de terrain, limité. Par conséquent, le domaine émergent de la documentation linguistique computationnelle (CLD) vise à favoriser le travail des linguistes à l'aide d'outils de traitement automatique. Le projet Breaking the Unwritten Language Barrier (BULB), par exemple, constitue l'un des efforts qui définissent ce nouveau domaine, et réunit des linguistes et des informaticiens. Cette thèse examine le problème particulier de la découverte de mots dans un flot non segmenté de caractères, ou de phonèmes, transcrits à partir du signal de parole dans un contexte de langues très peu dotées. Il s'agit principalement d'une procédure de segmentation, qui peut également être couplée à une procédure d'alignement lorsqu'une traduction est disponible. En utilisant deux corpus en langues bantoues correspondant à un scénario réaliste pour la linguistique documentaire, l'un en Mboshi (République du Congo) et l'autre en Myene (Gabon), nous comparons diverses méthodes monolingues et bilingues de découverte de mots sans supervision. Nous montrons ensuite que l'utilisation de connaissances linguistiques expertes au sein du formalisme des Adaptor Grammars peut grandement améliorer les résultats de la segmentation, et nous indiquons également des façons d'utiliser ce formalisme comme outil de décision pour le linguiste. Nous proposons aussi une variante tonale pour un algorithme de segmentation bayésien non-paramétrique, qui utilise un schéma de repli modifié pour capturer la structure tonale. Pour tirer parti de la supervision faible d'une traduction, nous proposons et étendons, enfin, une méthode de segmentation neuronale basée sur l'attention, et améliorons significativement la performance d'une méthode bilingue existante
Language diversity is under considerable pressure: half of the world’s languages could disappear by the end of this century. This realization has sparked many initiatives in documentary linguistics in the past two decades, and 2019 has been proclaimed the International Year of Indigenous Languages by the United Nations, to raise public awareness of the issue and foster initiatives for language documentation and preservation. Yet documentation and preservation are time-consuming processes, and the supply of field linguists is limited. Consequently, the emerging field of computational language documentation (CLD) seeks to assist linguists in providing them with automatic processing tools. The Breaking the Unwritten Language Barrier (BULB) project, for instance, constitutes one of the efforts defining this new field, bringing together linguists and computer scientists. This thesis examines the particular problem of discovering words in an unsegmented stream of characters, or phonemes, transcribed from speech in a very-low-resource setting. This primarily involves a segmentation procedure, which can also be paired with an alignment procedure when a translation is available. Using two realistic Bantu corpora for language documentation, one in Mboshi (Republic of the Congo) and the other in Myene (Gabon), we benchmark various monolingual and bilingual unsupervised word discovery methods. We then show that using expert knowledge in the Adaptor Grammar framework can vastly improve segmentation results, and we indicate ways to use this framework as a decision tool for the linguist. We also propose a tonal variant for a strong nonparametric Bayesian segmentation algorithm, making use of a modified backoff scheme designed to capture tonal structure. To leverage the weak supervision given by a translation, we finally propose and extend an attention-based neural segmentation method, improving significantly the segmentation performance of an existing bilingual method

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Wrobel, Paulo Sergio. « Brazil, the non-proliferation treaty and Latin America as a nuclear weapon-free zone ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.694646.

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Creaney-Stockton, Mary Jo. « Isolated word recognition using reduced connectivity neural networks with non-linear time alignment methods ». Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244333.

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Zhang, Chao. « Associative priming of non-word dictation among young ESL learners with Chinese language backgrounds ». Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119733.

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The present study adopted Seymour and Dargie's design (1990) and examined the associative priming effect on English non-word spelling in young ESL learners with Chinese language backgrounds. Participants were either assigned to an unprimed non-word dictation condition or a primed condition where the non-word was preceded by a prime which is semantically associated to a word that rhymed with the target non-word. The orthographical choice of vowel pattern in the non-word dictation task for young ESL learners greatly depends on its contingency. The results in the present study indicated that the children with higher reading proficiency were more sensitive to high contingency vowel spelling patterns. The additive associative effect revealed in adult English speaking populations (Seymour & Dargie, 1990) was not evident in the current study with young ESL learners. This data adds to our understanding of contingency effects by extending research to ESL samples and aids in the development of the broader view of understanding the nature of mechanisms underlying sub-lexical spelling processes in L1 and L2 contexts. Some implications for the dual route model and linguistic transfer theory are discussed.
La présente étude a adopté le modèle de Seymour et Dargie (1990) et a examiné l'effet d'une amorce associée à un non-mot anglais sur la capacité à orthographier celui-ci chez les jeunes chinois apprenants l'anglais comme langue seconde. Les participants ont été assignés à deux conditions distinctes. Les élèves ont été évalués à l'aide d'une dictée de non-mots dans la première condition tandis que les élèves dans la deuxième condition ont dû effectuer une dictée de non-mots où ceux-ci était précédés par un mot sémantiquement associé au non-mot et rimant avec celui-ci. Les résultats ont démontré que le choix orthographique des voyelles dans la tâche de dictée de non-mots pour les jeunes apprenants l'anglais comme langue seconde dépend grandement de la contingence de celle-ci. De plus, ceux-ci ont également indiqués que les enfants ayant une meilleure compétence en lecture seraient plus sensibles à l'orthographe de voyelles de haute contingence. Dans la présente étude œuvrant auprès de jeunes apprenants l'anglais comme langue seconde, l'effet « associatif additif » révélé dans les populations d'adultes anglophones de l'étude de Seymour et Dargie (1990) n'était pas prédominant. Ces données aident notre compréhension des effets contingence en étendant la recherche aux échantillons ALS et aident à l'élaboration de la vision plus large de la compréhension la nature des mécanismes qui sous-tendent les processus d'orthographes sous-lexicales en L1 et L2 contextes. Quelques implications pour le modèle à double entrée et pour la théorie du transfert linguistique seront abordées à l'intérieur de la discussion.

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Barreira, Valéria de Souza. « Fl reading strategies for metaphor and word game interpretation in a non-specialized magazine ». Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84528.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.
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O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para a discussão sobre compreensão metafórica e investigar as estratégias usadas por leitores em língua estrangeira quando lêem linguagem metafórica em títulos de artigos genuínos de revistas na língua inglesa. Pesquisas na área de leitura focalizaram no conhecimento prévio que o leitor traz para o texto como sendo crucial para o processamento da informação (Afflerbach, 1990; Daneman, 1991; Fincher-Kiefer, Post, Greene & Voss, 1988; Just & Carpenter, 1987; Pritchard, 1990; Spiro & Myers, 1984). Outros teóricos focalizaram na formação da metáfora (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) e, mais recentemente, em como os leitores realmente processam metáforas (Steen, 1994; Vieira, 1999c). Este estudo se baseia na premissa de que leitores em língua estrangeira têm dificuldades em compreender jogos de palavras nos títulos de textos, o que por sua vez tem implicações na compreensão do texto que se segue. Desta forma, este estudo mostra as estratégias utilizadas por estes leitores de forma a compreender metáforas em títulos. Um enfoque qualitativo, etnográfico de estudo de caso foi utilizado, através do uso de métodos de triangulação. Os resultados mostraram que a metáfora não é nem acessada automaticamente nem possui um único significado. Os leitores têm dificuldade em observar significados metafóricos em títulos possivelmente devido a três variáveis principais: nível de proficiência dos leitores; diferenças culturais entre produtores e receptores de metáforas; e crenças dos leitores sobre o papel do especialista e do leitor na co-construção de significado. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de se incorporar, na sala de aula em língua estrangeira, estudos de gênero e conscientização da existência de metáforas .

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Shotts, Aaron Christopher. « The effects of Latin and Greek-based root word and affix instruction on sixth-grade students' understanding of life science vocabulary ». Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/shotts/ShottsA0812.pdf.

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In this project, instruction in Latin and Greek-based prefixes, suffixes, and root words was implemented to determine its effects on sixth-grade students' understanding and long-term memory of life science vocabulary, their ability to predict the meaning of new vocabulary, and their attitudes and motivation regarding learning vocabulary, as well as my teaching and attitudes to teaching. Latin and Greek morphemes were taught, recorded, and used in prediction and learning exercises. Pre and postunit and delayed assessments and concept interviews, pre and posttreatment surveys, my observations and journaling, peer observations, and a self-evaluation were analyzed. Results regarding student understanding and long-term memory were inconclusive. The data showed that students' ability to predict new vocabulary meanings improved. Students' attitudes and motivation were not affected and my attitudes were at first positive, but later declined.

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Arellano, Marc (Marc Sylvain) Carleton University Dissertation English. « Colonialism's legacy : Latin America as the "Kinky other" in twentieth-century, non-Latino Canadian poetry ». Ottawa, 1994.

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Lindström, Mathias. « Automatic Segmentation of Swedish Medical Words with Greek and Latin Morphemes : A Computational Morphological Analysis ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för datorlingvistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121650.

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Raw text data online has increased the need for designing artificial systems capable of processing raw data efficiently and at a low cost in the field of natural language processing (NLP). A well-developed morphological analysis is an important cornerstone of NLP, in particular when word look-up is an important stage of processing. Morphological analysis has many advantages, including reducing the number of word forms to be stored computationally, as well as being cost-efficient and time-efficient. NLP is relevant in the field of medicine, especially in automatic text analysis, which is a relatively young field in Swedish medical texts. Much of the stored information is highly unstructured and disorganized. Using raw corpora, this paper aims to contribute to automatic morphological segmentation by experimenting with state-of-art-tools for unsupervised and semi-supervised word segmentation of Swedish words in medical texts. The results show that a reasonable segmentation is more dependent on a high number of word types, rather than a special type of corpora. The results also show that semi-supervised word segmentation in the form of annotated training data greatly increases the performance.
Rå textdata online har ökat behovet för artificiella system som klarar av att processa rå data effektivt och till en låg kostnad inom språkteknologi (NLP). En välutvecklad morfologisk analys är en viktig hörnsten inom NLP, speciellt när ordprocessning är ett viktigt steg. Morfologisk analys har många fördelar, bland annat reducerar den antalet ordformer som ska lagras teknologiskt, samt så är det kostnadseffektivt och tidseffektivt. NLP är av relevans för det medicinska ämnet, speciellt inom textanalys som är ett relativt ungt område inom svenska medicinska texter. Mycket av den lagrade informationen är väldigt ostrukturerat och oorganiserat. Genom att använda råa korpusar ämnar denna uppsats att bidra till automatisk morfologisk segmentering genom att experimentera med de för närvarande bästa verktygen för oövervakad och semi-övervakad ordsegmentering av svenska ord i medicinska texter. Resultaten visar att en acceptabel segmentering beror mer på ett högt antal ordtyper, och inte en speciell sorts korpus. Resultaten visar också att semi-övervakad ordsegmentering, dvs. annoterad träningsdata, ökar prestandan markant.

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Chen, Selma Shu-Mei. « The effects of L1 word order and English proficiency on non-English speakers' sentence processing ». Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720150.

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This study is a partial replication of Davison & Lutz's (1984) experiment. It was designed to test if L1 word order and English proficiency are involved in non-native speakers' sentence processing. This study concentrates on the roles of syntax and pragmatics/semantics in sentence processing. By comparing two corresponding syntactic structures with similar meanings but different forms in context, we can detect the different degrees of the salient property of a certain NP. The perception of the salient NP is related to the definition of the sentence topic, which functions as the link between the sentence and the discourse. The salient NP can be identified by applying our linguistic knowledge, syntactic rules, and our real world knowledge, pragmatic principles,. The choice of syntactic structure is conditioned heavily by pragmatic principles. It is believed that response times correspond to the degrees of salience.Sixty international students participated in the experiment. Stimulus sentences were presented with a computer program and response times were recorded in seconds by the computer automatically. A cloze test was given for the measuring of English proficiency.The data collected were analyzed with SPSS-X. The MANOVA was carried out to compare the differences between VO/OV language types, target sentences (transformed and untransformed ones), five types of syntactic constructions, and the interactions ofword order by target sentences, target sentences by syntactic constructions, and L1 word order by target sentences by syntactic constructions. The response times for English proficiency were used as a post hoc variable. Significance was set at .05.The results revealed that there was a significant difference across five syntactic constructions (p < .05). The other tests were not significant. Two important limitations on this study are problems arising out of randomization parameters in the experiment, and the lack of lower level English proficiency subjects.
Department of English

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Oumaziz, Paul. « Une méthode de décomposition de domaine mixte non-intrusive pour le calcul parallèle d’assemblages ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN030/document.

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Les assemblages sont des éléments critiques pour les structures industrielles. De fortes non-linéarités de type contact frottant, ainsi que des précharges mal maîtrisées rendent complexe tout dimensionnement précis. Présents en très grand nombre sur les structures industrielles (quelques millions pour un A380), cela implique de rafiner les modèles localement et donc de gérer des problèmes numé-riques de très grandes tailles. Les nombreuses interfaces de contact frottant sont des sources de difficultés de convergence pour les simulations numériques. Il est donc nécessaire de faire appel à des méthodes robustes. Il s’agit d’utiliser des méthodes itératives de décomposition de domaine, permettant de gérer des modèles numériques extrêmement grands, couplées à des techniques adaptées afin de prendre en compte les non-linéarités de contact aux interfaces entre sous-domaines. Ces méthodes de décomposition de domaine restent encore très peu utilisées dans un cadre industriel. Des développements internes aux codes éléments finis sont souvent nécessaires et freinent ce transfert du monde académique au monde industriel.Nous proposons, dans ces travaux de thèse, une mise-en-oeuvre non intrusive de ces méthodes de décomposition de domaine : c’est-à-dire sans développement au sein du code source. En particulier, nous nous intéressons à la méthode Latin dont la philosophie est particulièrement adaptée aux problèmes non linéaires. La structure est décomposée en sous-domaines reliés entre eux au travers d’interfaces. Avec la méthode Latin, les non-linéarités sont résolues séparément des aspects linéaires. La résolution est basée sur un schéma itératif à deux directions de recherche qui font dialoguer les problèmes linéaires globaux etles problèmes locaux non linéaires.Au cours de ces années de thèse, nous avons développé un outil totalement non intrusif sous Code_Aster permettant de résoudre par une technique de décomposition de domaine mixte des problèmes d’assemblage. Les difficultés posées par le caractère mixte de la méthode Latin sont résolues par l’introduction d’une direction de recherche non locale. Des conditions de Robin sur les interfaces des sous-domaines sont alors prises en compte simplement sans modifier les sources de Code_Aster. Nous avons proposé une réécriture algébrique de l’approche multi-échelle assurant l’extensibilité de la méthode. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à coupler la méthode Latin en décomposition de domaine à un algorithme de Krylov. Appliqué uniquement à un problème sous-structuré avec interfaces parfaites, ce couplage permet d’accélérer la convergence. Des structures préchargées avec de nombreuses interfaces de contact frottant ont été traitées. Des simulations qui n’auraient pu être menées par un calcul direct sous Code_Aster ont été réalisées via cette stratégie de décomposition de domaine non intrusive
Abstract : Assemblies are critical elements for industrial structures. Strong non-linearities such as frictional contact, as well as poorly controlled preloads make complex all accurate sizing. Present in large numbers on industrial structures (a few million for an A380), this involves managing numerical problems of very large size. The numerous interfaces of frictional contact are sources of difficulties of convergence for the numerical simulations. It is therefore necessary to use robust but also reliable methods. The use of iterative methods based on domain decomposition allows to manage extremely large numerical models. This needs to be coupled with adaptedtechniques in order to take into account the nonlinearities of contact at the interfaces between subdomains. These methods of domain decomposition are still scarcely used in industries. Internal developments in finite element codes are often necessary, and thus restrain this transfer from the academic world to the industrial world.In this thesis, we propose a non-intrusive implementation of these methods of domain decomposition : that is, without development within the source code. In particular, we are interested in the Latin method whose philosophy is particularly adapted to nonlinear problems. It consists in decomposing the structure into sub-domains that are connected through interfaces. With the Latin method the non-linearities are solved separately from the linear differential aspects. Then the resolution is based on an iterative scheme with two search directions that make the global linear problems and the nonlinear local problems dialogue.During this thesis, a totally non-intrusive tool was developed in Code_Aster to solve assembly problems by a mixed domain decomposition technique. The difficulties posed by the mixed aspect of the Latin method are solved by the introduction of a non-local search direction. Robin conditions on the subdomain interfaces are taken into account simply without modifying the sources of Code_Aster. We proposed an algebraic rewriting of the multi-scale approach ensuring the extensibility of the method. We were also interested in coupling the Latin method in domain decomposition to a Krylov algorithm. Applied only to a substructured problem with perfect interfaces, this coupling accelerates the convergence. Preloaded structures with numerous contact interfaces have been processed. Simulations that could not be carried out by a direct computationwith Code_Aster were performed via this non-intrusive domain decomposition strategy

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Alcedo, Sami, Stefano Kossuth-Cabrejos, Alejandro Piscoya et Percy Mayta-Tristan. « Factors associated with non-use of condoms in an online community of frequent travellers ». Elsevier B.V, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/338010.

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sami.alcedo@gmail.com
Background Millions of travellers around the world have gathered together into online communities. The objective is to analyse the factors associated with risky sexual behaviour among travellers. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted within an online community of travellers using an online survey; we included travellers who had engaged in sexual activity while on their last trip. Risky sexual behaviour was defined as inconsistent condom use (<100%), and the factors associated were evaluated using the prevalence ratio (PR). Results Of the 468 participants, 245 had sex during their last trip. 59.7% did not consistently use condoms, and one out of every four participants reported never using condoms. Having a travel destination of Latin America or the Caribbean was significantly associated with inconsistent condom use. This association was maintained (PR 1.37, CI 95% 1.06–1.77) after adjusting for gender, age, migration, the presence of travel partners, and the use of drugs and alcohol prior to sexual activity. Conclusion An association was observed between travel destination (specifically Latin America or the Caribbean) and risky sexual behaviour. For this reason, tourists should be educated in STI transmission and regional STI and HIV incidences both before and during their travels; public health systems ought to work together with travel agencies, international airports, etc., in order to distribute this information and ensure a responsible travel experience.
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Baltodano, Egner Charlotte. « The process of transforming human rights practices in Latin America : NGOs and their quest to develop international human rights norms ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78200.

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International lawyers are increasingly interested in studying NGOs ("NGOs") and their influence on state behavior, but few have studied the impact that domestic NGOs can have on transforming and generating international norms. This paper explores the links between Latin American NGOs and their aim of changing international norms into more effective instruments against systematic violations of human rights by states. I will aim to articulate the stages of the processes that NGOs go through to change state behavior.
I decided to write about NGOs and changes to human rights norms because I have dedicated most of my life to trying to eliminate human rights violations in Latin America. To the detractors that insist that such attempts are futile, I would respond that every effort one can contribute to the human rights movement is one step towards the goal of transforming beliefs and principles into real changes to state practices.

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Oliveira, Francisco de. « Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation using non-aligned bilingual corpus in application to Portuguese-Chinese Machine Translation ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636970.

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Lozano-Pozo, Cristobal. « Universal grammar and focus constraints : the acquisition of pronouns and word order in non-native Spanish ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250066.

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Cruz, Catarina Maria Neto da. « The non-existence of perfect 2-error correcting Lee codes of word length 7 over Z ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16660.

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Doutoramento em Matemática
The Golomb-Welch conjecture states that there is no perfect r-error correcting Lee code of word length n over Z for n ³ 3 and r ³ 2. This problem has received great attention due to its importance in applications in several areas beyond mathematics and computer sciences. Many results on this subject have been achieved, however the conjecture has resisted, although its validity has been proved for some particular values of n and r, namely: 3 £ n £ 5 and r ³ 2; n = 6 and r = 2. Here we give a contribution for the proof of the Golomb-Welch conjecture which reinforces it, proving the non-existence of perfect 2-error correcting Lee codes of word length 7 over Z.
A conjetura de Golomb-Welch estabelece que não existem códigos de Lee perfeitos, corretores de r-erros, de palavras de comprimento n sobre Z para n ³ 3 e r ³ 2. Este problema tem recebido particular atenção devido à sua importância em aplicações em várias áreas que não apenas a da matemática e das ciências da computação. Apesar de terem sido obtidos muitos resultados no sentido de provar a conjetura, esta tem resistido estando estabelecida apenas para alguns valores particulares de n e r, nomeadamente: 3 £ n £ 5 e r ³ 2; n = 6 e r = 2. Nesta tese é dada uma contribuição que reforça a conjetura, sendo provada a não existência de códigos de Lee perfeitos, corretores de 2-erros, de palavras de comprimento 7 sobre Z.

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Brouwer, Christian. « Ratio et intellectus : étude terminologique dans le corpus des oeuvres d'Anselme de Canterbury (1033-1109) ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211857.

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Gonzalez, Rodriguez Nancy Patricia. « Innovation and nonmarket strategies in environments with dominant firms| The case of the non-dominant firms in the Latin American telecommunications market ». Thesis, Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Mexico), 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3585549.

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In this dissertation I investigated how non-dominant firms manage their nonmarket environment when they face the presence of firms with strong political and market power. I conducted a case study of the telecommunications market in Mexico, Chile and Uruguay. A total of 52 informants were interviewed including regulatory and legal affairs executives, innovation executives, regulators and government officials, scholars, and consultants. I argue that an institutional framework that imposes barriers for competition in the market through limited access to resources and lack of clarity in the decision-making results in less innovation or innovation at a slower pace. Also, actions taken by the regulatory authorities in favor of competition impose competitive pressures in the market that result in more innovation. The results show that non-dominant firms in these markets develop nonmarket strategies following two strategic perspectives: operational and prospective. These strategies rely on a different set of tactics and rhetoric compared to dominant firms and its effectiveness depend on the characteristics of the institutional environment. This dissertation attempts to provide a better understanding of the competitive industry dynamics helpful for the design and implementation of integrated innovation and nonmarket strategies. Additionally, the results of this study might provide insight for antitrust and industry-specific regulators that aim to incentivize innovation in the market.

Keywords: nonmarket strategies, Latin America, telecommunications market.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Non (The Latin word) »

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