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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Non-Exhaust Emission »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Non-Exhaust Emission"

Guo, Dongdong, Hongyuan Wei, Yong Guo, Chuanqi Wang et Zenghui Yin. « Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles : A review ». E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021) : 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801015.

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According to the source, particulate matter produced during vehicle driving can be divided into exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission. Exhaust emission includes exhaust pipe emission and crankcase emission, while non-exhaust emission includes brake wear, tire wear, road wear and road dust. For a long time, it has been considered that the particulate matter pollution of motor vehicles mainly comes from exhaust emissions, and the control of particulate matter pollution in various countries is mainly concentrated in the tail gas. However, with the continuous tightening of emission standards, the emission of particulate matter has been reduced, but also makes the environmental pollution of non-exhaust particulate matter increasingly prominent. This paper summarizes the research on vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, aiming to emphasize the importance of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions and the necessity of legislation, so as to reduce their contribution to environmental particulate matter concentration.

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Lijewski, Piotr, Jerzy Merkisz, Pawel Fuc, Miloslaw Kozak et Lukasz Rymaniak. « Air Pollution by the Exhaust Emissions from Construction Machinery under Actual Operating Conditions ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (août 2013) : 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.313.

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The paper discusses the problem of exhaust emissions from non-road vehicles. In many cities there are low emission zones for vehicles. Unfortunately non-road engines are excluded from this restriction e.g. construction machinery operates on construction sites, including those located in the said zones. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the exhaust emission tests from an excavator under actual operating conditions. For the tests the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors for the measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and SEMTECH LAM for the measurement of the emission of Particulate Matter. The analyzers provide an on-line measurement of the concentrations of the exhaust components under actual operating conditions. The tests performed under actual traffic conditions provide invaluable information regarding the emission during actual operating conditions. In the paper the authors analyzed the relations between the engine operating parameters, vehicle parameters, road conditions (traffic congestion) and the exhaust emissions. The authors, despite differences in the methodology, also presented a comparison of the obtained results with the currently applicable exhaust emission limits in order to draw attention to this issue in urban areas.

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Charron, Aurélie, Lucie Polo-Rehn, Jean-Luc Besombes, Benjamin Golly, Christine Buisson, Hervé Chanut, Nicolas Marchand, Géraldine Guillaud et Jean-Luc Jaffrezo. « Identification and quantification of particulate tracers of exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n^o 7 (17 avril 2019) : 5187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5187-2019.

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Abstract. In order to identify and quantify key species associated with non-exhaust emissions and exhaust vehicular emissions, a large comprehensive dataset of particulate species has been obtained thanks to simultaneous near-road and urban background measurements coupled with detailed traffic counts and chassis dynamometer measurements of exhaust emissions of a few in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet. Elemental carbon, brake-wear metals (Cu, Fe, Sb, Sn, Mn), n-alkanes (C19-C26), light-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene) and two hopanes (17α21βnorhopane and 17α21βhopane) are strongly associated with the road traffic. Traffic-fleet emission factors have been determined for all of them and are consistent with most recent published equivalent data. When possible, light-duty- and heavy-duty-traffic emission factors are also determined. In the absence of significant non-combustion emissions, light-duty-traffic emissions are in good agreement with emissions from chassis dynamometer measurements. Since recent measurements in Europe including those from this study are consistent, ratios involving copper (Cu∕Fe and Cu∕Sn) could be used as brake-wear emissions tracers as long as brakes with Cu remain in use. Near the Grenoble ring road, where the traffic was largely dominated by diesel vehicles in 2011 (70 %), the OC∕EC ratio estimated for traffic emissions was around 0.4. Although the use of quantitative data for source apportionment studies is not straightforward for the identified organic molecular markers, their presence seems to well-characterize fresh traffic emissions.

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MERKISZ, Jerzy. « On-road exhaust emission testing ». Combustion Engines 146, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2011) : 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117086.

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The paper presents the reasons behind on-road vehicle exhaust emission testing. The latest legislation has been presented in the paper applicable in the EU as well as the research potential of the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport of Poznan University of Technology. The presentation of the results of the on-road tests pertains to passenger vehicles, buses and non-road machinery (construction machinery, tractors) and aircraft. The comparison of the exhaust emissions from different means of transport under real traffic conditions constitutes an important trend included in the normative legislation related to exhaust emissions

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Hicks, William, Sean Beevers, Anja H. Tremper, Gregor Stewart, Max Priestman, Frank J. Kelly, Mathias Lanoisellé, Dave Lowry et David C. Green. « Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Traffic Emissions and the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown at London Marylebone Road ». Atmosphere 12, n^o 2 (31 janvier 2021) : 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020190.

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This research quantifies current sources of non-exhaust particulate matter traffic emissions in London using simultaneous, highly time-resolved, atmospheric particulate matter mass and chemical composition measurements. The measurement campaign ran at Marylebone Road (roadside) and Honor Oak Park (background) urban monitoring sites over a 12-month period between 1 September 2019 and 31 August 2020. The measurement data were used to determine the traffic increment (roadside–background) and covered a range of meteorological conditions, seasons, and driving styles, as well as the influence of the COVID-19 “lockdown” on non-exhaust concentrations. Non-exhaust particulate matter (PM)10 concentrations were calculated using chemical tracer scaling factors for brake wear (barium), tyre wear (zinc), and resuspension (silicon) and as average vehicle fleet non-exhaust emission factors, using a CO2 “dilution approach”. The effect of lockdown, which saw a 32% reduction in traffic volume and a 15% increase in average speed on Marylebone Road, resulted in lower PM10 and PM2.5 traffic increments and brake wear concentrations but similar tyre and resuspension concentrations, confirming that factors that determine non-exhaust emissions are complex. Brake wear was found to be the highest average non-exhaust emission source. In addition, results indicate that non-exhaust emission factors were dependent upon speed and road surface wetness conditions. Further statistical analysis incorporating a wider variability in vehicle mix, speeds, and meteorological conditions, as well as advanced source apportionment of the PM measurement data, were undertaken to enhance our understanding of these important vehicle sources.

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Vogt, M., E. D. Nilsson, L. Ahlm, E. M. Mårtensson et C. Johansson. « The relationship between 0.25–2.5 μm aerosol and CO<sub>2</sub> ; emissions over a city ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, n^o 9 (9 septembre 2010) : 21521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-21521-2010.

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Abstract. Unlike exhaust emissions, non-exhaust traffic emissions are completely unregulated and there are large uncertainties in the non-exhaust emission factors required to estimate the emissions of these aerosols. This study provides the first published results of direct measurements of size resolved emission factors for particles in the size range 0.25–2.5 μm using a new approach deriving aerosol emission factors from the CO2 emission fluxes. Because the aerosol and CO2 emissions have a common source and because the CO2 emission per fuel or traffic amount are much less uncertain than the aerosol emissions, this approach has obvious advantages. Therefore aerosol fluxes were measured during one year using the eddy covariance method at the top of a 118 m high communication tower over Stockholm, Sweden. Maximum CO2 and particle fluxes coincides with the wind direction with densest traffic within the footprint area. Negative fluxes (uptake of CO2 and deposition of particles) coincides with an urban forest area. The fluxes of CO2 were used to obtain emission factors for particles by assuming that the CO2 fluxes could converted to amounts of fuel burnt. The estimated emission factors for the fleet mix in the measurement area are, in number 1.4×1011 [particle veh−1 km−1]. Assuming spherical particles of density 1600 kg/m3 this corresponds to 27.5 mg veh−1 km−1. Wind speed influence the emission factor indicating that wind induced turbulence may be important.

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Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner et Tobias Schripp. « Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle ». Atmosphere 14, n^o 3 (1 mars 2023) : 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.

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Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.

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Gis, Maciej, Jacek Pielecha et Wojciech Gis. « Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests ». Open Engineering 11, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0038.

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Abstract The article compares the exhaust emissions in road conditions of city buses: LNG and Diesel. Both buses met the Euro VI exhaust emission norm. The current strong drive to diversify fuels in Poland and the creation of a large gas port in Świnoujście for LNG imports creates an excellent opportunity to use this fuel, also in road transport. Therefore, the attempt to identify the emission in operation, in first place possible applications, i.e. an LNG bus, comparatively with the emission of a Diesel bus. The operational research carried out concerned such a bus and has not yet been carried out in the country, hence their innovation, also methodological. The conducted research, in particular, was aimed at verifying differences in exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The study was carried out on one urban bus route performing trips on consecutive days in similar environmental conditions. The performed tests were not strictly type approval tests but only used for comparative purposes. Hence, it was necessary to determine the compliance factor for the relevant exhaust gas substances, with the use of an evaluation algorithm based on measurement windows. Based on these results, the assumption regarding compliance with the emission requirements for the tested buses was verified in real traffic conditions. The exhaust emission values (emission indicators) determined in this way did not exceed the permissible emission limit values for carbon monoxide, while for nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons certain exceedances were found.

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RYMANIAK, Łukasz, Paweł DASZKIEWICZ, Jerzy MERKISZ et Michalina KAMIŃSKA. « Methods of evaluating the exhaust emissions from driving vehicles ». Combustion Engines 179, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2019) : 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-448.

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The type approval tests of vehicles with internal combustion engines increasingly include issues regarding the assessment of ecological indicators in real traffic conditions. This is done with the help of specialized equipment from the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group. This requires not only a series of test procedures, but also assembly of technically advanced equipment along with the proper preparation of the vehicles exhaust system. Currently, activities are being carried out to develop solutions for non-invasive assessment of ecological indicators from moving vehicles. The article discusses these types of solutions, at the same time indicating their strengths and weaknesses. Also presented are pollutant emission tests in real operating conditions that will be used to develop a modular exhaust emission gateway. The result of the analysis was to indicate the development directions of methods for exhaust emission assessment from vehicles in motion.

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Vogt, M., E. D. Nilsson, L. Ahlm, E. M. Mårtensson et C. Johansson. « The relationship between 0.25–2.5 μm aerosol and CO<sub>2</sub> ; emissions over a city ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n^o 10 (24 mai 2011) : 4851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4851-2011.

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Abstract. Unlike exhaust emissions, non-exhaust traffic emissions are completely unregulated and in addition, there are large uncertainties in the non-exhaust emission factors required to estimate the emissions of these aerosols. This study provides the first published results of direct measurements of size resolved emission factors for particles in the size range 0.25–2.5 μm using a new approach to derive aerosol emission factors based on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission fluxes. Aerosol fluxes were measured over one year using the eddy covariance method at the top of a 105 m high communication tower in Stockholm, Sweden. Maximum CO2 and particle fluxes were found when the wind direction coincided with the area of densest traffic within the footprint area. Negative fluxes (uptake of CO2 and deposition of particles) coincided with periods of sampling from an urban forest area. The fluxes of CO2 were used to obtain emission factors for particles by assuming that the CO2 fluxes could be directly related to the amount of fuel burnt by vehicles in the footprint area. The estimated emission factor for the fleet mix in the measurement area was, in number 1.8 × 1011 particle veh−1 km−1 (for 0.25–2.5 μm size range). Assuming spherical particles of density 1600 kg m−3 this corresponds to 27.5 mg veh−1 km−1. For particles (0.8–2.5 μm) the emission factors were 5.1 × 109 veh−1 km−1 for number and 11.5 mg veh−1 km−1 for mass. But a wind speed dependence was noted for high wind speeds. Thus, for wind speeds larger than 9 m s−1, as measured in the tower at 105 m (U105), the emission factor for particle number and mass was parameterised as: Ef (Number, 0.8–2.5 μm) = (6.1 ± 1.7)109 U105 −50 ± 188 and Ef (Mass, 0.8–2.5 μm) = (20 ± 12) U105 − 171 ±122.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Non-Exhaust Emission"

Babaie, Meisam. « Reduction of diesel engine exhaust emissions using non-thermal plasma technology ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81593/1/Meisam_Babaie_Thesis.pdf.

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising candidate for controlling engine exhaust emissions. Plasma is known as the fourth state of matter, where both electrons and positive ions co-exist. Both gaseous and particle emissions of diesel exhaust undergo chemical changes when they are exposed to plasma. In this project diesel particulate matter (DPM) mitigation from the actual diesel exhaust by using NTP technology has been studied. The effect of plasma, not only on PM mass but also on PM size distribution, physico-chemical structure of PM and PM removal mechanisms, has been investigated. It was found that NTP technology can significantly reduce both PM mass and number. However, under some circumstances particles can be formed by nucleation. Energy required to create the plasma with the current technology is higher than the benchmark set by the commonly used by the automotive industry. Further research will enable the mechanism of particle creation and energy consumption to be optimised.

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MANCINI, ALESSANDRO. « Physico-Chemical Characterization of Emissions from Braking Operation ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/402444.

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La tesi esplora le correlazioni fra composizione chimica del particolato emesso in frenata e alcuni fattori quali: i) le combinazioni di materiali che compongono l'interfaccia tribologica; ii) le condizioni di guida; iii) le frazioni dimensionali in cui vengono prodotti i particolati
This thesis reports on the correlations between the compositional features of the particulates produced by brakes and several determining or modulating factors, such as: i) The starting material composing the friction couple; ii) the driving conditions; and iii) the dimensional fractions in which the particulates are generated and emitted.

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Wan, Abu Bakar Wan Azelee. « Non-noble metal environmental catalysts : synthesis, characterisation and catalytic activity ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262524.

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Lundberg, Joacim. « Non-Exhaust PM10 and Road Dust ». Licentiate thesis, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222155.

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Non-exhaust PM10 is an issue in the urban environment linked to health issues. Emissions of non-exhaust PM10 is relatable to pavement properties. Also of importance is resuspension of road dust stored from surfaces. This depends on the traffic and metrological conditions. Given this, the purpose of the thesis was to give an overview limited to Sweden and the Nordic countries regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust. The overview includes how particles are related to human health. Also included is the principle of how particles are emitted from road surface and tyre interaction, both directly and through resuspension of road dust. This thesis also includes an overview of how the use of studded tyres impact on asphalt surfacings and how the properties of the materials used impact on the abrasion wear. This is then linked to the emissions of non-exhaust particles. Further described is how measurements can be done of ambient particles and road dust, followed on two major models for road abrasion wear and non-exhaust PM prediction. Also included is how road operation, e.g. traction sanding and dust binding, influence the particle emissions together with other options to reduce the emissions through, e.g. limiting the use of studded tyres. One special issue discussed in this thesis is the lack of holistic view regarding the environmental problems in the urban environment with focus on particle emissions and road noise emissions, both from the road surface and tyre interaction. Currently the most problematic issue is prioritized and the resulting solution to that specific problem might increase other problems. This thesis shows that much knowledge is available regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust, but also that several knowledge gaps exists. Several suggestions on further studies is given together with a brief overview on the continued work forward from this thesis.
Icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 är ett problem i urbana miljöer länkat till flera hälsoaspekter. Dessa emissioner kan relateras till beläggningars egenskaper. Även resuspension av vägdamm från ytor är av betydelse och beror på både trafiken och meterologin. Baserat på detta är syftet med denna avhandling att ge en översikt kring icke-avgas PM10 emissioner och vägdamm, begränsat till Sverige och de övriga nordiska länderna. Denna översikt inkluderar hur partiklar relaterar till människans hälsa. Annat som inkluderas är hur partiklarna emitteras från vägyta-däckinteraktionen, både direkt och genom resuspension av vägdamm. Avhandlingen inkluderar även en översikt kring hur användandet av dubbdäck inverkar på vägbeläggningar och hur dess egenskaper inverkar på nötningsslitage. Detta länkas därefter till partikelemissioner. Vidare beskrivs även hur mätningar kan genomföras av partiklar samt vägdamm vilket följs upp av beskrivningar kring två större modeller kring prediktion av nötningsslitage och prediktion av icke-avgasemissioner. Även hur driftåtgärder inverkar på emissionerna tillsammans med alternativ för att minska emissionerna tas upp. Ett särskilt problem som tas upp i avhandlingen är bristen på helhetssyn beträffande miljöproblem i den urbana miljön med fokus på partikel- och bulleremissioner från vägyta-däckinteraktionen. För närvarande brukar det värsta problemet prioriteras och lösningen till det detta problem kan i sin tur medföra att andra miljöproblem istället förvärras. Denna avhandling visar på att mycket kunskap existerar kring icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 och kring vägdamm, men även att flertalet kunskapsluckor existerar. Flertalet förslag på vidare studier ges tillsammans med en överblick kring det fortsatta arbetet.

QC 20180202

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Lindgren, Magnus. « Engine exhaust gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery : effects of transient load conditions / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a481.pdf.

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Nagendran, Vinay. « Characterization of exhaust emissions from catalyzed trap-equipped non-road heavy-duty diesel engines ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3166.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 143 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-129).

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Mathissen, Marcel [Verfasser]. « Development of experimental methods to investigate non-exhaust particle emissions from a light duty vehicle / Marcel Mathissen ». Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029857660/34.

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Clairotte, Michaël. « Impact of fuels and exhaust aftertreatment systems on the unregulated emissions from mopeds, light and heavy-duty vehicles non réglementées des scooters, voitures et camions ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20164/document.

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Le secteur du transport joue un rôle majeur dans le changement climatique et la pollution atmosphérique. Parmi les secteurs d'origine anthropique, le transport routier est considéré comme le premier contributeur au réchauffement climatique, due notamment aux émissions de CO2, de précurseurs d'ozone, et d'aérosols carbonés (carbone noir). De plus, les émissions liées au transport routier telles que les oxydes d'azote (NOx), l'ammoniac (NH3), les carbonyles volatiles, les hydrocarbures gazeux, et les aérosols, contribuent à la dégradation de la qualité de l'air.Le but de cette étude était d'approfondir l'état des connaissances en termes de facteurs d'émissions associés au transport, pour les polluants en phases gazeuse et solide. Un intérêt particulier a été apporté sur l'influence des systèmes de post-traitement des gaz d'échappement, et de la qualité du carburant, sur les émissions d'espèces réglementées et non-réglementées. Des campagnes de mesure ont été menées sur différentes catégories de véhicules dans le laboratoire d'étude des émissions (VELA) du centre commun de recherche de la commission Européenne (JRC-EC) à Ispra, en Italie. La flotte de véhicules choisie comprenait des camions (moyens et poids lourds), des voitures et des deux-roues formant un ensemble représentatif des véhicules circulant en Europe. En plus des carburants classiques, essence et diesel, les véhicules ont été alimentés avec des carburants alternatifs tels que le bioéthanol, et le gaz de pétrole liquéfié. Les émissions en phase gazeuse ont été mesurées par spectroscopie infra-rouge à transformé de Fourier (FT-IR; pour les composés azotés, les carbonyles volatiles et les petits hydrocarbures), par spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol après ionisation multi-photonique résonnante (REMPI-ToF-MS; pour les hydrocarbures aromatiques mono et polycycliques), par spectromètrie de masse haute résolution à temps de vol dédié à l'analyse des aérosols atmosphériques (HR-TOF-AMS; pour les aérosols organiques), et par photométrie d'absorption multi-angle (MAAP; pour le carbone élémentaire).Parmi les véhicules étudiés, les scooters ont été les plus gros émetteurs d'aérosols organiques primaires et d'hydrocarbures mono et polycycliques. De plus, le système de post-traitement des gaz d'échappement étudié pour le scooter le plus récent (conforme à la réglementation Euro 2) pourrait être responsable d'émissions importantes d'aérosols organiques. Concernant les voitures, et en particulier celles équipées de moteurs à allumage par étincelle, la plupart de leurs émissions intervenaient en début de cycle, avant que la température d'amorçage du pot catalytique soit atteinte. Ces émissions liées au démarrage à froid du véhicule pouvaient masquer les effets bénéfiques des carburants alternatifs en terme d'émissions de précurseurs d'ozone. Finalement, les camions étaient les plus gros émetteurs de suie (carbone élémentaire) et de NOx. Malgré le fait que plusieurs systèmes de retrofit se sont montrés particulièrement efficaces pour réduire les émissions des polluants réglementés (particules et NOx) de ces véhicules, certains d'entre eux produisaient des quantités significatives de NH3. Ce projet a permis de collecter des informations précieuses pour l'élaboration de la législation relative au développement d'un transport durable en Europe
Transport sector plays a key role in global warming and air pollution. Among the anthropogenic sectors, on-road transport is recognized as the first contributor to global warming, mainly due to its emission of carbon dioxide, ozone precursors and carbonaceous aerosols. In addition, on-road transport contributes to the deterioration of air quality by releasing nitrogen oxides, ammonia, carbonyls, hydrocarbons and aerosols. However, the current European legislation of vehicles emissions focusses on a limited number of pollutants, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge about the emission factors of gas phase and particle-associated emissions from vehicle exhaust. The impacts of aftertreatment devices and fuel quality on regulated and unregulated species were studied. Several sampling campaigns with different types of vehicles were conducted in the vehicle emission laboratory (VELA) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) Ispra, Italy. The vehicles chosen were representative of some categories circulating in Europe (heavy duty vehicles, light duty vehicles, two-stroke mopeds), and either standard fuel or some alternative fuels (ethanol and liquefied petroleum gas) were used. The gas phase was monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (carbonyls, nitrogen-containing species, small hydrocarbons), and a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The particulate phase was analyzed by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (organic aerosol, chloride, nitrate), and a multiangle absorption photometer (black carbon). The mopeds were found to have the higher emission factors of primary organic aerosol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While efficient to reduce the regulated emissions, the after-treatment used to comply with the moped Euro 2 emission standard might be responsible of large emission of unregulated organic aerosols. Most of the emission linked to the gasoline light duty vehicles were released before the light-off of the catalyst. Whereas alternative fuels studied helped to reduce ozone precursor emissions, the emissions associated to the cold start of the vehicle reduced this beneficial effect. Finally, the heavy duty diesel vehicle featured the highest NOx and black carbon emissions. Despite efficient retrofit and after-treatment systems (for particles and NOx), these vehicles could release significant amount of NH3. These results provided valuable insights for the drafting of legislation related to the achievement of sustainable transport in Europe

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SU, NAI-WEN, et 蘇廼文. « The Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission of The Internal Combustion Engine by Using Non-Thermal Plasma on The Dissociation of Water Molecules ». Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bp43h6.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
工業工程與管理系
107
This project is discussing with air-assisted combustion device including an non-thermal plasma (NTP) system and water vapor injection system to get a cooling effect by way of thermoelectric module. Using NTP reactor to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen ions from gaseous water molecules making the engine produces to get a combustion-supporting effect, and other gaseous water molecules can also absorb the high heat of the engine. This experiment provides three gaseous water molecular models including water vapor (25 oC), water vapor (25 oC) + NTP, and water vapor (5 oC) + NTP to compare with the original system exploring the effects of engine and exhaust emission of the engine. From the results of this paper , the effect of gaseous water molecules on this experiment is as follows: 1. High rpm (7000 rpm) can improve engine performance at any air-fuel ratio. 2. The gaseous water molecules may cause engine knocking and cause no significant changes in engine performance 3. The combustion-supporting effect makes the gasoline in the engine more burning that the hydrocarbon emissions in exhaust emissions can be effectively reduced. 4. The gaseous water molecules increase engine combustion efficiency and cause combustion temperature increasing that the nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust emissions increase. 5. At different air-fuel ratios, it can be known that the water vapor (25 °C) + NTP can help the engine performance, the HC emissions are also relatively reduced, and the combustion-supporting effect causes the NOX emissions increasing.The effect of gaseous water molecules from the results of this paper on this experiment is as follows: 1.High rpm (7000 rpm) can improve engine performance at any air-fuel ratio. 2.The gaseous water molecules may cause engine knocking and cause no significant changes in engine performance 3.The combustion-supporting effect makes the gasoline in the engine to more burn that the hydrocarbon emissions in exhaust emissions can be effectively reduced. 4.The gaseous water molecules increase engine combustion efficiency and cause combustion temperature increasing that the nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust emissions increase. 5.At different air-fuel ratios, it can be known that the water vapor (25 °C) + NTP can help the engine performance, the HC emissions are also relatively reduced, and the combustion-supporting effect causes the NOX emissions increasing.

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Livres sur le sujet "Non-Exhaust Emission"

Engineers, Society of Automotive, et International Fall Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition (1999 : Toronto, Ont.), dir. Non-thermal plasma for exhaust emission control--NOx, HC, and particulates. Warrendale, PA : Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999.

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Dabill, D. W. Controlling and monitoring exposure to diesel engine exhaust emissions in non-coal mines. London : HSE Books, 2004.

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Non-Thermal Plasma for Exhaust Emission Control : Nox, Hc, and Particulates (S P (Society of Automotive Engineers)). Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 1999.

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Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport. OECD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en.

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Amato, Fulvio. Non-Exhaust Emissions : An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Non-Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport : An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2020.

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Amato, Fulvio. Non-Exhaust Emissions : An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health ; Impact and Mitigation Measures. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Non-Exhaust Emission"

Shin, Hyesop, et Mike Bithell. « Exposure to Non-exhaust Emission in Central Seoul Using an Agent-based Framework ». Dans Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 343–54. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92843-8_26.

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Aitouche, Abdel, Raouf Mobasheri, Xiang Li, Jun Peng, Chris Barnett, Uwe Bernheiden, Peter Dooley, Klaus Bieker, Ahmed El Hajjaji et Robin Pote. « River Project, An Innovative Way to Reduce Pollution on Riverboats ». Dans Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 906–15. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_80.

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AbstractConsidering the EU environmental standards for non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), reducing pollutant emissions from inland waterway vessels is becoming increasingly important. The RIVER research project aims to find solutions to achieve nitrogen-free combustion in waterways transportation systems while also emitting zero CO2 emission. RIVER addresses these issues using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology and Oxy-fuel combustion (OFC). The project is co-financed by the European Union, as part of the Interreg North-West Europe program. There are ten partners involved in this project (FR, UK, GE, NL, LU). In OFC technology, pure oxygen is used instead of air. Due to the absence of N2 in the intake charge, NOx emissions will be eliminated. Consequently, the only products of combustion are CO2 and water vapor. To have a stable combustion process and avoid overheating problems caused by using pure oxygen, some part of the exhaust CO2 will be recirculated to the engine to create an oxygen-CO2 mixture for being fed into the engine. A detailed CFD simulation carried out in this project has revealed that 21% oxygen and 79% carbon dioxide is the ideal mixture for the engine to run at maximum efficiency. The remaining CO2 from the exhaust is collected. It is then condensed, compressed, and stored in a tank to be valorized later. It will be transformed into cosmetics, skincare products, and formic acid. These types of acids are used by the medical sector as an anti-rheumatic product. River's final demonstration will take place in Crewe, UK in July 2022.

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Danner, Christof, et Andreas Pein. « Preview on Future Developments of Non-exhaust Emissions ». Dans Proceedings, 497–513. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64550-5_29.

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Danner, Christof, et Andreas Pein. « Preview on Future Developments of Non-exhaust Emissions ». Dans Proceedings, 31–41. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33466-6_3.

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Vouitsis, Ilias, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Christos Samaras et Zissis Samaras. « Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport ». Dans Energy and Environment, 385–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119307761.ch25.

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Belkacem, Ines, Ali Helali, Salah Khardi et Khalifa Slimi. « Predicting of Particle Non-exhaust Emissions Based on Real-Time Measurements ». Dans Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 527–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14615-2_59.

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Kupiainen, Kaarle, Ana Stojiljkovic, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Niko Karvosenoja, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Leena Kangas, Mari Kauhaniemi, Bruce Denby et Otto Hänninen. « Characteristics and Mitigation of Vehicular Non-exhaust Particle Emissions in Nordic Conditions ». Dans Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 211–16. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_33.

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Sivalingam, Sivakumar, Anbarasan Baluchamy, Vignesh Asokan et Yogesh Vaidhyanathan. « An Experimental Assessment of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Exhaust Emissions of a Non-road Genset Diesel Engine Fueled with Aloevera Emulsified Diesel Fuel ». Dans Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 205–23. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0244-4_21.

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Gramstat, Sebastian. « Technological Measures for Brake Wear Emission Reduction ». Dans Non-Exhaust Emissions, 205–27. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811770-5.00010-8.

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Denier van der Gon, Hugo, Jan Hulskotte, Magdalena Jozwicka, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen et Antoon Visschedijk. « European Emission Inventories and Projections for Road Transport Non-Exhaust Emissions ». Dans Non-Exhaust Emissions, 101–21. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811770-5.00005-4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Non-Exhaust Emission"

Praticò, Filippo G., et Paolo G. Briante. « Particulate Matter from Non-exhaust Sources ». Dans 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.622.

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Air pollution is an important issue worldwide. Solid components in air (particulate matter, PM) originate from a variety of natural or anthropogenic sources and have different morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Their presence in the air also depends on meteorological conditions, such as humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. PM pollution has adverse effects on environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important to address sources and processes involved in PM generation. Among the existing sources, a special attention must be paid to PM emissions from road traffic, i.e., exhaust sources (e.g., fuel combustion) and non-exhaust sources (e.g., road, tyre, brakes). These traffic-related sources contribute to PM concentrations in cities, and this calls for research into new possible systems and/or mitigation measures. In light of the facts above, the objectives of this study are 1) To evaluate the contribution to PM emission from traffic-related sources. 2) To evaluate existing mitigation measures and to identify new ones to reduce PM production. First results show that: 1) Non-exhaust sources have a different role in PM generation and they differently affect PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1. 2) Even if emissions-related regulations have led to reductions in exhaust emissions from road traffic, other mitigation measures could reduce the non-exhaust part of emissions (e.g., brakes wear, road wear, and tyre wear). 3) New technologies could be developed to reduce PM from non-exhaust sources.

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Hilton, Moira, Alan H. Lettington et Chris W. Wilson. « Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions Monitoring Using Non-Intrusive Infrared Spectroscopy ». Dans ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-180.

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Infrared (IR) spectra of the exhaust emissions from a static gas turbine engine have been studied using Fourier Transform (FT) spectroscopic techniques. Passive detection of the infrared emission from remote (range ∼ 3 m) hot exhaust gases was obtained non-intrusively using a high spectral resolution (0.25 cm−1) FTIR spectrometer. Remote gas temperatures were determined from their emission spectra using the total radiant flux method or by analysis of rotational line structure. The HITRAN database of atmospheric species was used to model the emission from gas mixtures at the relevant temperatures. The spatial distribution of molecular species across a section transverse to the exhaust plume −10 cm downstream of the jet pipe nozzle was studied using a tomographic reconstruction procedure. Spectra of the infrared emission from the plume were taken along a number of transverse lines of sight from the centreline of the engine outwards. A mathematical matrix inversion technique was applied to reconstruct the molecular concentrations of CO and CO2 in concentric regions about the centreline. Quantitative measurements of the molecular species concentrations determined non-intrusively were compared with results from conventional extractive sampling techniques.

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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade et Carsten Schilde. « Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester ». Dans EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.

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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer

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Suryawanshi, J. G. « Emissions and Performance on a Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester Fueled Diesel Engine With Retarded Injection Timing ». Dans ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64302.

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Injection timing variations have a strong effect on NOx emissions for direct injection diesel engines. Retarded injection is commonly used to control NOx emissions. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of jatropha oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. In the present investigation neat jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) as well as the blends of varying proportions of jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) and diesel were used to run a CI engine with standard injection timing and retarded injection timing. Significant improvements in engine performance and emission characteristics were observed for JME fuel. The addition of JME to diesel fuel has significantly reduced HC, CO, and smoke emissions but it increases the NOx emission slightly with standard injection timing. The NOX emission was decreased with retarded injection timing with negligible effect on fuel consumption rate. Similar trend in brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature was observed with retarded injection timing while maximum cylinder gas pressure and ignition delay was decreased.

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Kwon, Sangil, Sung-Woo Kim, Ki-Ho Kim, Youngho Seo, Mun Soo Chon, Daesik Kim, Sungwook Park, Hyun Gu Roh, Hyun Kyu Suh et Suhan Park. « Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Excavator With 6.0 Liter Diesel Engine in Real Work Conditions ». Dans ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9777.

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The purpose of this study is evaluate emission characteristics, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM), of excavator with Tier-4f level diesel engine in the real work conditions. The test excavator has an engine power of 124 kW at an engine speed of 1800rpm, and it has various after-treatment devices, such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), to reduce the engine-out emissions. The emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), and NOx, were measured by portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The PEMS device conducted a correlation analysis with the emission bench on the engine dynamometer before being used to measure the real-work to confirm the reliability of the equipment. The tests were carried out in four categories: idling, driving, excavations and flattening. It revealed that the average power output for each operation mode was higher in the order of flattening, excavation, and drive. On average, those are higher than that for the non-road transient cycle (NRTC) certification mode as 1.5 to 1.9 times. It may be determined that the power output is higher in conditions where there are more boom and bucket movements than the movement of the vehicle itself. In emission analysis, NOx and HC emission in driving mode are higher than other two modes: excavation and flattening. The real time NOx have been low in most test conditions, but large quantities of NOx have been released due to the deactivation of the SCR catalyst during cold start period or immediately after the non-working.

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Caren, R. P., J. A. Ekchian, G. J. Roth, J. S. Cowart et L. B. Noordzij. « Reduction of Exhaust Emission from a Stoichiometric Engine Using Non-Thermal Plasma Generated by a Corona Discharge Device ». Dans International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3636.

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Nie, Xueyuan, Ran Cai, Jingzeng Zhang et Jimi Tjong. « Alumina-coated Brake Discs with Intention for Reduced Non-exhaust Emission and Increased Ride Comfort of Electrical Vehicles ». Dans EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/5555629eb2021-mds-002.

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Regenerative brake, disc coatings or pad formulations with new tribology aim to avoid generating brake wear particulates on one hand. On the other hand, vacuum and filter systems aim to collect the particulate matter for disposal. This paper will briefly describe the non-exhaust emission (NEE) and corrosion issues of brake systems of electrical vehicles (EV). The methods reported for NEE reduction will then be concisely reviewed. A new cost-effective coating technology, called PEA (plasma electrolytic aluminating), will be particularly presented in this talk for fighting NEE where alumina-coatings are prepared on commercial cast iron brake discs. Brake dynamometer test results show the coatings can increase friction levels and reduce wear for both brake discs and pads. The coatings can greatly increase corrosion/rust resistance. A car test also shows that the coated discs can reduce the braking distance and make wheel rims much cleaner. The better driving comfort and modulation should result from more consistent friction forces and less stick-slip problems during each brake event, which is a very important performance factor for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems of EV. It is expected that the coated discs may last as long as the lifespan of passenger cars. Therefore, the sapphire coatings would benefit the brake system in terms of better sustainability and environmental friendliness.

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Honc, Randell L., Steven G. Fritz, Michael B. Schell, Andrew Tarnow et Adam Bennett. « Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a 1,125 kW Multiple Genset Switcher Locomotive ». Dans ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1515.

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Conventional switcher or shunting locomotives in North America are powered by a single Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) 12 or 16 cylinder 645E engine which operate at eight distinct power levels, plus idle, at engine speeds ranging from 250 to 900 rpm, and power ratings of 1125 to 1500 kW. The individual power (notch) settings are weighted according to an established duty cycle to obtain overall fuel consumption and exhaust emission rates. Recently introduced locomotive power systems utilize multiple smaller displacement non-road diesel engines packaged as individual generator sets to obtain a cleaner and more efficient locomotive. This paper compares exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a conventional switcher locomotive with a single large displacement engine to that of a repowered locomotive utilizing three 345 kW generators.

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Said, Ahmed O., Ahmed E. E. Khalil, Daniel Dalgo et Ashwani K. Gupta. « Impact of Oxygen Enriched Air on High Intensity Combustion and Emission ». Dans ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49037.

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The influence of oxygen enriched air-methane flame under non-premixed and premixed fuel-lean combustion conditions is examined with focus on the emission of NO and CO, combustor exit temperature (Texit), and distribution of OH* chemiluminescence intensity. A cylindrical combustor was used at combustion intensity of 36MW/m3.atm and heat load of 6.25 kW. Results are also reported with normal air (21% oxygen). Oxygen enrichment provided stable combustion operation at lower equivalence ratios than normal air and also reduced CO emission. Increase in oxygen concentration from 21% to 25% and 30% increased the NO and decreased CO emissions at all equivalence ratios examined. Using 30% O2 enriched air in premixed case showed NO emissions of 11.4 ppm and 4.6 ppm at equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Oxygen enrichment also reduced CO emission to 38 ppm at equivalence ratio of 0.5. Operating the combustor with normal air at these equivalence ratios resulted in unstable combustion. OH* Chemiluminescence revealed increased chemiluminescence intensity with the reaction zone to shift upstream at increased oxygen concentration. The exhaust temperature of the combustor increased with oxygen enrichment leading to lower CO concentration and increased combustion efficiency. The oxidizer injected at higher velocities mitigated the impact of reaction zone to move upstream that helped to reduce significantly both the NO and CO emission specifically under non-premixed combustion.

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Ge, Bing, Shu-sheng Zang, Peiqing Guo et Yin-shen Tian. « Experimental Study of Nitrogen Dilution Effects on a Double-Swirled Non-Premixed Syngas Burner ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2012 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68929.

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The development of integrated, coal-gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems provides cost-effective and environmentally sound options for meeting future coal-utilizing power generation needs in the world. The combustion of gasified coal fuel significantly influences overall performance of IGCC power generation. This study focuses on investigating the nitrogen dilution effects on a double-swirled non-premixed syngas flame. As the references, investigations on the H2 and CO double-swirled flames with N2 dilution are presented. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of OH-radical measurement is adopted to identify main reaction zones and burnt gas regions. Together with temperature and emission measurement during exhaust section, some important characteristics of the syngas flame are overall investigated. Experimental result shows that syngas flame root near the burner exit demonstrates double flame front structure. The existence of N2 expands the flame opening angle and enlarges the main reaction zone, and it may lead to lower NO emission and higher CO emission in exhaust gas.

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