Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nikikai (Japan) »

Dmitry S. Polyansky (1917-2001) is known as one of the CPSU and USSR leaders. He combined his membership in the Politburo of the Communist Party (1960-1976) with the posts of Russian PM, the Deputy and First Deputy Chairman of the all-union Government, the Soviet Minister of Agriculture (1958-1976). Later Polyansky served a SU ambassador in Japan and Norway (1976-1987). As a politic and state activist he was involved to number of odious events: the transfer of the Crimean Oblast (1954), the defeat of the Anti-Party Group (1957), the “Ryazan affair” (1960), the “Novocherkassk massacre” (1962), the Nikita S. Khrushchev’s

The public of the West learned about the activities of the outstanding Soviet intelligence agent Richard Sorge immediately after the end of the Second World War, thanks to the assessments of his activities in American sources. In the USSR, he became widely known only in 1964 thanks to Nikita Khrushchev. The article shows that the combination of personal and professional qualities of Sorge, ideological motivation allowed him to achieve outstanding results in intelligence activities. It is noted that under his leadership, illegal residencies in China, and then in Japan, received unique intelligence information, which helped the leadership and military command of the USSR to make informed political and military-strategic decisions. Richard Sorge was one of the most prominent intelligence officers in the history of the intelligence services. The authors describe facts that characterize the daily work of an intelligence officer: how he headed residencies in extremely difficult countries for work, successfully managed agent networks, personally conducted recruiting work, collected important intelligence information, analyzed it and prepared reports to Moscow. The organization of networks led by Sorge has been studied by many foreign intelligence services and has consistently been highly rated. In publications dedicated to Sorge, two approaches to creating his image are clearly traced, which is noted by the authors of the article. The first approach presents him as the archetype of a movie hero, agent and super spy, receiving classified information in alcoves and restaurants. It is designed for the general reader and first appeared in the West. Another image, partially ideologized and propagandistic, spread in the USSR and East Germany. He presented Richard as a knight of the revolution without fear or reproach. In this article, the authors made an attempt to create a real and objective assessment of his activities, in particular in Japan. The authors of the article, using Western and new Russian sources, have chosen the method of historical psychology in order to represent the way of thinking of this outstanding person and connect it with his actions in leading the group entrusted to him.

This interview is dedicated to the establishment of Russo-Korean relations, including negotiations between the first Korean official embassy led by Min Yonghwan and Foreign Minister Prince Alexey B. Lobanov-Rostovsky in June 1896 in St. Petersburg, which took place after the end of the coronation celebrations in Moscow. Important agreements were reached during these negotiations. The interview is related to the interests of Prince Nikita D. Lobanov-Rostovsky, a descendant of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Alaxey B. Lobanov-Rostovsky, author of the “Response Points to the Korean Ambassador” following the negotiations. The interview assessed the activities of Prince Alexey B. Lobanov-Rostovsky at the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Particular attention is paid to the intensification of Russian policy in the Far East and counteraction to Japan in this region. The role of Minister Lobanov-Rostovsky in organizing the diplomatic pressure by the three European great powers, led by Russia, on Japan, in defense of the integrity of the Chinese Empire and preventing the annexation of Chinese possessions and Korea to it, is emphasized. It is shown that the efforts of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, led by Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky, contributed to strengthening the independence of Korea and the fight against Japanese dominance and strengthening Russian influence in Korea. The measures he took to protect the King of Korea and his heir are noted. The reasons for the transfer of the Korean king to the Russian diplomatic mission are explained and the first Korean embassy to Russia is assessed. The progress of the negotiations in St. Petersburg is covered as well. The “Response Points to the Korean Ambassador” are given and assessed as having created the preconditions for further strengthening Russia’s position in Korea and countering Japan’s new offensive there. Russia’s refusal to establish its protectorate in Korea is explained.

Background Chrysanthemum is a popular ornamental and medicinal plant that suffers from many viruses and viroids. Among them, chrysanthemum virus B (CVB, genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexiviridae) is widespread in all chrysanthemum-growing regions. Another carlavirus, chrysanthemum virus R (CVR), has been recently discovered in China. Information about chrysanthemum viruses in Russia is very scarce. The objective of this work was to study the prevalence and genetic diversity of CVB and CVR in Russia. Methods We surveyed the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) germplasm collection in the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Russia. To detect CVB and CVR, we used RT-PCR with virus-specific primers. To reveal the complete genome sequences of CVB and CVR isolates, metatransciptomic analysis of the cultivars Ribonette, Fiji Yellow, and Golden Standard plants, naturally co-infected with CVB and CVR, was performed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The recombination detection tool (RDP4) was employed to search for recombination in assembled genomes. Results A total of 90 plants of 23 local and introduced chrysanthemum cultivars were surveyed. From these, 58 and 43% plants tested positive for CVB and CVR, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis confirmed the presence of CVB and CVR, and revealed tomato aspermy virus in each of the three transcriptomes. Six near complete genomes of CVB and CVR were assembled from the RNA-Seq reads. The CVR isolate X21 from the cultivar Golden Standard was 92% identical to the Chinese isolate BJ. In contrast, genomes of the CVR isolates X6 and X13 (from the cultivars Ribonette and Fiji Yellow, respectively), were only 76% to 77% identical to the X21 and BJ, and shared 95% identity to one another and appear to represent a divergent group of the CVR. Two distantly related CVB isolates, GS1 and GS2, were found in a plant of the cultivar Golden Standard. Their genomes shared from 82% to 87% identity to each other and the CVB genome from the cultivar Fiji Yellow (isolate FY), as well as to CVB isolates from Japan and China. A recombination event of 3,720 nucleotides long was predicted in the replicase gene of the FY genome. It was supported by seven algorithms implemented in RDP4 with statistically significant P-values. The inferred major parent was the Indian isolate Uttar Pradesh (AM765837), and minor parent was unknown. Conclusion We found a wide distribution of CVB and CVR in the chrysanthemum germplasm collection of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, which is the largest in Russia. Six near complete genomes of CVR and CVB isolates from Russia were assembled and characterized for the first time. This is the first report of CVR in Russia and outside of China thus expanding the information on the geographical distribution of the virus. Highly divergent CVB and CVR isolates have been identified that contributes the better understanding the genetic diversity of these viruses.

Pengguna media sosial di Indonesia terus berkembang dari tahun ke tahun. Artikel ini mencoba mengkaji penggunaan bahasa berkaitan dengan semantic extensions dalam komentar netizen pada akun instagram dua orang artis Indonesia yaitu, Anya Geraldine (@anyageraldine) and Nikita Mirzani (@nikitamirzanimawardi_172). Metode yang digunakan ialah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semantic extensions (perluasan makna) terjadi dalam komentar netizen pada akun sosial media Instagram artis Indonesia. Perluasan makna ini kemungkinan besar terjadi sebagai akibat dari perkembangan teknologi dan jaman yang semakin pesat. Netizen sebagai pengguna bahasa juga ikut terpengaruh dengan keadaan yang terjadi di sekelilingnya. Selain itu, perluasan makna juga menunjukan bahwa bahasa memang bersifat statis dan tidak bersifat dinamis. Terdapat beberapa keistimewaan yang dimiliki oleh bahasa yakni, bahasa dapat hidup dan berkembang terus apabila bahasa tersebut terus digunakan oleh penggunanya dan bahasa dapat berubah maknanya seiring kehendak penggunanya. Dengan kata lain, tidak ada batasan dalam bahasa yang artinya bahasa mampu berkembang dan berubah sesuai dengan keperluan penggunannya. Fenomena perluasan makna ini juga merupakan salah satu contoh yang konkrit bahwa bahasa memang mengalami perkembangan dan bahasa bersifat arbiter.

Fig mosaic virus (FMV) (genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae) is considered the etiological agent of fig mosaic disease (FMD) that is recorded in most of the fig growing areas with an average global infection rate of 33%. The multipartite FMV genome is comprised of six negative monocistronic ssRNAs, each of which is separately encapsidated (Preising et al. 2020). Although FMD-like symptoms, which include mosaic, chlorotic ringspots, and oak leaf patterns, were observed in approximately a third of 400 fig accessions in the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Russia (Mitrofanova et al. 2016), FMV has not been identified as the causal agent of the disease. In June of 2020, total RNA was isolated from symptomatic leaves of 59 thirty two-year-old trees representing 31 local and 27 introduced Ficus carica L. cultivars and a single F. pseudocarica Miq. tree using RNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, USA). FMV was tested by RT-PCR using primer sets E5 (Elbeaino et al. 2009) and EMARAVGP (Walia et al. 2009), which amplify a 302-bp fragment of RNA1 and a 468-bp fragment of RNA2, respectively. PCR products of the expected sizes were generated in all samples, indicating a high FMV incidence in the plantings. The genome sequences of FMV isolates from F. carica cvs. Bleuet, Kraps di Hersh, Smena, Temri, and F. pseudocarica (Fig. S1) were determined by high-throughput sequencing on MiSec Illumina platform. Double-stranded RNA was isolated from FMV-positive leaves using Viral Gene-spin™ Viral DNA/RNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON, Korea), followed by cDNA library preparation with the NEBNext® Ultra™ II RNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs, USA). In average, 695,000 quality-filtered 150 bp pair-ended reads per a library were produced and used in a de novo assembly using metaSpades program version 3.14 (Nurk et al. 2017). In each of five samples, BLASTn analysis found six FMV-related contigs. The contigs spanned 99 to 100% of corresponding genomic segments of the most closely related isolates. In addition to FMV, fig cryptic virus-related contigs were also detected in some samples. The FMV contigs covering RNA1 to RNA6 had the highest identity to corresponding genomic segments of isolates AM941711 (96.5 to 96.6%), FM864225 (94.4 to 94.6%), FM991954 (97.9 to 98.2%), AB697863 (96.4 to 96.6%), AB697879 (93.3 to 93.4%), and AB697895 (95.4 to 97.0%), respectively. Five Russian isolates shared 99.2 to 100% nucleotide sequence identity, depending on the genomic segment. Their sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MW201216 to MW201230 and MW208662 to MW208676. Phylogenetic analysis of six ORFs showed that ORF1 to ORF3 and ORF6 of the Russian isolates clustered with FMV isolates from Italy while ORF4 grouped with the isolate JTT-Pa (AB697863) from Japan (Fig. S2). ORF5 of the Russian isolates formed a separate cluster with the isolates SB1 and SB2 from Serbia and JTT-Vi from Japan (AB697879 to AB697884). Incongruency of phylogenetic relationship among the genomic segments suggests reassortment among ancestors of the Russian FMV isolates. In addition, similar to the SB1, SB2 and JTT-Vi, ORF5 of the Russian isolates encodes a protein of 486 amino acid (aa) residues in contrast to the corresponding protein of Italian isolates consisting of 502 aa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of FMV in Russia. This finding not only expands the information on the geographical distribution of FMV, but also extends knowledge on F. pseudocarica as a natural host of the virus.

Abstract This chapter examines the Soviet government’s efforts to spread the ideology of communist revolution in Asia, and then to establish the USSR as a more conventional Pacific great power. The discussion traces events in the immediate post-revolutionary period, when a Far Eastern Republic was established and Japan invaded Russian territory; the period following World War II when Joseph Stalin attempted but failed to realize fully his ambitions for Soviet expansion into China, Japan, and Korea; tensions with China and the Far East military buildup under Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; concluding with Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika reforms of the late 1980s. Soviet influence in the Asia Pacific was constrained by geopolitical realities, political institutions, economic practices, and foreign policy norms, many of which can be traced back to pre-revolutionary times. Key limiting factors included the Kremlin’s preoccupation with military power, a perception of the Russian Far East as a distant and vulnerable frontier, the autarkic and flawed economic model of central planning, Soviet inability to find a niche within the Asian economic miracle, and the traditional Russian position as a land power centered on the Eurasian continent.

Abstract The changes now taking place in the Soviet Union are as yet little understood in the West. Often they are dismissed as cosmetic or, at most, as representing a change of style. Indeed, the style of Soviet politics, particularly of the top leader, has changed in certain respects. Mikhail Gorbachev’s political manner—more open than that of any previous General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party apart from Nikita Khrushchev—impresses many thinking Soviet citizens, including those who had little time for a Brezhnev or a Chernenko. This is a fact of no small importance. Nevertheless, style is no substitute for solutions to some of the Soviet Union’s pressing problems, as Gorbachev himself well knows. It is the very seriousness of these problems that will serve to stimulate policy changes. In foreign policy, Gorbachev was the legatee of bad relations with the United States, poor relations with Western Europe and Japan, uneasy relations with Poland’s rulers (not to mention with Polish and several other East European societies), and only marginally improving relations with China. He inherited a war in Afghanistan and—not the least of his problems—the Reagan administration.