Articles de revues : « New business enterprises – European Union countries »

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Şchiopu, Ruxandra. « Business Digitization in the European Union ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2020) : 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0037.

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AbstractDigitalization nowadays can stretch in all aspects of the functioning of a business. Therefore, given the available technologies, the speed at which businesses merge with the digital world dictates the comparative advantage a like company can harness over its competition. However, integrating digital means into businesses can come at a considerable cost. Moreover, this creates a dichotomy between digitalizing an already existing and thriving company functioning on traditional channels and the creation of new fully digitalized enterprises. This paper aims at revealing the relevancy of digitalization in the business world by evaluating the cost efficiency of going digital or starting digital across economic sectors for enterprises in the European Union from 2017 onwards.The argument of designing a business from scratch in an automated and smart digitalized style is much more comprehensive in a connected globalized world. The intricacies stretch far beyond the pure digital and business areal since most transactions happen internationally. The borderless approach creates a demand for all aspects of a business to work cohesively. Therefore, business operations such as accounting, legal actions, storage, delivery, and marketing must be corroborated with business operations as they are conducted in an increasingly digitalized manner. Through analyzing secondary data, statistics and case studies about the level of business digitalization across sectors in the European Union, this paper targets to reveal witch are the fast evolving sectors in terms of digitalization for businesses and the most effective way in which digitalization creates increased value for business. The countries of the European Union experience different levels of digital technology integration, it peaks in Denmark while, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland are situated at the other end of the spectrum. Manufacturing is the sector with the least amount of digital updates across the sample while communications, computer programing, travel agencies, and accommodation services surge in the digital arena. There is a direct correlation between the size of the company and its propensity to exploit opportunities in digital transformation. However there is a new aspect of the speed at which small mainly digital companies acquire acumen and therefore profit. This paper synthesis the fastest growing digitalized sectors in the European Union and highlights opportunities for old and new businesses.

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Stanković, Jelena J., Ivana Marjanović, Sandra Milanović et Milica Jovanović Vujatović. « DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS : THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci : časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics : Journal of Economics and Business 40, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.2.329.

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Since economic theory identifies new enterprises as one of the basic drivers of economic growth, it brings to the forefront the need to understand the existing dynamics of entrepreneurship. Consequently, the identification of the basic entrepreneurship’s determinants is a central issue from both a theoretical and a practical point of view in contemporary literature. A better understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship is a basic precondition for creating effective policies aimed at encouraging the creation of new companies, and consequently, the creation of new jobs. Therefore, this paper addresses several important issues. From the theoretical standpoint, the role of entrepreneurial determinants in creating a new business is examined. From a practical standpoint, the basic formal institutional factors influencing the birth rate of new companies are analyzed. The analysis was conducted on a sample of European Union countries for the period from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business database, as well as data on business dynamics from the Eurostat database. A panel data regression analysis using the fixed-effects estimation procedure with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors was conducted, and the results indicate that the dynamics of new enterprises’ foundation are negatively affected by the total tax burden, as well as the cost of property registration, while the amount of initial capital required to open a business has a positive impact. The results of the research can serve as a basis for fine-tuning policies that will facilitate and encourage the creation of new enterprises.

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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel et David Rodeiro-Pazos. « Effects of governance on entrepreneurship : European Union vs non-European Union ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 28, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2018) : 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.

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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru et Anna Kant. « Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union ». SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021) : 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.

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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.

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Matuszyk, Anna. « Szanse i zagrożenia sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw wobec przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n^o 54 (25 novembre 2004) : 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.54.31.

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The process of integration with European Union means lots of changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises. They must adjust to norms and standards that are obligatory in EU. Polish market became a part of uniform European market. This situation forced economic entities to start adaptation processes to new conditions. Small and medium enterprises, that are the basis of economy, are particularly sensitive for changes in business environment. Their special needs should be taken into consideration. Majority of Polish entrepreneurs are satisfied with joining European Union. They lead business with countries that are members of EU.

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Shchetinina, K. I. « Green Economy in Hotel Business of EU Countries ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 1(28) (28 février 2013) : 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-254-259.

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Tourism today is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The article gives a brief review of a new economic paradigm and development model: a green economy. It shows how green investment in European tourism sector can contribute to economically viable and robust growth, decent work creation and poverty alleviation, while improving resource efficiency and minimising environmental degradation. Much of the economic potential for green tourism is found in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which need better access to financing for investing in green tourism. Investments and policies of European Union government can leverage private sector actions on green tourism.

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Sieradzka, Katarzyna. « Innovativeness of enterprises in Poland ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n^o 7 (2013) : 2729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072729.

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At a time of huge economic challenges, innovativeness is perceived as a way of overcoming difficulties, fostering and assuring socio-economic growth of particular countries. It is necessary to improve competitive standing of enterprises both in domestic and international economies. Launching of new or improved products, application of state of the art technologies and of new organisational and management solutions are key to enhanced effectiveness and better competitiveness of enterprises. Innovation standards of Polish enterprises are considerably lower than those of businesses operating in countries of the old European Union, therefore so much attention is paid to these issues.This paper undertakes to analyse innovative activities of enterprises in the Polish economy.Based on the report ‘Innovation Union Scoreboard’, a comparative analysis of Poland’s innovation standards in relation to other member states of the European Union is conducted, levels and structure of financial spending on innovative activities incurred by Polish industrial enterprises are discussed using statistics published by the National Office for Statistics and Ministry of Economy.

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Otavová, Milena, et Jana Gláserová. « The Impact of Changes in Accounting Regulations on Agricultural Entities and Their Business Accounts Since 2016 ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, n^o 2 (2017) : 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020689.

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Financial accounting in the European Union is harmonized through directives. In 2013 Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and the Council was issued. It aims to improve the performance of micro and small entities by reducing their administrative burden. The primary requirement of the Directive is to introduce entity size classification. The paper identifies the impact of the transposition of the Directive on the size distribution of agricultural enterprises in the V4 countries and some other countries of the European Union using data from the Amadeus database. In the Czech Republic obligations which are part of financial reporting are determined for agricultural enterprises and their impact on fundamental accounting principles is detected. The implementation of the Directive in the Czech Republic significantly influenced valuation, accounting for and specially reporting of inventories of a company’s own activity and capitalization, which are typical for agricultural enterprises. A comparison of the regulation effective until the end of 2015 with the new regulation showed the impact on the amount of profit and turnover, which are also quantified. The degree of harmonization with IAS/IFRS is also examined.

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Staicu, Daniela. « Policy framework and legal forms of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2017) : 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0093.

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AbstractIn Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives that in the past had been either discouraged or had become part of the Communist state system, and opened new pathways to entrepreneurial initiatives. The 1990s was an open window to the creation of a significant number of non-profit organizations, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. When these countries became members of the European Union, the process of legal institutionalization of social enterprises started to be discussed and has taken place at various stages. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the policy frameworks and the legal forms and of social enterprises in eight countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The research seeks to determine the extent to which the development of national policy frameworks influences the development of legal forms under which social enterprises operate. For the purpose of this analysis, data were collected from relevant to this subject country reports, studies, laws released between 2009 and 2016. The research shows that European social enterprises are often ‘hidden’ among existing legal forms either as associations and foundations with commercial activities, cooperatives serving general or collective interests and mainstream enterprises pursuing an explicit and primary social aim. Further research needs to be done to determine the potential for growth of entities operating as associations and foundations with commercial activities. Furthermore, the research concluded that the countries with specific laws on social entrepreneurship generate 61 % of the social economy activity in Central and Eastern European countries. Further research needs to be done to determine if introducing a social enterprise specific legal form, will stimulate the development of the business models under which social enterprises operate and implicitly growth.

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Czerwonka, Leszek, et Jacek Jaworski. « Capital structure and its determinants in companies originating from two opposite sides of the European Union : Poland and Portugal ». Economics and Business Review 8 (22), n^o 1 (2022) : 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.1.3.

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The aim of the paper is to identify differences in enterprises’ capital structure and its determinants in Poland and Portugal. The research applies statistical methods to the financial data of 22,775 Polish enterprises and 36,625 Portuguese enterprises for the years 2010–2017. The research results show that: (i) despite several years of ongoing economic integration in the EU differences in enterprises’ capital structure in old and new countries of the community still exist, (ii) in Portugal representing the old EU enterprises are more likely to use debt than in Poland being an emerging EU economy, (iii) in Polish enterprises, tangibility, profitability, liquidity and non-debt tax shield exert a negative impact on debt; while growth and size have a positive impact; in Portugal tangibility and a non-debt tax shield show the opposite, (iv) in both countries industry growth decreases indebtedness of enterprises while financial risk results in higher debt; in addition, in Portugal the capital intensity of industry increases the share of debt in capital structure.

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Piekut, Marlena. « Comparison of R&D Expenditures in Selected Countries ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, n^o 3 (2 novembre 2013) : 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0021.

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This paper analyzes the level of innovation expenditures and R&D fund sources in selected countries of the world in the period of 2000 – 2010. The issues presented indicate significant differences between the discussed countries with respect to the factors analyzed. The European countries at the top were apparently Finland, Denmark and Sweden. High R&D expenditures, with a significant share in business enterprise sector, and a large number of patent applications reflected on the strong economic growth in these countries. The level of R&D investments in these countries was sometimes greater than in the USA or Japan. Dynamic growth in both R&D and patent activity has also been observed in South Korea. Special attention has been paid in this paper to the new European Union members – Central Eastern European Countries. Among this group of countries Slovenia definitely had the highest position, where R&D expenditures were the largest and the structure of R&D funds by source reflected a businessdominance type. Estonia, Czech Republic and Hungary were the countries ‘catching up’ – where growth in R&D expenditures has been observed as well as better dynamics of growth and higher patent activity. Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Latvia had relatively disadvantageous situations in respect of R&D development and the innovative activity of business enterprises.

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Arkhipova, M. Yu, et A. A. Cherviakova. « The Role of Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Innovation Development of the Real Sector of Economy : Economic and Statistical Study ». Voprosy statistiki 29, n^o 3 (6 juillet 2022) : 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-3-26-45.

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The aim of the economic and statistical study presented by the authors is the evaluation of the role of small manufacturing enterprises in innovation development of real sector of Russian economy. Compared to developed countries, Russia is characterized by a relatively low innovative activity of small industrial enterprises, as well as by their smaller contribution to employment and to the increase of living standards of the population. At the same time, small industrial enterprises have the highest potential for innovation growth, especially in high-tech economic activities. The similarity of small enterprises’ definition in Russia and in the European Union, the magnitude of innovative activity of small enterprises in Europe, and the development of instruments to support innovative companies make studying the European experience in stimulating the innovative activity of small enterprises in the real sector of the economy in order to adapt it to domestic practice relevant.The authors reveal the potential areas of innovative activity growth for small manufacturing enterprises on the basis of foreign experience as well as develop recommendations on support for small entrepreneurship in industrial sector. The research is based on Community Innovation Survey (CIS), national reports of European countries on the topic, the federal statistical surveys № 4 and № 2-MP provided by the Federal State Statistics Service.The study revealed key drivers of European small enterprises’ innovative activity: well-developed cooperation with other organizations, substantial investment in R&D, broad coverage of small business enterprises with support measures. Best European practices of small enterprises’ innovative activity and the analysis of the main barriers of Russian small enterprises’ innovative activity allowed to define the promising directions for supporting small business the real sector of economy of Russia: developing modernization programmes for enterprises, extending the access to borrowed financial sources, developing cooperation ties between small business enterprises. The authors highlighted growth points of innovative activity of small manufacturing enterprises that can be taken into account while developing support measures in order to increase small business’ innovative activity, create new jobs and provide population employment.

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Słowik, Anna. « Management of intellectual property in polish companies ». Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 18, n^o 2 (30 juin 2017) : 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2927.

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The aim of this article is to present the methods of intellectual property management in Polish enterprises. It highlights the strategies of commercialisation of enterprises by using only their own capital and knowledge resources, and by using the capital and knowledge resources of their business partners. It also identifies examples of companies which, in accordance with the introduced system of intellectual property management successfully implement new technologies by which they achieve better financial results. The article shows the low level of innovativeness of Polish entrepreneurs in relation to other member countries of the European Union and indicates its causes.

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Mol-Gómez-Vázquez, Ana, Ginés Hernández-Cánovas et Johanna Koëter-Kant. « Do foreign banks intensify borrower discouragement ? The role of developed European institutions in ameliorating SME financing constraints ». International Small Business Journal : Researching Entrepreneurship 38, n^o 1 (3 août 2019) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242619868231.

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The growing activity of foreign banks in most European countries may increase financing constraints by intensifying the problem of borrower discouragement. We provide new evidence of this association by analysing a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in 25 developed and developing European countries. We find that financing constraints increase with foreign banks for those SMEs operating in countries where the share of banking assets owned by foreign banks is above 34%. Our results also show that borrower discouragement may decrease, or increase less, with the presence of foreign banks for SMEs operating in countries with high income, with cheap debt enforcement mechanisms, or having a private bureau that provides credit information about firms and individuals. These results suggest that unification towards better institutions needs to occur in Europe before the banking union progresses to a more open banking system.

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Hadad, Shahrazad. « The geographic distribution of Knowledge Economy (KE) within the European Union (EU) ». Management & ; Marketing 13, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 1089–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0025.

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Abstract The business environment is reshaped by knowledge economy which has taken both competitiveness and doing business to a whole new level. Because knowledge economy plays a key role in the creation of welfare it has been classified as an important reliable indicator for comparing world’s economies. The present paper highlights the geographic distribution of knowledge economy at the level of the European Union by means of factorial analysis. Factor analysis, a well-known statistical clustering technique, has been applied on the 28 EU countries (seen in our study as random variables) with an a priori fixed number of two factors. On each variable, the realisations are given by the scores (normalized between 0 and 1) registered for year 2012 on 12 key Knowledge Economy (KE) indices. The resulting factor structure is compared to the standard geographical grouping of EU countries (NorthWest-SouthEast) in present KE literature. SPSS software has been used for the statistical analysis. The highest correlations attained were in terms of the Global Competitiveness Index, World Happiness Index, R&D expenses signifying that they could also act as predictors in evaluating the status of the knowledge economy of a particular country, whereas weaker correlations can be spotted for enterprises selling online, electric energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and others. In the future, the same relationship can be tested to see whether the influences have changed, in the light of new available data.

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Ravšelj, Dejan, Polonca Kovač et Aleksander Aristovnik. « Tax-Related Burden on SMEs in the European Union : The Case of Slovenia ». Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, n^o 2 (1 mars 2019) : 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0024.

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Abstract Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are very important for the European economy. However, SMEs often encounter various barriers, whereby tax-related barriers are perceived as the most burdensome that affects their business operations and entrepreneurial activity in general. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to identify SMEs perception on current state and measures to be carried out in order to reduce respective red tape. Second, it tries to establish the relationship between burdens imposed by tax policy and entrepreneurial activity. Using hierarchical cluster analysis and descriptive statistics two different datasets are analyzed for the European Union (EU) and Slovenia separately. The results provide evidence that tax burden is less influential than tax administrative burden among EU countries by considering their impact on new business density and total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Additionally, the results for Slovenia reveal that the need for a stable tax system, with IT and procedurally related measures are highlighted.

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Burlacioiu, Cristina. « Online Commerce Pattern in European Union Countries between 2019 and 2020 ». Societies 13, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2022) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc13010004.

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The development of information technology, along with the high growth and diversification of consumer needs, has revolutionized the way in which business-to-consumer transactions occur. All this progress was boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic period in a different manner in each EU country, depending on different local aspects. The main goal of this paper is to determine the key characteristics of e-commerce in European Union countries in a pandemic context, based on Eurostat Digital Economy data for 2019–2020. Therefore, for an easier visualization, based on PCA, using 27 analyzed variables, new unique dimensions were revealed: 1. heavy online purchasers, 2. triggers for embracing digital purchasing, 3. perceived barriers against buying online (privacy concerns, security, or not having a card), 4. dynamics of online interaction with public authorities, and 5. enterprise online sharing. Moreover, clustering techniques set four groups of countries with different online commerce patterns that might require attention, according to their specificities, both from a government level and from a business perspective. Special attention is paid to Romania, which has one of the biggest e-commerce industries in Southeastern Europe, but with the share of e-commerce in total retail still quite low, despite this great increase. The models of other countries could be important in helping Romania to catch up with the most successful economies in terms of e-commerce.

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Werner, R., et R. Zuzák. « Favourable and unfavourable aspects in the process of small enterprise establishment in the Czech Republic ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 11 (1 mars 2012) : 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5356-agricecon.

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Countries associated in the European Union pay great attention to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, however, the member states are concerned that following the EU enlargement strong migration flows on the part of new members are likely to occur. Therefore, it is in the interests of the member states to learn whether the citizens of candidate countries are internally motivated to run their own businesses and whether suitable conditions have been created, i. e. whether there are any factors negatively affecting the establishment of small enterprises. To this end, an extensive survey was carried out in the Czech Republic aimed at the above mentioned issues and at identifying favourable and unfavourable factors in the process of small enterprise establishment in transition economies, using the Czech Republic as an example. 

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Spremo, Tihomir, et Jelena Mićić. « SMALL ENTERPRISES : KEY SOURCE OF EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ». ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 1, n^o 11 (4 mai 2016) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1511063s.

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Small enterprises, within the market economy, are initiators of economic development and an important part of every national economy. Due to the nature of private property, entrepreneurial spirit, flexibility and adaptability, as well as their potential to react to the challenges and turbulences in the environment, small businesses give a special contribution to economic growth and higher employment. Entrepreneurship and small business represent a significant and fundamental source for creation of new jobs and expansion of new business practices by providing a significant contribution to economic growth. This applies both to small businesses in the Republic of Srpska and the ones that are located anywhere in the world. The role of small enterprises is especially important in transition countries. During the global economic crisis, small businesses have, both in developed economies, and in the Republic of Srpska and BiH as a whole, proved to be resilient, although this period was characterized by a very poor business environment. The importance of entrepre-neurship and small firms in developing national economies are often the subject of professional and empirical discussion. However, recent developments have further confirmed the views that small businesses, in dealing with all the negativities of poor business environment in times of crisis, more quickly adapt to changes compared to larger enterprises and companies. This quality of small enterprises gives enough reason to pay special attention to the theoretical and practical aspects of this phenomenon, in order to make appropriate business decisions and implementation of development policy as a more efficient model for faster economic development of the national economy. The subject of this paper is to define the importance of small businesses in the economic growth of developed and developing countries. Through researching analyses, this paper examines the role and importance of small enterprises in economies of the European Union (EU) member states and the Republic of Srpska and BiH, especially regarding its influence on the employment growth and added value in a period of economic crisis and post-crisis years. This paper aims to explore and emphasize the interdependence between growth of small firms and new added values, reviewing economic development and employment in both developed and economies in transition. This paper attempts to present the importance of effects of analyzed economic indicators as a result of small enterprises in two separate periods (the period of global crisis and post-crisis period) and provide guidance and recommendations to policy makers on economic role of small firms in macroeconomic stability of the economy.

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Mukhoryanova, Oksana, Larisa Kuleshova, Nina Rusakova et Olga Mirgorodskaya. « Sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy ». E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021) : 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125006008.

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This paper aims at investigating the predisposition leading to the sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy, especially the sharing economy. This area represents a new field since the research of the impact of the sharing economy on small enterprises is still in its infancy. We study the role of the entrepreneurial approach and entrepreneurial philosophy of the small business with regard to the digitalization and the sustainable development and growth using examples from the European Union and the United States. Some common features and trends are derived and the outcomes are discussed. Our results point at the fact that by creating an economy for micro-entrepreneurs, the sharing economy thrives on traditional industry disrupted by technology. Since micro-enterprises constitute a backbone of the economy in many developed and developing countries, more research is required to shed the light of the sustainable development of these types of enterprises in the globalized and digitalized world.

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Gawel, Aleksandra. « International Trade in the High-Tech Sector—Support or Obstacle to Start-Up Processes at the Macro Level in European Union Countries ? » Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, n^o 5 (10 juin 2021) : 1877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050105.

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High-tech internationalization touches on two aspects impacting entrepreneurship: openness of the economy and its level of innovativeness. Both of them might positively or negatively affect the process of new company creations, as suggested by the concept of entrepreneurial regime with creative destruction or by the concept of routinized regime with creative accumulation. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of high-tech internationalization on the start-up process of new company creation. Cluster analysis and panel modeling for European Union countries in 2009–2018 were conducted. The research results distinguish clusters of European Union countries with a different level of high-tech internationalization. The impact of high-tech internationalization on start-up rates is significant in the case of both clusters; however, it is stronger in the cluster of countries with a relatively higher level of high-tech international openness. The high-tech intra-EU import and extra-EU high-tech export negatively affect the rate of new enterprise creation in both clusters. Additionally, extra-EU import in clusters with a relatively higher level of high-tech internationalization also negatively impacts start-up rates. The only aspect supporting the start-up process is the level of intra-EU export in clusters with higher levels of high-tech internationalization. The results suggest that in European Union countries, creative accumulation is the dominant phenomenon.

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Zdráhal, Ivo, et Věra Bečvářová. « The issues how to express the concentration processes in European agriculture ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n^o 7 (2013) : 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072951.

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The paper deals with one of the current problems of the agrarian economics and policy, and this approaches to the definition, measurement and interpretation of farm size, as one of the key indicators of evaluation the processes shaping the entrepreneurial structure in the current agribusiness. The results of research into causation factors and processes shaping the business structure of modern agriculture are presented there. It evaluates approaches to express the magnitude of company and its explanatory power in the context of the selected evaluation criteria of the processes and phenomena. It deals with the potential risks of a narrow criterion-oriented agricultural policy in terms of strategy and fulfillment of role allocation and distribution in order to support of enterprises in today’s business environment. The basic trends in the farm size structure in the member countries of the European Union are evaluated including their impact of the significance of individual size segments and their share of the output sector. In this context it evaluates and compares the results of the analysis of developments in business structures in the old and new EU Member States.

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Urumov, T. « Support of SMEs Exports in USA and EU ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 6 (2015) : 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-6-39-47.

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The article is devoted to consideration and comparative analysis of the governmental support to small-medium enterprises’ (SMEs) export activities in the USA and the leading countries of the European Union such as Germany, France and United Kingdom. This question deserves to be considered because of a number of reasons. Support of exporting activities helps small and medium enterprises to increase their presence in the foreign markets, to find new business partners, and to develop deeper forms of economic interaction. State support is very important especially for those SMEs which either are not very experienced in exporting activities or just enter into the new foreign markets. The author analyses the most important features and particularities of SME’s exporting activities’ support in the countries under consideration. It is pointed out that in the USA there are at least five official institutions that provide a wide range of support to SMEs’ exporting activities. US government pays a lot of attention to enterprises which are only going to enter foreign markets mainly through pre-export support and short-term crediting. According to the author’s conclusions, the European approach to support of SMEs’ exporting activities is somewhat different. Each European country has also several institutes that provide such support. The main point is the priority of the innovative component in the exporting activities of SMEs and of stimulation their technological development. Finally, the author proposes a comparative analysis of forms of SMEs’ export support. Two principal models of national systems of support to SMEs’ exporting activities are described.

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Oriekhova, T. V. « IMPACT OF THE TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE EUROPEAN UNION COMPETITIVENESS ». Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ : Ekonomìka 11, n^o 22 (2021) : 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2021-11-22-5-17.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the development of the potential of the transport and logistics industry on the competitiveness of EU countries. In the work, a retrospective analysis of the formation of the unified transport policy of the EU is carried out. Using statistical methods of analysis and official information sources, the specifics of the modal distribution of domestic freight transport of the EU countries, its national and international components, were investigated. Based on data from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum, the dependence of international competitiveness and the development of transport sector indicators on the accession of some countries to the common market of the European Union was analyzed. Conclusions were made about the need for innovative approaches to the formation of a unified transport policy of European states, based on the principles of sustainable development. The common transport policy is the central pillar of the single market in the European Union, which is extremely important for ensuring the free movement of people, services and goods. In addition, the transport sector makes a significant contribution to the EU's economic prosperity, accounting for around 9 percent of European gross value added. The multiplicative effect of this contribution can be measured in several directions, such as the accessibility index, the transport infrastructure index, the reduction of emissions and noise levels, the growth of employment and labor supply, the growth of GDP per capita, productivity, the density of new business, the number of enterprises, the inflow of FDI, export of goods and services and, finally, a decrease in the market price. Finally, infrastructure development is one of the basic factors that ensure the country's global competitiveness rating, which is proven by the examples of several new EU member states. The challenges facing the European transport sector today require a comprehensive review. For example, the goal of complete decarbonization of transport can only be achieved with the help of zero-emission mobility, which avoids the transport policy of finding new innovative approaches. Integration into the European transport network TEN-T can bring Ukraine almost 4.5 billion dollars investments until 2030.

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Safonchyk, Oksana, et Konstiantyn Vitman. « PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n^o 4 (29 octobre 2019) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.

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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.

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DZHEDZHULA, Olena, et Lyudmyla VOLONTYR. « DIGITALIZATION AS THE MAIN FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN THE EU COUNTRIES ». 3, n^o 3(57) (28 septembre 2021) : 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-3-13.

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The article considers the main trends in the development of the hospitality industry market in the European Union. The analytical review of scientific sources allowed to single out among them the following: deepening of specialization of hotel and restaurant offers; creation of international hotel and restaurant chains; development of a network of small enterprises; introduction of new computer technologies in the hospitality industry; training of highly qualified personnel. The contradiction between the urgent need for innovation in the hospitality business highlights the problem of introduction of new computer technologies in the hospitality industry and the appropriate training of highly qualified personnel. The main directions of digitalization as the basis of innovations introduced in the hospitality industry are determined: technologies of pattern recognition (face); use of robots, virtual companions, equipment of rooms with «smart» equipment, use of modules such as «Online supermarket tours». The classification of world innovations in the hotel business by types, innovations and significance for the development of the hospitality business is offered. Among the innovations are informational and marketing types. Informational innovations are related to the Cloud Hotel Automation System, the Cloud Hotel Management Service, the Hotel Booking Service, the creation of a WOW-effect for customers, etc. An analysis of the training of specialists for the hotel and restaurant business in European countries that are able to ensure the digitalization of the hospitality business is conducted. The peculiarities of professional training of managers in higher education in Switzerland, which ranks first in the top 10 of best hospitality schools in the world, are considered. Due to the analysis, recommendations are formulated for the training of the specialists of hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine, which focus on quality of practical training of students through long internships in leading hotels in Ukraine and abroad, attracting future professionals to work on innovative projects, creating high-tech learning environments in universities.

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Baruk, Jerzy. « The Volume and Dynamics of Domestic Expenditures on Research and Development in the European Union ». Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations 38, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minib-2020-0025.

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Abstract In the article, whose construction is of theoretical and empirical nature, the author attempted to achieve the following objectives: 1) identification and critical assessment of expenditures on research and development (GERD index), expressed in euro per inhabitant, incurred by statistical units concentrated in the sectors: business enterprises, government, higher education, private non-profit organizations and jointly in all sectors in countries members of the European Union. The level and dynamics of these expenditures are treated as an indirect measure of senior management’s involvement in creating R&D policy and efficient management in R&D phases; 2) an attempt to verify theses that R&D expenditures are variable and diversified in EU Member States, which indicates the lack of a rational R&D policy focused on the systematic generation of new knowledge materialized in innovations providing customers the expected value in a systemic way; 3) developing models of innovative R&D activities management. To develop the article, research methods are used, such as: critical-cognitive analysis of literature, statistical-comparative analysis of Eurostat’s empirical secondary material, projection method. The level of the GERD meter indicates a significant differentiation of R&D expenditure in individual sections of the analysis. The member states of the old EU had relatively higher outlays for this purpose compared to the new member states.

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Tymoshyk, D. D., L. L. Hrytsenko et Ya S. Kovalev. « Small and Medium Entrepreneurship : Ukrainian and World Experience ». Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, n^o 2 (2020) : 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.88.07.

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The article considers the concept of small and medium enterprises in the process of economic thought formation. The task of the work is to determine and analyze the state of small and medium business in Ukraine and abroad. For this, the definitions of foreign and national scholars are outlined and their own understanding of the term is formulated. A comparative and quantitative analysis of enterprises was conducted on the basis of data collected by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, and a positive increase in enterprises for the period 2014-2018 was revealed. In addition, the main approaches to the division of enterprises into types according to different classification criteria due to the Ukrainian economic system and the standards of the European Union, which fundamentally differ from the division system in the United States, are studied. At the same time, the indicators of small and medium-sized enterprises of the USA and European countries are considered, that allows us to say that the largest percentage of the contribution to GDP belongs to the small and medium-sized enterprise sector. The described features of SMEs in comparison with other types of enterprises determine the importance of SMEs as a stable and self-sufficient sector of the economy which requires support from government regulation. The urgency of research on the topic of SMEs is primarily dictated by the need to summarize the previously studied layers of this topic, the emergence of new reforms and Ukraine’s desire to improve the economic system and bring it to the world level. Economic development depends not only on internal policy principles, but also on external factors influencing the state of the world economy. The beginning of 2020 made the leaders of the world community think about the principles of maintaining economic indicators during the trigger caused by the coronavirus pandemic and the collapse of oil prices, and therefore it is natural to implement programs to support small and medium enterprises during the global recession.

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Übius, Ülle, Ruth Alas et Tiit Elenurm. « IMPACT OF INNOVATION CLIMATE ON INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL FACTORS IN ASIA AND EUROPE ». Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, n^o 1 (22 février 2013) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.642081.

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Organisation climate plays an important role for the innovation of an organisation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate connections between the innovation climate and individual and organisational level factors. Surveys were conducted among Japanese, Chinese, Estonian, Czech and Slovakian enterprises. Linear regression analysis was conducted. The results of an empirical study show that the innovation climate predicts differently some individual and organisational level factors in studied countries. Two innovation climate facets – commitment and freedom predict individual level factors– attitude toward the firm in all 5 countries. In two studied Asian countries, Japan and China, commitment predicts meaning of work and job satisfaction whereas in all three new European Union member states some links between facets of the innovation climate and individual meaning of work and job satisfaction were missing. Although individual job satisfaction and meaning of work in is still shaped by to some extent different mechanisms in studied countries, implications of the innovative climate for organisation are more similar, at least in industries that are influenced by rapid technological development and globalization.

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Bahrs, Enno. « Proposal for a more efficient subsidy system for organic farming : Potential use of the tax system within the European Union ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, n^o 3 (septembre 2005) : 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf200484.

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AbstractAgricultural enterprises that are run on ecological principles receive, in some countries, higher levels of financial support from the European Union (EU) than other agricultural businesses. The aim is to provide an incentive for businesses to adopt organic farming systems, a change desired by both politicians and society. However, with a fixed system of support payments based on land area, increasing the proportion of farms being run organically leads directly to higher costs of subsidies for the EU and the individual countries. This becomes especially true if enterprises with large land areas, high turnover and high income are converted to organic farming methods. Because financial resources within the member states are in very short supply, a modification of the current system of subsidies would seem to be necessary in the near future. The aim of any new system should be to reduce profit windfalls without making a drastic reduction in the incentive effect of the current system. At the same time, businesses that can run along these lines on a sustainable basis should be especially supported. This requires an increased level of individual assessment of the potential of the subsidized enterprises in relation to their cost–performance ratio for organic agricultural production. In this connection, a partial change to profit-based tax systems can be used as an effective instrument for co-financing. The method used to calculate profits for tax purposes, which varies from state to state, can be used to assess the performance and success of the organic farmer. Tax-free allowances or reductions in tax rates could be used to provide a selective subsidy method. The ability to relate subsidies to performance, thereby reducing windfall profits, is not the only advantage of using the tax system for this purpose. Another advantage is the low transaction costs. Using the example of the offsetting of profits between time periods, it will be shown here that the tax system can be used as an additional instrument for subsidization. The existing methods of subsidy can only be supported in this way, not completely substituted.

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Shkarupa, O., et P. Kucherenko. « STATE REGULATION OF SCALING INNOVATIONS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE AND THE EU ». Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, n^o 2 (2020) : 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-24.

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The article examines the implementation of innovations in industrial enterprises, as well as their sources of funding in Ukraine and Europe. The role of innovation infrastructure as a driver of economic development of national and regional economy due to the formation of a holistic goal to scale innovation and the relationship of various stakeholders involved in innovation, the formation of the investment environment. The paper identifies problems and areas for improving innovation in the regions of Ukraine and the motives for implementing new projects. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the development of innovation in the regions of Ukraine and in order to identify strategic instruments of state regulation for the development and scaling of innovations, identified and described the shortcomings and conditions for the development of innovation infrastructure. Based on the study of statistical reporting of Ukraine and European countries, it is determined that the improvement of innovation policy and competition of enterprises is possible with the implementation of new technologies for the production and implementation of innovative services in different regions of the country. It is established that the indicators of development and scaling of innovations in the regions of Ukraine have a steady trend, which affects the destructive processes in the country, and funding such an important component of innovation development as research aimed primarily at the public sector, while in the European Union - at business sector. With effective government stimulation of the business sector and the provision of positive state, regional and local conditions, the situation regarding economic and innovation indicators in Ukraine may have a positive dynamics in the future. It is established that when forming strategies for the development of innovation infrastructure, it is necessary to pay attention to the feedback between the business sector and the interests of the country and gradually move to the European experience of innovation development. This strategy will create progressive models for coordinating the scaling up of innovation for the country's sustainable development.

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Mariam Chachua, Mariam Chachua. « Hindering Factors for exporting Georgian Agri-food Products to the EU Market (DCFTA) ». New Economist 16, n^o 03 (28 janvier 2022) : 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec62-6303-042021-72.

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In 2014 after signing the Association Agreement between the European Union and Georgia, a wide range of trade relations has been opened for the state of Georgia and was given the opportunity for the free trade. Chapter IV of the Agreement - "Trade and Trade-Related Issues", the agreement about Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) includes the mechanism of economic integration with the EU and opens its internal market for Georgia. According to the agreement, if the required conditions are achieved, the world’s largest market will be opened for Georgia, which currently unites 28 countries and more than the 500 million customers. Utilizing this opportunity will lead increasing investment flows in the country, the emergence of new enterprises and export products, suppling of safe and harmless products to the customers. This will ultimately have a positive impact on the country's economic growth and the development, nevertheless it is still a distant prospect. In order to receive all the foreseen benefits of the Association Agreement, it became necessary to identify and eliminate problems in the number of areas. According to the agreement, food safety is recognized as a political priority of the European Union. Created program of legislative approximation with the EU includes the fulfillment of commitments and the deadlines, which is an ongoing process. In the years of 2015-2020, in accordance with the DCFTA agreement, 146 legal acts had been aligned with the EU legislation in the fields of food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary. Despite all these achievements, the major challenge for both the regulators and business operators still remains to be the enforcement and putting into effect the EU required standards. As the most products in the EU market are subject to harmonized rules, that protect the consumers, public health and the environment, it excludes the adoption of different national rules - the product made in Georgia must comply with the EU standards. That is why the Georgian business operators have to: introduce internationally recognized systems in the enterprise; adapt to the new regulatory environment; create a harmless, quality and competitive product; attract the European partners and be able to produce the required quantity, which may need to involve the different and modern production technologies. Therefore, it is essential to understand, that using the terms of the agreement do not completely depend on the smooth running of government agencies, as it largely depends on the personal progress of the business operators and the relevant associations. Keywords : Economic integration with Europe, food safety, international commitment, Association Agreement.

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GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ et BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. « COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY : PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC ». Economic innovations 23, n^o 3(80) (20 août 2021) : 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.

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Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.

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Ana, Maria-Irina. « Tourism industry in the new Europe : trends, policies and challenges ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2017) : 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0053.

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Abstract This paper provides an examination of tourism in the New Member States of the European Union from the date of accession until the last year for which data is available (2014), assessing not only the importance of tourism for the New Member States economy, but also the factors and trends that might affect this industry. Predictions for tourism after joining the EU had been confident and the statistical findings confirmed that the outcomes had been to a great extent encouraging and favourable. Considerable research has been devoted to tourism in the developed countries from Europe, the so-called Old Member States, but rather less attention has been paid to tourism in the Central Eastern Europe, the New Member States region. In this regard, the paper will start with an overview of the current state of the literature on this topic, section that precedes a presentation of European bodies and policies in the travel and tourism field. According to The World Bank Database (World Tourism Organization, 2016), the number of international inbound tourists in the countries Newest Members of EU increased on average three times and in many cases this is partly a consequence of the Community’s accession policy and the market oriented policies in the new Member States (Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General of the European Commission, 2007). Time series will be analysed in order to identify specific trends in the tourism industry, but also in an attempt to characterize the European integration impact on the New Member States’ tourism. Main future challenges and opportunities in the travel and tourism industry will also be sketched, so the paper to better serve not only participants in the academic community and practitioners in the tourism business, but also financial market parties or consultants.

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Georgiana, Noja Gratiela, et Moroc Andrei. « Labour Mobility Within the Eu : Major Effects and Implications for the Main Sending and Receiving Economies ». European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, n^o 1 (30 août 2016) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p87-100.

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The paper aims to analyse the effects induced by labour mobility within the European Union, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects for major sending and host economies in terms of the overall economic activity, empowering the business enterprise sector and labour market, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, asylum seekers) migration. Labour mobility within the European Union is an important coordinate of the economic integration process and one of the freedoms granted to the member states, with significant consequences upon their economies. Nevertheless, the international labour migration mainly resides from wage differentials, working conditions or opportunities between sending and host economies, thus proving to be an important symbol of global economic inequality. Taking into consideration all these aspects, our analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed (LSDV) and random (ECM) effects models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries and ten New EU Member States, respectively a complex set of indicators compiled during 2000-2014 and 2006-2015. The models are processed through OLS and GLS methods of estimation, as well as by using the correlated panels corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, being completed by in-sample and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances both for natives and foreign population (decreases in employment rates and lowering wage levels). Still, one of the most important positive effects of immigration reflected by the results obtained is represented by an increase in the number of innovative enterprises in the host country, thus confirming the theories linking migration to innovation. In terms of labour emigration, there is evidence to attest that it generates positive effects on the main sending economies from Central and Eastern Europe on the GDP per capita, earnings and exports, especially through remittances, but the overall negative impact is predominant.

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Ray, Subrata Ray. « Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Management practice of India ». Journal of Global Economy 6, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2010) : 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.62.

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The approaching of the 21 century globalization poses unique HRM challenges to business chiefly those functioning across countrywide boundaries as transnational or global enterprises. Global trade is considered by the open flow of human and economic resources particularly in the developed economies of European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), other regional groupings such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community, etc. Competing in global markets require loads of factors and centralization of its human resource practices is definitely imperative to get better global competitiveness and authorize workforce for global assignments. These developments are opening up new markets in a mode that has certainly not been seen earlier than. This accentuates the requirement to deal with human resources efficiently to increase aggressive benefit in the global market place. To attain this, organizations need an understanding of the factors that can decide the efficacy of different HR practices and approaches. This is because countries like India diverge down a number of scopes that persuade the attractiveness of direct overseas investments in every nation.Â

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Derlukiewicz, Niki, Anna Mempel-Śnieżyk, Dominika Mankowska, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, Stanisław Minta et Tomasz Pilawka. « How do Clusters Foster Sustainable Development ? An Analysis of EU Policies ». Sustainability 12, n^o 4 (11 février 2020) : 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041297.

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Sustainable development is one of the fundamental and most important objectives of the worldwide policy. The conducted research shows that sustainable development (SD) is increasingly important in the consciousness of the EU countries, which can be viewed through a prism of the undertaken projects. This paper raises the issue of clusters and their significance in the development of a sustainable economy. The article explores trends in the European Union policy related to sustainable development and clusters. The purpose of this study is to find an answer to the following questions: How can clusters contribute to sustainable development and what are the key factors that ensure this process? To achieve the goal of the article a systematic study of the literature and reports was carried out. Moreover, the analysis of the activity of European clusters in the context of sustainable development was performed. Next, the examples of cluster projects focused on sustainable development were presented. It was shown that the clusters contribute a smarter and sustainable development by succeeding in technological and scientific results, developing new technologies for emerging industries, creating new business activities, enticing major technology companies, and connecting local firms into world-class value systems. Furthermore, the clusters participate actively in sustainable development as they promote knowledge creation, joint learning, technology transfer, as well as collaboration, and sustainable innovations. Finally, clusters facilitate the sustainable upgrading of small and medium enterprises and encourage the participation of stakeholders in the process of sustainable development.

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Ray, Ronjini, et Rishabha Meena. « Application of Dispute Settlement in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs’) : A Cross Country Analysis of Modern FTAs’ ». Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 7/8 (1 juillet 2022) : 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022044.

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Most modern free trade agreements (FTAs’) include chapters on a variety of topics such as investment, digital trade, labour, gender, environment and small-medium enterprises. These new issues are often addressed in FTAs’ as there is a lack of development of multilateral rules on these areas at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Further, many of these aspects are non-trade issuesviz. environment, labour, competition policy, and investment. These areas are contentious and often face opposition from the Global South and are frequently excluded from the scope of dispute settlement. Against this background, this article examines the trends with respect to the application of the dispute settlement across recent FTAs’ concluded by certain developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). This article examines recent FTAs’ and categorizes its chapters as follows: (1) Chapters always subject to dispute settlement, (2) Chapters not subjected to dispute settlement and (3) Chapters that have inconsistent recourse to dispute settlement. Accordingly, the article provides a cross country assessment of the FTA chapters with dispute settlement provisions and the rationale behind such divergent practices. FTA, developed, non-trade, dispute settlement, sustainable trade, USMCA, gender, environment, labour, multilateralism.

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Zhang, X. « The Coronavirus Will Not Change the long-Term Upward Trend of China’s Economic Development ». Finance : Theory and Practice 24, n^o 5 (24 octobre 2020) : 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2020-24-5-15-23.

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The author investigates the impact of COVID‑19 and macro-policy adjustment on China’s economic development. The aim is to describe the situation and trend of China’s economic development before and after COVID‑19. The research method is the comparative data analysis. The study shows that in response to COVID‑19, the Chinese government, on the one hand, has accelerated its opening-up, taken the opportunity of fighting against the pandemic to provide medical assistance to and cooperate with other countries, and actively promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and the process of globalization. On the basis of the Belt and Road Initiative and multilateral, regional, and subregional cooperation mechanisms such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), G20 (Group of 20), and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), China and the Eurasian Economic Union began to cooperate more frequently and the trade relations between Japan, South Korea, and European developed countries became closer. Meanwhile, committed to building a global interconnection partnership, China actively participates in global economic governance and provides various public products. The Chinese government has proposed “Six Guarantees” on the basis of “Six Stability”. In order to achieve the purpose of stabilizing foreign trade and expanding imports, China has imposed various measures to accelerate the liberalization and facilitation of international trade and investment, such as implementing the new version of the “Foreign Investment Law”, establishing free trade zones, and promoting its experience and organizing international import expositions. Additionally, the Chinese government also implemented targeted fiscal and monetary policies, increased support for enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and promoted the construction of “new infrastructure” and innovation of business model, which have formed the driving forces for the transformation of the economic development model in China from traditional business to cloud business, from traditional marketing to live streaming marketing, from traditional sales to online sales. The author concluded thatChina’s adjustment of macro policies in response to COVID‑19 was effective and played an important role in the resumption of production and life, stabilizing foreign trade activities, releasing domestic demand and promoting stable and sustained growth of the economy

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Collins, J. Markham, et Michael L. Troilo. « National factor effects on firm competitiveness and innovation ». Competitiveness Review 25, n^o 4 (20 juillet 2015) : 392–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-02-2015-0009.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate how national-level characteristics such as country wealth, a floating exchange rate and European Union (EU) membership influence firm-level perceptions of competition and firm-level innovation. Greater understanding of these relationships can promote more effective policymaking as well as add to the existing academic conversation regarding national factors and firm competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The authors’ data consist of a panel of 27 countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia from 2002 to 2009 with a total of nearly 27,000 firms from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The authors utilize a multinomial logistic regression to estimate firm-level perceptions of both domestic and foreign competition upon decisions to introduce new products and manage new product costs. The authors then estimate the probability of innovation (introduction of a new product/service, obtaining international quality certification) using a logistic regression. The marginal effects of the key explanatory variables for country wealth, floating exchange rate and EU membership are calculated. Findings – While EU membership heightens perceptions of competition, firms in the EU are less likely to introduce new products or services. On the other hand, a firm in an EU member country is more likely to obtain international quality certification than one that is not. Both country wealth and a floating exchange correlate with enhanced perceptions of competition and innovation as expected. Originality/value – The first finding regarding heightened perceptions of competition yet lower likelihood of introduction of new products/services among EU firms is surprising. Beyond adding to the empirical store of knowledge regarding the relationship of national factors to firm competitiveness, it suggests that more needs to be done with regard to innovation policy. The authors offer a general recommendation to employ more public–private partnerships for innovation among small and medium enterprises, as this has been effective in other parts of the world.

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Iankova, Elena A., et Atanas G. Tzenev. « Determinants of Sovereign Investment Protectionism : the Case of Bulgaria’s Nuclear Energy Sector ». Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2015) : 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14221.

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Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors from China. This study explores the specifics of Russian sovereign investment in the former Soviet Bloc countries, now members of the European Union, especially in strategic sectors such as energy. We use the case of Bulgaria’s nuclear energy sector and the involvement of Russia’s state-owned company Rosatom in the halted Belene nuclear power plant project to analyze the dynamics of policy and politics, political-economic ideologies and historical legacies in the formation of national stances towards Russia as a sovereign investor. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on FDI protectionism and sovereign investment by emphasizing the significance of political-ideological divides and the heritage of the past as determinants of sovereign investment protectionism.

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Kollmann, Jaroslav, et Ján Dobrovič. « Key factors of organizational and management structures in the formation of competitive strategy ». JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, n^o 3 (2022) : 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-3/9.

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The state of organizational and management structures and the expected development in this issue is the subject of research, the outputs of which are presented in the article submitted. The research period covers 2016 - 2020; the test sample of enterprises (about 460 entities) includes all size categories and the manufacturing and service sectors. The research started in a period of strong economic growth and continues in the current period of economic downturn. Three research hypotheses were formulated. The first hypothesis concerning the existence of statistical dependence between the organizational and management structure of the enterprise and its size was confirmed. The remaining two hypotheses were rejected. Specifically, business managers did not identify the dominant departmental organizational structure as an instrument of profitability and sustainability. Similarly, the hypothesis that the enterprise managers did not consider Research and Development, Quality, and Investment departments as pro-growth tools were not confirmed, as the identified pro-growth tools are the Economic and Production departments and controlling. This result demonstrates the managers´ misunderstanding of the objectives, mission, and especially the function of an individual organizational unit in the corporate system. The conclusion of the paper presents the prediction for further development. Based on the obtained outcomes, a pro-growth organizational rule is defined. The main objective of all new management tools must be to ensure the production and provision of services to ensure the maximum possible satisfaction of customer requirements and to maximize the achieved margin. As confirmed by the literary research, this process has already started in the European Union countries. Many companies are fully implementing these principles in their daily management and decision-making practices.

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HATZIKIAN, YANNIS, et JOHN BOURIS. « INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES : THE CASE OF GREECE ». Journal of Enterprising Culture 15, n^o 04 (décembre 2007) : 393–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495807000204.

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The level of the Greek economic growth is highly depended on three vital factors: a) entrepreneurship and business development b) innovation and creativity c) education and skills. The correlation among these factors are direct and clear. This is why it is so important to monitor economic growth in respects of innovation, education and business development and to pursue a methodical policy to stimulate and reinforce them. In this paper we focus on analysing the factors which affect the process of innovation in Greece in comparison with member states of European Union. More specific we attempt to measure innovation in Greek enterprises for the last decade and identify barriers to innovation in Greece as compared to other EU countries. We also evaluate the statistical relationship between per capita GDP (as a proxy to level of Greek people prosperity) and Research & Technological Development (RTD) Expenditure (as indicator to innovation-creativity activity) using Linear and Exponential Regression Models. In the knowledge-driven economy, economic growth was achieved mainly through innovation, technology diffusion and new product applications. Therefore, we probe deep into considerations which influence -either positively or negatively - the advancement of the innovation activity, through empirical evidence and statistical methodology. Since, innovation and Research & Technological Development (RTD) are often considered as a main drive for economic development, recommendations proposed in this article become more intense and must be incorporated in the industrial infrastructure and in management attitudes at national and regional level.

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Charaia, Vakhtang, Archil Chochia et Mariam Lashkhi. « PROMOTING FINTECH FINANCING FOR SME IN S. CAUCASIAN AND BALTIC STATES, DURING THE COVID-19 GLOBAL PANDEMIC ». Journal Business, Management and Economics Engineering 19, n^o 02 (9 décembre 2021) : 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2021.14755.

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Purpose – to analyse the digitalization trends in the Central Caucasian (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia) and Baltic States with the aim of reducing a financial gap for the Small and Medium size Enterprises in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Research methodology – comparative analysis between Baltic and Caucasian countries are made to analyse the basic positions and farther development opportunities for Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Findings of the given paper – while SME sector crucially important contributor to employment, diversification and productivity in any country of the world and especially in developing ones, they still face significant credit constraints through traditional credit providing institutions. However, the trend is changing and modern digital technologies from the fintech area are providing new alternatives, which already had been widely used in Baltic, but still are waiting their chance in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, with different level of progress and readiness. Research limitations – some statistical data does not exist for all six countries or were possible to obtain for different periods of time. Lack of academic literature on fintech in Caucasian countries. Practical implications – It can provide a useful perspective for researchers, academics, investors, investment managers, decision-makers, and scientists. Originality/Value – The paper analyses three advanced European Union member state’s (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) fintech positions and perspectives as a model of development for three developing Caucasian states (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia).

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Soldak, Мyroslava. « Industrial ecosystem and revitalization of brownfields ». Economy of Industry 3, n^o 95 (15 septembre 2021) : 70–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2021.03.070.

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The creation of climate-neutral industrial ecosystems based on digital leadership determines the movement of advanced countries towards competitiveness on the global stage. Industrial ecosystems of most regions of Ukraine are characterized by a low technological level of key industries and lack of organizational routines that can ensure their transition to a higher technological and resource-efficient level. The problem of forming a modern policy in the field of revitalization of abandoned areas of former industrial use (brownfields), in particular in the field of industrial waste processing, needs an urgent solution. The article is aimed at highlighting the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of creating a new industrial path through the revitalization of brownfields in underdeveloped industrial ecosystems on the example of old industrial mining regions. The paper proposes the use of a bricolage approach to create a new path of development of old industrial mining regions. This approach focuses not on the breakthrough development of the new industry, which is almost impossible in the conditions of insufficient development of industrial ecosystems, but on the gradual process of strategic cooperation of many participants (local and non-local enterprises, research institutes, local authorities, community, national and regional authorities, other stakeholders), coordination and pooling of resources at different levels, which will eventually have to evolve together, thus leading to a favorable institutional environment for the new industry. The establishment of an enterprises for the processing of coal preparation within the framework of the brownfield revitalization project is a kind of a kludge, the temporary adaptation of the community to the complex socio-economic and environmental situation, which is a consequence of the cessation of intensive coal mining, which will make it possible to create new routines of business behavior of institutions and citizens, the best of which in the process of evolutionary selection will be able to adapt to the new challenges of global technological transformations in industry and ecology. The practical implementation of the given approach is primarily represented in the creation of special institutions that are alternatives to the institutional traps of industrial development on the principles of the circular economy and relate to the introduction of more strict measures when implementing European waste management standards in national legislation and additional taxes that force enterprises to recycle waste; emergence of special enterprises (scavengers and decomposers) that use new effective disposal measures to restore and further use brownfields; creation of special community development corporations that promote economic development and environmental sustainability of the territory and ensure broad community participation in the creation of initiatives and decision-making; use of opportunities for Ukrainian integration in the field of innovation, science and education under the Association Agreement signed with the European Union in order to make effective decisions on the revitalization of brownfields.

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Giglio, Ferdinando. « Fintech : A Literature Review ». International Business Research 15, n^o 1 (17 décembre 2021) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n1p80.

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This article analyzes the Fintech evolution. After describing the process of this phenomenon, some of the main definitions are provided both nationally and internationally. Finally, six main models of Fintech are analyzed. Through a systematic literature, 14 articles have been selected that deal with the phenomenon of Fintech. Six Fintech business models implemented by the ever growing number of Fintech startups have been identified, payment, wealth management, crowdfunding, loan, capital market and insurance services. Internationally, Fintech has already been defined by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WBG), the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). On a national level, on the other hand, Fintech has been analyzed by various countries, USA, United Kingdom, Singapore, China, Switzerland, China, Australia and the European Union. Fintech refers to a broad set of innovations - observable in the financial field in a broad sense - which are made possible by the use of new technologies both in the offer of services to end users and in the internal production processes of financial operators as well as in the design of market enterprises, without thereby compromising new possible configurations of intersectoral activities. Fintech appears to be representative of innovative methods - based on technology - of carrying out activities directly or indirectly connected to financial services rather than being a pre-defined industrial sector. Following the logic of the digital economy, Fintech contributes to designing an open and continuous network of modular services for businesses, individuals and banking, financial and insurance intermediaries, becoming a powerful acceleration force for the integration policies of the financial services markets in the EU.

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Makieła, Zbigniew. « Przedsiębiorczość w Polsce w układzie regionalnym ». Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 3 (1 janvier 2007) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.3.2.

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Entrepreneurship is a process which proceeds in stages and is characterized by variableintensity. That is why we need methods and measurement instruments that help us to follow itsimage with precision and in particular stages. According the studies conducted by GlobalEntrepreneurship Monitor, two groups of people who are involved in a new economic enterpri-se, can be identified. The first group consists beginning entrepreneurs, active in developing oftheir companies run for 34 years. People from the second group are trying to start their busi-ness and independently or together with their partners undertake some definite activities (suchas looking for location of the company, working out the strategy of their activity, looking forfunds and business partners).Basal measurement or so called coefficient of entrepreneurship (the engagement rate in a neweconomic enterprise) reckons sum of two indexes for two groups. In 2004 the entrepreneurshipcoefficient in Poland amounted 8,3%. It means that among thousand Poles at the age of 1864,almost 90 are involved in starting or developing their business. The value of this coefficient hasincreased to 1,6% in comparison with the previous 2000/2001 years. The value of this entrepre-neurship coefficient in Poland is high and is higher than similar one in Ireland, Norway, Israel,Great Britain, France, and Greece. Only such countries as Canada, Argentina, Australia and Brazil have higher value of the coefficient. Comparing the value of analyzed coefficient amongthe countries of European Union, only Ireland gets ahead Poland and at the same time therewasnt statistically essential difference between coefficient of value in Poland and Ireland.Among countries in political system transformation, except Poland, only Hungary had a highcoefficient of value, however Croatia, Slovenia and Russia accepted the lowest value amongEuropean countries.

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Varchenko, O. O. « Problems of functioning and directions of agro-food chains development in the conditions of turbulence strengthening ». Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, n^o 1 (155) (21 mai 2020) : 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-18-28.

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The article substantiates scientic and methodological approaches and principles of distribution, formation, effectiveness, effciency of functioning and development of agri-food chains. It is determined that agro-food chains have acquired the most significant economic and social importance for the inclusion of small producers in the processes of practical production cooperation, which prompted the requirements related to the specifics of the technology of production of finished food products. The main factors that provoke the emergence of extremely contradictory and diverse phenomena in the development of agri-food chains include: globalization of international relations, intensification of turbulent phenomena and processes in the world economy, the entry of advanced countries to new economic frontiers. For the current stage of development of the national economy, the practical implementation of one of the key objectives of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union was of paramount importance. For the purpose of periodic audit of HACCP-certified food processing enterprises, the specified structure of business entities that ensure the production of finished food and other products is highlighted. These calculations show that in 2018 in Ukraine the producers of agricultural raw materials were 49550 farms/enterprises and 23822 natural personsentrepreneurs who are oficially registered and represent the primary link in the food chain. The next link in the agri-food chain are processors of raw materials of primary production, which in Ukraine in 2018 were 5872 enterprises and 10845 individual entrepreneurs, of which 157 enterprises and 1016 sole proprietors produce non-food products. The analysis allows us to conclude that now the producers of food raw materials have the following situation: a) Àexible or simplified permanent procedures, certified (or tested) their facilities for compliance with the minimum requirements of basic programs; b) the second part, mainly FOPs and PF, continue to operate traditionally, ie without paying special attention to the time requirements for the implementation of systematic security procedures. It is established that in practice, some producers of food raw materials, with different levels of tightness, depth of processing and value creation, are already included in agri-food chains. Taking into account the objectively existing tendencies of spontaneous, at the initial stage mainly seasonal occurrence, and further deepening and strengthening of interrelations between actors, the hierarchy of formation and sustainable development of food chains is offered. Key words: agro-food chains, economic turbulence, agricultural raw materials, personal farms, processing and food enterprises, sustainable development, added value.

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Adamiv, Marta, et Mariana Ruda. « Development of customs infrastructure on the Ukrainian –Polish border in the conditions of business internationalization ». Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine : the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, n^o 2 (décembre 2021) : 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.02.140.

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The relations between Ukraine and Poland represent a long history of partnership and have a great economic importance for both countries. At the present stage, Poland is one of the largest international trade partners of our country. In the history of Ukraine's foreign trade during 2019-2020, Poland occupied second place in the structure of domestic exports. Thus, in 2020 the share of exports of Ukrainian goods to Poland was 6.65%. First of all, it means a change in the vector of foreign trade development for the national economy and the reorientation of Ukraine's export market to the European Union. In 2020, Poland also occupied one of the leading positions in the structure of Ukrainian imports of goods (4th place with a share of 7.62%). This situation leads to a significant increase in the load at checkpoints and causes the need to ensure prompt and efficient customs clearance of goods moving across the Ukrainian-Polish border. On the basis of the performed researches, significant differences in the levels of development of the customs services of Poland and Ukraine in terms of the quality of customs services have been established, as Ukraine lags far behind Poland in all the studied indicators in this area. Such situation requires the improvement of the work of Ukrainian customs authorities in the context of business internationalization, including the development of customs infrastructure in the area of the Ukrainian-Polish border. The key problems of customs service of enterprises at domestic checkpoints include long and costly customs procedures, lack of proper technical, road, information infrastructure at checkpoints, outdated technical instruments of customs control, etc. It is proved that in the conditions of business internationalization one of the key tasks should be the construction of new checkpoints and the development of the customs infrastructure of the existing checkpoints. The key strategically important checkpoints in the area of the Ukrainian-Polish border, which need to be modernized in order to increase their capacity, include road checkpoints "Korchova-Krakivets", "Dorokhusk-Yagodyn", "Medyka-Shehyni", as well as a railway checkpoint "Medyka-Mostyska". In addition, the importance of spreading the practice of construction of joint checkpoints, which allows to significantly speed up the process of customs services for businesses, was emphasized.

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Bozhanova, Viktoriia, Petro Korenyuk, Oleksandr Lozovskyi, Svetlana Belous-Sergeeva, Olha Bielienkova et Viktor Koval. « Green Enterprise Logistics Management System in Circular Economy ». International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 7, n^o 3 (8 mai 2022) : 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2022.7.3.024.

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The article is devoted to the study of green enterprise logistics management and the circular economy incentives used for the implementation of green environmental projects in the countries of the European Union and Ukraine. The article develops methodological approaches and practical recommendations to improve the management system of the enterprise that collects garbage and makes preparations for garbage cardboard and paper recycling. Such system is based on the principles of “green logistics”, taking into account the competitive environment on Ukrainian market. The objectives of the study are the following: elaboration of methodological approaches to the formation of prospects for the development of an enterprise operating in a highly competitive environment; implementation of the strategy of searching and entering new markets for the purchase of raw materials that requires the improvement of the enterprise management system in the context of “green logistics”. A qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of the principles of "green logistics" at the enterprise taking into account the economic, social and environmental effects has been carried out in this research. The system for the enterprise management based on the principles of “green logistics” has been proposed. It is recommended to be used at any enterprise that practices the appropriate type of activities (collecting, pressing and preparing cardboard and paper, as well as high-pressure plastic for processing). This approach of the sustainable development of the municipal solid waste treatment industry can be transferred to the country’s entire economy.

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