Bibliographies thématiques / Neutral emotion

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Neutral emotion »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Brito, Pedro Quelhas, Sandra Torres et Jéssica Fernandes. « What kind of emotions do emoticons communicate ? » Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32, no 7 (10 décembre 2019) : 1495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2019-0136.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the nature and concept of emoticons/emojis. Instead of taking for granted that these user-generated formats are necessarily emotional, we empirically assessed in what extent are they and the specificity of each one. Drawing on congruent mood state, valence core and emotion appraisal theories we expected a compatible statistical association between positive/negative/neutral emotional valence expressions and emoticons of similar valence. The positive emoticons were consistently associated with positive valence posts. Added to that analysis, 21 emotional categories were identified in posts and correlated with eight emoticons. Design/methodology/approach Two studies were used to address this question. The first study defined emoticon concept and interpreted their meaning highlighting their communication goals and anticipated effects. The link between emojis and emoticons was also obtained. Some emoticons types present more ambiguity than others. In the second study, three years of real and private (Facebook) posts from 82 adolescents were content analyzed and coded. Findings Only the neutral emoticons always matched neutral emotional categories found in the written interaction. Although the emoticon valence and emotional category congruence pattern was the rule, we also detected a combination of different valence emoticons types and emotion categories valence expressions. Apparently the connection between emoticon and emotion are not so obviously straightforward as the literature used to assume. The created objects designed to communicate emotions (emoticons) have their specific corresponding logic with the emotional tone of the message. Originality/value Theoretically, we discussed the emotional content of emoticons/emojis. Although this king of signals have an Asian origin and later borrowed from the western countries, their ambiguity and differing specificity have never been analyzed.
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Shahin, Ismail. « Employing Emotion Cues to Verify Speakers in Emotional Talking Environments ». Journal of Intelligent Systems 25, no 1 (1 janvier 2016) : 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2014-0118.

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AbstractUsually, people talk neutrally in environments where there are no abnormal talking conditions such as stress and emotion. Other emotional conditions that might affect people’s talking tone include happiness, anger, and sadness. Such emotions are directly affected by the patient’s health status. In neutral talking environments, speakers can be easily verified; however, in emotional talking environments, speakers cannot be easily verified as in neutral talking ones. Consequently, speaker verification systems do not perform well in emotional talking environments as they do in neutral talking environments. In this work, a two-stage approach has been employed and evaluated to improve speaker verification performance in emotional talking environments. This approach employs speaker’s emotion cues (text-independent and emotion-dependent speaker verification problem) based on both hidden Markov models (HMMs) and suprasegmental HMMs as classifiers. The approach is composed of two cascaded stages that combine and integrate an emotion recognizer and a speaker recognizer into one recognizer. The architecture has been tested on two different and separate emotional speech databases: our collected database and the Emotional Prosody Speech and Transcripts database. The results of this work show that the proposed approach gives promising results with a significant improvement over previous studies and other approaches such as emotion-independent speaker verification approach and emotion-dependent speaker verification approach based completely on HMMs.
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Shu, Lin, Yang Yu, Wenzhuo Chen, Haoqiang Hua, Qin Li, Jianxiu Jin et Xiangmin Xu. « Wearable Emotion Recognition Using Heart Rate Data from a Smart Bracelet ». Sensors 20, no 3 (28 janvier 2020) : 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030718.

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Emotion recognition and monitoring based on commonly used wearable devices can play an important role in psychological health monitoring and human-computer interaction. However, the existing methods cannot rely on the common smart bracelets or watches for emotion monitoring in daily life. To address this issue, our study proposes a method for emotional recognition using heart rate data from a wearable smart bracelet. A ‘neutral + target’ pair emotion stimulation experimental paradigm was presented, and a dataset of heart rate from 25 subjects was established, where neutral plus target emotion (neutral, happy, and sad) stimulation video pairs from China’s standard Emotional Video Stimuli materials (CEVS) were applied to the recruited subjects. Normalized features from the data of target emotions normalized by the baseline data of neutral mood were adopted. Emotion recognition experiment results approved the effectiveness of ‘neutral + target’ video pair simulation experimental paradigm, the baseline setting using neutral mood data, and the normalized features, as well as the classifiers of Adaboost and GBDT on this dataset. This method will promote the development of wearable consumer electronic devices for monitoring human emotional moods.
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Dyck, M., U. Habel, J. Slodczyk, J. Schlummer, V. Backes, F. Schneider et M. Reske. « Negative bias in fast emotion discrimination in borderline personality disorder ». Psychological Medicine 39, no 5 (28 août 2008) : 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004273.

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BackgroundThe ability to decode emotional information from facial expressions is crucial for successful social interaction. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by serious problems in interpersonal relationships and emotional functioning. Empirical research on facial emotion recognition in BPD has been sparsely published and results are inconsistent. To specify emotion recognition deficits in BPD more closely, the present study implemented two emotion recognition tasks differing in response format.MethodNineteen patients with BPD and 19 healthy subjects were asked to evaluate the emotional content of visually presented stimuli (emotional and neutral faces). The first task, the Fear Anger Neutral (FAN) Test, required a rapid discrimination between negative or neutral facial expressions whereas in the second task, the Emotion Recognition (ER) Test, a precise decision regarding default emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, fear and neutral) had to be achieved without a time limit.ResultsIn comparison to healthy subjects, BPD patients showed a deficit in emotion recognition only in the fast discrimination of negative and neutral facial expressions (FAN Test). Consistent with earlier findings, patients demonstrated a negative bias in the evaluation of neutral facial expressions. When processing time was unlimited (ER Test), BPD patients performed as well as healthy subjects in the recognition of specific emotions. In addition, an association between performance in the fast discrimination task (FAN Test) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) co-morbidity was indicated.ConclusionsOur data suggest a selective deficit of BPD patients in rapid and direct discrimination of negative and neutral emotional expressions that may underlie difficulties in social interactions.
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Pousson, Jachin Edward, Aleksandras Voicikas, Valdis Bernhofs, Evaldas Pipinis, Lana Burmistrova, Yuan-Pin Lin et Inga Griškova-Bulanova. « Spectral Characteristics of EEG during Active Emotional Musical Performance ». Sensors 21, no 22 (10 novembre 2021) : 7466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227466.

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The research on neural correlates of intentional emotion communication by the music performer is still limited. In this study, we attempted to evaluate EEG patterns recorded from musicians who were instructed to perform a simple piano score while manipulating their manner of play to express specific contrasting emotions and self-rate the emotion they reflected on the scales of arousal and valence. In the emotional playing task, participants were instructed to improvise variations in a manner by which the targeted emotion is communicated. In contrast, in the neutral playing task, participants were asked to play the same piece precisely as written to obtain data for control over general patterns of motor and sensory activation during playing. The spectral analysis of the signal was applied as an initial step to be able to connect findings to the wider field of music-emotion research. The experimental contrast of emotional playing vs. neutral playing was employed to probe brain activity patterns differentially involved in distinct emotional states. The tasks of emotional and neutral playing differed considerably with respect to the state of intended-to-transfer emotion arousal and valence levels. The EEG activity differences were observed between distressed/excited and neutral/depressed/relaxed playing.
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Liao, Songyang, Katsuaki Sakata et Galina V. Paramei. « Color Affects Recognition of Emoticon Expressions ». i-Perception 13, no 1 (janvier 2022) : 204166952210807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695221080778.

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In computer-mediated communication, emoticons are conventionally rendered in yellow. Previous studies demonstrated that colors evoke certain affective meanings, and face color modulates perceived emotion. We investigated whether color variation affects the recognition of emoticon expressions. Japanese participants were presented with emoticons depicting four basic emotions (Happy, Sad, Angry, Surprised) and a Neutral expression, each rendered in eight colors. Four conditions (E1–E4) were employed in the lab-based experiment; E5, with an additional participant sample, was an online replication of the critical E4. In E1, colored emoticons were categorized in a 5AFC task. In E2–E5, stimulus affective meaning was assessed using visual scales with anchors corresponding to each emotion. The conditions varied in stimulus arrays: E2: light gray emoticons; E3: colored circles; E4 and E5: colored emoticons. The affective meaning of Angry and Sad emoticons was found to be stronger when conferred in warm and cool colors, respectively, the pattern highly consistent between E4 and E5. The affective meaning of colored emoticons is regressed to that of achromatic expression counterparts and decontextualized color. The findings provide evidence that affective congruency of the emoticon expression and the color it is rendered in facilitates recognition of the depicted emotion, augmenting the conveyed emotional message.
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Zhang, Zhan, Yufei Song, Liqing Cui, Xiaoqian Liu et Tingshao Zhu. « Emotion recognition based on customized smart bracelet with built-in accelerometer ». PeerJ 4 (26 juillet 2016) : e2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2258.

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Background:Recently, emotion recognition has become a hot topic in human-computer interaction. If computers could understand human emotions, they could interact better with their users. This paper proposes a novel method to recognize human emotions (neutral, happy, and angry) using a smart bracelet with built-in accelerometer.Methods:In this study, a total of 123 participants were instructed to wear a customized smart bracelet with built-in accelerometer that can track and record their movements. Firstly, participants walked two minutes as normal, which served as walking behaviors in a neutral emotion condition. Participants then watched emotional film clips to elicit emotions (happy and angry). The time interval between watching two clips was more than four hours. After watching film clips, they walked for one minute, which served as walking behaviors in a happy or angry emotion condition. We collected raw data from the bracelet and extracted a few features from raw data. Based on these features, we built classification models for classifying three types of emotions (neutral, happy, and angry).Results and Discussion:For two-category classification, the classification accuracy can reach 91.3% (neutral vs. angry), 88.5% (neutral vs. happy), and 88.5% (happy vs. angry), respectively; while, for the differentiation among three types of emotions (neutral, happy, and angry), the accuracy can reach 81.2%.Conclusions:Using wearable devices, we found it is possible to recognize human emotions (neutral, happy, and angry) with fair accuracy. Results of this study may be useful to improve the performance of human-computer interaction.
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Charernboon, Thammanard. « Negative and Neutral Valences of Affective Theory of Mind are More Impaired than Positive Valence in Clinically Stable Schizophrenia Patients ». Psychiatry Investigation 17, no 5 (15 mai 2020) : 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0040.

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Objective People with schizophrenia show impairment in social cognition, such as emotion recognition and theory of mind. The current study aims to compare the ability of clinically stable schizophrenia patients to decode the positive, negative and neutral affective mental state of others with educational match-paired normal control.Methods 50 people with schizophrenia and 50 matched controls were compared on the positive, negative and neutral emotional valence of affective theory of mind using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Tests.Results The results showed that people with schizophrenia performed worse in negative and neutral emotional valence than normal controls; however, no significant differences in decoding positive valence were found.Conclusion Our data suggest that there is variability in the performance of affective theory of mind according to emotion valence; the impairments seem to be specific to only negative and neutral emotions, but not positive ones.
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Horan, W. P., G. Hajcak, J. K. Wynn et M. F. Green. « Impaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia : evidence from event-related potentials ». Psychological Medicine 43, no 11 (28 janvier 2013) : 2377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000019.

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BackgroundAlthough several aspects of emotion seem to be intact in schizophrenia, there is emerging evidence that patients show an impaired ability to adaptively regulate their emotions. This event-related potential (ERP) study examined whether schizophrenia is associated with impaired neural responses to appraisal frames, that is when negative stimuli are presented in a less negative context.MethodThirty-one schizophrenia out-patients and 27 healthy controls completed a validated picture-viewing task with three conditions: (1) neutral pictures preceded by neutral descriptions (‘Neutral’), (2) unpleasant pictures preceded by negative descriptions (‘Preappraised negative’), and (3) unpleasant pictures preceded by more neutral descriptions (‘Preappraised neutral’). Analyses focused on the late positive potential (LPP), an index of facilitated attention to emotional stimuli that is reduced following cognitive emotion regulation strategies, during four time windows from 300 to 2000 ms post-picture onset.ResultsReplicating prior studies, controls showed smaller LPP in Preappraised neutral and Neutral versus Preappraised negative conditions throughout the 300–2000-ms time period. By contrast, patients showed (a) larger LPP in Preappraised neutral and Preappraised negative versus Neutral conditions in the initial period (300–600 ms) and (b) an atypical pattern of larger LPP to Preappraised neutral versus Preappraised negative and Neutral conditions in the 600–1500-ms epochs.ConclusionsModulation of neural responses by a cognitive emotion regulation strategy seems to be impaired in schizophrenia during the first 2 s after exposure to unpleasant stimuli.
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Grace, Sally A., Wei Lin Toh, Ben Buchanan, David J. Castle et Susan L. Rossell. « Impaired Recognition of Negative Facial Emotions in Body Dysmorphic Disorder ». Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no 08 (17 mai 2019) : 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719000419.

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Abstract Objectives: Patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have difficulty in recognising facial emotions, and there is evidence to suggest that there is a specific deficit in identifying negative facial emotions, such as sadness and anger. Methods: This study investigated facial emotion recognition in 19 individuals with BDD compared with 21 healthy control participants who completed a facial emotion recognition task, in which they were asked to identify emotional expressions portrayed in neutral, happy, sad, fearful, or angry faces. Results: Compared to the healthy control participants, the BDD patients were generally less accurate in identifying all facial emotions but showed specific deficits for negative emotions. The BDD group made significantly more errors when identifying neutral, angry, and sad faces than healthy controls; and were significantly slower at identifying neutral, angry, and happy faces. Conclusions: These findings add to previous face-processing literature in BDD, suggesting deficits in identifying negative facial emotions. There are treatment implications as future interventions would do well to target such deficits.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Corbisier, Barbara Lynn. « Blocked and recovered memories of affective, distinctive, and neutral paragraphs ». [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1366.

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Hammersley, Jonathan. « THE MODULATION OF COVERT ATTENTION BY EMOTION : AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF EMOTIONAL VERSUS NEUTRAL VALENCED CUES IN A COVERT ATTENTION PARADIGM ». OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/155.

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Selective attention has been studied extensively and it is shown, for example, that individuals with conditions such as anxiety show attention bias to threat-related stimuli. It has been proposed that humans are predisposed or that it is naturally adaptive to selectively attend to emotional stimuli (Lang, 2000). Similarly, LeDoux (1996) and others have proposed limbic brain networks allowing for quick and automatic, but sometimes inaccurate, processing of emotion which bypasses primary cortical areas. Along these lines, automatic attention bias to subliminal image cues in an adapted Posner Covert Attention Task was examined in the current study. A sample of 64 participants was used in each of three separate experiments to examine how individuals were cued subliminally by negative or positive emotional vs. neutral images and the modulation of covert attention by emotion. Due to automatic or motivated attention to emotionally salient stimuli, participants were expected to be facilitated in task performance by negative and positive emotional image cues, relative to neutral cues. Further, state anxiety and depression were expected to impact performance on emotional cueing as well. As expected in Experiment 1, subliminal images produced significant covert attentional cueing and only negative image cues compared to neutral ones produced response time (RT) reduction by valid cueing across both cue-target delay conditions. Further, cueing differences between neutral and negative images were seen only at short delays, supporting differential subliminal processing of emotional cues in attentional paradigms and supporting previous evidence of unconscious fear processing and specialized automatic fear networks. Moreover, in Experiment 2, when delays following subliminal cues were extended further, emotional cues did not differentially modulate covert attention, suggesting that subliminal emotional cueing seems to occur more immediately. Positive subliminal imagery in Experiment 3 was largely unsuccessful in differentially modulating covert attention compared to neutral cues, suggesting that positive information is either not effective in modulating covert attention or occurs over similar immediate time durations as negative cues in Experiment 1. Finally, the presence of self-reported state anxiety and depression affected task performance, especially in Experiment 1 negative for subliminal discrimination of negative vs. neutral image cues. Overall, the current study adds to the research literature which demonstrates that emotional information, especially negative imagery processed at short intervals, can be processed below awareness to modulate attention in a different manner than less salient neutral stimuli and this modulation is further influenced by state anxiety or depressive symptomatology. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.
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Young, Steven G. « Dissociable positive and negative affective reactions to mere exposed and easy to process negative and neutral stimuli ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281462260.

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Stolicyn, Aleksej. « Computational modelling and assessment of depression : from neutral mechanisms and etiology to measurable behaviour ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31516.

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Depression is a highly prevalent clinical condition which has been estimated to affect a growing part of the population in western countries. Alongside expenditure on diagnostics and treatment, there is a high economic impact due to lost productivity. Although a range of treatments are available, diagnoses are currently costly and require subjective assessment by a specialist. Moreover, treatment selection can be lengthy and can involve trial and error. To develop better diagnostics, stratification, and treatments for depression, we need a better understanding of the condition across different levels - from neural mechanisms to cognition and behaviour. Computational modelling is an emergent theory-driven approach which can aid linking data across different levels of analysis - from neural mechanisms and computations in the brain, to cognitive algorithms and observable behaviour. Some models integrate diverse findings and make predictions, while others enable inference of clinical measures which are not obvious in raw data. Modelling can lead to better understanding of depression, and in turn to better stratification and treatments. On the other hand, machine learning and classification methods can help detect clinically-relevant patterns in experimental data in a purely data-driven manner. This can lead to development of better screening and diagnostic methods. In the current work, we first review some of the most prominent neurocognitive theories of depression, as well as existing studies which used computational modelling methods. Based on our review, we argue that modelling can provide a rich set of tools for a better understanding of the condition. We then develop two novel computational modelling accounts of depression. In the first account, we propose an explicit mechanistic link between a robust behavioural negative bias effect and some of the widely reported or theorised neural aspects of depression - hyperactive amygdala and inhibited dopamine release. In the second account, we attempt to better explain depressive cognitive deficits and show how they can arise from depression-relevant etiological factors - altered valuation and controllability estimates. Finally, in the third part of this work we attempt to develop a novel system for detecting depressive symptoms based on a combination of face-tracking, eye-tracking and cognitive performance measures. We evaluate the system in a pilot experiment and show that a combination of measures can achieve better results than measures from each domain separately.
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Payne, Jessica Danielle. « STRESS AND EPISODIC MEMORY : THE FATE OF NEUTRAL VERSUS EMOTIONAL INFORMATION ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194299.

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This paper describes two experiments, each of which investigated the impact of stress on human episodic memory. All participants watched narrated slide shows containing emotional and neutral information. Experiment 1 demonstrated that pre-learning exposure to a psychological stressor (the Trier Social Stress Test or "TSST"; Kirschbaum, Pirke & Hellhammer, 1993) preserved or enhanced memory for emotional aspects of the slide show, but impaired memory for neutral aspects of the slide show. Moreover, stress exposure disrupted memory for information that was visually and thematically central to the slide show. Memory for peripheral information, on the other hand, was unaffected by stress. Experiment 2 replicated these results and extended them to a similar paradigm, where participants viewed separate emotional and neutral slide shows, and saliva was tested for the stress hormones cortisol and norepinephrine. Similar to the results of Experiment 1, stress disrupted memory for the neutral slide show, but enhanced memory for the emotional slide show. Salivary cortisol levels at retrieval were negatively correlated with memory for the neutral slide show. These results are consistent with theories invoking differential effects of stress on brain systems responsible for encoding and retrieving emotional memories (the amygdala) and non-emotional memories (e.g. the hippocampal formation, frontal cortex), and inconsistent with the view that memories formed under high levels of stress are qualitatively the same as those formed under ordinary emotional circumstances. These data, which are also consistent with results obtained in a number of studies using animals and humans, have implications for the traumatic memory debate and theories regarding human memory.
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Knight, Marisa. « Memory for neutral events that precede and follow the onset of emotional arousal / ». Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Kensinger, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Ann) 1976. « Investigations of the cognitive and neural processes supporting memory for neutral and emotional words ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29362.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
The cognitive and neural processes underlying memory formation may differ depending on the vividness, or detail, of information encoded. In Chapter 1, a divided attention paradigm was used to examine memory formation when resources are (a) devoted primarily to encoding and (b) directed away from encoding, and toward a secondary task. In condition (b) the memories formed often lacked vividness. The formation of these less detailed memories recruited right inferior prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left parahippocampal gyrus. The left inferior PFC and left anterior hippocampus were additionally recruited in condition (a) when vivid memories could be formed. Investigations of memories' vividness have typically included only neutral information. The studies in Chapter 2 revealed that emotional information is vividly remembered more frequently than information lacking emotional import. This enhancement occurred for words with valence only (i.e., negative words that did not elicit physiological arousal) as well as for arousing ("taboo") words, but was stronger for the arousing words. In Chapter 3 a divided attention paradigm was employed to investigate the contributions of automatic and controlled processing to the recollective enhancement for the emotional words. Automatic processes (unaffected by task manipulation) drove the enhancement for arousing words, whereas controlled processes (disrupted by task manipulation) supported the enhancement for words with valence only. Thus, dissociable cognitive processes contributed to the enhancement for the two types of emotional words. In Chapter 4, fMRI was used to examine whether distinct encoding processes underlie enhanced memory for words with valence only versus words with arousal.
(cont.) Successful encoding of words with valence only was via a PFC-hippocampal network associated with controlled encoding processes (e.g., elaboration and rehearsal), whereas successful encoding of arousing words was mediated by an amygdalar-hippocampal network that may be important for automatic processing of emotional content. In conclusion, distinct neural processes appear to support the ability to form vivid memories as compared to less detailed ones. The specific cognitive and neural processes depended on the emotional nature of the stimuli. Vividly-remembered neutral words, and words with valence only, relied on similar encoding processes. In contrast, dissociable processes mediated successful encoding of vividly-remembered arousing words.
by Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Ph.D.
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Liu, Guanyu. « Neutral Mood Induction During Reconsolidation Reduces Accuracy, but Not Vividness and Anxiety, of Emotional Episodic Memories ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078359.

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When consolidated memories are reactivated, they become labile and have to go through reconsolidation to become stabilized.  This property of memory may potentially be used to reduce the impact of highly negative episodic memories.  Because detailed and vivid negative episodic memories are mediated by high arousal, if arousal is lessened during reconsolidation, then memory accuracy and vividness should diminish.  In this study, I examine this hypothesis.  Participants viewed a stressful, suspenseful movie on Day 1 to develop negative episodic memories.  Then, 24 to 29 hours later, they saw a brief reminder of the stressful movie (or not), and then viewed a neutral (or positive) movie.  Another 24 to 29 hours later, I tested the accuracy, vividness, and anxiety associated with their memory of the stressful movie. Participants who watched the reminder and then the neutral movie showed reduced memory accuracy.  Despite the reduction in memory accuracy, their memory vividness and anxiety associated with the stressful movie did not decrease. The results partly supported my hypothesis.
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Andersson, Anders, et Christofer Stenström. « Emotionell priming och neuroticism - En studie om hur priming och neuroticism påverkar tolkningen av neutrala ansikten ». Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2052.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur olika typer av känslomässig

priming påverkar bedömningen av neutrala ansikten. I studien undersöks också hur

personlighetsegenskapen neuroticism påverkar denna bedömning, både enskilt och i

kombination med känslomässig priming. 82 försökspersoner deltog i undersökningen.

Primingen sker i form av emotionella ord som är positiva, negativ eller neutrala.

Tidigare studier har visat att neuroticism favoriserar negativa affekter, och hypotesen

i studien var att den negativa primingen ska ha större effekt på individer som ligger

högt på skalan som mäter neuroticism än på de som ligger lågt på skalan. Resultaten

av denna studie visade inga signifikanta huvudeffekter av vare sig priming eller

neuroticism, även signifikanta interaktionseffekt mellan dessa faktorer uteblev. En

förklaring till uteblivna resultat kan vara att neuroticism grupperna inte skilde sig

markant från varandra på just denna variabel och därför inte heller uppvisade några

skillnader i bedömningen av ansikten. En möjlig orsak till uteblivna primingeffekter

kan vara att bedömningsstimulit (ansiktena) visades under så lång tid att

försökspersonerna hann göra en medveten bearbetning av dessa.

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Beraldi, Anna. « Interaktion von Emotion und Kognition als Grundlage für die Verhaltensregulation bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung : klinische, experimentelle, neuropsychologische und neurofunktionelle Ergebnisse zur Inhibition und Regulation von neutralen und affektiven Reizen bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung ». kostenfrei, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001566548/34.

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Livres sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Stuck in neutral. New York : HarperCollinsPublishers, 2000.

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Trueman, Terry. Stuck in neutral. Waterville, Me : Thorndike Press, 2002.

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Trueman, Terry. Stuck in neutral. New York : Harper Tempest, 2001.

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Pessoa, Luiz. Attention, Motivation, and Emotion. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.001.

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The first part of the chapter describes effects of motivation on attention at the behavioural and physiological levels. For example, reward increases detection sensitivity (dprime) in both endogenous attention and exogenous attention tasks, enhances stimulus coding, and influences the filtering of task-irrelevant stimuli. These recent findings are surprising insofar as traditional psychological models have described motivation as a fairly unspecific ‘force’. The results reviewed are far from global. Instead they reflect specific mechanisms that are manifested selectively both at behavioural and neural levels. The second part of the chapter describes the role of attention when emotion-laden visual stimuli are processed. When one considers the bulk of the evidence, emotional processing is revealed to be capacity-limited. Yet, emotional processing is prioritized relative to that of neutral items.
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Todd, Rebecca Mary Ruth. Cortical mechanisms of emotion regulation in young children responding to angry, neutral, and happy faces. 2005.

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Todd, Rebecca Mary Ruth. Cortical mechanisms of emotion regulation in young children responding to angry, neutral, and happy faces. 2005.

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Todd, Rebecca Mary Ruth. Cortical mechanisms of emotion regulation in young children responding to angry, neutral, and happy faces. 2005.

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Benning, Stephen D. The Postauricular Reflex as a Measure of Attention and Positive Emotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.74.

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The postauricular reflex is a muscular reaction that occurs behind the ear in response to short, abrupt sounds. Its magnitude increases with louder eliciting sounds, rotating the eyes in the direction of the eliciting sound, and flexing the head forward. The reflex exhibits prepulse inhibition, especially during attention to complex foreground stimuli. Its magnitude is larger (or potentiated) during pleasant than during neutral pictures, sounds, and videos that are highly arousing. This pattern is particularly evident for erotic, food, and nurturant scenes, suggesting it assesses more than just appetitive processing. This reflex’s potentiation varies across development; positively correlates with personality traits associated with well-being; and negatively correlates with such psychopathologies as depression, schizophrenia, and opioid dependence. It appears distinct from and uncorrelated with the startle blink reflex. New data suggest that activity in left frontal areas generates postauricular reflex potentiation during pleasant versus neutral pictures.
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Buhlmann, Ulrike, et Andrea S. Hartmann. Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Sous la direction de Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0022.

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According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Stoolmiller, Mike. An Introduction to Using Multivariate Multilevel Survival Analysis to Study Coercive Family Process. Sous la direction de Thomas J. Dishion et James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.27.

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Multivariate multilevel survival analysis is introduced for studying hazard rates of observed emotional behavior relevant for coercion theory. Finite time sampling reliability (FTSR) and short-term retest reliability (STRR) across two occasions (sessions) of observation during structured problem-solving tasks several weeks apart were determined for hazard rates of emotional behaviors for parent–child dyads. While FTSR was high (.80–.96), STRR was low (.16–.65), suggesting that emotional behaviors in the context of parent–child social interaction are not very stable over a period of several weeks. Using latent variable structural equation models that corrected for the low STRR, two hazard rates were predictive of change in child antisocial behavior over a 3-year period (kindergarten to third grade) net of initial child antisocial behavior. Low levels of parent positive emotion and increases from session 1 to 2 of child neutral behavior both accounted for unique variance in third grade antisocial behavior.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Kamińska, Dorota, Tomasz Sapiński et Adam Pelikant. « Recognition of Emotion Intensity Basing on Neutral Speech Model ». Dans Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 451–58. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02309-0_49.

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Albohn, Daniel N., Joseph C. Brandenburg et Reginald B. Adams. « Perceiving Emotion in the “Neutral” Face : A Powerful Mechanism of Person Perception ». Dans The Social Nature of Emotion Expression, 25–47. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32968-6_3.

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Nurzyńska, Karolina, et Bogdan Smołka. « Facial Displays Description Schemas for Smiling vs. Neutral Emotion Recognition ». Dans Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 594–605. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19324-3_53.

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Sato, Wataru. « The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Unconscious Emotional Responses ». Dans Social and Affective Neuroscience of Everyday Human Interaction, 23–36. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08651-9_2.

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AbstractThe neurocognitive mechanism of emotion without conscious awareness has long been a subject of great interest (Pribram KH, Gill MM, Freud’s “project” re-assessed: preface to contemporary cognitive theory and neuropsychology. Basic Books, 1976). Several pervious psychological studies have used subliminal presentations of emotional facial expressions in the context of the affective priming paradigm to investigate unconscious emotional processing (e.g., Murphy ST, Zajonc RB, J Person Soc Psychol 64:723–739, 1993; for a review, see Eastwood JD, Smilek D, Conscious Cognit 14:565–584, 2005). In a typical application of this paradigm, a facial expression depicting a negative or positive emotion is flashed briefly as a prime, then an emotionally neutral target (e.g., an ideograph) is presented. Participants are asked to make emotion-related judgments about the target. The studies reported that evaluations of the target were negatively biased by unconscious negative primes, compared to positive primes. This effect has been interpreted as evidence that unconscious emotion can be elicited and that it affects the evaluation of unrelated targets.
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Arndt, Agnes. « Feeling Political Through Law : The Emergence of an International Criminal Jurisdiction, 1899–2019 ». Dans Feeling Political, 91–119. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89858-8_4.

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AbstractScaling up to the International Criminal Court (ICC), this chapter contributes a study on the emotionality and emotion work leading up to its founding. Like bureaucracy, international criminal jurisprudence is designed to be strictly neutral, apolitical, and unemotional. At the same time, it faces a challenge in reconciling globally differing feelings about what constitutes justice and how it should be administered. Drawing on the role played by Benjamin Ferencz, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, in the establishing the ICC, this chapter examines how emotions were present from the outset in the discussions about the court’s jurisdiction: the institutionalization of the ICC was a reaction to individually and collectively articulated emotions.
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Sterling, Grigoriy, et Eva Kazimirova. « End-to-End Emotion Recognition From Speech With Deep Frame Embeddings And Neutral Speech Handling ». Dans Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1123–35. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12385-7_76.

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Gonçalves, Diego Addan, Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas et Eduardo Todt. « Classification and Synthesis of Emotion in Sign Languages Using Neutral Expression Deviation Factor and 4D Trajectories ». Dans Enterprise Information Systems, 637–59. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75418-1_29.

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Deng, Yingze. « The Comparison of the Accuracy of Short-Term Verbal Memory Between Positive and Neutral Emotion by Using T-test ». Dans Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2022), 2605–10. Paris : Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-89-3_298.

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Khanal, Salik Ram, Jaime Sampaio, João Barroso et Vitor Filipe. « Individual’s Neutral Emotional Expression Tracking for Physical Exercise Monitoring ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 145–55. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60117-1_11.

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García-Martínez, Beatriz, et Antonio Fernández-Caballero. « Influence of Neutral Stimuli on Brain Activity Baseline in Emotional Experiments ». Dans Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience : Affective Analysis and Health Applications, 475–84. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06242-1_47.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Schmid, Ramona, Sophia Maria Saat, Knut Möller et Verena Wagner-Hartl. « Induction method influence on emotion recognition based on psychophysiological parameters ». Dans Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002851.

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Recognizing emotions is an essential ability in our daily social interactions. However, there are individuals who have difficulties interpreting emotions, such as patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In order to cope better with everyday life, emotion training can be a supporting factor for them. However, studies show that emotion training is not only helpful for patients with ASD, but also in the working environment, for example in trainings for managers or teams. In recent research, there are already approaches to use new technologies such as virtual reality to train emotional and social skills. For the evaluation of these new concepts, it is important to make the emotional state of a person measurable. Therefore, a measurement environment has already been developed at Furtwangen University. This is based on a multidimensional approach combining subjective and objective psychophysiological measures. Moreover, the development of facial emotion recognition (FER) systems based on machine learning techniques are also increasing for measuring a person's emotional state. Often, they focus on the recognition of Ekman’s basic emotions. To train and evaluate such FER systems, these basic emotions have to be induced in an individual. Therefore, a number of methods for emotion induction can be found in research, e.g. visual stimuli or mental methods. However, in most studies, only a few selected emotions, such as anger and happiness, were induced. Thus, there is a lack of studies that examined the induction of all six basic emotions.For that reason, the aim of the presented experimental study was to investigate two different methods of emotion induction for the six basic emotions anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and a neutral category. Overall, 14 women and 10 men (N = 24) aged between 19 and 59 years (M = 29.25, SD = 11.46) participated in the study. For the first induction method, affective visual stimuli from common emotional picture databases (EmoPicS, OASIS and IAPS) were used. For the second induction method, emotions were induced by a so-called autobiographical recall. Therefore, the participants had to imagine autobiographical situations that evoked the required emotion in them in the past. After each different induction of one of the six emotions or the neutral category, the participants’ emotional state was assessed using the two dimensions valence and arousal of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Furthermore, cardiovascular (ECG) and electrodermal (EDA) activity were recorded. The results show a significant interaction induction method x emotional category for both subjective assessments valence and arousal. Furthermore, based on the results of the psychophysiological responses of the participants (ECG and EDA), it is shown that the second method to induce emotions (autobiographical recall) was significantly more arousing than the first induction method using visual stimuli. To sum it up, the results of the experimental study show an influence of the induction method that is evident in both the subjective and the psychophysiological parameters.
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Li, Jiangnan, Fandong Meng, Zheng Lin, Rui Liu, Peng Fu, Yanan Cao, Weiping Wang et Jie Zhou. « Neutral Utterances are Also Causes : Enhancing Conversational Causal Emotion Entailment with Social Commonsense Knowledge ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/584.

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Conversational Causal Emotion Entailment aims to detect causal utterances for a non-neutral targeted utterance from a conversation. In this work, we build conversations as graphs to overcome implicit contextual modelling of the original entailment style. Following the previous work, we further introduce the emotion information into graphs. Emotion information can markedly promote the detection of causal utterances whose emotion is the same as the targeted utterance. However, it is still hard to detect causal utterances with different emotions, especially neutral ones. The reason is that models are limited in reasoning causal clues and passing them between utterances. To alleviate this problem, we introduce social commonsense knowledge (CSK) and propose a Knowledge Enhanced Conversation graph (KEC). KEC propagates the CSK between two utterances. As not all CSK is emotionally suitable for utterances, we therefore propose a sentiment-realized knowledge selecting strategy to filter CSK. To process KEC, we further construct the Knowledge Enhanced Directed Acyclic Graph networks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms baselines and infers more causes with different emotions from the targeted utterance.
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Sinha, Sanjana, Sandika Biswas, Ravindra Yadav et Brojeshwar Bhowmick. « Emotion-Controllable Generalized Talking Face Generation ». Dans Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/184.

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Despite the significant progress in recent years, very few of the AI-based talking face generation methods attempt to render natural emotions. Moreover, the scope of the methods is majorly limited to the characteristics of the training dataset, hence they fail to generalize to arbitrary unseen faces. In this paper, we propose a one-shot facial geometry-aware emotional talking face generation method that can generalize to arbitrary faces. We propose a graph convolutional neural network that uses speech content feature, along with an independent emotion input to generate emotion and speech-induced motion on facial geometry-aware landmark representation. This representation is further used in our optical flow-guided texture generation network for producing the texture. We propose a two-branch texture generation network, with motion and texture branches designed to consider the motion and texture content independently. Compared to the previous emotion talking face methods, our method can adapt to arbitrary faces captured in-the-wild by fine-tuning with only a single image of the target identity in neutral emotion.
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Reddy, M. Gurunath, et K. Sreenivasa Rao. « Neutral to Joyous Happy Emotion Conversion ». Dans 2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon.2017.8488108.

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Ozdemir, Ozgur, et Gokhan Bilgin. « Auto-correlation for Predicting Neutral Emotion State on Speech Emotion Recognition ». Dans 2021 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asyu52992.2021.9599074.

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Zhenyu Shan et Yingchun Yang. « Learning polynomial function based neutral-emotion GMM transformation for emotional speaker recognition ». Dans 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761647.

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Lotfian, Reza, et Carlos Busso. « Emotion recognition using synthetic speech as neutral reference ». Dans ICASSP 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2015.7178874.

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Pastea, Denisa, et George Suciu. « FACIAL ANALYSIS METHOD FOR EMOTION RECOGNITION USING LBP OPERATOR ». Dans eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-177.

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In terms of interpersonal relationships, emotional expressions are vital to the development and regulation, and to sustain this, there are three examples that facial expressions should be involved in the formation of attachments, regulation, and acceleration or deceleration of aggression. Talking about human beings, the face is the body part that reveals the most information about the person itself. The face can give details about intention and attentiveness, about mood, and, on the other hand, the face is the main path in recognition of a person. In a word, the face is the most distinctive and the most used method in finding a person's identity. It will be implemented a method for basic emotion recognition (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear, neutral) in pictures with facial expressions will be implemented. The method will start with face detection and face fiducial points localization using DLIB public library. The Local Binary Patterns (LBP) features will be computed in areas of interest on the face and the classification will be done using a support vector machine (SVM). Pictures in which the person has a neutral expression and, respectively, pictures in which the expression is at the apex of the emotion will be used. The method will be tested on a public database containing sequences of images starting from the neutral expression and going to the apex expression for different persons. The classifier will be tested in different scenarios: leave-one-person-out, leave-one-sequence-out, etc. The implementation will be done in Python and it will be used OpenCV, DLIB and LibSVM public libraries.
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Li, Runnan, Zhiyong Wu, Jia Jia, Yaohua Bu, Sheng Zhao et Helen Meng. « Towards Discriminative Representation Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition ». Dans Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/703.

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In intelligent speech interaction, automatic speech emotion recognition (SER) plays an important role in understanding user intention. While sentimental speech has different speaker characteristics but similar acoustic attributes, one vital challenge in SER is how to learn robust and discriminative representations for emotion inferring. In this paper, inspired by human emotion perception, we propose a novel representation learning component (RLC) for SER system, which is constructed with Multi-head Self-attention and Global Context-aware Attention Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neutral Network (GCA-LSTM). With the ability of Multi-head Self-attention mechanism in modeling the element-wise correlative dependencies, RLC can exploit the common patterns of sentimental speech features to enhance emotion-salient information importing in representation learning. By employing GCA-LSTM, RLC can selectively focus on emotion-salient factors with the consideration of entire utterance context, and gradually produce discriminative representation for emotion inferring. Experiments on public emotional benchmark database IEMOCAP and a tremendous realistic interaction database demonstrate the outperformance of the proposed SER framework, with 6.6% to 26.7% relative improvement on unweighted accuracy compared to state-of-the-art techniques.
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Kotluk, Nihat, et Roland Tormey. « Emotional empathy and engineering students’moral reasoning ». Dans SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Barcelona : Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1124.

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Although engineering education is often characterized as a principally rational activity, research suggests that emotions are vital for learning at all levels of education. In ethics education in particular, there is evidence that including mild emotional information in case studies can enhance learning. Evidence also suggests that specific emotions such as guilt and shame can impact on motivation to act in ethical scenarios. The place of emotions in ethics education remains controversial, however, since emotion can be perceived as a source of bias rather than as a valuable factor in learning and in motivating action. While some specific emotions have been explored in ethics research, there is a lack of empirical research addressing the relationship between ethical judgement and emotional empathy. In this research, therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of mild emotional empathy on engineering students' ethical judgements. We conducted this study as an experimental design with 305 participants in two groups. Both groups took a modified version of the Engineering and Sciences Issues Test (ESIT) with an experimental group in which we induced a low level of emotional empathy and an emotionally neutral control group. Results show that a low level of emotional empathy does not impact participants' ethical decisions/judgments. Since the prior research evidence suggest that low level of emotional content improves learning, and given that it does not introduce biases in moral reasoning, we conclude it would make sense to include a low level of emotional content into ethics case studies.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Neutral emotion"

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Filiz, Ibrahim. Overconfidence : Der Einfluss positiver und negativer Affekte. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627598.

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Die Auswirkungen von Selbstüberschätzung betreffen viele Bereiche des wirtschaftlichen Lebens. Doch es sind bisher nur wenige Faktoren bekannt, die das Ausmaß möglicher Selbstüberschätzungen bestimmen. Zudem gibt es kaum Untersuchungen, ob positive oder negative Emotionen einen Einfluss auf die Selbsteinschätzung haben. Ob Emotionen mögliche Lerneffekte bei der Selbsteinschätzung beeinträchtigen können, ist bisher noch gar nicht untersucht worden. Die vorliegende Studie wendet sich dieser Fragestellung zu. In einem Real-Effort-Task-Experiment werden den Probanden in 5 Spielrunden Aufgaben gestellt. Nach jeder Spielrunde sollen die Probanden ihre Leistung einschätzen. Anschließend erhalten sie jeweils ein Feedback, wie sie tatsächlich abgeschnitten haben. Auf diese Weise werden Lerneffekte möglich. Die Stimmungsinduktion wird durch positive (Treatment „Positiv“), negative (Treatment „Negativ“) und neutrale (Treatment „Neutral“) Filmausschnitte erzeugt. Sowohl hinsichtlich der absoluten Overconfidence als auch hinsichtlich der relativen Overconfidence zeigen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den drei Treatments. Im Hinblick auf das Auftreten von Lerneffekten zeigt sich dann aber doch ein Unterschied zwischen den Stimmungslagen. Bei Betrachtung der absoluten Overconfidence zeigen sich in neutraler Stimmungslage deutliche Lerneffekte. Diese Lerneffekte bleiben hingegen sowohl bei positiver als auch bei negativer Stimmungslage aus.
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Filiz, Ibrahim. Emotionen und Risikoexponierung : Der Einfluss positiver und negativer Affekte auf Portfolioentscheidungen. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627673.

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Diese experimentelle Untersuchung wendet sich der Frage zu, ob positive und negative Affekte einen Einfluss auf das Diversifikationsverhalten haben. Dabei zeigt sich, dass nur ein kleiner Teil der Probanden dem Rationalkalkül folgt und stets das optimale Portfolio wählt. Ferner zeigt sich, dass die Stimmungs-lage der Wirtschaftssubjekte einen Einfluss auf ihre Portfolioentscheidungen und somit auch auf ihre Risikoexponierung hat. Das durchschnittliche Risiko der Portfolios – gemessen an der Standardabweichung der Renditen – fällt im Treatment „Neutral“ deutlich niedriger aus als im Treatment „Positiv“ und im Treatment „Negativ“.
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