Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Negozio fiduciario »

Tesi Il contratto di amministrazione fiduciaria con intestazione di beni conferito ad una società fiduciaria operante ai sensi della L. 23 novembre 1939, n. 1966, pur costituendo interposizione reale, determina la conservazione in capo al fiduciante della effettiva proprietà del bene fiduciariamente intestato. Ne consegue la rilevanza fiscale del rapporto per cui il solo fiduciante riveste l’identità di soggetto passivo di imposta ed è, dunque, l’unico possibile destinatario della pretesa erariale.    The author’s view The fiduciary administration agreement with fiduciary registration of assets conferred to a fiduciary company i.e. «fiduciaria» operating under Law No. 1966 of November 23, 1939 although leading to a real interposition of person, determines the preservation in the hands of the «fiduciante» of the actual ownership of the assets. It follows that the tax relevance of the relationship is such that the «fiduciante» itself is the effective taxable entity and it is, therefore, the only possible person subject to the tax claim.

Massima La circostanza per cui la moglie, pochi mesi dopo aver depositato ricorso per separazione personale con addebito al marito, ceda le quote della S.r.l. di cui è titolare alla madre, e che quest’ultima, successivamente alla morte della figlia, conferisca tali quote in trust, affidandone l’amministrazione ad un trustee, soggetto estraneo, e indicando quali beneficiarie le nipoti (figlie della de cuius), non lascia presumere che l’atto di trasferimento delle quote e l’atto istitutivo di trust siano stati posti in essere in esecuzione di un negozio fiduciario, in violazione dei principi in materia di rappresentanza e gestione dei beni dei minori in capo ai genitori e dei principi in materia di successioni - in particolare in violazione dell’art. 458 cod. civ. Il trustee è privo di interesse a impugnare la sentenza che dichiara l’inefficacia dell’atto istitutivo di trust, in quanto svolge unicamente la funzione di gestire e amministrare i beni conferiti e non è titolare di alcun diritto autonomo da far valere rispetto all’azione volta ad ottenere l’invalidità del trust.

Tesi Nel caso NRC Holding v Danilitskiy, i fatti in causa si riferiscono ad un caso particolare di trasferimento immobiliare operante in Inghilterra: l’acquisto di un bene compiuto con denaro fornito da un terzo che non compare nell’atto di compravendita. In questi casi, secondo la Corte inglese, la parte che fornisce il denaro è titolare del beneficial interest, mentre l’altra è mero titolare formale del bene; detto altrimenti, la presunta intenzione delle parti può dar luogo ad un caso di resulting trust. La Corte, infatti, ricorrendo ad una attentata ricostruzione dei fatti, prendendo le mosse dalla volontà del convenuto contumace e seguendo l’iter delle azioni da questi poste in essere, individua un caso di resulting trust a favore del convenuto stesso. In un caso come quello esaminato dalla High Court of Justice di Londra, un giudice italiano potrebbe configurare l’esistenza di un negozio fiduciario o di un contratto di prestanome tra il debitore e la società acquirente, individuando nel debitore il beneficial owner. L’attrice, conseguentemente, potrebbe ricorrere all’azione revocatoria o potrebbe agire in via surrogatoria chiedendo che, in esecuzione del negozio sottostante, venga disposto il trasferimento dell’immobile al debitore così che il creditore possa poi soddisfarsi sul bene. The author’s view In NRC Holding v Danilitskiy’s case, the facts relate to a particular event of real estate transfer operative in England: the purchase of a property made with money provided by a third party who does not appear in the deed of sale. In such cases, according to the English Court, the party providing the money has the beneficial interest, while the other party is merely the formal owner of the property; in other words, the presumed intention of the parties may give rise to a case of resulting trust. The Court, in fact, applying a careful reconstruction of the facts, starting from the will of the defendant in absentia and following the course of his actions, identifies a case of resulting trust in favour of the same defendant. In a case such as the one examined by the High Court of Justice in London, an Italian judge could consider that a fiduciary or a nominee agreement exists between the debtor and the acquiring company, identifying the debtor as the beneficial owner. The plaintiff, consequently, could bring a clawback action or could act in subrogation by requesting, by way of execution of the underlying agreement, the transfer of the real estate to the debtor, so that the creditor can then satisfy himself on this asset.

Las circulares 024 de 2016 y 07 de 2017 de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia modifican el régimen de responsabilidad del fiduciario en los negocios de comercialización de participaciones fiduciarias. La imposición de deberes de comportamiento específicos, la referencia a términos de la industria de fondos de inversión y el reconocimiento de un modelo de negocio con un diseño y un propósito diferente al original cambian el criterio de apreciación de la culpa y el alcance de responsabilidad. El presente artículo de reflexión pretende identificar los cambios que producen esas circulares en entendimientos tradicionales sobre la responsabilidad civil del fiduciario.

Sumario: 1. La recepción de la fiducia en Derecho español. 2. La influencia de Jerónimo González. 3. La «segunda» recepción de la fiducia. 3.1. La teoría del doble efecto difundida por José Castán Tobeñas. 3.2. La doctrina ante el planteamiento fiduciario pandectístico. 4. El replanteamiento de la fiducia a través de la obra de Federico De Castro. 4.1. Percepción del negocio fiduciario por la doctrina y jurisprudencia contemporánea. 4.2. La eficacia jurídico-real de las operaciones fiduciarias. a) Fiducia de garantía (fiducia cum creditore). b) Fiducia de gestión o administración (fiducia cum amico). 5. El legislador frente al negocio fiduciario. 6. La aproximación del negocio fiduciario al negocio simulado. 7. Recapitulación.

El negocio jurídico de fiducia mercantil ha permitido en las últimas décadas un crecimiento acelerado del mercado inmobiliario que ha impactado positivamente la economía nacional. En este, las entidades fiduciarias participan bajo diversas y elásticas tipologías y posiciones contractuales, convirtiéndose en eje central y en el motor de desarrollo económico y social del país, pues trasmiten confianza y transparencia al consumidor y al constituyente fideicomitente, haciendo que el mercado inmobiliario adquiera una dinámica progresiva. En la mayoría de los casos, la decisión del consumidor a la hora de adquirir una unidad inmobiliaria va a estar soportada en el deber de seguridad y protección que otorga la entidad fiduciaria y que deriva de su experiencia, probidad, solidez, vigilancia y alta regulación. Pese a lo anterior, se ha creado una línea interpretativa alrededor del marco obligacional propio de las entidades fiduciarias, que desdibuja las expectativas legítimas del consumidor inmobiliario, pues sin ningún matiz o excepción, excluye de plano la responsabilidad por el cumplimiento de los pilares básicos sustanciales consagrados en la Ley 1480 de 2011 –información y publicidad, garantía de calidad, idoneidad y seguridad y protección contractual–, considerando la normativa dispuesta en el Código de Comercio y la regulación particular del sector financiero, la base de su tesis. Contrario a ello, se aborda en el presente el análisis hermenéutico en la materia de una forma sistémica y armónica a la luz de los principios consignados en la Carta Política, integrando a la normativa sectorial, las normas generales de protección al consumidor y las instituciones propias del derecho privado con un nuevo enfoque constitucional. Lo anterior, en tanto se trata de un tema de especial relevancia constitucional, pues afecta el núcleo esencial de derechos constitucionales reconocidos en la Carta Política como el derecho a la vivienda, a la dignidad humana, a la igualdad y el deber de solidaridad. De esta forma, se abre la posibilidad de considerar que, en ciertas categorías de negocios fiduciarios en materia inmobiliaria, puntualmente en fiducias inmobiliarias de administración y pagos llamadas también fiducias completas, dependiendo de la finalidad económica, de la actividad en la relación negocial y del rol asumido frente al consumidor inmobiliario, dichas entidades tengan una responsabilidad directa respecto de las obligaciones emanadas de la Ley 1480 de 2011, lo cual se cimienta en los siguientes ejes axiales: 1. La Ley 1480 de 2011 como régimen normativo integrado a la actividad fiduciaria a partir de: (i) Una interpretación sistémica, histórica y conforme a la constitución del ámbito de aplicación regulado en el artículo 2 de la Ley 1480 de 2011; y (ii) La conexidad contractual como institución hermenéutica de convergencia normativa – La construcción y adjudicación de la unidad inmobiliaria al consumidor como causa supra contractual del negocio subyacente en el contrato de fiducia; 2 El consumidor inmobiliario no persigue adquirir un producto financiero, verbigracia, una cuenta de ahorro, pese a que obtiene la unidad inmobiliaria a través de un vehículo financiero diseñado para el efecto, pues […] “el fideicomiso, en esencia, no es más que un mero vehículo de un negocio subyacente1 […]; 3. Como consumidor de un bien material, es titular de todos los derechos consagrados en la Ley 1480 de 2011 y concordantes, cuyos bastiones fundamentales son: (i) La Información y Publicidad, (ii) La Garantía de Calidad, Idoneidad y Seguridad y (iii) La Protección Contractual. Los anteriores constituyen su principal interés, su finalidad última; 4. Conforme doctrina de gran autoridad en la materia2, las entidades fiduciarias en su actuación como gestores, deben procurar la satisfacción del interés o finalidad última del beneficiario, y por ende el régimen de responsabilidad a de deducirse de los dichos valores en juego, afirmación que emana del artículo 3 literal a) de la Ley 1328 de 2009[3]; 5. El consumidor como beneficiario en la mayoría de los casos, no es parte del contrato de fiducia inmobiliaria, es un tercero ajeno, cuya finalidad e interés es propio e independiente4; y 6. Las obligaciones en cabeza de las entidades fiduciarias no se circunscriben a las denominadas de medio bajo un régimen de responsabilidad subjetivo conforme lo normado en artículo 29.3 del Decreto 663 de 19935, pues todo dependerá del análisis, la naturaleza, la finalidad del consumidor, la correlativa gestión para otro, el pacto contractual y demás relaciones que se susciten en la ejecución del respectivo negocio.

El contrato de fideicomiso es una estructura jurídica mediante la cual se forma un patrimonio autónomo, permitiéndose aislar flujos de fondos, derechos, bienes muebles, inmuebles y/o intangibles como marcas y acciones, para realizar distintas finalidades. Este patrimonio se forma por el aporte de diferentes tipos de bienes, realizado este por una o más personas y administrado a su vez por una tercera persona, denominada el fiduciario. Actualmente, se utiliza mucho la figura del contrato de fideicomiso porque permite que una persona natural o jurídica pueda invertir su capital en un buen negocio que además es administrado por un experto con gran prudencia y diligencia. Esta figura jurídica está basada en la confianza y en los principios rectores de todo contrato, que son los que norman la sostenibilidad de los buenos negocios. También se basa en la defensa de los bienes del patrimonio, como en lograr los objetivos trazados. El fideicomiso asegura, por tanto, honestidad, diligencia y experiencia en el manejo del negocio.

Buena parte de la doctrina británica entiende que el trust (use) brotó sin conexión alguna con el ius commune del continente. En realidad hubo múltiples conexiones que hacen al derecho continental, civil y canónico, corresponsable del origen del use. La influencia eclesiástica fue grande en la Court of Chancery para juzgar equitativamente sobre los derechos de los beneficiarios. Los Christian Courts juzgaban además de los trusts intergeneracionales. La doctrina continental ocupó un lugar cómodo junto al Common Law hasta el siglo XVII. Desde el movimiento codificador europeo ha existido una fuerte suspicacia frente a todos los negocios fiduciarios, por insolidarios y simulatorios. El derecho canónico ha admitido, con cautelas, la posibilidad del negocio fiducial. En el actual c. 1302 cabe el modelo del charitable trust, siempre que el ordenamiento civil del país lo acepte.

En el presente artículo, resulta menester analizar el rol de las sociedades fiduciarias, sus deberes legales y aquellas responsabilidades sobrevinientes ante los incumplimientos generados. Todo ello a partir de la observación del caso específico de una de las especies de dichas sociedades en particular, la fiducia inmobiliaria, cuyos deberes legales de observancia deben cumplirse en beneficio del fideicomitente, dentro del negocio jurídico correspondiente, actuando como profesionales bajo ciertos criterios. Asimismo, analizaré el deber legal de observancia que corresponde al suministro de información que debe proporcionarse al fideicomitente, quien, a su vez, en los términos de lo previsto en el Régimen de Protección al Consumidor Financiero — contenido en la Ley 1328 de 2009, en la cual se dictan “normas en materia financiera, de seguros, del mercado de valores y otras disposiciones”, conforme a lo preceptuado en el título I del Régimen de Protección al Consumidor Financiero—, ostenta la calidad de consumidor financiero, protegido por una serie de principios contenidos en el régimen expresado. A tal efecto, referiré una serie de pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales, al igual que los conceptos esbozados por la Superintendencia Financiera, en los que se examina el tratamiento de la responsabilidad atribuible a las sociedades fiduciarias en el giro ordinario de sus negocios.

La discussione sulle origini storiche del negozio fiduciario sono ancora oggi al centro di un movimentato dibattito, dovuto in parte alla difficoltà di interpretare correttamente il pensiero degli autori latini ed in parte alla scarsità delle fonti Un altro tema molto discusso, che costituisce il fulcro della presente indagine universitaria, concerne la definizione “attuale” di negozio fiduciario dato che nell’ ordinamento giuridico italiano non si riscontra alcuna norma che definisca il negozio fiduciario. Si parte da elementi di diritto romano per analizzare la fiducia cum amico e la fiducia cum creditore, successivamente si cerca di definire il negozio fiduciario facendo affidamento sia agli studi effettuati da molti autori sia alle molte pronunce della Corte di Cassazione. Amplio spazio viene dedicato alla struttura del negozio fiduciario soprattutto in relazione alla causa fiduciae ed alla sua ammissibilità nel nostro ordinamento.

2013 - 2014
The purpose of this study is to draw on the plane a comparative view of the trust deed, the French experience and that our local, to come out from the perimeter of the traditional review of the continental law opposed the right of common law systems, in an effort to propose to as far as possible, an unprecedented reconstruction and the problem of trust. The goal is to explore the semantics of the trust deed in France and Italy, through the identification of the specific forming segregated investigating the fiduciary transactions and fiduciary properties. Coefficient catalyst of all the research work is represented by the French Law on Trusts, which is unique in the Western continental law scene. The work was outlined by addressing the macro-areas, which represent so many quaestiones iuris; namely: 1. The external significance of the cause fiduciae French law; 2. The external significance of the cause fiduciae Italian law. 3. The separation of assets; 4. Physiology and pathology of fiduciary transactions, both in practice and in the coding. The survey framework can be so proposed. We tried to explore the more meaningful aspect of fiduciary, or that of its external relevance and, therefore, if, given the traditional division between cause solvendi due donandi and causes credendi, the cause fiduciae plays an independent significance, or otherwise conditions the explication of the negotiating operations, becoming a mere connotation motivational entire negotiating activities, arriving at a different response from ordering Italian than French. The trust deed comes into French law in a landscape unbundled due to the simultaneous presence of a number of cases, due to so-called assumptions positivizzate, that although they come across in the element Trustee a coefficient unit referential, are equipped with such a polymorphism, to prevent a unified treatment of the trust deed itself. The legislative intervention, which since 2007 has led, on several occasions, the entrance to the trusts into French law, plays a role of evolutionary interpretation of the entire institution of the trust, globally understood. It is observed that there is a before and after the establishment Law, and this time scan conditions the application of the margin trusts named and unnamed. Before the trusts existed, in fact, trust case unnamed, confined to individual cases, provided for by law, posing as borderline cases, after positivised is for the first time, a former professed, the trust deed, in this case the fiduciary agreement to real effects who shall be the chief task of the appointed contract. The trusts becomes, therefore, the legal trust hypothesis, which pertains to a concept C.D. Technical confidence, which involves a reinterpretation of the so-called regulatory consistency innominate trusts which are de facto legitimized recovering and trusts in a slide by default legislation. Trust, therefore, explicitly accredits a reductio ad unum of the French trust deed with the result that one of the key criteria of the French law trust is represented by C.D. attributive model based on the transfer of ownership of property by the settlor to the trustee, connected with the creation of a trust property. Thus we witness the overcoming of the principle of unity and dominicale the introduction of the special regime of fiduciary property. This involves the adoption, for the system beyond the Alps, the attributive model as a base model (only for trusts), with a prevalence of so-called Romanistic system (based on the transfer of ownership and the simultaneous creation of an instrumental temporary ownership) and complete disqualification of forms of self-declared confidence. In the second chapter, he addressed the trust deed Italian law, verifying the degree of reception of doctrinal input, in negotiating procedures, to investigate the individual cases related to forming confidence In Italian law, in fact, in contrast to the French, the positivization process has not had the course. Except those that the doctrine considers, albeit with some doubts, assumptions trusts immanent to the Civil Code (referring to the return contracts, the mandate without representation and testamentary trust) the trust deed remains a reception morbus institution or a institution where the typological conformation and discipline regulations are the product of a doctrinal stratification, subjected to a counterfactual evidence by the courts. Although in Italy it is widely believed the cause fiduciae he does not hold an external relevance, but it is, so to speak, which is included in the articulation of the cause being given and the cause credendi, it was considered in this study that the practice track and devised solutions the doctrine deliver a significant external profile cd mediated, the cause fiduciae. In the third section was examined the forming sheet separation, proposing: on the one hand, the identification of the separation, which articulation instrument of equity and with it the creation of a new type of property, the C.D. trust property; on the other we have tried to locate the guiding principle of the trust property, linking it to the concept of so-called Technical confidence. In the first case, it tried to outline the common route of continental law, that in France, as in Italy, led to the creation of assumptions to separate assets and equity destinations It is investigated, therefore, what is the explanation margin of confidence, both as a precept, both as a penalty and if it is able to catalyze the segregated, that substantiates the hypothesis of fiduciary property. Once the relationship between trust and segregated, is some cases are analyzed, which are the so-called symptomatic figures of diffusivity of fiduciary operations. In the French context, the analysis focused on identifying the main pivot points in the so-called case mentioned, namely the difficulties the interpreter encounters in discerning the lawfulness profile from that of opposition to the mandatory rules or of fraud to the law. You tried to define the archetype trusts and progressive conversion, the French legislator has accomplished through regulatory interventions by the unitary option of the trust agreement to the creation of two separate types of contract, broadly corresponding to the trust cum cum friend and creditor. As regards, however, the Italian law, the individual cases are analyzed, which include the issues of greatest technical and legal significance, in terms of fiduciary transactions. In our national context we have tried to cordon off the solutions allowed by law for execution lead to the trust agreement, if the trustee is recalcitrant, soldering the so-called external importance of the cause fiduciae. It is observed how the Court's legitimacy and that of merit have given concrete operational effectiveness to pactum fiduciae; what findings the Courts have embraced to justify their choices, both in statutory and in the corporate sector. Given the vastness of the subject trust deed was drawn up, for explanatory purposes, the concept of the so-called forming general. This expression means forming a cordon inclusive, relating to a specific institute of general application, striking of splitting into more institutions among themselves interconnected, and whose explanation is necessitated to describe and analyze in terms of regulation, a complex legal reality. It was considered that it could not deal with, in key comparative, trust, except through scanning additional steps, consisting of as many formants, such as property and fiduciary ownership separation, too, at the same time with heuristics effectiveness autonomous, both of heuristic effectiveness cd derived, because they have inferential suitability, in order to forming general confidence. The concept of technical confidence, which forming and characterization coefficient of the individual cases considered, allows you to select two areas of operation of the trust agreement, in which you can try to enroll for reasons of synthesis, all the sources that have been asked to examine. There is a first area of operation, in which you can appreciate a substantial discrepancy between the French and Italian experiences The codification of the trusts has determined the final transition of the trust, from a reception morbus system, a positive law system, in which almost all the statutory disciplinary fields, they suffer a new course. The liberality of the industry, given the prohibition of trust donations, of which all'art.2013 cc fr., the result is concerned, for the past assumptions of innominate liberality, which through an indirect process, allow the creation of fiduciary transactions, and they receive from Institutional reads a subsequent legitimation. In Italy, there is however still a system relegated to the operations of reception morbus, in which attention seems to focus mainly on the trust of the transaction product, namely the creation of the trust property, according to the development of the concept of separation of assets and subsequent regulatory changes. The individual cases would seem to find a unit dogmatic, only on the assumption of temporary ownership regime induced segregated. It was considered that, due to the instrumental nature of the trust property, is identifiable upstream the pactum fiduciae that, creating a basis of a technical requirement for the transaction as a trust, the other makes the remaining transmission operations of assets and rights, signaling it as a sequence of a larger process. You can not, however, infer from this a unifying feature of the individual trust case, which, therefore, are imbued with their uniqueness, while preserving, as a last resort catalyst that concept of technical confidence, which informs the entire operation and phenomenally It induces the trust property. From a different perspective, the French system and the Italian, net of the differences set out above have a contiguity profile dogmatic, evincibile especially on the basis of the methodological approach followed hinges, nell'enucleazione of fiduciary case. In both jurisdictions fiduciary operations are investigated, first, on the descriptive level, in order to evaluate the plan differentiate than simulatory case. Simulation and circumvention of the law thus becomes the negative paradigm which must comply with any fiduciary transaction (meaning they should not be integrated any form of circumvention of the law or a simulation). Lacking a positivization process, in Italy the setting of the problem lacks the statement of principle, so often remarked upon by the legislature and by the French doctrine. This does not mean, however, that simulation and fraud of the law are, also for the domestic setting, the limit trajectories, which must not suffer from the intersection of any fiduciary operation. the principle of equal treatment of creditors and the principle of financial liability of the debtor can be defined as many principals of providing guarantees, to prevent the overflow of confidence in simulation or in a device, which produces the phenomena in Italy in fact, the ban commissorio the covenant, of circumvention of the law, globally understood. This plan of structural contiguity between the empirical reality Italian and French, on the one hand suggests the imminence of a trend of so-called continental law, an alternative to the Anglo-American trusts matrix, on the other predicts, for Italy, the adoption of similar solutions to those of the French model, both as regards the adoption of translative contractual structures, creating a fiduciary transactions with attributive model, both with regard to the so-called discipline temporary ownership, real instrumentum, the entire operation. [edited by Author]
XIII n.s.

Esta tesis doctoral se focaliza en las problemáticas que derivan de la adquisición de bienes, la fiducia cum amico y las mejoras de bienes u otros activos patrimoniales realizadas por cónyuges o convivientes durante la convivencia. La relevancia del tema es particularmente significativa en aquellos ordenamientos jurídicos donde las relaciones patrimoniales de los cónyuges se regulan a partir de un modelo de separación de bienes así como en supuestos de convivencia en pareja estable, donde las relaciones patrimoniales normalmente no se rigen por normas específicas del Derecho de familia sino por los pactos expresa o tácitamente acordados entre las partes.
Aquesta tesi doctoral es focalitza en les problemàtiques que deriven de l’adquisició de béns, la fiducia cum amico i les millores de béns o altres actius patrimonials realitzades per conjugues o convivents durant la convivència. La rellevància del tema és particularment significativa en aquells ordenaments jurídics on les relacions patrimonials dels cònjuges es regulen a partir d’un model de separació de béns així com en supòsits de convivència en parella estable, on les relacions patrimonials no es regeixen per normes específiques del Dret de familia sinó pels pactes expresa o tàcitament acordats entre les parts.

El título de este trabajo académico tiene como referencia a una obra maestra del cine: El Padrino de Francis Ford Coppola. Este clásico del sétimo arte es una de esas películas que uno ve cada cierto tiempo y descubre nuevos detalles que en un primer momento no había advertido. Asimismo, es de esas películas que tienen un sinnúmero de frases que se integran a la cultura o al día a día de las personas, frases como “sé cercano a tus amigos, pero más cercano a tus enemigos”, “le haré una oferta que no podrá rechazar”, “deja el arma, toma el cannoli”, entre otros. Precisamente, el título en mención proviene de una línea dicha por Al Pacino en su papel de Michael Corleone, aunque para ser más exactos, la línea reza “No es personal, Sonny, es estrictamente negocios”.
Tesis

La presente tesis estudia el régimen jurídico-tributario del fideicomiso en los países de la Comunidad Andina. La institución del fideicomiso fue introducido en los países andinos bajo influencia del trust angloamericano y constituye actualmente un mecanismo práctico para la gestión patrimonial familiar, empresarial y financiera de bienes ajenos. Debido al carácter flexible y versátil que posee la figura, las aplicaciones prácticas que los particulares hacen de este contrato son múltiples y, como tales, tienen sus implicaciones tributarias. Desde este punto vista, el trabajo aborda un examen detallado de los elementos civiles, mercantiles y administrativos que se entremezclan en su estructura, y a partir de ahí, la tributación de las rentas del fideicomiso y de los actos derivados del fideicomiso, haciendo hincapié en las implicaciones tributarias que presenta la figura. La tesis realiza una propuesta de solución respecto la imposición directa e indirecta del fideicomiso, ya que la normativa vigente resulta insuficiente. Mientras en algunos países miembros de esta organización regional se va aclarando limitadamente su tratamiento tributario, en otros es nulo el esclarecimiento sobre este aspecto.
This thesis examines the tax and legal aspects of the trust in the countries of the Andean Community. The trust institution was introduced in the Andean countries under the influence of anglo-american trust and nowadays is a practical mechanism for family wealth management, financial and business property of others owners. Due to the flexible and versatile of these figure, practical applications that the particulars made with this contract are many and, as such, have their tax implications. From this point of view, the work deals with a detailed examination of the civilian, commercial and administrative elements that are mixed in its structure, and thereafter, the income taxation of the trust, with emphasis on the tax implications presenting the figure. The thesis makes a proposal for resolution regarding the direct and indirect taxation of the trust, since the current legislation is insufficient. While in some countries of this regional organization the legislation is becoming clearer on their tax treatment, in others countries there are not clarification on these aspects.