Articles de revues : « Negotiation – Economic aspects »

1

Fisher, Joseph G., James R. Frederickson et Sean A. Peffer. « Budgeting : An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Negotiation ». Accounting Review 75, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2000) : 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.1.93.

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Despite the common use of negotiations to set budgets in practice, accounting research has focused primarily on budgets set unilaterally by subordinates, while goal-setting research in management has focused primarily on budgets set unilaterally by superiors. In addition, budgeting research in accounting has focused almost exclusively on the planning aspects of budgets to the exclusion of their motivational aspects. This study complements prior research in two ways. First, the study examines how budgets and the economic consequences of the budget-setting process differ when budgets are set through a negotiation process vs. when set unilaterally. The study also considers factors associated with negotiation agreement and the relation between agreement and the economic consequences of negotiated budgets. Second, the economic consequences examined are budgetary slack and subordinate performance, allowing us to address the trade-offs between the planning and motivational aspects of budgets. Negotiated budgets differ from unilaterally set budgets in a manner consistent with social norms and/or information transfer occurring during negotiations. Both the budgets and the economic consequences of the budgetsetting process differ when budgets are set through a negotiation process where superiors have final authority in the event of a negotiation impasse vs. when set unilaterally by superiors. Further, negotiation agreement significantly affects the economic consequences of negotiated budgets. Budgets set through a negotiation process ending in agreement contain significantly less slack. A failed negotiation followed by superiors imposing a budget has a significant detrimental effect on subordinate performance.

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Kozina, Andrzej. « NEGOTIATIONS DETERMINED BY BIG DATA ». Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 21, n^o 2 (30 juin 2020) : 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2857.

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The objective of the paper is to present a concept for describing the conditions for socio-economic negotiation processes, resulting from the presence of Big Data. Two basic groups of this kind of conditions were taken into account, i.e. supporting negotiations and hindering their conduct. First, the essence of the phenomenon of Big Data was briefly explained. The subsequent parts of the paper present the considered conditions in cross-section of subsequent aspects of the interpretation of negotiations, i.e. as a process, methods of conflict management and reaching agreement, mutual dependence of the parties and processes of: decision making, communication, mutual exchange and value creation. The summary lists major changes in the negotiation processes caused by Big Data, and also indicates the directions of research enriching the proposed concept.

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Peleckis, Kęstutis, Valentina Peleckiene et Kęstutis Peleckis. « Comparison of The Possibilities of Application of Spectrum and Gaming Theories in Modelling Market Economy Negotiations ». SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021) : 09011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209011.

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Research background: In negotiations, in modelling decision-making at both the individual and market levels, it is important to understand and be able to assess important aspects of economic behaviour. The theory of spectrum is proposed to be applied in modelling decision making. The object of the research is the possibilities of application of spectrum and game theories. Classical economic theory does not define subjective parameters of economic behaviour, therefore, when modelling market negotiation strategies, it is difficult to identify and evaluate appropriate parameters of economic behaviour required for decision-making in market negotiations. The spectrum theory approach can be used to model the economy, both at the individual and market levels, which is especially relevant in international business negotiations, where the modelling of solutions and various operations presents opportunities to assess subjective parameters. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to investigate and compare the application of spectral decay and gambling theories in modelling market economy negotiations. Research methods: Scientific literature analysis, comparative, logical analysis and synthesis, comparative and generalization methods, game theory, quantum cognition methods. Findings & Value added: The article examines the basic principles of behavioural economics: the functions of assessing the psychological value and uncertainty of monetary gain or loss, how both theories take these principles into account: game and spectrum.

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Gehring, Markus, Sean Stephenson et Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger. « Sustainability Impact Assessments as Inputs and as Interpretative Aids in International Investment Law ». Journal of World Investment & ; Trade 18, n^o 1 (24 janvier 2017) : 163–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340034.

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Sustainability impact assessments (SIAs) act as bridges between trade and investment agreements and social, environmental and human considerations. They are relevant as inputs into the treaty negotiation process and as interpretive aids in investment treaty arbitration. As inputs, SIAs attempt to measure the impact of environmental, social, economic and human rights aspects of trade and investment agreements prior to and during a treaty’s negotiation. SIAs have been performed on all major negotiations in the EU since 1999, and will continue to be performed under its investment competence. Case studies in this article demonstrate how SIAs may include climate change. Additionally, legal recommendations are offered which, if adopted by the Directorate General for Trade, should increase the effectiveness of SIAs. As interpretive aids, SIAs may be key references in treaty interpretation arguments in light of increased environment and development related investment disputes and focus on sustainable development policy space.

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Alam, Mushfek-Ul. « Role of China in Rohingya Crisis ». International Business Research 15, n^o 1 (7 décembre 2021) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n1p59.

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The research paper focuses on investigating geo-political moves from the Chinese perspective whether there is a possibility for China to succeed in their negotiating acts between Bangladesh and Myanmar, which chronologically provides: a background to find the origin of the problem, clarifies reasons so important as a negotiator in this issue, the possible outcomes of the negotiation process and how it may affect China’s political standing with a series of research questions and problem statement. The researcher primarily denounces the conventional ideas that China only prefers to look after Myanmar’s interest or Sino-Myanmar relationship. Methodology section briefly analyzes the nature of the research and the type of data are used to justify researcher’s alternative views. The researcher demonstrates a comparative picture between Bangladesh and Myanmar in terms of their economic, political and military relationship with China both nations equally from their geo-political standing. Finally, the researcher describes to predict the possible outcomes of the current negotiation process considering Chinese involvement in Humanitarian aspects, steps taken by the Myanmar Military regime in repatriating the Rohingyas, Why does the democratic reform process so necessary for China as a negotiator, What Myanmar must do to regain the trust Rohingya citizens and how the current situation is endangering the Chinese diplomacy or why a worsening scenario between China and Myanmar may arise. All the findings and analysis inherently support the author’s alternative view and duly answer the research questions. Finally, the researcher discussed about the common lessons learned so far from international relations perspective. 

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Bretschger, Lucas. « Climate policy and equity principles : fair burden sharing in a dynamic world ». Environment and Development Economics 18, n^o 5 (29 mai 2013) : 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x13000284.

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AbstractThe paper argues that negotiation costs can prevent the international community from finding a new international climate agreement. To define a feasible way of facilitating the negotiation process, I analyze basic equity principles and their relationship to climate policy and economic development. Based on the most relevant principles, I propose a general synthetic rule for burden sharing in international climate policy. The rule avoids complexity and comprises both egalitarian and cost-sharing aspects, which appears to be crucial for achieving a climate agreement. Carbon budgets for the different countries are calculated under different parameter assumptions.

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Meliá-Martí, Elena, Natalia Lajara-Camilleri, Ana Martínez-García et Juan F. Juliá-Igual. « Why Do Agricultural Cooperative Mergers Not Cross the Finishing Line ? » Agriculture 11, n^o 11 (20 novembre 2021) : 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111173.

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Mergers have played a relevant role in the business development of many agri-food cooperatives and have led to the consolidation of large cooperative groups which are leaders in their respective business sectors. However, many of the merger processes undertaken fail: some are aborted at the negotiation stage, and others are not approved by members. These failures entail financial and social costs due to frustrated expectations and the time invested in the negotiation process. The objective of this paper is to establish the economic, socio-cultural, organisational and process management factors that underlie this outcome. A survey was conducted among the directors and administrators of a sample of Spanish agri-food cooperatives that had participated in merger processes which were aborted at the negotiation stage or were not approved by their members. Factor and discriminant analyses established the aspects which had the greatest impact on the failure of the merger processes. Far from being economic factors, these analyses reveal that defensive localisms, a lack of commitment to the merger on the part of members and directors, and communication failures were more significant.

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Baldwin, Robert E. « What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended ? (The Distinguishedl Lecture) ». Pakistan Development Review 30, n^o 4I (1 décembre 1991) : 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.579-599.

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Until negotiations collapsed in early December, the Uruguay Round gave promise of being the most significant multilateral trade negotiation since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TI) was implemented and tariffs levels of the industrial countries were sharply cut. There are at least three reasons for this conclusion. First, by agreeing at the outset to bring both agriculture and textiles under GATT discipline, the participants created the opportunity for both rich and poor agricultural exporting nations and relatively low-wage, newly industrializing LDCs to benefit significantly from GATT-sponsored trade negotiations. Prior to the Uruguay Round, the benefits to these countries of such negotiations had been limited, since these two sectors were excluded from any significant liberalization. Second, by agreeing to formulate new rules relating to trade in services, trade-related aspects of· intellectual property rights, and trade-related investment issues, members took an important step in modernizing the GATT. As economic globalization has accelerated, there is a growing realization that arms-length merchandise transactions, the traditional concern of the GATT, are only one aspect of the real-side economic relations of current concern to national policy-makers and the economic interests they represent Now international commercial activities also involve merchandise trade among multinational firms and their foreign affiliates, international trade in services among independent agents as well as among affiliated enterprises, foreign direct investment activities, production nf goods and services in foreign affiliates for sale either abroad or at home, international flows of technology, and temporary movements of labour across borders. Although the so-called new issues in the Uruguay Round do not cover all of these matters, they go a considerable way in making the GATT more relevant for dealing with the problems of increasing internationalization.

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Hurbean, Ada. « SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL DIALOGUE ». Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 10, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2017) : 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v10i2.2838.

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The concept of social dialogue is approached differently at international level. According to the definition proposed by the International Labour Organisation, the social dialogue represents the voluntary information, consultation and negotiation act issued in order to negotiate agreements between the social partners or to negotiate collective agreements. As a concept adopted at EU level, the social dialogue, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, is a process of continuous information and consultation between unions and employers, so as to reach understandings regarding the control of certain economic and social variables, both in macroeconomic and microeconomic level. No matter how this concept is understanding, the social dialogue is associated with the transition from a culture of conflict to a culture of partnership with consideration of the common interests of the social partners involved in a broader process of “social cooperation”.

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Ghiletchi, Zorina. « Economic globalization challenges - context for identifying a negotiation pattern of the Republic of Moldova ». International Relations Plus, n^o 1(21) (2022) : 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52327/1857-4440.2022.1(21).16.

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The reference frame of this study starts from an assurance as to the formation of a new historical paradigm, with a series of characteristics and challenges. Globalization is becoming a historical case that cannot be ignored, especially since it emphasizes the conjugation of the political element with the economic one. In other words, nation states have the opportunity to negotiate an economic status by identifying a model that would safeguard the national interest. The Republic of Moldova is working to develop a strategic leadership that would generate efficiency in all aspects. The ,,Associated Trio” cooperation project is an example of this.

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Gudauskas, Renaldas, Loreta Budryte, Arturas Kaklauskas, Justas Cerkauskas, Agne Kuzminske, Saule Jokubauskiene et Vilija Targamadze. « Advisory, Negotiation and Intelligent Decision Support System for Leadership Analysis ». International Journal of Computers Communications & ; Control 10, n^o 5 (1 juillet 2015) : 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2015.5.2028.

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The development of the Leader Model for quantitative and qualitative analyses began with the goal of integrating managerial, organizational, technical, technological, economic, legal/regulatory, innovative, social, cultural, ethical, psychological, religious, ethnic and other aspects involved in the process of a leaders life cycle. The need to determine the most efficient life cycle of a leader led to the development of the Advisory, Negotiation and Intelligent DEcision support System for Leadership Analysis (ANDES). The objective of the authors of this work for integrating text analytics, advisory, negotiation and decision support systems is to improve the quality and efficiency of intelligent decision-making regarding a leaders life cycle. This ANDES consists of an intelligent database, database management system, model-base, model-base management system and user interface.

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Rosyid, Nur. « EKOLOGI POLITIK DAN DINAMIKA SOSIO-EKONOMI DI DATARAN TINGGI KABUPATEN PEMALANG, JAWA TENGAH ». Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 10, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2015) : 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v10i2.72.

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This paper explain the role of state in ecological aspects in the forming of socio economis dynamics in upland Pemalang District, especially in migration dynamic, the expansion and constriction of labours, and their negotiation to the ecological changes. So far, many scholars set out the demographic problems by the issues of poverty, inequality resources, increase of population, labour surplus, and so on. This causal explanation was lack in question on what kind of possibilities force those problems happened. The research has been done in the upland of Watukumpul, Pemalang, Central Java, try to understand how the upland demographical dynamics situated by political-economic and ecological forces. This area is suitable because of vast spreading in changing of farming system: from rice and glagah cultivation to cash crop of Albasia through the reforestation programs and Green campaign. By using quantitative and qualitative method and political ecology aproaches. I assume that the ecological changes are forced and situated by political economic state interventions through policies and environmental condition which both farmer and state negotiation be possible. The result show, there was a changing to develop the new rural econonomic (new plantation) and migration pattern as a part of farmer strategies concerning to the econ omic opportunities and state intervention through reforestation programs. These choices imply to the changing of farmers daily rutinities and their household production.Keyword: Demography, Political Ecology, Economic and Environmental Change, Farmer Strategies, Migration Pattern

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MASKUS, KEITH E. « Regulatory standards in the WTO : Comparing intellectual property rights with competition policy, environmental protection, and core labor standards ». World Trade Review 1, n^o 2 (juillet 2002) : 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560200112x.

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The negotiation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) greatly expands the purview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) into domestic regulatory standards. This evolution immediately raises the question of whether other regulatory standards, including competition policy, environmental standards, and worker rights, should be added to the WTO agenda. Indeed, the Doha Declaration opened the door for negotiations on the environment and competition policy but not labor standards. In this paper I review the logic and evidence for this decision based on economic arguments for multilateral management of market externalities, policy coordination problems, and systemic trade issues. The review concludes that, conditional upon the protection of intellectual property rights in the WTO, a strong case may be made for including competition rules. The case is weaker for environmental regulation (if by that is meant a set of WTO rules on permissible standards) and quite weak for core labor standards.

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Kusumaningrum, Adi. « Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation : New Standardization of International Air Law ». PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, n^o 02 (2020) : 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.

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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.

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Kusumaningrum, Adi. « Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation : New Standardization of International Air Law ». PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, n^o 02 (2020) : 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7.

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Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.

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Soundararajan, Pradeeba, et Muthuramu Poovathi. « Study of psychosocial aspects of unmarried pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital ». International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, n^o 2 (31 janvier 2017) : 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170372.

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Background: Unmarried pregnancy is a major health and social problem in many developed as well as developing countries with unique medical and psychosocial consequences for the patient and society. The objective of this study was study the psychosocial aspects of unmarried pregnancy.Methods: Study was done over a period of one year. Data collected from 31 unmarried abortion seekers in a tertiary care Medical College hospital of Tamilnadu.Results: showed a strong association between unmarried adolescent pregnancy and lack of parental supervision and control , poor intra-family relationship , family problem , lack of knowledge on sexual and reproductive health ), and nonengagement of adolescent in any productive activity.Conclusions: Ignorance regarding sexuality and reproduction along with adventurous nature and poor negotiation skills predisposes unmarried girls for early sexual activity that may lead to various problems like unwanted pregnancy and STIs that may cause psycho-social-economic problems for the unmarried girl.

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B. Woodson, Shirley. « Economic Systems and Problems in Human Society ». International Journal of Tax Economics and Management 1, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2018) : 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/12.4434.

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Economists could never agree on what economics can be called. But many agree on many aspects of economic negotiation and analysis. According to Adam Smith, ‘Economics is the science of discussion on wealth’. John Stewart Mill thinks that ‘the meaning of wealth is fundamental and discusses its production and distribution rules’. According to Ricardo, ‘Political Economy is the nature of the property and the reason why he thinks it should be said that it can’t be construed as a rule by which to determine the division of the rules in different classes, but the rationale is to make a fairly accurate rule. It is more understandable that the previous searches are meaningless and confusing and the next is simply scientific Knowledge is acceptable’. According to Ricardo, ‘the fundamental task of economics is to find out the interconnection between people in different parts of the economy and their distribution of resources.’ According to Alfred Marshall, ‘economics is a science of resources on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is more important to study human science, it discusses the daily life of the people.’ In his landmark essay on the nature of economics, Lionel Robbins defined economics as “the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses”.

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Qin, Jianan, Xiang Fu, Shaoming Peng, Yuni Xu, Jie Huang et Sha Huang. « Asymmetric Bargaining Model for Water Resource Allocation over Transboundary Rivers ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 10 (16 mai 2019) : 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101733.

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Sustainable transboundary water governance is often challenged by conflicts between agents, which necessitates the design of cooperative and self-enforcing alternatives to facilitate equitable water distribution. The Nash bargaining approach, which originated from game theory, could offer a good mathematical framework to simulate strategic interactions among involved agents by considering individual rational benefits. Given that river-sharing problems often involve multiple self-interested agents, the asymmetric Nash bargaining solution (ANBS) could be used to describe agents’ powers, as determined by disparate social, economic, and political as well as military status, and ensure win–win strategies based on individual rationality. This paper proposed an asymmetric bargaining model by combining multi-criteria decision making, bankruptcy theory, and the ANBS for water distribution in the transboundary river context. The Euphrates River Basin (ERB) with three littoral states was used as a case study. Turkey has the highest bargaining power in ERB negotiation since it dominates in terms of economic strength, political influence, and military capacity, whereas in the two downstream countries these aspects are limited due to their internal political fragmentation and weaker military status. The water satisfaction percentages of Turkey, Syria, and Iraq under the best alternative are 96.30%, 84.23%, and 40.88%, respectively. The findings highlight the necessity for synthetically considering the agent’s disagreement utility and asymmetrical power when negotiating over water allocation.

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McIntyre, Gwynaeth. « Imperial Cult ». Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 2, n^o 1 (21 janvier 2019) : 1–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340003.

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Abstract As political power in Rome became centered on the emperor and his family, a system of honors and titles developed as one way to negotiate this new power dynamic. Classified under the collective heading ‘imperial cult’, this system of worship comprises religious rituals as well as political, economic, and social aspects. This article surveys the range of ancient literary sources and modern scholarly debates on how individuals became gods in the Roman world. The case studies illustrate how cult practices, temples, and priesthoods were established, highlighting the careful negotiation required between the emperor, imperial family, Senate, and populace in order to make mortals into gods.

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Páez, Laura. « GATS Financial Services Liberalization : How do OECD Members Schedules Impact Commercial Banking FDI ? » Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 6 (1 décembre 2008) : 1065–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008043.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) has come to play an important role for a signifi cant number of countries (currently 150) negotiating fi nancial services liberalization under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Nonetheless, despite these signifi cant advances, the GATS is far from being complete. Substantial liberalization is still pending in a considerable group of member countries. This leads to regulatory defi ciencies that contribute to a suboptimal provision of fi nancial services. Among the many aspects needing improvement, is a strengthening of GATS provisions to guarantee greater market access and NT to foreign service providers. The analysis of the scheduled commitments and MFN exemptions undertaken by the 30 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) members points to a great variability in the depth of commitments affecting fi nancial services foreign direct investment (FDI). In particular, entry, establishment and competition of foreign banks is determined through market access and NT limitations under the GATS framework. Given the current stalemate in the negotiation process of the GATS, improvements in the current liberalization framework will come from the combination of several processes such as unilateral opening; regionalism; pressures from the International Monetary Fund (IMF ) and the World Bank (through their lending mechanisms) and the OECD, rather than under the aegis of the WTO.

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Harutunian, Ruben. « The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict : Moving from Power Brokerage to Relationship Restructuring ». International Negotiation 15, n^o 1 (2010) : 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180610x488182.

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AbstractThe conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh represents the failure of mediation efforts in the context of a prolonged and successful ceasefire which has created disincentives for compromise. Today’s difficult negotiation atmosphere originates from perceiving the conflict as primarily an ethnic problem couched in the rhetoric of a territorial dispute. Further, a prolonged and successful ceasefire has entrenched powerful economic and political interests on both sides which stand to gain from continued limbo. With this in mind, the Minsk Group should shift its focus to the implementation of confidence-building measures between the authorities on both sides as well as the three societies involved. Secondly, the Minsk Group co-chairs can no longer just serve as peace brokers, but must be co-signers to the negotiated agreement, emphasizing their role as guarantors of a long-term peace between Armenians and Azeris. Finally, any long-term agreement will have to include aspects of mutual economic development, cross-cultural exchange, and socio-political understanding.

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Janků, Martin. « The Lisbon Treaty and Changes in the Legal Rules on the Common Commercial Policy ». EU agrarian Law 6, n^o 1 (27 juin 2017) : 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2017-0002.

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Abstract The EU Lisbon Treaty 2007 (LT) brings some changes for the common commercial policy (CCP) and the decision-making processes related to it. CCP is newly included in the one area with all the external activities of the EU, with foreign and security policy, international environmental policy, development aid and economic, financial and technical cooperation with third countries. The fundamental areas of the CCP have been expanded to include foreign direct investment, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. The EU’s exclusive competence for external negotiation of agreements in areas of exclusive competence and internal CCP regarding their implementation were confirmed. The changes affect the role of the European Parliament and also the functioning of the European Council, the Council, and competences of the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European External Action Service. Together with these changes, there will be also changes in procedures within the European Union. A number of aspects of the decision-making process are not yet entirely clarified, and only the practice of the participation of the EU Member States and the European Parliament in the formation of the common commercial policy will bring more meaningful conclusions. The changes brought by the LT will affect not only the extent of the influence of EU Member States on the common commercial policy, but they can also affect the position of the EU in the context of international trade, particularly in the area of negotiating commitments and rules of multilateral and bilateral trade and investment agreements.

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Guercini, Simone, Matilde Milanesi et Andrea Runfola. « Bridges to sustainable health systems : public-private interaction for market access ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 35, n^o 12 (13 avril 2020) : 1929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2019-0475.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the market access (MA) of ethical drugs, the underlying public-private interaction (PPI) between pharmaceutical companies and public actors, and the implications for the sustainability of the health system. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative interpretivist approach was selected. Interviews were carried out as the primary method of data collection: 27 interviews were conducted with 13 key informants from the pharmaceutical industry. Findings The perspective of MA evolves from formal negotiation with the public actor at various levels to PPI, which should include aspects of interactions with other actors in the network. Conceptualization in these terms is fundamental because it allows an understanding of the implications in terms of the sustainability of the health system. Originality/value The paper discusses MA by highlighting the shift from a “market access as formal negotiation” perspective to a “public-private interaction for market access” perspective, in which the focus is on the content of the interaction and the representation of the network of relevant actors for MA. It contributes to the debate on the sustainability of health systems by suggesting the adoption of a medium-to-long-term approach to economic and social sustainability based on PPI; it adopts an industrial marketing approach and contributes to the recent debate on PPI.

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Yuan, Qigang, Liangliang Zhai et Tongtong Xu. « Price Transmission Effect of Establishing FTA with African Countries from the Perspective of Trade Facilitation ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (8 mars 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5946679.

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The present article introduces the price transmission effect of establishing free trade areas with African countries from the perspective of trade facilitation. Studies on China-Africa economic cooperation, tariff reduction effects, trade facilitation effects, and price transmission effects in free trade areas were reviewed. The existing literature rarely incorporates tariffs, trade facilitation, and price transmission mechanisms into the research when studying the effects of free trade areas. The present article introduces trade facilitation into the research field of China-Africa cooperation. Taking the China-Mauritius free trade area as an example, the Global Trade Analysis Project model is used to study the price transmission effect after the establishment of the China-African free trade area. Create a model and motivation for other countries to establish free trade areas with African countries. The main conclusions are as follows: China-Mauritian free trade area has improved not only the terms of trade, GDP, and social welfare of the two countries, but also other African countries. This improvement effect mainly comes from the improvement of trade facilitation, and the contribution of zero tariff policy is relatively small. The domestic price changes in many industrial sectors of the two countries showed a significant increase, while the import prices generally showed a downward trend. Therefore, countries should actively participate in the process of global economic integration, and, in the negotiation of trade liberalization, both sides should adopt differentiated negotiation strategies and improve the weak aspects of trade facilitation, respectively, to achieve a win-win situation.

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Gede Maha Putra, Nyoman, Georgia Butina Watson et Regina Mapua Lim. « ACTORS THAT AFFECT PLACE-IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION OF A TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT IN THE AGE OF GLOBAL TOURISM THE CASE OF SANUR IN DENPASSAR-BALI ». Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 27, n^o 2 (25 décembre 2019) : 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap2722019_2.

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There are various arguments that revolve around the fact that place-identity influences aspects of human life: social, economic and political. A city with a strong place-identity is claimed to have stronger social cohesion among its population, better economic opportunities as well as stable political circumstances. The wave of globalisation which influences all parts of the world leads cities around the globe to adopt similar patterns of homogenisation. This makes cities look similar to one another and blurs their placeidentity. In order to maintain their character, many local authorities have tried to find appropriate solutions, because the global forces can not be curbed. Moreover, as a living space, a city is always on the move in accordance with the dynamics of its inhabitants. Although it is unimaginable to see a city without any progress, the cities hold some values that form their place-identity, construct their characters as well as make them attractive. For its unique features, the values regularly fascinate tourists, creating economic opportunities. However, tourism businesses may also influence the place-identity construction of the cities. This paper analyses the transformation of place-identity of an area rooted in tradition in Bali. Urban morphology study and qualitative interviews were conducted to analyse the continuity and change of urban components. Today, physical development that supports tourism sector influences the vernacular processes of the place. Some values are maintained by the locals but they also need to adopt global phenomena as a negotiation between being rooted as well as being part of the global tourism industry needs development. The negotiation, however, should not compromise the preservation of natural resources and the rituals, because these factors are as the essence of tradition by the locals. Keywords: Place-Identity, Tradition, Tourism, Urban Morphology, Bali

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Khabibullina, Zenfira R. « Creative Labor : Distinctive Aspects, Dynamics of Development and Characteristics of System Transformation ». Economics of Contemporary Russia, n^o 1 (6 avril 2020) : 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-1(88)-32-40.

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Based on the theory of noonomy developed by S. D. Bodrunov, the author covers the possibilities of its use in studying a range of issues addressed under the Marxist paradigm, in particular when it comes to creative, universal labor. The author demonstrates an abiding role of labor in the economic development. The paper reveals changes of the creative worker place, role and value caused by modern technological transformations. The author delves into the need of addressing the social utility of creative labor and importance of studying its value in use. The paper presents the author's vision of the dynamics of the new forms of personal production factor development in a context of increasing importance of knowledge and competence.It is known that the labor subject is gradually transformed from a tool for material assets creation into the goal and condition of its own enlarged reproduction and qualitative internal improvement as the society shifts to a higher stage of technological development. As a result, the worker that mostly operates a highly intelligent creative element in his activity starts restructuring the existing relations system with the capital owner.This leads to the assumption that the new form of participation allows a creative worker to get back the self-organization property and self-sufficiency of the labor process which he had lost meanwhile restoring an almost equal negotiation power in course of interaction with capital. This gives grounds for firm background for the situation when the creative labor unit, on the one hand, and the capital owner, on the other, start to interact as partners and coworkers. But because the hired labor of the creative worker still prevails in the framework of the capitalist market system, it is at least premature to debate about the rapid overcoming of the economic dependence of labor on capital.

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Jonasson, Charlotte, et Jakob Lauring. « Rethinking the Harmonious Family : Processes of Social Organization in a Korean Corporation ». Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 24, n^o 2 (10 avril 2006) : 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v24i2.815.

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Social harmony and stability have been described as almost inborn aspects of Korean corporations. After the East Asian economic crisis of 1997, however, most Korean organizations faced new demands for increased productivity and competitiveness. The fragile balance between social harmony and individual competition led, in some Korean corporations, to social negotiation and struggles to define the aim and character of the collective effort. By describing the subsequent social dynamics of a Korean bank corporation, this article aims to show how the perception of group harmony as a stable entity in East Asian organizations is too static a concept for analysing the social organization. Rather, the dynamics of the continuous production and reproduction of social structures have to be taken into account in order to understand working life in Korean organizations.

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Diener, Alexander C., et Joshua Hagen. « City of felt and concrete : Negotiating cultural hybridity in Mongolia's capital of Ulaanbaatar ». Nationalities Papers 41, n^o 4 (juillet 2013) : 622–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.743513.

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Capital cities play an integral role in the construction of national identity. This is particularly true when the capital is the country's only major urban center. Over the course of its history, Mongolia's capital of Ulaanbaatar has been periodically reshaped to reflect competing trajectories of national culture. This article examines the evolving symbolism of architecture, urban design, and public space in Ulaanbaatar as a means of exploring Mongolia's complex negotiation between its traditional culture (mobile pastoralism and Shamanism/Buddhism), its socialist legacy, and globalization. Amidst the rampant social change of the last two decades, rather ambiguous national narratives have emerged in Mongolia. Like the capital's cityscape, these narratives reflect aspects of both recent and distant pasts, as well as contemporary economic, political, and social realities. This article reveals how increasingly palpable global economic and cultural practices are fomenting material change in the current phase of Ulaanbaatar's evolution. A combination of secondary source research and observations drawn from several months of fieldwork provide the basis for a discussion of the city's role as a forum for cultural contestation and national reform.

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Sharma, Sonali. « #delhimetro on Instagram : Digital Media and Mobility Practices before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic ». Asiascape : Digital Asia 9, n^o 1-2 (7 juillet 2022) : 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142312-bja10032.

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Abstract India has the highest number of Instagram users in the world. This article examines Instagram, the mobility, and the digital media practices of Delhi Metro commuters before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, it looks at their photography of everyday lived experiences, their mediated interactions with one another, and the visible-invisible infrastructure in the city. It draws attention to the complexity of digital production, personal archiving, and circulation networks at play. Foregrounding the changing ‘geographies of social media’, a qualitative, digital ethnographic approach analyses these images’ visual, social, and contextual aspects. Also, a range of convergent practices related to individuals, places, and socio-cultural-political-economic-technological realities influence the images. Eventually, a narrative emerges on how these metro travellers inhabit offline and online public spaces, exchange cultural capital, and perform the affective, mediated negotiation of the city.

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Cui, W. Z., J. Chen, Y. P. Wu et Y. D. Wu. « An overview of water resources management of the Pearl River ». Water Supply 7, n^o 2 (1 juillet 2007) : 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.045.

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This paper summarizes the main features of water resources management of the Pearl River basin in southern China. A regulation over the basin through integrating various regions was first established for enhancing the water resources management. Based on such a regulation, a public policy frame was then constructed aiming for the harmony between human activities and nature. It is hoped that, as a result, the basin's socio-economic sustainable development could be achieved. In practice, the Pearl River Water Resources Commission (PRWRC), which is the basin regulatory authority, has been focusing on various aspects of regulating water basin and conserving water resources. These aspects include the development of innovative regulations of treating water, exploration of compensation schemes for water resources prevention, investigation of the hydraulic engineering project impacts on region relocation and ecology, and establishment of marketing schemes for sustainable application of water resources. It is expected that these regulating water resources aspects would result in enhancing public participation and negotiation in the Pearl River basin management. A case study is presented on the PRWRC's effort in coordinating water discharges from a number of reservoirs to protect the safe water supply in the Pearl River basin from seawater intrusion during the dry season.

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Lagenbacher, Eric. « Tschüss, Perfidious Albion : German Reactions to Brexit ». German Politics and Society 35, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2017) : 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2017.350305.

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Observers across Europe and the world were shocked when British voters decided in June 2016 to leave the European Union. Since the Brexit decision, British politics have been in disarray and the government’s incoherent negotiation positions have created much economic and political uncertainty. Germans and others have had to formulate policy based on assumptions and predictions. Despite slightly different emphases, all mainstream German parties have endorsed a harder line rejecting British efforts to cherry pick the most desirable aspects of a relationship with the EU. This stance accords with the preferences of European Union actors and the vast majority of member states. Moreover, the likely effects on the German economy will not be catastrophic. Thus, as much as Germans prefer that the UK remain in the EU, there is also little desire to accommodate British demands—and there may even be a sense of relief.

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Seminatore, Irnerio. « Interdependance, linkage et système international : de l'analyse conceptuelle aux problèmes de politique étrangère ». Études internationales 18, n^o 2 (12 avril 2005) : 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702166ar.

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The emergence and evolution of the literature dealing with interdependence in the international System is looked into. An attempt is made to show its significance and main points as well as its implications. The debates on interdependence within the North-American political context are regarded as solutions to the preceding issues on dependence. Interesting passages are dedicated to the impact of the interdependence theory on the interpretation of the international system, as illustrated by two schools of thought in foreign policy (Kissinger-Brzezinski). Linkage of the tactical and strategic aspects to the economic and political interrelation of international relations, as put forward by policy makers, has brought to the fore the difficulties and limits of negotiation in the face of competition and in the aftermath of confrontation. This paper offers subtle, yet positive, conclusions on the use of the interdependance theory in international policy.

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Bharthur, Sanjay. « New World Information and Communication Order and BRICS : Legacies and relevance ». Global Media and China 3, n^o 2 (juin 2018) : 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059436418785029.

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The role of information and communication in establishing and defining world order formed the basis of a comprehensive call for the New World Information and Communication Order. Many strategic and regional blocs of nations and economic forums have been formed over time. BRICS has made a relatively new attempt in the coming together of several politically, economically and culturally diverse countries. Their summits reflect their intention to work together. By positioning the media system, this brief article looks at the patterns of evolution since New World Information and Communication Order and the comparable aspects of media in these countries. China and India, apart from their membership in BRICS also have historical ties, issues and concerns. Connectivity, as intended in the Belt and Road Initiative, is in a bilateral sense a matter of diplomacy and negotiation. An attempt has been made to contextualise this issue as well.

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Fišer, Ondřej. « Československo-sovětská hospodářská spolupráce v období Gottwaldovy éry ». Acta historica Neosoliensia 25, n^o 2 (16 décembre 2022) : 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/ahn.2022.25.02.38-51.

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Czechoslovak-Soviet economic cooperation in the years 1948-1953 is hitherto a rather marginalized facet of contemporary historiography. The limited secondary literature on this topic, especially from Czechoslovak economists and historians, published both during the communist regime and after the Velvet Revolution, is characterized by a rather strong pro/anti-communist bias limiting its objective insight into the various technical aspects of intra-bloc cooperation. The major aim of this study is therefore to use the newly accessible fonds of the Czech National Archives at Chodov and the Archives of the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Czernin Palace to construct a more holistic portrayal of Czechoslovak cooperation with the Soviet Union, its largest trading partner. The hypothesis is that although under the influence of the authoritarian regimes of Stalin and Gottwald, trade relations between the two countries were rather politicized at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s, they were nevertheless to some extent guided by the practical needs of the national economies. It was the clash between political and economic reasoning and the quest of the communist leadership of both states to achieve their mutual equilibrium that was characteristic of the Gottwald era. The present work also seeks to highlight the crucial role of the Third Republic (1945-1948) in the economic integration of Czechoslovakia into the Eastern Bloc. Specific space is then devoted to the negotiation processes of individual trade agreements, their content and their impact on the development of the Czechoslovak economy.

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Petkovic, Dusan. « Notes from Notes on Blindness : The challenges of the in-house1 film production model in independent cinema ». Scene 6, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/scene_00013_1.

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This article, derived from a larger ethnographic research created around the production of the award-winning independent film Notes on Blindness (2016) and conducted by a researcher active as a film professional, explores the deeper consequences of choosing to pursue a production ‘in-house’. Through participant observation, Actor-Network Theory and negotiation between film practice and research, the researcher finds independent filmmakers caught between the opposing trends of high-end industry and the digital economies. The organization forms observed in this article stand opposite to the prevalent globalized creative labour trends motivated by the internet and new technologies, and can best be described as a revival of Richard Sennett’s craft workshop in the digital era. These are ultra-dense creative spaces where craftspersons nurture their creative impulses and shield them from the negative aspects of the technological and economic upheaval. In the hope that the findings will inform future filmmakers in the role of this specific type of organization in delivering the intended output, this article offers insights beyond the industry self-avowal and sales pitch.

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Oosterhof, Albert. « Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations ». Leiden Journal of International Law 7, n^o 2 (1994) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.

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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.

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Hatfield, Richard C., Richard W. Houston, Chad M. Stefaniak et Spencer Usrey. « The Effect of Magnitude of Audit Difference and Prior Client Concessions on Negotiations of Proposed Adjustments ». Accounting Review 85, n^o 5 (1 septembre 2010) : 1647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.5.1647.

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ABSTRACT: This study reports the result of an experiment examining two aspects of the audit context that auditors likely do not suspect can influence audited account balances: the magnitude of an audit difference and the presence of a prior client concession. Negotiation theory shows that negotiators’ initial positions (e.g., clients’ unaudited balances) as well as feelings of reciprocity created by prior negotiations serve to create expectations for the current negotiation and, in turn, affect the outcomes of such negotiations. Our results show that the magnitude of an audit difference involving an estimate (i.e., difference between client’s account balance and the auditor’s independent estimate) as well as the presence of a prior client concession influence auditors’ negotiation expectations. Specifically, auditors proposed smaller adjustments when the magnitude of the audit difference was high and when the client conceded on an audit issue prior to resolving the difference in estimates. These manipulations similarly influence the negotiated outcome, and this influence is fully mediated by the auditor’s initial negotiation position.

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Manurung, Hendra. « IMPROVING FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) BETWEEN INDONESIA-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (CEPA) ». Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 2, n^o 1 (9 juin 2018) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v2i1.667.

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This study aims to elaborate potential effects of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on the trading of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and Indonesia addressing issues considered to be impeding the conclusion of CEPA negotiations. Suppose the agreement between the EU and Indonesia improve economic relations while creating benefits for both. Indonesia and the EU began negotiation on the CEPA preparation in 2012. The CEPA has been presented as having the ability to help both parties take full advantage of unexploited economic relations. The CEPA is expected to be a comprehensive agreement discussing various aspects of economic relations and moved beyond being a simple agreement for removing trade barriers. The liberalization of international trade in goods remains to be an important aspect of the CEPA, investment promotion and facilitation, the improvement of trade in services, and the creation of improved competition policy practices would promote greater economic relations. Indonesia expects three major contributions from the CEPA, i.e.: First, the most obvious one relates to promotion of increased trade between Indonesia and the EU. The agreementâ€™s focus on trade liberalization will increase the intensity of trade relations by lowering trade barriers, and by facilitating trade; Second, expected contribution concerns the impact of liberalization on trade and investments in services; Third, enhanced technological advance and skills transfer in the goods, services and investment. A free trade agreement between the EU and Indonesia provides a more stable, balanced, and long-term framework to enhance trade and investment. Keywords: the EU, Indonesia, CEPA, liberalization, free trade Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi efek dari Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA) mengenai perdagangan barang dan jasa antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia, dan dalam penanganan isu-isu utama yang dianggap dapat menghambat perundingan CEPA. Seharusnya kesepakatan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memperbaiki dinamika hubungan ekonomi yang ada, sekaligus menciptakan berbagai manfaat bagi keduanya. Indonesia dan Uni Eropa mulai melakukan negosiasi persiapan CEPA di tahun 2012. CEPA digambarkan memampukan kedua belah pihak memanfaatkan sepenuhnya hubungan ekonomi yang tidak saling mengeksploitasi hubungan ekonomi antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia. CEPA diharapkan menjadi kesepakatan komprehensif dalam membahas berbagai aspek hubungan ekonomi tersebut, dan karenanya telah melampaui kesepakatan sederhana untuk penghapusan hambatan perdagangan. Sementara liberalisasi perdagangan internasional barang tetap sebagai aspek penting CEPA, promosi investasi dan fasilitasi, peningkatan perdagangan jasa, dan penciptaan praktik kebijakan persaingan yang lebih baik dalam promosi hubungan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Indonesia berharap adanya tiga kontribusi utama dari CEPA, yaitu: Pertama, yang paling nyata berkaitan dengan promosi peningkatan perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Fokus kesepakatan pada liberalisasi perdagangan dapat meningkatkan intensitas hubungan perdagangan dengan menurunkan berbagai hambatan dagang, dan dengan memfasilitasi perdagangan; Kedua, kontribusi CEPA diharapkan berdampak pada liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi jasa; Ketiga, peningkatan kemajuan teknologi dan keterampilan di sektor barang, jasa dan investasi. Adanya perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memberikan kerangka kerjasama yang lebih stabil, seimbang, dan berjangka panjang dalam peningkatan hubungan perdagangan dan investasi antar kawasan. Kata kunci: Uni Eropa, Indonesia, Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA), liberalisasi, pasar bebas

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Tejsner, Pelle. « Quota disputes and subsistence whaling in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland ». Polar Record 50, n^o 4 (27 mai 2014) : 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000242.

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ABSTRACTIn Qeqertarsuaq (Disco Island), northwest Greenland, local disputes about the allocation of annual whaling quotas for beluga and narwhals feature as a source of conflict between state-imposed categories of occupational and non-occupational hunters. The national authorities’ co-management regime for the regulation of whale quotas has triggered the creation of new socio-economic groupings and compartmentalised respective groups of hunters in the process. Although the rigid legal categories have impacted upon the social unity and conduct of whaling in Qeqertarsuaq, and remain difficult to navigate, local whalers and their families nevertheless improvise and mould their interests around the legal frameworks in everyday interpretations of national and municipal quota allocations. The article argues that, in the process of receiving and interpreting annual quota allocations, hunters and their families draw on locally varying environmental and ecological circumstances and that their negotiation of current regulations, in turn, suggests a further consideration of the social aspects as these inform local knowledge about whales and wider socio-economic circumstances governing whaling in Qeqertarsuaq. In reviewing local receptions of annual quota allocations, the article assesses how whaling regulations are not just about the management of whale stocks but also about the management of whalers and their families and how this then calls for increased recognition of the fact that issues of social sustainability are intricately tied to contemporary concerns for environmental sustainability in Arctic whaling.

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Kharchenko, Ihor, et Oleksandr Lizunkov. « Organizational Aspects of the Strategic Victory in the Competition Among Small Construction Companies ». Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Economic Sciences, n^o 6(39) (2021) : 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2663-1636.2021.6(39).267-281.

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The purpose of the research is the search for the strategic steps to win the competition among small construction and installation companies in the market conditions, where the factors of scale and differentiation do not work. In order to achieve the aim the following scientific principles are used: the principle of applied targeting, system, dynamics, and the methods of observation, modelling, formalization, analysis, synthesis, mathematization and generalization within specific scientific methodology. It is a major problem to create serious stable competitive advantages for winning in the competition for the small construction and installation company. Creation of competitive advantages is based on the definite economic correlates. Thus the question arises what to base them on. M. Porter determined U-like dependence between the market share of the company and the level of the returns on investments. [Porter, p.60]. It made it possible to make a principally important conclusion about two types of strategies that achieve significant success: 1) differentiation 2) leadership in prices and expenses. Thus, it’s necessary to analyze the company market from the point of view of: possibilities for differentiation; presence of the economies of scale, which help to decrease expenses and price of the product. The new (updated) BKG matrix helps to find ways to solve the problem of creating competitive advantages. BKG defines four competitive fields. Competitive field where small construction company operates is called “frustration”, and according to the recommendations of the modernized BKG matrix, the factor of scale does not work here and differentiation is not appropriate. Among the recommendations for this field the most efficient, in our opinion, is the proposition to use factors of production the sphere of the largest return and to control geographical markets. Actual expenditures of the company depend to a considerable extent on the term of work performance among other factors. Having conducted the research, we defined the correlation between the term of work performance and their actual cost value. The research was conducted based on calculations of estimated costs of construction works with the help of the program complex AVK-5, taking into consideration the character of dependence of the cost value components on the terms of work performance. These correlations are presented in chart and graphic form. After analyzing the graph it is possible to determine how the estimated cost value will change when changing the terms of work performance and define the zone of minimal cost of work performance which allows to build the strategy for tenders and negotiations on construction costs and terms. Optimum zone is the zone of minimal variable costs, corresponds to normative duration of work performance. Upon the analysis of the received correlations and possible tasks of the construction company while conducting tenders we can suggest the following strategies of tenders’ conduction to a construction company: a) In terms of strict restriction of the costs of project implementation from the building owner; b) In terms of the strict restriction of the terms of the project implementation by the building owner; c) In case, when the subject of negotiation during tender are both term and cost of work performance.

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Monteiro, Maria. « Singing the “Wondrous Story” in Portuguese : The First Official Brazilian Baptist Hymnal, Cantor Cristão ». Religions 13, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2021) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010018.

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This paper discusses the history of Cantor Cristão, the first official Brazilian Baptist hymnal, published in 1891, revealing important aspects of the development of Protestant hymnody in Brazil. It also exposes a web of long-distance connections, multiple linguistic and cultural elements, and distinct perspectives of those who chose to do missionary work and those who chose to welcome them. More specifically, I describe and reflect on the contributions of Solomon L. Ginsburg, an Orthodox Jew from Poland, converted to Christianity in England, and turned Evangelical missionary, who played a crucial role in the history of Cantor Cristão as publisher, author, and translator of hymns. In my analysis, I adopt a historical ethnomusicological perspective and utilize the concept of musical localization, as well as the complementary notions of negotiation of proximity and ethics of style as interpretative lenses. I am drawn to a more nuanced view of the legacy of the mission enterprise, one that is not blind to issues of power, ethnocentrism, and wealth, but makes room for a robust examination of all sorts of capital transfers and investments (economic, cultural, and social), and the real phenomena of musical localization and individual agency.

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Regier, H. A., et A. P. Grima. « Fishery Resource Allocation : An Exploratory Essay ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, n^o 4 (1 avril 1985) : 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-109.

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In Canada our approach to the management of fish resources and their habitats has been in turmoil for several decades, especially during the past decade. That many direct and indirect users of the aquatic ecosystems have been and are continuing to make improper use of them is widely recognized by the public and in formal government policies. Some of the improprieties have been reduced while others are intensifying. How to reduce all improprieties and how to foster meliorative husbandry are being addressed with respect to ecological, social, economic, and political aspects of the man–nature ecosystem. Reconsideration of all rights to the use of fish and their habitats, where the "rights" may be de jure and formally sanctioned, or de facto and informally accepted or imagined and illegal, is leading to proposals that legitimate rights be clarified and be allocated in more explicit and open ways. As allocative devices both the market system and processes of community-level negotiation are being developed further, and the centralized administrative (or bureaucratic) device is being reformed to accommodate the greater use of complementary devices. These issues are here explored with respect to intrajurisdictional problems and opportunities in Canada.

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Zuev, Vladimir, Elena Ostrovskaya et Ekaterina Vasilyeva. « The Trade Service Agreement Between Vietnam and the EAEU and the Formation of Negotiation Strategies on New Agreements in the Service Sector : The First Results ». International Organisations Research Journal 16, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-02-09.

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n the last decades, the importance of trade in services in global trade flows has grown from strength to strength. This trend has stimulated the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements aimed at ensuring equal and fair access for service providers to foreign markets. The states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are no exceptions to this global trend and strive to ensure free trade in services with foreign partners as a part of trade policies. This article analyzes theoretical and practical aspects of implementing the provisions on trade in services of the free trade agreement (FTA) between the EAEU and Vietnam, specifically applied to Russia and Vietnam. The results of the agreement’s implementation are instrumental in formulating the main contributions of the strategy that will increase the efficiency of future agreements on trade in services between the EAEU and foreign partners. The following strategy has already been applied to the example of service sector cooperation between Russia and Singapore. The emphasis of the study is quite universal, and the contributions of the strategy are applicable to other regional associations.

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Komendantova, Nadejda, Leena Marashdeh, Love Ekenberg, Mats Danielson, Franziska Dettner, Simon Hilpert, Clemens Wingenbach, Kholoud Hassouneh et Ahmed Al-Salaymeh. « Water–Energy Nexus : Addressing Stakeholder Preferences in Jordan ». Sustainability 12, n^o 15 (31 juillet 2020) : 6168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156168.

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The water and energy sectors are fundamentally linked. In Jordan, especially in the face of a changing climate, the water–energy nexus holds a number of challenges but also opportunities. A key point in exploring synergies is the identification of such, as well as the communication between the water and energy sectors. This paper promotes the importance of using a co-creative approach to help resolve opposing views and assessing stakeholder preferences in the context of the water–energy nexus in Jordan. A computer-supported, co-creative approach was used to evaluate stakeholder preferences and opinions on criteria and future scenarios for the energy and water sector in Jordan, identifying common difficulties and possibilities. The criteria describe socio-ecological aspects as well as techno-economic aspects for both systems. Discussing a set of preliminary scenarios describing possible energy and water futures ranked under a set of sector relevant criteria, a consensus between both stakeholder groups is reached. The robustness of results is determined, using a second-order probabilistic approach. The results indicate that there are no fundamental conflicts between the energy and water stakeholder groups. Applying a participatory multi-stakeholder, multi-criteria framework to the energy-water nexus case in Jordan promotes a clear understanding of where different stakeholder groups stand. This understanding and agreement can form the basis of a joint water–energy nexus policy used in the continued negotiation process between and within national and international cooperation, as well as promoting and developing acceptable suggestions to solve complex problems for both sectors.

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Marusek, Sarah. « Beyond Secular Liberalism ». American Journal of Islam and Society 35, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2018) : 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i1.276.

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While many scholars have focused on questions of non- or post-secularity vis-à-vis the “modern nation state,” fewer have asked what kind of decolonial redemption is possible under global neoliberal capitalism today. This is precisely the question I seek to address in this article by analyzing the contemporary ideas and practices of the charities affiliated with what is collectively known as the Islamic resistance movement in Lebanon. Based on almost two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork in Lebanon on the charities affiliated with the three main Shi'i activist movements loosely comprising the Islamic resistance movement—Hizbullah, al-Mabarrat Association, and Imam al-Sadr Foundation—I describe how all three are selectively resisting some aspects of secular liberalism while accepting others. However, by employing a decentered approach to my analysis, I also highlight how their negotiation with secular liberalism is on their own terms, thus ultimately presenting a challenge to Western hegemony. These charities employ multiple conceptions of rationality, including religious rationality and a range of liberal and even neoliberal economic principles; but by centering their project on faith, Islam, and resistance, these charities reproduce what I call “resistance subjectivities,” allowing the Islamic resistance movement to present unique challenges to Western secular modernity.

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Marusek, Sarah. « Beyond Secular Liberalism ». American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2018) : 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i1.276.

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While many scholars have focused on questions of non- or post-secularity vis-à-vis the “modern nation state,” fewer have asked what kind of decolonial redemption is possible under global neoliberal capitalism today. This is precisely the question I seek to address in this article by analyzing the contemporary ideas and practices of the charities affiliated with what is collectively known as the Islamic resistance movement in Lebanon. Based on almost two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork in Lebanon on the charities affiliated with the three main Shi'i activist movements loosely comprising the Islamic resistance movement—Hizbullah, al-Mabarrat Association, and Imam al-Sadr Foundation—I describe how all three are selectively resisting some aspects of secular liberalism while accepting others. However, by employing a decentered approach to my analysis, I also highlight how their negotiation with secular liberalism is on their own terms, thus ultimately presenting a challenge to Western hegemony. These charities employ multiple conceptions of rationality, including religious rationality and a range of liberal and even neoliberal economic principles; but by centering their project on faith, Islam, and resistance, these charities reproduce what I call “resistance subjectivities,” allowing the Islamic resistance movement to present unique challenges to Western secular modernity.

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Sistani, Shahram R. « Nobody’s as Powerful as We Make Them Out to Be : A Psychopolitical Reading of The Third Life of Grange Copeland ». English Language and Literature Studies 6, n^o 2 (28 avril 2016) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n2p36.

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Alice Walker’s most prestigious novel The Third Life of Grange Copeland captures the critical aspects of colonial period. It depicts deconstruction of identity and interrogates the economic, political, and cultural basis of colonial period. The aim of this study is to use psychoanalytic concepts and ideas of Frantz Fanon to scrutinize the workings of power. How Walker investigates the pernicious workings of power, oppression, and class? To illustrate this, the paper relies upon Fanonian understanding of colonial racism. Fanon’s investigation of the psychic life of the colonial power is a helpful vehicle for unraveling varied ways that characters use to form subjectivity and individuation. How does the society form Grange’s struggle for individuation? The identity of Grange is under scrutiny in the light of key concepts of psychoanalytic criticism. He captures the strategies of resistance, negotiation, and return to the south to reach the individuation. The dialectic of the society and the citizens are an integral part of this study to see how Grange’s consciousness is shaped within a racist structure of power. Arguably, confronting with a racist ideology can drives the slaves to madness by persistent inculcation of considering black psyche as inferior.

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De Assis Patroclo, Maria Aparecida, et Flávia Elias. « PD44 Realistic Review : Theoretical Model For Monitoring And Evaluation (M&E) Of Health Technology Assessment Management ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (décembre 2022) : S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322003038.

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IntroductionRealistic Review (RR) is a methodology for systematic review proposed by Pawson (2002), to guide policy formulation. It is aimed at policy makers and decision makers and seeks to explain how a given intervention succeeds or fails in a certain context, allowing the identification of more suitable alternatives to solve problems. The objective of this study was to develop a theoretical model for Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) management.MethodsThe realistic review sought to identify aspects that influence HTA contributions. Studies were included if they provided a description of context and description of HTA contributions. Key purpose elements were extracted from selected studies and the contexts of HTA contributions were analyzed. The association between context and types and areas of contributions of HTA in different realities was synthesized. We analyzed thirty-one articles published in international journals in the area of health technology assessment and three articles on assessment policy in Brazil, nominated by experts.ResultsIt was possible to identify situations that generate demands for HTA; favorable and unfavorable contexts and factors for contributions; main functions of networks; main products resulting from the application of evaluations; results and impact predicted by the action of the networks.The logical model starts with conjunctural aspects that generate demands: economic, social and cultural. In a favorable context, the definition of priorities and debates in the negotiation arenas influence research and the policy formulation process. Networks identify evidence and contribute to knowledge management, generating products, results and impacts.ConclusionsThe use of the theoretical model created from the realistic review is a tool that allows the M&E of HTA management.

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Marchiso, S. « Sustainable management of water resources and international law ». Water Science and Technology 42, n^o 1-2 (1 juillet 2000) : 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0320.

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The need is being increasingly felt within the international community for more careful consideration of the legal and institutional aspects involved in the use and management of water resources. Existing legal regimes, both national and international, may have no provisions for regulating or controlling new needs for sustainable management of waters. Innovative legal frameworks for water must thus be designed to both facilitate and achieve efficient allocation or reallocation of resources for environmental protection and proceed towards the attainment of social, economic and more general sustainable development goals. The no-harm rule, the equitable apportionment principle and the duty of consultation and negotiation among riparian or sharing States are now integrated by rules and standards pertaining to the new branch of international law on sustainable development: the duty of co-operation, the precautionary principle, the prevention rule, the polluter-pays principle, the environmental impact assessment requirement, which are gaining relevance also in the context of international water resources law, as shown by the 1997 New York Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. Sustainable water management also implies widespread adoption of good governance principles that ensure broader participation in development decisions and an open decision-making process. In developing and using water resources, priority has to be given to the satisfaction of the basic right to water. This paper intends to identify an effective legal international regime for management of water resources, compliant with sustainable development principles solemnly asserted within international law.

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Jemadi, Jemadi, et Bambang Sugeng Dwiyanto. « Strategi Kelompok Buruh Perempuan dalam Memanfaatkan Modal Sosial untuk Meningkatkan Aksesibilitas Pasar (Studi di Kelompok Buruh Perempuan “Tani Rejo” dalam Mengakses Industri Emping Melinjo di Kecamatan Limpung, Kabupaten Batang, Provinsi Jawa Tengah) ». Jurnal Maksipreneur : Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship 4, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2014) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v4i1.96.

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This paper discusses (1) power relation pattern between emping maker labor and employer in managing emping mlinjo industry, (2) female group “Tani Rejo” as female labor association in internal affair or in relation to external actor, and (3) implication occurring due to emerging female labor association. The paper is based on research done on female labor of emping industry in Ngaliyan village, Limpung district, Batang regency, Central Java province. Result of the research indicates that (1) women associated in Tani Rejo group leave from social construction binding them for long time. They use it as economic and sociological association. (2) by joining in Tani Rejo group, female labor get welfare benefit in material and non material aspects and democracy, polity education and other supporting insight that is very useful in social setting and household. (3) From activities the group does indicate that negotiation strategy is social tradition transformation to economic area. The social tradition is social capital the female labors have. Social capital is transformed into formal organization. Then, the organization does economic activities using social capital. (4) Existence of Tani Rejo as social modal did not give significant implication in relation between labor and employers, because Tani Rejo emerge as new actor that is still weak in human resource and capital resource.

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