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The pragmatics of negation : Its function in narrative. Tokyo : Hituzi Syobo, 2003.
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Horváth, Márta, et Gábor Simon, dir. Negative Emotions in the Reception of Fictional Narratives. Brill | mentis, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783969752661.
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Wertsch, James V. How Nations Remember. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197551462.001.0001.
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How Nations Remember draws on multiple disciplines in the humanities and social sciences to examine how a nation’s account of the past shapes its actions in the present. National memory can underwrite noble aspirations, but the volume focuses largely on how it contributes to the negative tendencies of nationalism that give rise to confrontation. Narratives are taken as units of analysis for examining the psychological and cultural dimensions of remembering particular events and also for understanding the schematic codes and mental habits that underlie national memory more generally. In this account, narratives are approached as tools that shape the views of members of national communities to such an extent that they serve as co-authors of what people say and think. Drawing on illustrations from Russia, China, Georgia, the United States, and elsewhere, the book examines how “narrative templates,” “narrative dialogism,” and “privileged event narratives” shape nations’ views of themselves and their relations with others. The volume concludes with a list of ways to manage the disputes that pit one national community against another.
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Frankel, Richard M. Our Stories, Ourselves. Sous la direction de Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron et Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0035.
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This chapter aims to combine traditional approaches to analyzing narratives with strategies for using them to change organizational culture; introduce the concepts of emergent design and appreciative inquiry as a framework for uncovering and disseminating an organization’s core narrative; and describe several innovative organization-level activities that used emergent design and appreciative inquiry narratives to change the culture of a large medical school. Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) is currently the largest medical school in North America. In January of 2003, the Relationship-Centered Care Initiative (RCCI) was launched, with an audacious goal: to change the culture of the school and reverse some of the negative trends it had been experiencing over the past decade. Relationship-Centered Care is an expanded form of patient-centered care, which focuses on including the values, attitudes, and preferences of patients as they seek and receive care.
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Turnbull, Martha. Local and Global Jihadist Narratives in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650292.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the relationship between local and global jihadist narratives in Afghanistan by examining the public messages of the Afghan Taliban and Al-Qaeda since 2011. It argues that the two groups have formed a closer partnership following the emergence of the Islamic State and its affiliate group the Islamic State Khorasan Province. Unlike the events of the Arab Spring, which had little impact in Afghanistan, the rise of the Islamic State and its offshoot in the region forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to create a robust counter-narrative which has brought the two groups closer together. This development marks a new era in the relationship between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and has significant negative implications for the peace process in Afghanistan.
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Champion, Craige B. Polybius on ‘Classical Athenian Imperial Democracy’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748472.003.0007.
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This chapter makes two contributions to our understanding of Polybius’ representation of the Athenian democracy. First, it shows that Polybius’ negative general portrayal of Athens in his political analysis in Book 6 is frequently at odds with his apparent admiration of the Athenians as reflected in his accounts of Athenian diplomacy in the historical narrative. Second, and more importantly, the paper contextualizes the characterization of the Athenian politeia in Book 6 within Polybius’ generally negative depictions of radical democratic states (ochlocracy, in Polybius’ terms). Here it is necessary to note the political meaning of the term ‘democracy’ in the mid-second century BCE, in order to understand how Polybius can condemn the Athenian politeia while praising the qualities of δημοκρατία.
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Garrett, Greg. A Long, Long Way. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906252.001.0001.
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Hollywood films are perhaps the most powerful storytellers in American history, and their depiction of race and culture has helped to shape the way people around the world respond to race and prejudice. Over the past one hundred years, films have moved from the radically prejudiced views of people of color to the depiction of people of color by writers and filmmakers from within those cultures. In the process, we begin to see how films have depicted negative versions of people outside the white mainstream, and how film might become a vehicle for racial reconciliation. Religious traditions offer powerful correctives to our cultural narratives, and this work incorporates both narrative truth-telling and religious truth-telling as we consider race and film and work toward reconciliation. By exploring the hundred-year period from The Birth of a Nation to Get Out, this work acknowledges the racist history of America and offers the possibility of hope for the future.
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Horigan, Kate Parker. Consuming Katrina. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817884.001.0001.
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When survivors are seen as agents in their own stories, they will be seen as agents in their own recovery. A better grasp on the processes of narration and memory is critical for improved disaster response because stories that are widely shared about disaster determine how communities recover. This book shows how the public understands and remembers large-scale disasters like Hurricane Katrina, discussing unique contexts in which personal narratives about the storm are shared: interviews with survivors, Dave Eggers’ Zeitoun, Josh Neufeld’s A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge, Tia Lessin and Carl Deal’s Trouble the Water, and public commemoration during the storm’s 10th anniversary in New Orleans. In each case, survivors initially present themselves in specific ways, counteracting negative stereotypes that characterize their communities. However, when adapted for public presentation, their stories get reduced back to stereotypes. As a result, people affected by Katrina continue to be seen in limited terms, as either undeserving of or incapable of managing recovery. This project is rooted in the author’s own experiences living in New Orleans before and after Katrina. But this is also a case study illustrating an ongoing problem and an innovative solution: survivors’ stories should be shared in a way that includes their own engagement with the processes of narrative production, circulation, and reception. In other words, we should know—when we hear the dramatic tale of disaster victims—what they think about how their story is being told to us.
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Straus, Joseph N. Representing Disability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871208.003.0001.
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In modernist music, disability functions as an artistic resource: a source of images and an impetus for narrative. Disability enables musical modernism. Modernist music is centrally concerned with the representation of disabled bodies. Its most characteristic features—fractured forms, immobilized harmonies, conflicting textural layers, radical simplification of means in some cases, and radical complexity and hermeticism in others—can be understood as musical representations of disability conditions, including deformity/disfigurement, mobility impairment, madness, idiocy, and autism. Although modernist music embodies negative, eugenic-era attitudes toward disability, it also affirmatively claims disability as a resource, thus manifesting its disability aesthetics.
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Cross, William E. Disjunctive : Social Injustice, Black Identity, and the Normality of Black People. Sous la direction de Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.36.
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In the discourse on Black identity, the point of departure is typically psychopathology, as revealed by empirical studies on oppositional identity or theorizing about the negative effects of slavery. This chapter reviews historical and psychological research on Black identity and Black self-esteem, presenting a counter-narrative that positions Black folks as ordinary and normal to a degree not previously appreciated. Although Black people are constantly ensnarled in a multitude of Faustian dilemmas, research demonstrates they are able to maintain their sanity and have accumulated an astonishing record of compromise, acculturation, religiosity, patience, and adjustment. Explicating this disjunctive is the focus of the chapter.
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Clarke, Katherine. Shaping the Geography of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.001.0001.
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This is a book about the multiple worlds that Herodotus creates in his narrative. The constructed landscape in Herodotus’ work incorporates his literary representation of the natural world from the broadest scope of continents right down to the location of specific episodes. His ‘charging’ of those settings through mythological associations and spatial parallels adds further depth and resonance. The physical world of the Histories is in turn altered by characters in the narrative whose interactions with the natural world form part of Herodotus’ inquiry, and add another dimension to the meaning given to space, combining notions of landscape as physical reality and as constructed reality. Geographical space is not a neutral backdrop, nor simply to be seen as Herodotus’ ‘creation’, but it is brought to life as a player in the narrative, the interaction with which reinforces the positive or negative characterizations of the protagonists. Analysis of focalization is embedded in this study of Herodotean geography in two ways—firstly, in the configurations of space contributed by different viewpoints on the world; and secondly, in the opinions about human interaction with geographical space which emerge from different narrative voices. The multivocal nature of the narrative complicates whether we can identify a single ‘Herodotean’ world, still less one containing consistent moral judgements. Furthermore, the mutability of fortune renders impossible a static Herodotean world, as successive imperial powers emerge. The exercise of political power, manifested metaphorically and literally through control over the natural world, generates a constantly evolving map of imperial geography.
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Tulloch, John, et Belinda Middleweek. Intimacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244606.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 discusses the film Intimacy as constructed discursively from two entirely different perspectives: a film reviewer’s intertextual references and professional organization of knowledge in constructing for his readers a negative view of the film and the authors’ no less intertextual, no less constructed, interdisciplinary “overlapping” of frames, interpreting Intimacy by way of a “mutual understanding” between and a “galvanizing extension” of disciplinary assumptions. In this analysis the narrative is explored via the relationship of three milieus: the sex scenes of Jay and Claire; the social world of south London beyond Jay’s flat, where this sex takes place; and Jay’s own personal memory space. The tension and balance between language and silence explored between and within these scenes reveal the film’s exploration of modern intimacy at a time when sex for reproduction, marriage, and romantic love are under constant renegotiation.
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Thomas, Bejoy C., et Rebecca L. Malhi. Challenges in communicating with ethnically diverse populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0041.
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Effective cancer communication is crucial for both clinicians and patients, yet is often suboptimal. Health literacy—the ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate health information—is a latent factor that may contribute to ineffective medical interactions. Limited health literacy has been associated with significant negative health outcomes and higher medical costs. Given the compelling evidence that ethnically diverse populations are particularly vulnerable, we use a narrative case example—a hypothetical clinical meeting between an oncologist and a newly-diagnosed patient—to highlight how patient risk factors for low health literacy (e.g. age, language, distress, etc.) may be amplified by clinician and contextual factors (e.g. using medical jargon, complexity of patient educational materials, etc.). Finally, we re-imagine the same clinical encounter and illustrate how some simple strategies could ameliorate the effects of low health literacy and facilitate communication and patient decision-making.
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Davidson, Kate M. Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0017.
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CBT for personality disorders (CBTpd) uses a developmental model that places emphasis on core beliefs concerned with self-identity and other people that have arisen in childhood and behavioral strategies to compensate, avoid, or cope with these core beliefs. The therapy is less intensive than other therapies for personality disorder. A narrative formulation engages individuals in therapy and increases psychological understanding of problems, such as how core beliefs developed through adverse events in childhood led to emotional and behavioral patterns that are negative and often self-destructive and interfere with the development of positive relationships and the enhancement of life skills. CBTpd helps the patient gain control over distress, promotes more adaptive beliefs about self, and increases interpersonal skill and resilience. CBTpd has been evaluated in randomized controlled trials and shown to be effective in treating BPD, including those with suicidal behavior and severe depression.
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Moller, David Wendell. The Story of Annie Gratitude and Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0006.
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The narrative of Bill Wheeler expresses his sense of betrayal and neglect. There was a great divide between the life experiences of Mr. Wheeler and his caregivers. He was angry that his late diagnosis was related to being poor and uninsured. He resented that his doctors did not communicate with him effectively. He felt they misrepresented things, failed to listen attentively, and disregarded his suffering and needs. The decision to treat his cancer aggressively despite its advanced stage initially provided hopeful expectations but ultimately led to shattered hope, greater anger, and late enrollment in hospice. The result is that Mr. Wheeler went to his death feeling neglected and uncared for. The negative impact of poor communication is magnified due to inadequate resources, low literacy, and mistrust of the medical system. Emotional handling of patients in vulnerable populations is crucial because these patients often mistrust physicians and the healthcare system at large.
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Bell, Melanie. Movie Workers. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043871.001.0001.
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After the advent of sound, women in the British film industry formed an essential corps of below-the-line workers, laboring in positions from animation artist to negative cutter to costume designer. This book maps the work of these women decade by decade, examining their far-ranging economic and creative contributions against the backdrop of the discrimination that constrained their careers. The author's use of oral histories and trade union records presents a vivid counter-narrative to film history, one that focuses not only on women in a male-dominated business, but on the innumerable types of physical and emotional labor required to make a motion picture. The book's feminist analysis looks at women's jobs in film at important historical junctures while situating the work in the context of changing expectations around women and gender roles. Illuminating and astute, the book is a first-of-its-kind examination of the unsung women whose invisible work brought British filmmaking to the screen.
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Scott, Brent A., Fadel K. Matta et Joel Koopman. Within-Person Approaches to the Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors : Antecedents, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions. Sous la direction de Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie et Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.17.
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This chapter provides a review of the nascent (but growing) literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) at the within-person level of analysis. We organize our review of the existing literature chronologically, discussing antecedents and consequences of within-person fluctuations in OCB. After providing a narrative review of the literature, we provide a quantitative summary of the literature via meta-analysis, summarizing the within-person relationships between OCB and its most common within-person correlates (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, job satisfaction, stressors, strain, and task performance). Looking to the future of OCB at the within-person level of analysis, we suggest that researchers can contribute to the domain by tailoring the measurement of OCB to the within-person level of analysis, better illuminating the causal direction between OCB and affect, clarifying the relationship between OCB and counterproductive work behavior at the within-person level, expanding the “dark side” of within-person OCB, exploring between-person differences in within-person OCB variability, and incorporating new theories.
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Milbank, Alison. The Secret of Divine Providence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0004.
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The emphasis on political continuity in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution leads to a specifically Whig providentialism, examined in Chapter 3 through the work of Clara Reeve, Horace Walpole, and Matthew Lewis. In Clara Reeve’s The Old English Baron, the country Whig version, stressing links with the medieval past, unites with Newtonian theology in which God’s finger is at work in every ‘natural occurrence’ to render the supernatural revelatory of this providential care. Divine justice and historical inexorability, romance, and realism are conjoined. By contrast, the sceptical Horace Walpole, representative of the Walpolian Whig narrative of political rupture, questions Providence in The Castle of Otranto and The Mysterious Mother, and substitutes himself as quasi-divine author, whose originality lies in the grotesque mixture of realist and supernatural elements. Matthew Lewis essays an eschewal of Providential mechanisms in The Monk but here grotesque features such as the bleeding nun disclose an aporia which reveals the limit of libertine desire and a negative supernatural.
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Hoerl, Kristen. The Bad Sixties. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817235.001.0001.
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Over the past four decades, a wide range of Hollywood films and television programs have referenced events and individuals associated with the 1960s counterculture, anti-war, and Black Power movements. This book analyses narrative patterns and recurring character types across a wide variety of fictionalized film and television portrayals of the late sixties to illustrate how Hollywood has consistently derided and trivialized the period’s protest movements. The Bad Sixties argues that Hollywood has promulgated selective amnesia by decontextualizing spectacular events that have come to define the decade from the motives that drove dissidents. Hollywood’s consistently negative depictions of protest function rhetorically as civics lessons by placing radical dissent, including criticisms of Western imperialism, structural racism, patriarchy, and two-party politics, as outside of the boundaries of legitimate civic engagement in the United States. The book concludes that Hollywood’s vision of the bad sixties has bolstered conservative agendas since the Reagan Era with profound and troubling implications for democracy and social justice movements today.
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Stinson, Russell. Bach's Legacy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091224.001.0001.
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This book examines how four of the greatest composers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, and Edward Elgar—engaged with the legacy of the music of J. S. Bach. It investigates the various ways in which these individuals responded to Bach’s oeuvre, not as composers per se, but as performers, conductors, scholars, critics, and all-around ambassadors. In its detailed analyses of both musical and epistolary sources, the book sheds light on how Bach’s works were received within the musical circles of these composers. The book’s narrative also helps humanize these individuals as it reconstructs, with touching immediacy, and often by recounting colorful anecdotes, the intimate social circumstances in which Bach’s music was performed and discussed. Special emphasis is given to Mendelssohn’s and Schumann’s reception of Bach’s organ works, Schumann’s encounter with the St. Matthew and St. John Passions, Wagner’s musings on the Well-Tempered Clavier, and Elgar’s (resoundingly negative) thoughts on Bach’s vocal works.
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Dow, Bonnie J. Fixing the Meaning of the Movement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038563.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the ABC documentary on the Ladies' Home Journal sit-in entitled “Women's Liberation,”, produced by reporter Marlene Sanders. The documentary is 1970's key example of a supportive reporter's self-conscious effort to represent the movement fairly. It also serves as the most developed example of network news' reliance on race–sex and feminism–civil rights analogies. In her memoir of her reporting career, Sanders makes clear that she saw the documentary as an intervention into poor media treatment of the movement, echoing the contention of many feminists that the movement's image problems resulted from reporting by men. Refuting negative stereotypes about women's liberation (including, importantly, man-hating) was among the program's central strategies, as was an analogy to the moderate civil rights movement. Sanders's effort to package feminism in comprehensible and commonsensical terms that would make sense to her imagined white male viewer resulted in an evolutionary liberal narrative that narrowed the meaning of the movement in crucial ways, diminishing rather than demonizing its radicalism and presenting the Equal Rights Amendment as the answer to what ailed women.
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Swensen, Stephen, et Tait Shanafelt. Mayo Clinic Strategies To Reduce Burnout. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190848965.001.0001.
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Many believe burnout of health care professionals to be the result of individual weakness when, in fact, burnout is primarily the result of health care systems that take emotionally healthy, altruistic people and methodically squeeze the vitality and passion out of them. In this book, we tell the story of burnout of health care professionals, although we chose not to dwell on negative aspects of the story. Instead, we emphasize nurturing positivity and a hope for professional fulfillment, well-being, and joy and meaning in work. Realizing this narrative requires that health care professionals and administrative leaders work together to co-create the ideal workplace. Our aim was to provide the blueprint—eight Ideal Work Elements and 12 actions of an Intervention Triad (Agency, Coherence, and Camaraderie) designed to achieve this goal. The ultimate aspiration is esprit de corps—the common spirit existing in members of a group that inspires enthusiasm, loyalty, camaraderie, and engagement. This book provides a method for creating esprit de corps among health care professionals and, in so doing, provides strategies to reduce burnout.
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Berman, Joshua A. Source Criticism and Its Biases : The Flood Narrative of Genesis 6–9. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0014.
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The division of the Genesis flood account is one of the most celebrated achievements of modern biblical criticism. This chapter takes a critical look at the source-critical paradigm and examines its hermeneutics. Historical-critical scholarship applies a series of double standards that all work in concert to support the source-critical aims and results. Moreover, it consistently suppresses evidence adduced from cognate materials—particularly from the Mesopotamian version of the flood story contained in Tablet XI of the Giglamesh epic—that threatens its validity by simply ignoring it, or otherwise negating the validity of that evidence through unwarranted means. Attention is given to the chiastic structure of the account, and to the parallel structure of the six days of creation and the drying of the earth after the flood. All in all, eight methodological flaws are detected in the source-critical approach to the story.
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Winner, Ellen. Drawn to Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0007.
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Aristotle said we don’t like to look at painful things in life but get pleasure from seeing these things in art. This chapter examines what research tells us about why we willingly expose ourselves to sad music, paintings of suffering, horror movies, and tragic narratives. Studies show that the sadder we feel when experiencing these forms of art, the more we enjoy the experience and the more moved we feel. Thus, when we experience art with painful content, we experience positive as well as negative emotions. The positive emotions are made possible because of aesthetic distance. That is, we know that our emotions are caused by art, not “real life.” In addition, the experience of negative emotions promotes meaning making as we try to make something positive out of a painful experience. And meaning making is an important function of art.
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Aldama, Frederick Luis, dir. Graphic Indigeneity. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828019.001.0001.
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Graphic Indigeneity: Comics in the Americas and Australasia brings together scholarship that interrogates mainstream comic book traditions that have negatively stereotyped as well as positively complicated Indigenous identities and experiences of terra America and Australasia. It also includes scholarship that analyzes how Indigenous comic book creators are themselves clearing new visual-verbal narrative spaces for articulating complex histories, cultures, experiences, and identities. Here, the volume also seeks to shed light on how the violent wounds of colonial and imperial domination across the globe connect Indigenous comic books creators in their expressions of survival, resistance, and affirmation. Comics analyzed include, but are not limited to, the following: The Phantom, Uncanny X-Men, Comanche Moon, Captain Canuck, Alpha Flight, Fighting Indians of the West, Footrot Flats, Ngarimu Te Tohu Toa, Turey el Taíno, La Borinqueña, Manuel Antonio Ay, Zotz, Will I See?, Super Indian, Deer Woman, Moonshot, Trickster: Native American Tales, Pablo’s Inferno, Supercholo, La Chola Power, Turbochaski, and Supay. This volume reminds the world of the ways pop culture has violently misrepresented Native and Indigenous peoples. It reminds the world of the significant presence of Native and Indigenous artists in creating counter-narratives that powerfully shape global histories and cultures.
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Pappas-Kelley, Jared. Solvent Form. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526129246.001.0001.
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Solvent form examines the destruction of art—through objects that have been destroyed (lost in fires, floods, vandalism, or similarly those artists that actively court or represent this destruction, such as Gustav Metzger), but also as a process within art that the object courts through form. In this manner, Solvent form looks to events such as the Momart warehouse fire in 2004 as well as the actions of art thief Stéphane Breitwieser in which the stolen work was destroyed. Against this overlay, a tendency is mapped whereby individuals attempt to conceptually gather these destroyed or lost objects, to somehow recoup in their absence. From this vantage, Solvent form—hinging on the dual meaning in the words solvent and solvency—proposes an idea of art as an attempt to secure and fix, which correspondingly undoes and destroys through its inception. It also weaves a narrative of art that intermingles with Jean Baudrillard’s ideas on disappearance, Georges Bataille and Paul Virilio’s negative or reverse miracle, Jean-Luc Nancy’s concept of the image (or imago as votive that keeps present the past, yet also burns), and Giorgio Agamben’s notion of art as an attempt to make the moment appear permeable. Likewise, it is through these destructions that one might distinguish a solvency within art and catch an operation in which something is made visible through these moments of destruction when art’s metaphorical undoing emerges as oddly literal.
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Rebeggiani, Stefano. The Fragility of Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190251819.001.0001.
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A new reading of Statius’ main poem and its relationship with the cultural and political life at Rome under Domitian is given. This book studies in detail the poem’s view of power and its interaction with historical contexts. Written under Domitian and in the aftermath of the civil war of 69 CE, the Thebaid uses the veil of myth to reflect on the political reality of Imperial Rome. The poem presents itself to its audience and to the emperor as a lesson on effective kingship and a warning on the fragility of power. Rooted in a pessimistic view of human beings and human relationships, the Thebaid reflects on the harsh necessity of monarchical power as the only antidote to a world always on the verge of returning to chaos. In the absence of the gods, the fate of human communities lies in the hands of the individuals in power. Although humans, and especially kings, are fragile and often the prey of irrational passions, the Thebaid expresses the hope that an illuminated sovereign endowed with clementia [mercy] may offer a solution to the political crisis of the Roman Empire. Statius’ narrative also responds to Domitian’s problematic interaction with Nero, whom Domitian regarded as both a negative model and a source of inspiration. This book shows that the Thebaid is particularly close to the intellectual activities and political views formulated by groups of Roman aristocrats who survived Nero’s repression and that the poem is influenced by an initial phase in Domitian’s regime characterized by a positive relationship between the emperor and the Roman elite.
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Tesch-Romer, Clemens, Hans-Werner Wahl, Suresh Rattan et Liat Ayalon. Successful Aging. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192897534.001.0001.
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Biological ageing is a progressive decline in physiological functionality, and an increase in the chances of chronic diseases and death. Ageing of the body sets in and happens progressively, exponentially and intrinsically in the period beyond the naturally evolved essential lifespan of a species. Ageing science has searched for the factors securing longevity in good health. An end to this quest is not foreseeable. For a large number, frailty and cognitive impairment is the reality of ageing, and it is by no means certain if health promotion, prevention, and other interventions will reduce the probability of its occurrence. A narrow understanding of ‘successful ageing’ as good health, full functioning, and active participation in society excludes a large portion of ageing individuals from the quest for a good life in old age. Hence, the term is highly ambivalent. On the one hand, it counteracts the deficit view of ageing and facilitates visionary thinking on what might be possible in the future. On the other hand, its ageist and derogative features have negative consequences. Striving for a good life in old age should be inclusive, acknowledging different forms and pathways of ageing. Conceptions of life worth living up to very old age can vary widely, and may include good health and functioning, and also life satisfaction, wisdom, supporting environments, and good care. The discussion on successful ageing needs a multifaceted and pluralistic spirit of discourse, which aims to integrate different models of life-course development into a new narrative of successful ageing.
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Clarke, Katherine. Geographical Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.003.0005.
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Here, the depth imbued in Herodotus’ landscape is enhanced by the element of human intervention, which lends a moral aspect. Characters in the narrative, particularly the holders of despotic power engaging in monumental projects, are seen to manipulate the natural world in ways that can be viewed positively or negatively. This chapter explores this apparent contradiction in terms of context, contrast, and varied focalizations, which combine to encourage the reader to see similar actions in different lights. Close attention is paid to the ‘voice’ in which judgements are cast, resulting in a subtle interpretative framework. The division between water and land is explored as particularly fertile ground for exploring human interaction with the landscape in Herodotus’ narrative. The crossing of continental divisions introduces the relationship between individual projects and wider imperial aims, and the sequence of transgressive river crossings is explored as precursor to Persia’s campaigns against Greece.
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Finseth, Ian. Blood and Ink. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848347.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter investigates the ways in which the Civil War dead appeared in nineteenth-century histories of the war. As the practice and philosophy of history both evolved, the dead provided a means of navigating the crisis of historical representation precipitated by the conflict. On one hand, they are routinely depersonalized, reduced to “objective” data, so as to contain the unexampled carnage of the war and to demarcate, by contrast, a more enlightened postwar modernity. On the other, the dead are revered as sacred relics that provide a sense of stabilizing connection to a common history. Ultimately, the tension between these modes of historical consciousneᶊ is resolved by a teleological narrative of national self-creation. This narrative, linked to the rise of American imperialism, tended to subsume, without fully negating, the social alienation that wayward attachments to the dead, in both Southern history and African American counter-history, could nourish.
31
Olsen, Dale A. Flutes and Death. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037887.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter discusses the negative aspect of how flutes and flute players are able to cast musical charms that may lead to death, including the flutists' own deaths. It discusses various theories of magic in order to contextualize some of the narratives. It describes stories such as “The Rat Catcher of Korneuburg”, where the main character charms the rats and magically causes them to follow him while playing his black, wooden transverse flute. After receiving no payment, he charms the children and magically causes them to follow him while playing a golden transverse flute. In other stories, the playing of a flute can sometimes lead to an undesirable end, such as death for the flutist, as in the Bulgarian folktale “The Shepherd and the Samodivi.”
32
Godreau, Isar P. His-Panic / My Panic. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter explores the Hispanophobia of U.S. colonial officials and of those working-class Puerto Ricans who supported annexation to the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. For both of these groups, Spain represented a backward, antidemocratic influence and—albeit for different reasons—a suspect source of whiteness. San Antón residents expressed disdain for Spaniards in various ways in formal and informal conversations, regardless of their political affiliation. These stories do not portray Spaniards as a civilizing source of national identity but rather as a barbaric people engaged in gruesome practices. However, opinions about Spaniards were less negative in narratives of older residents who were more specifically grounded in San Antón and who personalized stories through telling about their own families.
33
Enfield, N. J. Linguistic expression of commands in Lao. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.
34
Thompson, Katrina Dyonne. Onstage. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038259.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter examines the persistence of coerced performances, this time on stage, throughout plantation communities, small farms, and some urban communities. Drawing on slave narratives, travel journals, planter's writings, and publications, it shows how the erroneous perceptions of race in the United States were staged within the performing arts. It describes coercion and expectation to perform as an important component of the institution of slavery. Whites continually asserted negative racial stereotypes concerning music and dance while constantly forcing the slaves to perform. The chapter considers how these onstage performances veiled white fears of black rebellion while portraying a paternalistic society to Northerners, European observers, and abolitionists. It argues that the racial imagery within these public performances exhibited blacks' role as submissive in society while whites, the audience, remained superior.
35
Dow, Bonnie J. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038563.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book focuses on the national television news narratives about the second wave of feminism that proliferated in 1970, a year in which the networks' eagerness to make sense of the movement for their viewers was accompanied by feminists' efforts to use national media for their own purposes. The interaction of these efforts produced coverage that was distinguished by its contradictions—it ranged from sympathetic to patronizing, from thoughtful to sensationalistic, and from evenhanded to overtly dismissive. The effects of the movement's heightened public profile proved to be equally unpredictable. Even negative coverage had positive outcomes for movement growth; at the same time, some feminist media activism that proved surprisingly successful had an adverse effect on movement cohesion.
36
Godreau, Isar P. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This introductory chapter discusses the concept of “scripts of blackness” in Puerto Rico—that is, dominant narratives and stories that set standards, expectations, and even spatial templates for what is publicly recognized, celebrated, and sponsored as black and Puerto Rican. Racial scripts can be seen as a variant of processes described as racial essentialism, stereotyping, and stigmatization. However, racial scripts as defined in this book are closely tied to celebratory notions of nationalism developed under the rubric of mestizaje, or race mixture. Unlike most forms of stereotyping, which often assign negative qualities to groups, the “scripts of blackness” analyzed in this study essentialize black people and black communities according to attributes presented in the dominant discourses as primarily positive and often celebrated as exceptional qualities of the mixed-race nation.
37
Wheeldon, Marianne. Reputational Entrepreneurs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190631222.003.0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter considers four music critics and three performers—Emile Vuillermoz, Charles Koechlin, Louis Laloy, Léon Vallas, D. E. Inghelbrecht, Marguerite Long, and Alfred Cortot—whose writings in the postwar years helped to combat the negative press that surrounded Debussy after his death. Viewing these personalities through the lens of the “reputational entrepreneur” sheds light not only on what they wrote on behalf of Debussy, but also on how and why they wrote what they did. By drawing on multiple sources, this chapter provides an interpretation of their motivations that makes it possible to read between the lines of the narratives they constructed around the figure of Debussy. Indeed, the manner in which they defended and perpetuated Debussy’s reputation was in large part a result of how they renegotiated their own professional positions in the unsettled musical environment of postwar Paris.
38
Betz, Hans-Georg. The Radical Right and Populism. Sous la direction de Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Populism is considered one of the most contested concepts in the social sciences, notoriously difficult to define. The association of populism with the radical right has further muddied the waters. Particularly in the popular media, populism is conflated with demagoguery, political manipulation, the provision of simple solutions to complex problems, and the promotion of a black-and-white view of politics and the world in general. As a result, populism has acquired a thoroughly negative connotation. However, the association between the radical right and populism is often taken as a foregone conclusion rather than critically probed and interrogated. This chapter discusses the nature of populism, its core narratives, and mechanisms; explores to what extent the radical right can be said to have adopted populism and what explains the radical right’s populist turn; and analyzes the impact of the populist turn on the radical right, its ideology, and its electoral appeal.
39
Tsygankov, Andrei P. The Dark Double. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919337.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book studies the role of US media in presenting American values as principally different from and superior to those of Russia. The analysis focuses on the media’s narratives, frames, and nature of criticism of the Russian side and is based on texts of editorials of selected mainstream newspapers in the United States and other media sources. The book identifies five media narratives of Russia—“transition to democracy” (1991–1995), “chaos” (1995–2005), “neo-Soviet autocracy” (2005–2013), “foreign enemy” (since 2014), and “collusion” (since 2016)—each emerging in a particular context and supported by distinct frames. The increasingly negative presentation of Russia in the US media is explained by the countries’ cultural differences, interstate competition, and polarizing domestic politics. Interstate conflicts served to consolidate the media’s presentation of Russia as “autocratic,” adversarial, and involved in “collusion” with Donald Trump to undermine American democracy. Russia’s centralization of power and anti-American attitudes also contributed to the US media presentation of Russia as a hostile Other. These internal developments did not initially challenge US values and interests and were secondary in their impact on the formation of Russia image in America. The United States’ domestic partisan divide further exacerbated perception of Russia as a threat to American democracy. Russia’s interference in the US elections deepened the existing divide, with Russia becoming a convenient target for media attacks. Future value conflicts in world politics are likely to develop in the areas where states lack internal confidence and where their preferences over the international system conflict.
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Straus, Joseph. Broken Beauty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871208.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Modernist music is centrally concerned with the representation and narration of disability. The most characteristic features of musical modernism—fractured forms, immobilized harmonies, conflicting textural layers, radical simplification of means in some cases, and radical complexity and hermeticism in others—can be understood as musical representations of disability conditions, including deformity/disfigurement, mobility impairment, madness, idiocy, and autism. Modernist musical representation and narration of disability both reflect and shape (construct) disability in a eugenic age, a period when disability was viewed simultaneously with pity (and a corresponding urge toward cure or rehabilitation) and fear (and a corresponding urge to incarcerate or eliminate). Disability is right at the core of musical modernism; it is one of the things that musical modernism is fundamentally about. This book draws on two decades of work in disability studies and a growing body of recent work that brings the discussion of disability into musicology and music theory. This interdisciplinary enterprise offers a sociopolitical analysis of disability, focusing on social and cultural constructions of the meaning of disability, and shifting attention from biology and medicine to culture. Within modernist music, disability representations often embody pernicious stereotypes and encourage sentimentalizing, exoticizing, or more directly negative responses. Modernist music claims disability as a valuable resource, but does so in a tense, dialectical relationship with medicalized, eugenic-era attitudes toward disability.
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Jones, Charlotte. Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857921.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
‘The real represents to my perception the things that we cannot possibly not know, sooner or later, in one way or another,’ wrote Henry James in 1907. This description, riven with double negatives, hesitation, and uncertainty, encapsulates the epistemological difficulties of realism, for underlying its narrative and descriptive apparatus as an aesthetic mode lies a philosophical quandary. What grounds the ‘real’ of the realist novel? What kind of perception is required to validate the experience of reality? How does the realist novel represent the difficulty of knowing? What comes to the fore in James’s account, as in so many, is how the forms of realism are constituted by a relation to unknowing, absence and ineffability. Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel recovers a neglected literary history centred on the intricate relationship between fictional representation and philosophical commitment. It asks how—or if—we can conceptualize realist novels when the objects of their representational intentions are realities that might exist beyond what is empirically verifiable by sense data or analytically verifiable by logic, and are thus irreducible to conceptual schemes or linguistic practices—a formulation Charlotte Jones refers to as ‘synthetic realism’. In new readings of Edwardian novels (including Conrad’s Nostromo and The Secret Agent, Wells’s Tono-Bungay, and Ford’s The Good Soldier), Jones revises and reconsiders key elements of realist novel theory—metaphor and metonymy; character interiority; the insignificant detail; omniscient narration and free indirect discourse; causal linearity—to uncover the representational strategies by which realist writers grapple with the recalcitrance of reality as a referential anchor, and seek to give form to the force, opacity, and uncertain scope of realities that may lie beyond the material. In restoring a metaphysical dimension to the realist novel’s imaginary, Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel offers a new conceptualisation of realism both within early twentieth-century literary culture and as a transhistorical mode of representation.
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Hill, Mark J. Actors and Spectators : Rousseau’s Contribution to the Eighteenth-century Debate on Self-interest. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A debate between virtuous self-interest and social morality emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The historical narrative of these ideas has been touched on by others – such as Albert O. Hirschman, Pierre Force, and Eric MacGilvray – with nuance and detail, but broadly one can recognize two camps: those who saw public utility in self-interest through the positive externalities of commerce, and those who had serious concerns over the political outcomes of the entanglement of commerce and virtue. This chapter follows these studies and attempts to locate Rousseau (primarily) and Smith (secondarily) within this debate. By looking at how their particular moral philosophies interact with their political thought it is argued that Rousseau is distinct from Smith in an important, but often confused, way: while some have argued that Rousseau is a moralist and Smith a philosopher of the political and social value of self-interest, it will be argued here that the opposite may be true. That is, despite Rousseau's “general will” and Smith's “impartial spectator” having been identified as similar moral tools used to overcome the negative aspects of self-interest through externalized self-reflection, it is argued that Rousseau is a moral rationalist who is skeptical of reason as a moral motivator, and thus dismisses the general will as a tool which can encourage personal moral action, while Smith is a moral realist, but a particularly soft one in regard to the motivational force of morality, and instead turns to rationality – through the impartial spectator – as a source of moral action. The upshot of this distinction being, Rousseau does not deny the power of commerce and self-interest as motivational forces, simply their social utility; social institutions like English coffeehouses – centres of politeness and doux commerce – should exist, and self-interest should motivate, but both need to be cleansed of the vice of commerce. That is, this chapter argues that Smith is moral realist who relies on reason – specifically that one must be a spectator who can impartially and rationally reflect on situations in order to will moral ends – and Rousseau is a moral rationalist who relies on sentiment – one must have an interest in situations if they are to be a moral actor.
43
Gillespie, Caitlin C. Family and Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609078.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chapter 3 addresses Tacitus’s image of Boudica as a mother who leads a revolt through appealing to family values and attaching them to the ideal of freedom. Boudica’s cry for freedom is connected with her motherhood and the theme of chastity. Tacitus draws upon Livy’s Brutus, Lucretia, and others in order to align these two concepts and to contrast Boudica’s values of chastity and parenthood with the violence, licentiousness, and greed of the Romans. The concerns of the Britons are manifested by the Temple of Claudius at Camulodunum. The burning of this temple symbolizes the negation of the Roman presence in Britain. In her call to action, Boudica unites the themes of family and freedom and differs from the imperial women that surround her narrative in Tacitus’s Annals. Through Boudica, Tacitus aligns issues in the province with freedom at Rome during Nero’s tyrannical reign.
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Black, Jeremy. Contesting History. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350249714.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Contesting History is an authoritative guide to the positive and negative applications of the past in the public arena and what this signifies for the meaning of history more widely. Using a global, non-Western model, Jeremy Black examines the employment of history by the state, the media, the national collective memory and others and considers its fundamental significance in how we understand the past. Moving from public life pre-1400 to the struggle of ideologies in the 20th century and contemporary efforts to find meaning in historical narratives, Jeremy Black incorporates a great deal of original material on governmental, social and commercial influences on the public use of history. This includes a host of in-depth case studies from different periods of history around the world, and coverage of public history in a wider range of media, including TV and film. Readers are guided through this material by an expansive introduction, section headings, chapter conclusions and a selected further reading list. Written with eminent clarity and breadth of knowledge, Contesting History is a key text for all students of public history and anyone keen to know more about the nature of history as a discipline and concept.
45
Gupta, Gopal K. Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856993.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The idea of māyā pervades Indian philosophy: it is complex, multivalent, and foundational, with its oldest referents found in the Ṛg -veda. This book explores māyā’s rich conceptual history, and then focuses on the highly developed theology of māyā found in the Sanskrit Bhāgavata Purāṇa, one of the most important Hindu sacred texts. Gopal K. Gupta examines māyā’s role in the Bhāgavata’s narratives, paying special attention to māyā’s relationship with other key concepts in the text, such as human suffering (duḥkha), devotion (bhakti), and divine play (līlā). In the Bhāgavata, māyā is often identified as the divine feminine, and her scope and influence are far-reaching—māyā is the world and the means by which God creates the world, she is the power that deludes living beings and ensorcells them in the phenomenal world, and she is the facilitator of God’s play, paradoxically revealing him to his devotees by concealing his majesty. While Vedānta philosophy typically sees māyā as a negative force, the Bhāgavata affirms that māyā also has a positive role, for in both the conditioned and liberated states, māyā is meant to ultimately draw living beings toward Kṛṣṇa and intensify their love for him.
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van Haaften-Schick, Lauren. Conceptualizing Artists’ Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.27.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Artist’s Reserved Rights Transfer and Sale Agreement (Siegelaub-Projansky Agreement) of 1971 and the certificates of early Conceptual art have been considered contradictory for enabling so-called “dematerialized” artworks to be exchanged as any other commodifiable work, thus negating Conceptual artists’ claims of challenging market and institutional conventions. However, an expanded lens on the life of the Siegelaub-Projansky Agreement in law yields another legacy for these endeavors, where the Agreement is instead evidenced as influencing artists’ rights laws in the United States, and where its rhetoric of collectivity can be viewed as a radical appropriation of private law in an effort to establish more equitable art industry norms. This reclaimed narrative of political influence emerges only when we recognize the capacity of these artistic documents as legal instruments, and consider how they have circulated through and challenged the limits of both fields they are cross-classified between: art and law.
47
C. Gillespie, Caitlin. Boudica. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609078.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In AD 60/61, Rome almost lost the province of Britain to a woman. Boudica, wife of the client king Prasutagus, fomented a rebellion that proved catastrophic for Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London), and Verulamium (St Albans), destroyed part of a Roman legion, and caused the deaths of an untold number of veterans, families, soldiers, and Britons. Yet with one decisive defeat, her vision of freedom was destroyed, and the Iceni never rose again. Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain introduces readers to the life and literary importance of Boudica through juxtaposing her literary characterizations with those of other women and rebel leaders. This study analyzes the narratives of Tacitus and Cassius Dio alongside material evidence of late Iron Age and early Roman Britain. The book draws comparative sketches between Boudica and the positive and negative examples with which readers associate her, including the prophetess Veleda, the client queen Cartimandua, and the rebel Caratacus. Literary comparisons assist in the understanding of Boudica as a barbarian, queen, mother, commander in war, and leader of revolt. Despite the available ancient evidence, the real Boudica remains elusive. Boudica’s unique ability to unify disparate groups of Britons cemented her place in history. While details of her life remain out of reach, her literary character still has more to say.
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Accilien, Cécile, et Valérie K. Orlando, dir. Teaching Haiti. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402107.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This volume is the first to focus on teaching about Haiti’s complex history and culture from a multidisciplinary perspective. Making broad connections between Haiti and the rest of the Caribbean, contributors provide pedagogical guidance on how to approach the country from different lenses in course curricula. They offer practical suggestions, theories on a wide variety of texts, examples of syllabi, and classroom experiences. Teaching Haiti dispels stereotypes associating Haiti with disaster, poverty, and negative ideas of Vodou, going beyond the simplistic neocolonial, imperialist, and racist descriptions often found in literary and historical accounts. Instructors in diverse subject areas discuss ways of reshaping old narratives through women’s and gender studies, poetry, theater, art, religion, language, politics, history, and popular culture, and they advocate for including Haiti in American studies and Latin American studies courses. Portraying Haiti not as “the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere” but as a nation with a multifaceted culture that plays an important part on the world’s stage, this volume offers valuable lessons about Haiti’s past and present related to immigration, migration, locality, and globality. The essays remind us that these themes are increasingly relevant in an era in which teachers are often called to address neoliberalist views and practices and isolationist politics.
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Loader, William. Marriage and Sexual Relations in the New Testament World. Sous la direction de Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
After a brief overview of the social context and role of marriage and sexuality in Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures, the chapter traces the impact of the Genesis creation narratives, positively and negatively, on how marriage and sexuality were seen both in the present and in depictions of hope for the future. Discussion of pre-marital sex, incest, intermarriage, polygyny, divorce, adultery, and passions follows. It then turns to Jesus’ reported response to divorce, arguing that the prohibition sayings should be read as assuming that sexual intercourse both effects permanent union and severs previous unions, thus making divorce after adultery mandatory, the common understanding and legal requirement in both Jewish and Greco-Roman society of the time. It concludes by noting both the positive appreciation of sex and marriage, grounded in belief that they are God’s creation, and the many dire warnings against sexual wrongdoing, including adulterous attitudes and uncontrolled passions.
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Kareiva, Peter, Michelle Marvier et Brian Silliman, dir. Effective Conservation Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book gathers together 28 personal stories told by leading thinkers and practitioners in conservation – all of whom have something to say about the uncomfortable tension that arises when data meet dogma. Together, they make a powerful argument for conservation science that measures effectiveness and evolves in response to new data, rather than clinging to its treasured foundational ideas. Several chapters raise doubts about some of conservation’s core tenets, including the notion that habitat fragmentation is bad for biodiversity, biodiversity declines are threatening ecosystem function, non-native species are a net negative for conservation, and fisheries management is failing. Another set of chapters warns of the potent power of conservation narratives: undeniably useful to inspire conservation action, but potentially dangerous in locking in thinking against contrary data. These chapters challenge iconic stories about GM crops, orangutans in oil palm forests, frog feminization, salmon versus dams, rehabilitating oiled otters, and wolves in Yellowstone. A final set of chapters addresses conceptual and methodological approaches such as environmental tipping points, global assessments, payment for ecosystem service programs, and working with corporations. Throughout, examples of confirmation bias emerge—not as dishonesty, but as a human foible that is a challenge for all science, not just conservation science. Graduate students, in particular, will find a wealth of ideas to inspire their own research. Each chapter points to additional data that could help resolve lingering debates and improve conservation effectiveness.