Bibliographies thématiques / Narcotics, Control of – Italy

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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Narcotics, Control of – Italy »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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Bellardi, M. G., C. Rubies-Autonell et A. Pisi. « Cynoglossum officinale, a New Natural Host of Alfalfa mosaic virus ». Plant Disease 86, no 4 (avril 2002) : 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.444a.

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Cynoglossum officinale L. (family Boraginaceae), hound's-tongue, is a medicinal plant whose roots are used for their astringent and healing properties and for their sedative, calming, and slightly narcotic effects. This species, originating from Europe where it grows wild in mountainous fields, is cultivated only for its medicinal properties. Epidemiological surveys performed in the Emilia Romagna Region of northern Italy in the spring and autumn of 2001 revealed the presence of virus-like symptoms on C. officinale cultivated in two different locations. In the Botanical Garden of the University of Bologna, the plants showed stunting, interveinal chlorotic spots, midrib necrosis, and scarce or no seed production. In the experimental field of the Agriculture Faculty of Bologna (Imola), the plants exhibited stunting, interveinal chlorotic spots, and reduction of leaf lamina. Mechanical inoculations of sap from symptomatic leaves caused typical symptoms of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) on Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn. (local chlorotic, necrotic lesions and systemic chlorotic vein streaking), Vigna unguicolata (L.) Walp., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (local necrotic lesions). Using an electron microscope, examination of leaf sap obtained from infected plants stained with uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid did not show the presence of elongated virus particles. Serological tests, such as immunoelectron microscopy, gold-labeled decoration, and protein A sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antiserum to AMV (PVAS 92, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, and AlMV-Vinca minor L., from the DiSTA collection, Bologna, Italy as a control), gave positive reactions, indicating that the virus in question was AlMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of virus infection on C. officinale, a new natural host of AlMV.
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Hill, C. S. « Narcotics and Cancer Pain Control ». CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 38, no 6 (1 novembre 1988) : 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.38.6.322.

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Enck, Robert E. « Transdermal narcotics for pain control ». American Journal of Hospice Care 7, no 4 (juillet 1990) : 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104990919000700403.

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Adler, G. R. « Narcotics control in anesthesia training ». JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no 21 (7 juin 1985) : 3133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.253.21.3133.

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Adler, Gerald R. « Narcotics Control in Anesthesia Training ». JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no 21 (7 juin 1985) : 3133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350450105031.

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Trisna, Wessy, Marianne Magda, Syarifah Lisa Andriati et Faradila Yulistari Sitepu. « Legal Counseling in Increasing Public Understanding as an Effort to Prevent Narcotics Crime in Bantan Timur Village ». ABDIMAS TALENTA : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no 2 (13 décembre 2021) : 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v6i2.5052.

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The increasing abuse of Narcotics in Indonesia is increasingly widespread and almost impossible to prevent. Therefore, it is necessary to increase understanding by all parties in eradicating the circulation of Narcotics. In the Narcotics Criminal Act emphasized the role of the community to actively participate in fighting narcotics crimes. For this reason, it is necessary to provide legal counseling to the public in providing an understanding as an effort to prevent narcotics crime, especially in Bantan Timur Village, Medan Tembung District, so that the public can understand how terrible and dangerous it is due to narcotics abuse. Community service is expected to contribute to the people of Bantan Timur Village both theoretically and practically in preventing the rampant circulation of narcotics. The approach method used in community service activities is: in the form of outreach to the community about prevention of narcotics control and a participatory approach, meaning that participants are required to be active in participating during the activity. The output of this activity, in addition to increasing public knowledge about the dangers of narcotics and efforts to prevent narcotics control in East Bintan Village, also provides valuable information and solutions that drugs, apart from having an impact on law violations, also have an impact on medical and psychological problems.
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McGregor, Alan. « geneva Swiss reject state control of narcotics ». Lancet 352, no 9143 (décembre 1998) : 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79907-4.

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Gardner, Vincent, Lindsay Sturm et Vanessa K. Pazdernik. « Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Local Anesthetic in Postoperative Abdominoplasty Patients on Pain Control ». American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 37, no 3 (18 décembre 2019) : 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748806819894185.

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The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block provides analgesia to the parietal peritoneum as well as the skin and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. These same muscles and skin are operated on during an abdominoplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of the TAP block will lead to reduced use of narcotics during the acute postoperative (PO) period (PO day 1 and PO 1 week). The study used a prospective, comparative design. Twenty women between 25 and 65 years of age who underwent abdominoplasty with core liposuction were recruited to participate in this study. All women were given the same PO pain medication Percocet 7.5/325 mg (1-2 tabs by mouth Q4-6 hours PRN pain #20) and Valium 2 mg (1-3 tabs by mouth Q4-6 hours PRN pain #40) at the time of surgery. The women were randomly divided into 2 groups: 10 women received local anesthetic infiltrated along the rectus plication and along the edges of the incision and 10 women received a TAP block (15 cc of 0.25% Bupivacaine with 8 mg of Decadron per side) placed under ultrasound guidance prior to the start of the procedure in conjunction with the local anesthetic along the rectus plication. Each woman was asked to record the number of narcotic pills consumed during the first 24 hours and during the first week. Data from the 2 groups were compared to determine the number of narcotics consumed during the acute PO period. The mean age of participants was 43.8 years (range: 31-63 years) in the treatment group and 38.8 years (range: 26-56 years) in the control group. The mean number of narcotics used during the first 24 hours in the treatment group was 1.95 (1.5) pills, with several women requiring no narcotics within the first 24 hours. The mean number of narcotics used during the first 24 hours in the control group was 4.6 (2.3) pills. The mean number of narcotics used during the first PO week in the treatment group was 7.15 (7.26) pills, with several women requiring no narcotics during the first PO week. The mean number of narcotics used during the first PO week in the control group was 18.7 (7.7), with 1 woman requiring 38 narcotic pills during that first PO week. Statistically significant differences were found between groups ( P = .006) at 24 hours PO and ( P = .01) at 1 week. Our results suggested that receiving a TAP block prior to the start of the procedure significantly reduced the number of narcotics used during the acute PO period.
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van Wert, James M. « The US State Department's Narcotics Control Policy in the Americas ». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30, no 2-3 (1988) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165977.

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Governments, Like People, Function in ways that enhance their perceived self-interest. Effective narcotics control is in the best interest of the United States for at least three reasons.First, reducing the available supply of illicit narcotics (potentially) can reduce the incidence and prevalence of abuse by US citizens. For example, by making drugs relatively hard to find and expensive to use, supply-reduction efforts might successfully discourage potential users from experimenting with drugs and risking future chronic, intensive involvement. Moreover, it can be argued that control measures may be an important deterrent in motivating current drug users to seek treatment and find gainful employment (Moore, 1988).Second, reducing the supply of illicit narcotics may reduce the level of organized crime and lawlessness in the United States. An effective supply reduction program presumably can bring success in stopping trafficking organizations from supplying illegal goods and services; seizing their ill-gotten wealth; punishing their acts; prosecuting them for corrupt practices; and weakening or eliminating these groups as threatening criminal enterprises.
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Alin, Failin. « PELAKSANAAN PENYIDIKAN TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA NARKOTIKA DI SATUAN NARKOTIKA POLRES BUKITTINGGI ». JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum) 5, no 2 (30 mars 2020) : 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.33760/jch.v5i2.232.

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Drugs, on one hand are materials used in the field of medicine, health service and the development of science that on the other hand can also affects a detrimental dependency if misused or used without control and supervision. After the enactment of Law Number 35 Year 2009 Concerning Narcotics, all actions that export, import, produce, plant, store, distribute and / or use narcotics and their sanctions are regulated therein which aims to tackle and eradicate these criminal acts. The use of narcotics without strict and thorough control and supervision is very detrimental and constitutes a huge danger to the lives of people, the community, the nation, and the State as well as Indonesia's national security. When seen in Bukittinggi Police Station from year to year the number of narcotics offenders increased and overall the case documents already complete (P21). The investigation of narcotics crime in Bukittinggi Police has been running according to the rules, which is based on the Criminal Procedural Law, however the implementation has not been effective because there are remain obstacles in the implementation of investigation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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Taylor, Clinton Watson. « International narcotics control : norms, systems and regimes / ». May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Malloy, Meghan Mary. « United States-Colombian Negotiations on Narcotics Control 1975-1980 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625531.

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Rimner, Steffen. « The Asian Origins of Global Narcotics Control, c. 1860-1909 ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11587.

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This dissertation traces the ferment of private ressentiment, public protest and political response to the Asian opium trade from the "Second Opium War (1856-60) to the first, multilateral anti-drug summit in human history, the International Opium Commission in Shanghai (1909). Rather than isolating single anti-opium movements and drug control policies by administration, the focus is on moments and dynamics of ideological proliferation, social mobilization and political lobbying across the borders of societies in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Europe and North America.
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Ng, Kwok-cheung. « An analysis of the anti-narcotics strategy in Hong Kong ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38598231.

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Au-yeung, Ho-lok Luke. « An evaluation of the role of the Customs and Excise Department in drug enforcement ». [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12816942.

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Primlani, Monisha. « Drugs, crime and law enforcement : the economic connection ». Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30643.

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Azemi, Ferid. « National Strategy Against Narcotics, Drug Control Policy, and Law Enforcement Experiences in Kosovo ». ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6517.

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This research is focused on evaluation of National Strategy Against Narcotics (NSAN) enacted in 2012 in Kosovo. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of NSAN through visualizing data and gaining deeper insight from experiences of antidrug experts. Convergent parallel mixed methods were used to answer the main research questions. The central research questions examined the impact of strategy implementation in juvenile drug arrest reduction, and its effectiveness on Kosovo criminal justice system. Markwood's comprehensive theory of substance abuse prevention (CTSAP) was used to assess and explore the NSAN. Deidentified juvenile arrest rates taken from Kosovo official police records, were visualized though a scatterplot to show the impact of arrest rates from 2009 to 2015. On qualitative part, 11 antidrug officers who handled juvenile drug arrest cases were in-depth interviewed. Visualized data showed that NSAN did not decrease juvenile drug arrest rates after its implementation, as the juvenile drug arrest rates increased after its implementation. However, participants in this study perceived NSAN as positive, with positive impact in increasing cooperation between other agencies, thus resulting in more arrests. Interview answers received from participants of the study confirmed Markwood's CTSAP. Overall, mixed results came out of this study, and further research is needed with wider scope of data analysis to fully evaluate the effects of this strategy. NSAN itself did not have desired impact in reducing juvenile drug arrests in Kosovo, but analysis of this strategy brought attention of increasing juvenile drug issues in Kosovo.
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Ng, Kwok-cheung, et 吳國璋. « An analysis of the anti-narcotics strategy in Hong Kong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38598231.

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Padwa, Howard Philip. « Narcotics vs. the nation the culture and politics of opiate control in Britain and France, 1821-1926 / ». Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1610056031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Potts, Donald Joseph. « Development of a curriculum for a 24-hour advanced officer narcotics course ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1323.

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Livres sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control., dir. Study mission to Syria, Pakistan, Israel, and Italy, August 3-13, 1991 : Report of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, One Hundred Second Congress, first session. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. European integration, the United States, and narcotics control : Rhetoric and reality : report of a staff study mission to Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Kenya, January 8-26, 1990 to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, dir. International narcotics control. [Washington, D.C.?] : Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1988.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, dir. International narcotics control. [Washington, D.C.?] : Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1989.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, dir. International narcotics control. [Washington, D.C.?] : Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1987.

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Trujillo, Fraco L. International narcotics control. Sous la direction de United States. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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United States. Dept. of State. Office of Public Communication, dir. International narcotics control. [Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, 1990.

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United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs, dir. International narcotics control. [Washington, D.C.?] : Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State, 1985.

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Lodī, Yūsuf. Narcotics control through cartoons. Islamabad : Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, 1989.

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Lyman, Michael D. Narcotics and crime control. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A : C.C. Thomas, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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Laguerre, Michel S. « National Security, Narcotics Control and the Haitian Military ». Dans Security Problems and Policies in the Post-Cold War Caribbean, 99–120. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24493-5_6.

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Benedini, Marcello. « Water Pollution Control ». Dans Water Resources of Italy, 205–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36460-1_9.

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« Narcotics Control ». Dans Medic, 179–82. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315503738-29.

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« International Narcotics Control Board ». Dans Narcotic Drugs, 483–89. UN, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/54b306fc-en-fr-es.

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« International Narcotics Control Board ». Dans Narcotic Drugs, 441–47. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/70e189f4-en-fr-es.

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« International Narcotics Control Board ». Dans Narcotic Drugs, 285–91. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210056373c026.

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« International Narcotics Control Board ». Dans Encyclopedia of Pain, 1654. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_201063.

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Pietschmann, T. « A century of international drug control ». Dans Bulletin on Narcotics, 1–2. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/4713aa6f-en.

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« Drug trends over a century of drug control ». Dans Bulletin on Narcotics, 133–46. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6f3f5319-en.

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« The emergence of an international drug control consensus ». Dans Bulletin on Narcotics, 27–33. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/d4bbb1ff-en.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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« AMC ’08 — ; Trento, Italy ». Dans 2008 10th IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amc.2008.4516028.

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Popov, Alexey P., Alexander V. Priezzhev et Jurgen Lademann. « Control of optical properties of human skin by embedding light scattering nanoparticles ». Dans Rome and Frascati, Italy, sous la direction de Ivan A. Shcherbakov, Anna Giardini, Vitali I. Konov et Vladimir I. Pustovoy. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.633742.

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Lee, Seong K., Dong W. Lee et Hong J. Kong. « Phase control of backward stimulated Brillouin scattering wave by a self-generated density modulation ». Dans Rome and Frascati, Italy, sous la direction de Ivan A. Shcherbakov, Anna Giardini, Vitali I. Konov et Vladimir I. Pustovoy. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.633730.

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Baur, Marcus, Martin Otter et Bernhard Thiele. « Modelica Libraries for Linear Control Systems ». Dans The 7 International Modelica Conference, Como, Italy. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp09430068.

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« Welcome to AMC’08 — ; Trento, Italy ». Dans 2008 10th IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amc.2008.4516029.

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Hast, Martin, Johan Åkesson et Anders Robertsson. « Optimal Robot Control Using Modelica and Optimica ». Dans The 7 International Modelica Conference, Como, Italy. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp09430089.

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Poland, Jan, et Alf J. Isaksson. « Building and Solving Nprintar Optimal Control and Estimation Problems ». Dans The 7 International Modelica Conference, Como, Italy. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp09430004.

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Dressler, Isolde, Johannes Schiffer et Anders Robertsson. « Modeling and Control of a Parallel Robot Using Modelica ». Dans The 7 International Modelica Conference, Como, Italy. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp09430118.

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Cavallino, F. « Car Mix in Italy and Applicable Emission Control Systems ». Dans 1986 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861587.

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Pitchaikani, Anand, Kingsly Jebakumar S, Shankar Venkataraman et S. A. Sundaresan. « Real-time Drive Cycle Simulation of Automotive Climate Control System ». Dans The 7 International Modelica Conference, Como, Italy. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp09430007.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Narcotics, Control of – Italy"

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Durante, Ruben, et Brian Knight. Partisan Control, Media Bias, and Viewer Responses : Evidence from Berlusconi's Italy. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mars 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14762.

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Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince et Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines : Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, septembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.

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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck et Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, juillet 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.

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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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