Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nanomoduli »

The review discusses the theoretical, experimental and toxicological aspects of the prospective biomedical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) activated by a low frequency non-heating alternating magnetic field (AMF). In this approach, known as nano-magnetomechanical activation (NMMA), the MNPs are used as mediators that localize and apply force to such target biomolecular structures as enzyme molecules, transport vesicles, cell organelles, etc., without significant heating. It is shown that NMMA can become a biophysical platform for a family of therapy methods including the addressed delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents from transport nanomodules, as well as selective molecular nanoscale localized drugless nanomechanical impacts. It is characterized by low system biochemical and electromagnetic toxicity. A technique of 3D scanning of the NMMA region with the size of several mm to several cm over object internals has been described.

A nanoscale model of surface erosion, simulating the process of surface shaping under ion bombardment is considered. The possibility of a ripple topography is demonstrated by means of bifurcations theory methods for dynamical systems with an infinite dimensional space of initial data. In particular, we use the normal form of Poincare–Dulak.

Exploring intermetallic synergy has allowed a series of alloy nanoparticles with prominent chemical–physical properties to be produced. However, precise alloying based on a maintained template has long been a challenging pursuit, and little has been achieved for manipulation at the atomic level. Here, a nanosystem based on M29(S-Adm)18(PPh3)4 (where S-Adm is the adamantane mercaptan and M is Ag/Cu/Au/Pt/Pd) has been established, which leads to the atomically precise operation on each site in this M29 template. Specifically, a library of 21 species of nanoclusters ranging from monometallic to tetrametallic constitutions has been successfully prepared step by step with in situ synthesis, target metal-exchange, and forced metal-exchange methods. More importantly, owing to the monodispersity of each nanocluster in this M29 library, the synergetic effects on the optical properties and stability have been mapped out. This nanocluster methodology not only provides fundamental principles to produce alloy nanoclusters with multimetallic compositions and monodispersed dopants but also provides an intriguing nanomodel that enables us to grasp the intermetallic synergy at the atomic level.

Currently, a promising direction for solving problems related to the modernization and transformation of the Russian school is the creation of a modern system of continuous professional development of teachers. To do this, it is necessary to clearly understand what changes are currently taking place in the field of additional professional pedagogical education as an essential component of the system of continuous professional development of teachers and what challenges should be met by regional institutions for advanced training and education development institutions. In this regard, the article examines and analyzes the most important trends in the development of additional professional pedagogical education on the basis of a systematic approach. The analysis showed that in the current situation, institutions of additional professional education are forced to respond to a number of new challenges related to (1) ensuring competitiveness and productive interaction with employers and direct consumers of educational services, (2) gradual centralization and unification of additional professional pedagogical education, ( 3) the need to develop adaptive, practice-oriented and flexible additional professional programs focused on the current model of a highly qualified specialist and (4) the creation of a modern motivating educational environment, including through organizing the activities of network “professional communities of practice” based on the use of information and communication technologies. Hence, the main conclusion is that institutions of additional professional pedagogical education should be transformed today into modern multifunctional centers that provide a variety of educational services, and the programs they implement should be transformed into complex block-modular constructs in which practice-oriented content is designed on the basis of micro– and nanomodular approaches, leading didactic scenarios, scientific and methodological infrastructure to support students in the learning process and in the post-course period, including “communities of practice” and “learning communities”, a methodology for assessing professional competencies, as well as possible career prospects and student requests.

AbstractHeterotetrameric glutamate receptors are essential for the development, function, and plasticity of spine synapses but how they are organized to achieve this is not known. Here we show that the nanoscale organization of glutamate receptors containing specific subunits define distinct subsynaptic features. Glutamate receptors containing GluA2 or GluN1 subunits establish nanomodular elements precisely positioned relative to Synaptotagmin-1 positive presynaptic release sites that scale with spine size. Glutamate receptors containing GluA1 or GluN2B specify features that exhibit flexibility: GluA1-subunit containing AMPARs are found in larger spines, while GluN2B-subunit containing NMDARs are enriched in the smallest spines with neither following a strict modular organization. Given that the precise positioning of distinct classes of glutamate receptors is linked to diverse events including cell death and synaptic plasticity, this unexpectedly robust synaptic nanoarchitecture provides a resilient system, where nanopositioned glutamate receptor heterotetramers define specific subsynaptic regions of individual spine synapses.

2009/2010
Le celle fotovoltaiche basate su strati sottili di materiali organici hanno raggiunto efficienze dell' 8.3% ed hanno le potenzialità per diventare un'alternativa a basso costo delle celle basate su silicio amorfo. Alcune delle problematiche legate alle proprietà intrinseche di generazione, separazione e trasporto delle cariche possono essere affrontate non solo con lo studio della chimica e dei processi per materiali organici e fullerene, ma anche con lo sviluppo di nuove architetture delle celle basate sul controllo e l'organizzazione alla scala del nanometro. Il presente lavoro di tesi è basato sulla convinzione che quest'ultimo approccio, complementare a quello basato sul miglioramento delle proprietà intrinseche dei materiali, contribuirà sostanzialmente al progresso di questo campo della ricerca applicata. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare il principio di funzionamento di una serie di diversi e nuovi prototipi di dispositivi basati su micro- e nano-architetture. In particolare, abbiamo realizzato: un nanomodulo di 1 cm2 che mostra una tensione di circuito aperto di quasi 1 kV, una cella solare basata su un'eterogiunzione con interfaccia avente strutture di 20 nm interpenetrate, e abbiamo ottimizzato deposizione di ossido di indio stagno (ITO) per lo sviluppo di un nostro dispositivo di intrappolamento della luce basato su serie di microlenti. Tuttatavia, riteniamo che ulteriori sforzi nella stessa direzione siano necessari per dimostrare l'utilità delle nano-architetture nel fotovoltaico organico. Parte del lavoro di ricerca è stato dedicato allo sviluppo e messa in opera di strumentazione specifica per la lavorazione e caratterizzazione per il fotovoltaico come un evaporatore in vuoto ad angolo inclinato connesso ad una camera a guanti in azoto per la deposizione di metalli e di organici.
Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) cells based on the bulk hetero-junction of organic materials reached a record efficiency of 8.3% and have the potential to become a lower-cost alternative to amorphous silicon. Some of the issues related to the intrinsic properties of generation, separation and transport of charges, may be addressed not just by working on the details of the chemistry and processing of the organic/fullerenes materials, but also by implementing new cell architectures organized and well controlled down to the nanoscale. The present work of thesis is based on the conviction that the latter approach, complementary to that focused on the improvement of the intrinsic properties of the materials, will substantially contribute to the progress of this field of applied research. The goal of this work is that of demonstrating the working principle of a series of different and new micro- and nano-architectures into prototypical organic solar devices. In particular, we realized: a 1 cm2 nanomodule with almost 1 kV of open circuit voltage, a solar cell with a controlled nanostructured interface heterojunction with interpenetrating features of 20 nm, and we optimized the sputtering deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) for our light trapping device based on microlenses array. However, we believe that additional efforts in the same direction will be necessary to demonstrate the usefulness of nanoarchitectures in organic photovoltaics. Part of the research work was devoted to the development and the commission of specific instrumentation for PV processing and characterization as an oblique angle vacuum evaporator connected to a nitrogen glove-box for the deposition of metals and organics.
XXIII Ciclo
1980

The goal of this thesis has been to design, characterise and optimise an electrochemical DNA sensor array. In order to investigate the oligonucleotide probe immobilisation and the hybridisation detection, preliminary experiments with an easy system were performed. This system demonstrated the suitability of oligonucleotide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces as immobilisation method. Due to the rapid DNA sensor development towards DNA arrays, a modified strategy was proposed. This strategy was based on the site-directed electrodeposition of biorecognition nanomodules on electrodes of photolithographic resolution. These biorecognition nanomodules, oligonucleotide-modified colloidal gold nanoparticles, were rationally synthesised previously studying the conditions under which colloidal gold suspensions were stable. Fluorescence and colourimetric techniques proved the effectiveness of the conjugation, the functionality of the conjugated probes, and the thermal stability of the modification, which made the biorecognition nanomodules suitable for hybridisation detection. After their characterisation, the biorecognition nanomodules were electrodeposited on different electrode surfaces and the site-directed immobilisation was clearly demonstrated by several techniques, such as light and electron microscopy, and colourimetric, piezoelectric and electrochemical techniques. Additionally, the site-directed deposited biorecognition nanomodules were functional and able to differentiate 4-point mutations in 19-mer oligonucleotides. Despite the promising results, which demonstrated the viability of the directed electrodeposition as arraying technique, the necessity for the electrochemical signal amplification was observed, as system values were very close to blank values. Following two parallel objectives for the electrochemical signal amplification (to intrinsically increase kinetic rates between enzymes and electrodes, and to optimise electrochemical recycling systems), osmium complexes were rationally designed and the kinetics of electron transfer with redox enzymes was evaluated. These kinetic studies showed that more positively charged mediators and with higher redox potentials yielded higher rates, also favoured at high pH and low ionic strength, demonstrating the possibility to amplify electrochemical signals.
The thesis is structured in seven chapters. Chapter I is an introduction that establishes the basis of DNA sensors and arrays, explains the behaviour and stability of the colloidal gold suspensions, conjugations and deposition, and presents the theoretical basis for the evaluation of electron transfer rate constants between redox enzymes and mediators. The objective of the thesis, the state-of-the-art, the hypothesis, the methodology, the most important conclusions and the limitations and future work are also presented in this chapter. Chapter II describes the preliminary system for the immobilisation characterisation and hybridisation detection. Chapter III elaborates on the study of colloidal gold suspension stability and the subsequent synthesis of the functional biorecognition nanomodules. Moreover, in this chapter the thermal stability and the functionality of the nanomodules are characterised by various techniques. In Chapter IV, the site-directed electrodeposition of these nanomodules is presented, as well as the characterisation techniques applied for its evaluation. Chapter V covers the rational study of the experimental parameters that affect the electron transfer kinetics between Glucose Oxidase (GOx) and osmium complexes, developed for application in electrochemical signal amplification. Finally, Chapters VI and VII summarise the conclusions,the limitations of the thesis work and proposals for future study.
El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido diseñar, caracterizar y optimizar un array de sensores de ADN electroquímico. Para el estudio de la inmovilización de las sondas de oligonucleótidos y la detección de la hibridación se realizaron experimentos preliminares con un sistema simplificado. Dicho sistema demostró que las monocapas auto-ensambladas (SAMs) en superficies de oro eran apropiadas como método de inmovilización. Debido al rápido desarrollo de los sensores de ADN hacia los arrays de ADN, se modificó la estrategia. La nueva estrategia se basó en la electrodeposición dirigida de nanomódulos de bioreconocimiento en electrodos de resolución fotolitográfica. Dichos nanomódulos, nanopartículas de oro coloidal modificadas con oligonucleótidos, se sintetizaron racionalmente después de haber estudiado las condiciones bajo las cuales las suspensiones de oro coloidal eran estables. Mediante técnicas de fluorescencia y colorimetría se caracterizó la eficacia de las conjugaciones, la funcionalidad de los oligonucleótidos conjugados y la estabilidad térmica de la modificación, experimentos que demostraron que los conjugados eran aptos para la detección de la hibridación. Después de su caracterización, los nanomódulos de bioreconocimiento fueron electrodepositados en distintas superficies electródicas y se demostró la inmovilización dirigida mediante varias técnicas, como la microscopía óptica y electrónica, y técnicas colorimétricas, piezoeléctricas y electroquímicas. Además, los nanomódulos de bioreconocimiento depositados eran funcionales y capaces de diferenciar 4 mutaciones en oligonucleótidos de 19 bases. A pesar de los prometedores resultados, los cuales demostraron la viabilidad de utilizar la electrodeposición dirigida como técnica de arraying, se observó la necesidad de amplificar la señal electroquímica, puesto que los valores obtenidos del sistema eran muy parecidos a los valores obtenidos de los blancos. Siguiendo dos objetivos paralelos para la amplificación de la señal electroquímica (aumentar intrínsecamente las constantes de transferencia de electrones entre encimas y electrodos, y optimizar los sistemas de reciclaje electroquímicos), se diseñaron racionalmente complejos de osmio y se evaluó la cinética de transferencia de electrones entre dichos complejos y encimas redox. En estos estudios cinéticos se observó que los mediadores con carga global más positiva y con potenciales redox más altos proporcionaban constantes de transferencia de electrones más altas, también favorecidas a alto pH y baja fuerza iónica, demostrando la posibilidad de amplificar las señales electroquímicas.
Esta tesis está dividida en siete capítulos. El primer capítulo es una introducción que explica los principios fundamentales y el estado de la ciencia en el área de los sensores y arrays de ADN, que sienta las bases del comportamiento de las suspensiones de oro coloidal y que presenta la cinética de transferencia de electrones entre mediadores y enzimas. El segundo capítulo describe el desarrollo de un método preliminar para caracterizar la inmovilización y detectar la hibridación en sensores de ADN. En el tercer capítulo se presentan estudios de estabilidad de las suspensiones de oro coloidal, conjugaciones de oligonucleótidos a dichos coloides y la caracterización de la eficacia de dichas conjugaciones, de la estabilidad de las suspensiones de las conjugaciones, y de la funcionalidad de los conjugados. En el cuarto capítulo se demuestra la electrodeposición dirigida y selectiva en varias superficies electródicas mediante varias técnicas de caracterización. En el quinto capítulo se obtienen las constantes de transferencia de electrones entre la Glucosa Oxidasa (GOx) y distintos complejos de osmio, y se analiza el efecto de varios parámetros experimentales en dichas constantes. Finalmente, un sexto capítulo establece las conclusiones de la tesis y un séptimo capítulo propone varias líneas de investigación a desarrollar en un futuro.