Thèses sur le sujet « Nano cristalli »
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SALOMONI, MATTEO. « Boosting scintillation based detection ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241285.
Texte intégralDuring this Ph.D., state-of-the-art scintillating materials have been intensively studied with several constraints found regarding their light emission, optical properties, and chemical stability. Different characterization benches were developed specifically for the measurements presented in the thesis and extensive work has been dedicated to fine tune the simulations framework that describes scintillators and photo-detectors. Classical approaches were found to be already at a good trade-off between performances and costs while to really boost scintillation detection a shift in paradigm was needed, moving away from classical ray tracing concepts and scintillation mechanism. This Ph.D. work explored the use of diffraction and quantum dots to break the limit of critical angle and classical e-h recombination, respectively. \newline Photonic crystals were used as diffracting layer deposited on the read-out face of inorganic scintillators and showed promising results from the point of view the crystal's time and energy resolution. The additional modes provided by the periodical nano-structuration of the read-out face add several degrees of freedom where simulations could find new optimal solutions. An enhanced extraction of scintillation light was demonstrated in different crystal configurations.\newline Nanocrystals, on the other hand, pushed the state-of-the-art of scintillation timing properties down to the ps scale, bringing innovative ideas for future fast detectors. The use of quantum dots allowed to tune the recombination mechanism of scintillating semiconductors leading to inhibited non-radiative channels and enhance dipole emission from the emitting centers.
Makles, Kevin. « Nano-membranes à cristal photonique pour l'optomécanique ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066457/document.
Texte intégralThe field of optomechanic consists in studying the coupling induce by the radiation pressure between a mechanical resonator and a light field, it has expended over the last fifteen years. In this memoir we present the developpement of a resonator optimised to observe quantum effect of the optomechanical coupling. On the one hand, it has to combine a high reflectivity and a low mass to enhance its coupling with the light field. On the other hand it should exhibit high mechanical quality factor in order to minimize its interaction with the environment. This resonator is a suspended membrane, whose thickness is about hundreds of nanometers, and whose reflectivity is achieved thanks to a photonic crystal. After a study of the photonic crystal physic in normal incidence, we present the experimental results including those in the end mirror of a Fabry-Pérot cavity configuration, which are in good agreement with the optical simulations. In a second point, we list the dissipation mechanisms in micro-resonator. Then we show how the stress introduction in such resonators can improve the quality factor. We finish the mechanical characterisation by studying mechanical non-linearities which appears in the case of large amplitude of motion. Then we present the experimental set-up developed to observe the thermal noise of the resonators. We also obtain some preliminary results about the cooling of the thermal noise using active cooling and photothermal effect. Last we present the development of a capacitive coupling between the membrane and a electrical circuit. This device is the first step toward the realisation of an optomechanical transducer between optical and micro-wave photons
Maymó, Camós Marc. « Interacció Paramètrica no Lineal en Materials amb Nano-Estructuració Ordenada ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6611.
Texte intégralDes de fa temps s'utilitzen una gran varietat de cristalls inorgànics, com el LN o el KTP, en dispositius òptics comercials. Tanmateix aquests materials inorgànics tenen alguns inconvenients o limitacions com ara el cost, dificultats en el processat i poca flexibilitat per modificar-los i incorpora'ls-hi d'altres propietats. En aquest sentit les molècules orgàniques poden aportar solucions, però la dificultat d'assolir cristalls orgànics no centrosimètrics prou grans com per assolir eficiències semblants pel que fa als processos no lineals, n'ha limitat la seva aplicabilitat. Donada l'elevada no linealitat que s'obté amb algunes molècules orgàniques, les interaccions no lineals de superfície, són una de les possibilitats per aquest tipus de materials. Si bé l'eficiència d'un procés de superfície no és elevada, quan un és capaç de sumar coherentment els efectes d'un gran nombre de processos superficials, la interacció resultant pot ser eficient.
Els cristalls fotònics són materials nanoestructurats amb la capacitat d'exercir un control ampli sobre la generació i propagació de la llum. Aprofitant els efectes en la propagació de la llum que es donen al llindar de les bandes prohibides, és possible exercir aquest control sobre les interaccions no lineals.
Això, juntament amb el fet de que en un cristall fotònic hi ha un gran nombre de interfícies on dur a terme les interaccions no lineals, fa que sigui de gran interès realitzar un estudi exhaustiu de diferents interaccions paramètriques no lineals que s'hi poden considerar.
En aquesta tesi es presenten estudis experimentals i teòrics sobre diferents interaccions no lineals considerades en el si de cristalls fotònics col·loïdals i d'òpals. En el cas dels cristalls col·loïdals, el treball es centra, majoritàriament, en l'estudi de les interaccions no lineals de segon ordre. Es demostra, que aquests processos que es poden aconseguir en el si d'una estructura centrosimètrica, són de superfície. Pel que fa als òpals, l'interès està centrat en conèixer com els efectes que aquests materials tenen sobre la velocitat de grup, poden aprofitar-se per incrementar l'eficiència de les interaccions no lineals.
Fent ús de tècniques de síntesi en fase sòlida, s'ha pogut enllaçar un gran nombre de molècules no lineals a la superfície de nanoesferes de poliestirè. Aquestes esferes de làtex tenen la capacitat d'autoordenar-se en una xarxa cristal·lina centrosimètrica. Es demostra experimentalment que, gràcies a poder dur a terme una interacció no lineal de superfície en un material amb propietats de cristall fotònic, es poden assolir unes eficiències, 6 ordres de magnitud superiors a les assolides fins ara.
Aquest treball comença amb una introducció, dels aspectes més rellevants dels cristalls fotònics i de l'òptica no lineal de segon ordre. Al capítol II es presenten les interaccions no lineals de segon ordre en cristalls col·loïdals. S'explica com es fabriquen aquestes estructures no lineals i es demostra experimentalment que la generació de segon harmònic en un cristall col·loïdal és un procés de superfície.
Al capítol III de la tesi s'estudien la suma de freqüències contrapropagants i la generació de tercer harmònic en cristalls col·loïdals. Al capítol IV s'estudia, experimentalment, com es poden aprofitar les anomalies que apareixen en la velocitat de grup, quan la llum s'acobla a les bandes altes d'un òpal, per tal d'incrementar la generació de segon harmònic en aquestes estructures. Finalment, es presenten les conclusions del treball.
Second order nonlinear interactions are, among, the most relevant nonlinear interactions between light and matter when one considers their applications. Such interactions are only efficient in noncentrosymmetric materials and materials or material structures that provide a phase matching mechanism. This is the case, for instance, in highly anisotropic crystals. However such anisotropy sets important limitations to the application scope of these materials.
In the last decades, a large variety of inorganic crystals, such as, for instance, LN or KTP, have been used in optics devices. However, these inorganic materials have several drawbacks like their cost, processing difficulties and limitations to their flexibility and capability to hold new properties. Organic molecules may provide some alternatives, but the difficulties in getting a noncentrosymmetric organic crystal, large enough to hold an efficient nonlinear interaction, has restricted their applicability. Because the high nonlinearity of some organic molecules, one may consider surface nonlinear interaction as a good nonlinear mechanism for these molecules.
Although the efficiency of surface interaction is low, when many of this surfaces interactions are coherently added, the whole process can be efficient.
Photonic crystals have the capability of controlling the propagation and generation of light. Such control is larger in the neighbourhood of a forbidden band. In fact, at the edge of the band it is possible to control the nonlinear interactions. The high number of interfaces present in the photonic crystal structure, where a quadratic nonlinear interaction may occur, and the band edge effects, make it interesting to focus our study into some of such second order nonlinear interaction.
In this thesis, we present experimental and theoretical results related to different second order nonlinear interactions in the framework of nonlinear colloidal photonic crystals, and nonlinear opals. For the colloidal crystals we mostly consider second order nonlinear processes, and the surface origin of these interactions is demonstrated. In the case of opals we focus our work on the effects that the group velocity anomalies present in the high bands of the photonic crystals, and show how we can take advantage of them for a nonlinear interaction enhancement.
Using solid face methods, we have been able to covalently link a large amount of nonlinear organic molecules to the surfaces of polystyrene nanospheres. These latex spheres have the capability to self organise in a centrosymmetric lattice. We experimentally demonstrate that, given the photonic crystal properties of this material and the possibility of holding surface nonlinear interactions in the interfaces of the nanospheres, efficiencies up to 6 orders of magnitude larger than the ones obtained in the past, can be achieved.
An introduction to relevant aspects of photonic crystals and nonlinear optics can be found in chapter I. In chapter II second order nonlinear interactions in photonic crystals are described.
We explain how to fabricate these colloidal nonlinear crystals, and then experimentally demonstrate that second harmonic generation in the framework of colloidal photonic crystals is a surface phenomenon. In chapter III, counter-propagating sum frequency generation and third harmonic generation are discussed. In chapter IV, we experimentally demonstrate that, using an opal made of nonlinear polystyrene spheres, the enhancement of second harmonic generation is possible if one takes advantage of the group velocity anomalies presents on the edges of flat bands that are opened at higher frequencies. The main conclusions of the work are summarized in the last chapter.
Toussaint, Kathleen. « Greffage de complexes de terres rares luminescents sur silicium cristallin et silicium nano-cristallin pour la détection de NO en phase gazeuse ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0107.
Texte intégralThis thesis is about the synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanostructures doped with rare earth ions that can be used as sensor for gases such as nitrogen monoxide (NO). Crystalline silicon, which is used as a substrate here, is a poor light emitter because of its indirect gap. It is challenging for the microelectronic and optical telecommunications industries to obtain optical properties, including emission, from this material. Thanks to quantum confinement in silicon nanostructures, a radiative emission can be obtained at room temperature. A possible way to enhance these properties is to modify the surface in such a way that it becomes optically active. In this work, complexes containing luminescent elements as lanthanides were grafted on the silicon surface. These elements are very interesting for optical applications because the wavelength of their emission peaks is almost independent of the environment and an emission from the blue to the near infrared can be obtained, depending on the rare earth. To produce inorganic/organic hybrid materials, different steps were developed and optimized during this work. So as to attach the rare-earth based complexes to the silicon surface, that surface is oxidized in order to generate reactive groups like silanols. A second required step is the functionalization of the surface by an aminosilane (APTES) which enables to link the silica surface and the complexes. To fix the optically active ions, it is necessary to complex the lanthanide ions with a ligand (DOTAGA) that can react with the ammine group to create a covalent bound of the complex. In this work, it is shown that the synthesized lanthanide complexes (Tb, Eu, Ce, Yb and Nd) are optically active and that after grafting on the silicon surface, Tb, Eu and Ce based complexes have a strong luminescence while Yb and Nd based complexes are weakly active. The same type of results are obtained when the complexes are grafted on porous silicon. Moreover, the effect of the environment, in particular a nitrogen oxide one, is studied on these samples in order to check whether they can be used as NO sensors
Vardanyan, Vahe. « Revêtements UV-aqueux pour le bois renforcés par la Cellulose Nano-Cristalline ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25903.
Texte intégralThis thesis is aimed to increase the performance of UV - waterborne coatings for wood, using the forest resources. For this purpose, we believe replacing nanoparticles studied previously by the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), a Canadian and Quebec product from the forest. There are several instances in the literature of nanocellulose-thermoplastic composites, but there are few studies on coatings reinforced by CNC. One of the key aspects in the technology of nanocomposites remains the dispersion of the nanoparticles within the matrix. To quantify the dispersion, efficient methods of characterization are needed. In this thesis two new characterization methods based on atomic force microscopy and back scattering of laser light (He-Ne 632.8 nm) are applied to characterize such nanocomposite coatings. A strong correlation between surface nano-roughness of coatings and angular distribution of backscattered laser light was found. The overall objective of the research is to develop nanoparticles reinforced UV-water-based coatings for wood applications, and to study the effect mainly on wear properties of the final composite coatings. CNC were mixed to the coating formulation in order to improve the mechanical properties of the coatings. The coating formulations were sprayed on sugar maple boards, which were then placed in an oven to evaporate the water to finally be UV-cured. CNC was modified by either alkyl quaternary ammonium bromides or acryloyl chloride. The mechanical properties (abrasion and scratch resistances, hardness and adhesion) were analyzed and compared to the reference varnish without nanoparticles. The modified CNC addition in UV-water-based coatings results in a ca 30 - 40% increase in wear resistance (abrasion and scratch), without any loss of appearance. These coatings on wood substrate, with and without added CNC, were submitted to accelerated weathering during 1200 h. The results show that the addition of CNC to coatings not only increases mechanical properties but also increases color stability of coated wood.
Muzy, Jessica. « Caractérisation mécanique du saphir en fonction de son élaboration et de sa qualité cristalline ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALI070.pdf.
Texte intégralSynthetic sapphire is known for its high strength. Indeed, only diamond is susceptible to scratch it. Therefore, colourless sapphires are used as scratch-resistant Swiss watch glasses. In order to minimize shard appearance on watches, RSA Le Rubis, French sapphire manufacturer, wishes to improve its product mechanical property knowledge. How fracture strength fluctuates according to elaboration conditions, and the part of structural defects in this.Clockmaking sapphires are mainly grown at R.S.A. by historical Verneuil process or Edge-defined Fed-film Growth (EFG). Several growth conditions are studied in both processes, such as crystals size and position in the oven, or component ageing.Further, two flexural tests have been designed and massively performed : four point bending and ball on three balls test. Both show a higher flexural strength for Verneuil crystals compared to EFG ones. Transition between elastic and plastic deformation was also studied through nano-indentation pop-in analysis.X-ray characterisations at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) helped mechanical results understanding by revealing structural defects in crystals. White beam topography and Rocking Curve Imaging were used, as they are complementary.It appears that Verneuil crystals high flexural strength is due to higher dislocation densities, about one hundredth more than in EFG crystals. Dislocation formation results from temperature gradient variation during growth. Higher fluctuation in Verneuil process lead to higher dislocations density
Caillaud, Bertrand Eric. « Structuration de phases "cristal liquide" par un réseau polymère : applications ». Télécom Bretagne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007TELB0038.
Texte intégralThe aim of this thesis is the study of the liquid crystal phase structured by a polymer network. First, we study the impact of the polymer network on the stabilization of the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric smectic phases in order to develop fast shutters. Then, we adress nematic phase dispersion in a polymer matrix to produce a wavelength tunable vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The ferroelectric liquid crystals have very relevant electro-optic properties, especially the fast response times, but they also generate very penalizing structure defects. We therefore decided to stabilize this phase with a polymer network and to study the network's influence on the structural and electro-optic properties (contrast, tilt angle, response times etc. . ) of the original phase. This detailed study underlined the multiple assets of this structure such as the improvement of the texture, the extinction ratio and the robustness without significantly modifying the smectic phase properties. In the same time, a similar study was realized with orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystals. This study led to the development of fast shutters for welding masks and guarantee a good protection against pulsed welding arc. This extremely innovative application needed new developments in order to satisfy the different industrial standards and led to the realization of a first prototype with PSFLC
Abdoune, Fatima-Zohra. « Dispersion de nano- et micro-domaines de cristal liquide dans des matrices polymères ». Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10163.
Texte intégralJacob, Stéphanie. « Intégration, caractérisation et modélisation des mémoires non volatiles à nano volatiles à nanocristaux de silicium ». Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX11030.
Texte intégralOver the last 20 years, the industry of microelectronics and particularly the non-volatile memory market has known a considerable growth, in terms of integration capacity increasing and cost reduction. Consumers have been able to access to electronic products (mobile phones, MP3 players, flash drives, digital cameras…) which are currently very successful. However, scaling of standard Flash memories will face in a near future several limitations. Consequently, new paths are investigated in order to push the scaling limits of these devices. Within this context, the main purpose of this PhD is the experimental and theoretical study of non-volatile silicon nanocrystal memories. First, several options of silicon nanocrystal integration using a standard process have been shown. A 32Mb NOR silicon nanocrystal Flash memory demonstrator has been fabricated from an ATMEL product. Then, electrical characterization of memory cells and arrays has been performed. An exhaustive study of the influence of programming conditions and technological parameters has been carried out. The influence of some parameters has been understood through modeling of Fowler-Nordheim erasing and gate disturb. Finally, the localization of the trapped charges in silicon nanocrystal devices written by Hot Electron injection has been investigated through TCAD simulations and an exhaustive set of experimental data explained by an analytical model
Pribat, Clément. « Etudes morphologiques et cinétiques de l'élaboration de nano-objets cristallins (Si & ; SiGe) par RTCVD ». Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517869.
Texte intégralSuarez, Sanabria Miguel Angel. « Etude et validation de nouveaux nano-émetteurs destinés à la microscopie optique en champ proche : développemnt de pointes fonctionnalisées ». Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2038.
Texte intégralGoubet, Nicolas. « Nano et supracristaux d'or : sur l'influence de la nanocristallinité ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066119/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis deals with the influence of crystal defects of gold nanocrystals, especially on the synthesis and self-assembly of gold nanocrystals whose crystal defects and size are controlled. During this work, a method have been developed to separate single and polycrystals with similar size using crystalline segregation. Then, these nanocrystals have been used as seeds for a second crystal growth in order to expand their size from 5 nm to 13 nm in diameter. The plasmonic and vibrational properties of these gold nanocrystals have also been studied. The obtained nanocrystals exhibit low size distribution that allows their self-assemblies into three dimensional ordered lattice, called supracrystals. Negative supracrystals and vicinal surfaces have been observed under specific self-assembly conditions. Moreover, it is possible to obtain supracrystals with submillimeter size containing only either single or polycrystals and study them in an individual way by X-ray diffraction. It has also been possible to correlate the translational and orientational order of gold nanocrystals within the supracrystalline lattice
Milord, Laurent. « Dispositifs photoniques innovants pour le piégeage optique : Cavité étendue à double période et structure hybride cristal photonique-nano antenne ». Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI026/document.
Texte intégralSince the first work on optical tweezers by Ashkin, a lot of efforts have been made to trap nanoparticles. However, optical tweezers are diffraction limited and can hardly trap particles below 200 nm. This limit can be overstepped using the optical gradient forces of an evanescent field generated and amplified by a photonic nano cavity. Nonetheless, this approach faces two major issues for applications: the trapping section is very small, making the capture of a Brownian motion animated particle very unlikely, and for the “ultimate” nano antennas with nanometric optical modes, their excitation from free space is not effective. The goal of this work is to overcome these two difficulties. To increase the trapping surface, we will first present a device using slow Bloch modes within a double period extended cavity designed in a photonic crystal made out of SOI. We will show that this approach allow for the trapping of 200, 100 and 75 nm particles on an extended surface of 5x5 µm² using a free space laser beam excitation. Secondly, we will investigate the free space excitation of nanometric structures. A photonic crystal – nano antenna mixed structure will be presented, where the photonic crystal is used as a photon pool for the nano antenna. This lead to a funnel effect where the light coming from a large free space laser beam (5µm wide) is focused into the nano antenna. The trapping of 100 nm particles will demonstrate the relevance of this approach
Fedorov, Nikita. « Luminescence résolue en temps de solides cristallins et de nano particules excités par des impulsions IR, UV et VUV femtosecondes d'intensité variable ». Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13629/document.
Texte intégralThe work during this Ph.D. was a development of a source of high order harmonics generation based on amplified Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser with repetition rate 1kHz (AURORE). The beam line constructed in CELIA has on its exit a VUV-XUV focalized beam; it may has wide spectrum or monochromatic in spectral range from 10nm up to 73nm (17-120eV). This beam line is in operation and is using for experiments for solid state VUV spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy etc. Also it was installed a system for detection of luminescence with sub-picosecond time resolution (450fs) based on the nonlinear effect – generation of sum of two light frequencies. The main subject of this work was the study of processes of relaxation and interaction of electronic excitations, created by ultra-short pulse of IR, UV or XUV in dielectric crystals and nanoparticles. Out method is based on observation of luminescence with spectral and time resolution up to sub-picosecond temporal resolution. This study has given new experimental results for description of fundamental processes of creation and evolution of electronic excitations. Comparison and interpretation of experimental data of semiconductor nano-particles and monocrystals gave some interpretations of extra-fast luminescence of these systems
Brunstein, Maia. « Nonlinear Dynamics in III-V Semiconductor Photonic Crystal Nano-cavities ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00606315.
Texte intégralHuang, Caijin. « Optical nano-antennas : passive properties and active control ». Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS011/document.
Texte intégralOptical nanoantennas are a new class of optical devices, generally constituted of metal nanoparticles, used for enhancing the interaction between an electromagnetic wave and a nano-scale object. These components are operating in the visible to near infra-red part of the spectrum and are offering solutions for the inherent limitations of optics at the nanometer scale. In particular, the properties of optical antennas are governed by the surface plasmon resonances of the underlying structure. These resonances are associated with a large field confinement, beyond the diffraction limit, and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic response that is used to amplify weak optical processes. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to understand by an experimental approach what are the key parameters characterizing an optical antenna with the aim to control its operation. Through the development of an original microscopy based on a low numerical aperture diascopic illumination and a subsequent spatial filtering, the scattering characteristics of a single optical nano-antenna were successfully measured. Our approach was first tested with simple model antennas (nanoparticles) before investigating multi-element coupled antennas (dimers). In analogy to radiofrequency theory, we have defined and measured important antenna characteristics: operating frequency, detuning factor, gain and emission diagram. We have studied the influence of the morphology of the antenna on these characteristics. Continuing the comparison with microwave antennas, we have introduced the concept of an optical tuner. The operating principle is to modify the medium in which the antenna is emitting its radiation i.e. the load of the device. To this aim, we have employed anisotropic liquid crystal molecules. With this load medium, the orientation of the anisotropy can be controlled by a static electric field. The operation of the optical tuner, i.e. tuning of the antenna to a broadcasting frequency, is demonstrated for electromagnetically coupled antennas
Iriarte, Lecumberri Pedro Ignacio. « Synthèse de minéraux argileux dans le système SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Na2O-H2O entre 150 et 225°C ». Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2252.
Texte intégralMeneses, Franco Ariel Antonio. « Síntesis y caracterización de nano-compósitos de BaTiO3 mezclados con polímeros liquido-cristalinos y su posible uso como dispositivos de medición ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105348.
Texte intégralAlzaher, Ibrahim. « Les ions émis de la surface : messagers du processus initial de la nano-structuration ». Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637223.
Texte intégralFerrier, Lydie. « Micro-nano structures à base de cristaux photoniques pour le contrôle 3D de la lumière ». Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625602.
Texte intégralAllouche, Hatem. « Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur de carbone sur substrats nano-filamentaires (nanotubes de carbone) ». Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30229.
Texte intégralCohin, Yann. « Comment orienter la croissance de nanofils semiconducteurs sur un support amorphe : de la couche mince texturée au nano-substrat pour l'épitaxie ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066384/document.
Texte intégralIII–V semiconductors are materials of interest for energy production and lighting. However, these materials are difficult to grow by heteroepitaxy because of their lattice and thermal expansion coefficient mismatches with substrates. The resulting dislocations are extremely detrimental to their electronic properties. Nanostructures like nanowires relax efficiently the strain, thanks to their lateral free surfaces. Thus, they improve the material quality compared to planar thin films.In this PhD thesis, we demonstrate that a [111] fiber-textured polycristalline silicon layer film can be an efficient thin film substrate for oriented nanowire growth on an amorphous support. Such a film can be obtained by using the aluminum-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon. The optical and physical properties of the substrate are conserved by using a very thin Si layer (less than 10-nm thick).For many applications, organizing the nanowires in an array can be favorable. We demonstrate that this goal can be achieved by using small single crystal Si platelets (up to 100 nm in diameter). In a first time, the crystallization of these “nano-substrates” is comprehensively studied in order to define precise fabrication recipes. In a second time, we prove the concept of nanowire growth on these thin lithographed crystals
Didenko, Stanislav. « Artificially induced anisotropy of thermal conductivity in 2D Si phononic membranes ». Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I048.
Texte intégralThis thesis work is devoted to the development of practical mechanisms for the heat guiding in silicon low-dimensional nanostructures. The motivation comes from both the field of IC thermal management and emerging technology of Si-based thermoelectric devices, where directional heat guiding can play an important role. A series of micrometre-sized thermal characterisation platforms was designed and fabricated. The objective is to study experimentally the feasibility of artificially-induced in-plane anisotropy of effective thermal conductivity (κ) in Si nanopatterned membranes. By the combined use of micro Raman Thermometry, Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis and Finite Element Modelling (FEM) it was possible to measure the thermal gradient, membrane conductance and determine effective thermal conductivities. This experiment confirms the possibility to induce artificially high anisotropy of κ in Si phononic membranes. Finally, purposefully designed parameterized FEM model demonstrated the possible implementation of the induced anisotropic effects in the area of IC thermal-management
Narchi, Paul. « Investigation of crystalline silicon solar cells at the nano-scale using scanning probe microscopy techniques ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX085/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis focuses on the investigation of crystalline silicon solar cells at the nano-scale using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. In particular, we chose to investigate electrical properties at the nano-scale using two SPM techniques: Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscopy (CP-AFM).First, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of both these techniques compared to electron microscopy techniques, which can also help investigate electrical properties at the nano-scale. This comprehensive comparison enables to identify measurements where KPFM and CP-AFM are particularly adequate. These measurements are divided in two categories: material investigation and devices investigation.Then, we focus on materials investigation at the nano-scale using SPM techniques. We first present doping measurements at the nano-scale using an advanced CP-AFM technique called Resiscope. We prove that this technique could detect doping changes in the range 1015 and 1020 atoms.cm-3 with a nano-scale resolution and a high signal/noise ratio. Then, we highlight decay time measurements on passivated crystalline silicon wafers using KPFM. Measurements are performed on the unpassivated cross-section. We show that, even though the cross-section is not passivated, decay times measurements obtained with KPFM are in good agreement with lifetimes measured by microwave photoconductivity decay.Subsequently, we focus on device measurements. Using KPFM, we investigate two different crystalline silicon solar cell architectures: epitaxial silicon (epi-Si) solar cells and interdigitated back contact (IBC) heterojunction solar cells. In particular, we focus on measurements on devices under operating conditions. We first study the influence of the applied electrical bias. We study the sensitivity of surface potential to electrical bias and we show that diode and resistance effects can be detected at the nano-scale. KPFM measurements are compared to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements in the same conditions since SEM is also sensitive to surface potential. We show that KPFM measurements on the cross-section of epi-Si solar cells can help detect electric field changes with electrical bias. Besides, if the electrical bias is frequency modulated, we show that lifetime measurements can be performed on the cross-section of epi-Si solar cells and can help detect limiting interfaces and layers. Then, we study the influence of illumination on KPFM and CP-AFM measurements. We perform photovoltage and photocurrent measurements on the cross-section of epi-Si solar under different values of illumination intensity and illumination wavelength. We show a good sensitivity of KPFM measurements to illumination. However, we show that measurements for different wavelengths at a given open circuit voltage, are not correlated with the internal quantum efficiency, as we could have expected.Finally, we summarize our work in a table showing the impact of strengths and weaknesses of the techniques for the different measurements highlighted. From this table, we imagine an “ideal” microscopy setup to investigate crystalline silicon solar cells in a reliable, versatile and accurate way. We propose investigations of interest that could be carried out using this “ideal” setup
Yi, Tianyou. « Modeling of dynamical vortex states in charge density waves ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768237.
Texte intégralChafer, Matthieu. « Sources lasers innovantes à base de micro-capsules photoniques et par nano-structuration de milieux gazeux ». Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0042.
Texte intégralSince their advent, hollow-core photonic crystal fibers have proved to be highly efficient for frequency conversion, especially via by playing with stimulated Raman scattering. Within the frame work of a CIFRE contract between the firm GLOphotonics and the Xlim research institute, this thesis project has consisted in developing these fibers to enhance their optical performances, in order to target two different field of applications: an industrial one to offer a a compact multi-line laser in the visible and UV and a second more fundamental one to realize a optical wave synthesizer. The amelioration of these performances relies on the exacerbation of the inhibition of the coupling between the air core mode and the silica cladding modes. Two types of micro-structures have been explored, a Kagomé and a tubular lattice. Several fibers have been fabricated demonstrating record performances on all a wavelength range (8.5 dB/km at 1 µm, 7.7 dB/km at 750 nm, 13.8 dB/km at 549 nm, and around 70 dB/km at 355 nm). Concerning the functionalization of the fibers, photonic micro-cells have been designed and realized enabling to overcome the problem the permeability of silica to gas (conversion stability over 12 months) and demonstrate a conversion to 26 lines in the visible. An industrial product coined CombLas has been made and used for flow cytometry in order to study the influence of the repetition rate of the pump laser. This product has also been extended to the UV range with 24 lines generated between 225-400 nm. Also, more fundamental research has been realized consisting in developing an optical wave synthesizer based on Raman generation in hollow core fibres where a new dynamic has been observed demonstrating the trapping of hydrogen molecules by an auto-assembled optical lattice of ultra-deep and nano-metric potential wells. This configuration has enabled to generate a Lamb-Dicke regime of stimulated Raman scattering. Sub-Doppler signatures usually found in cold atoms have been measured with linewidths narrower than 5 orders of magnitude than what is predicted in the literature. Finally, this linewidth has been optmised of an order of magnitude by plaing on the length of the fiber and the pressure of hydrogen
Berthelot, Johann. « Contrôle de nano-antennes optiques par une commande électrique : tuner plasmonique et transduction ». Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741144.
Texte intégralLiu, Yuxin. « Etude de cristaux phononiques à base des matériaux micro/nano structurés pour la manipulation des ondes de Love ». Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0007.
Texte intégralThe control of the propagation of elastic waves relies mainly on the design of artificial medium based on structured materials to obtain an advanced engineering of the dispersion of the propagation. During the thesis, the dispersion of the shear horizontal polarised guided mode (Love mode) in the bi-layer SiO2/Quartz (90ST-cut) structure was numerically investigated and the resulting applications explored. The properties of phononic crystals (PnCs) based on micro-machined holes in the SiO2 layer, and the interaction of this mode with pillars deposited on the surface of this guiding layer, have been studied. In the case of holey PnCs we have shown that it is possible to open band gaps, this property has been exploited for the design of a cavity resonator. The performances of this resonator are studied according to the geometrical parameters characterizing it. It is also proposed to study the interaction of the cavity resonator’s modes with the resonant modes of pillars deposited on the surface of the cavity. This has the effect of a better confinement of the modes and thus a drastic improvement of the quality factor. We also investigated the interaction between the Love mode and metasurfaces based on pillars deposited on the surface of SiO2. The couplings between pillars of identical or not geometries gave rise to various phenomena like acoustic analogue of Autler-Townes Splitting, Fabry-Perot resonance, acoustically induced transparency and Fano resonance. The results presented in this study could be used for potential applications such as signal processing, wave control, metamaterials and biosensors
Itawi, Ahmad. « Dispositifs photoniques hybrides sur Silicium comportant des guides nano-structurés : conception, fabrication et caractérisation ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112363/document.
Texte intégralThis work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si
Moutaouekkil, Mohammed. « Etude de la propagation des ondes élastiques de Lamb dans les matériaux composites micro/nano structurés : Application pour l’ingénierie des propriétés physiques des résonateurs électromécaniques ». Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECLI0011/document.
Texte intégralThe control of elastic wave propagation relies mainly on the design of artificial media based on structured materials to achieve advanced propagation dispersion engineering. During the thesis, the dispersion of the mode (S0) in micro-structured membranes based on AlN was numerically investigated and the resulting applications explored. The strong link between mode dispersion and sensitivity to external disturbances is highlighted by combining the AlN membrane with a layer of SiO2 structured into strips. In particular, it is shown that it is possible to obtain a TCF = 0 for the resonators without any degradation of the K2 coefficient. It is shown that it is possible to open wide band-gaps of 50% by structuring the AlN in the shape of strips or using pillars to form a PhnC. On this basis, designs of cavities and waveguides are proposed and their performances are studied according to the geometrical parameters. It is also proposed a new cavity design based on the introduction of a resonant defect with a disc shape in the PhnC and presenting very small size in comparison to the unit cell. The defect makes it possible to introduce quasi-flat modes in the band diagram and consequently allows the design of a new generation of phononic devices for signal processing and sensor applications. The optimal structures are used to design a magnetic field sensor design, a sensitivity of 5% is obtained for the localized mode in the case of defect based on magneto-elastic thin film
L'Hôte, Gabriel. « Etude de la dynamique des dislocations de monocristaux de cuivre sous chargement cyclique : Emission acoustique et caractérisations microstructurales ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI125.
Texte intégralDuring the plastic deformation of crystalline materials, a soft plasticity, made up of many uncorrelated dislocation movements, can coexist with a wilder plasticity, in the form of collaborative movements: dislocation avalanches. The coexistence of the two plasticities depends on the establishment of a dislocation structure, which is supposed to hinder the spread of avalanches. It is proposed to study the correlation between microstructural evolutions and dislocation arrangements under cyclic loading on the one hand, and the nature of the collective dynamics of dislocations on the other hand, in the case of pure copper single crystals. Various stress imposed fatigue tests are performed to study the influence of (i) the loading path, (ii) the loading ratio and (iii) the crystallographic orientation on the plasticity phenomena. The acoustic emission (EA) technique is used to study both types of plasticity. Continuous EA, which can be considered as background noise resulting from the cumulative effect of many sources, is associated with mild plasticity. Discrete EA, with more energetic signals than those emitted continuously, is associated with wild plasticity. Dislocation microstructures are studied using EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) and ECCI (Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging) techniques at the end of each fatigue level. The EA-ECCI coupling provides valuable information on the dynamics of dislocations. The monitoring by ECCI, during a fatigue test at Rσ=0.1 shows that a given dislocation structure is stable only for given level of stress. The emergence of a dislocation structure act as an obstacle to avalanche movement. However, the application of a larger stress amplitude allows the rearrangement of the structure, which is largely in the form of dislocation avalanches that can travel longer distances than the dislocation mean free path. Small uncorrelated dislocation movements are confined within the dislocation structures, between dense dislocation arrangements (cells, walls, etc.). Mild plasticity is therefore increasingly restricted as the mean free path decreases. The various tests carried out show that the loading path (at Rσ=0.1) has no influence on the dislocation structure formed, but that the dynamics of the dislocations adapt to the way the material is loaded. The loading ratio (Rσ=-1) has a major influence on the formation of dislocation structures, with the emergence of veins, matrices, persistent slip bands and dense cells, but also on the dynamics of dislocations, with a gradual evolution of mild plasticity during cycles and a reduction in the number of avalanches during the hardening of the material. Concerning the influence of crystallographic orientation, a larger number of activated slip systems limit the contribution of avalanches to plasticity
Sapezanskaia, Ina. « Deformation mechanisms of metastable stainless steels accessed locally by monotonic and cyclic nanoindentation ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398401.
Texte intégralLos aceros inoxidables austeníticos metaestables pueden experimentar una amplia gama de mecanismos de deformación diferentes, los cuales contribuyen a sus extraordinarias propiedades mecánicas. Sin embargo, estas propiedades dependen de la microestructura y son altamente anisotrópicas. Además, la deformación es diferente en la superficie y en el interior de una muestra. Por lo tanto, un estudio detallado no resulta trivial. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de los principales mecanismos de deformación, así como de su desarrollo gradual. Para ello se han realizado ensayos de nanoindentación, tanto monotónica como cíclica, los cuales han permitido la deformación controlada de granos austeníticos preseleccionados. Las curvas de carga y descarga de los ensayos de nanoindentación han proporcionado amplia información sobre el comportamiento mecánico del acero, la cual se ha podido correlacionar con la reconstrucción detallada de las subestructuras de deformación, tanto a nivel superficial como en el interior, la cual se ha llevado a cabo mediante técnicas de caracterización a escala microscópica. Entre otros, se encontraron y estudiaron fenómenos como las transformaciones de fase reversibles bajo carga, la influencia tanto de la anisotropía cristalina como del tamaño de grano, mecanismos dependientes del tiempo, junto con la transmisión de plasticidad y la respuesta a fatiga.
Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques métastables sont le siège de différents mécanismes de déformation qui sont à l'origine des propriétés mécaniques qui distinguent ce type d’alliages. Cependant, ces dernières, dépendant de la microstructure locale, sont fortement anisotropes. Par ailleurs, la déformation d'un échantillon massif serait différente de celle obtenue en surface. De ce fait, une étude détaillée trouve tout son intérêt. Le présent travail vise donc à identifier les principaux mécanismes de déformation et de leur évolution progressive, en se basant sur une déformation contrôlée de grains austénitiques individuels par des tests mécaniques de nanoindentation monotoniques et cycliques. Les courbes correspondantes au chargement-déchargement révèlent des informations détaillées sur les propriétés mécaniques sous-jacentes qui pourraient être liées à une étude complète de la structure de déformation en surface et en volume par différentes techniques de caractérisation à une échelle très fine. La déformation en fonction du temps, les phénomènes de transformation de phase réversible sous charge, l'anisotropie cristalline, l'influences de la taille des grains, la transmission de la plasticité et la tenue en fatigue ont été mis en évidence et étudiés.
Buraud, Jean-Luc. « Nano-gouttes smectiques, mouillage, nucléations ». Thesis, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEMA1038.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is the study of the spread of nanodrops smectic on a silicon substrate made hydrophilic by oxidation under UV-ozone. Many experiments have been conducted using the recent SEEC technique (Surface-enhanced ellipsometric contrast) that allows direct visualization and real-time of molecular layers on surfaces. This technique provides a common vertical resolution greater than 0.1 nm. One of the most used liquid crystals in this work is the 4'-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB). The experiments were conducted in a temperature range between 21.5 ° C and 33.5 ° C, in this temperature range the 8CB is in smectic mesophase. The last stage of the spreading of a droplet stratified in the case of an odd wetting is changing from a three-layer to a monolayer, that is, vanishing of the last bilayer in the stack. We talk about odd wetting when external environments are hydrophilic-hydrophobic (as is the case of our measurements with a hydrophilic substrate and an external medium (air) hydrophobie) and wetting even when external environments are either all two hydrophilic or bath hydrophobie. We studied the spreading in the case of smectic liquid crystals 8CB on a hydrophilic surface (odd wetting). Receding of the last bilayer is accompanied by formation of pores in it, which appear in the outer part of it, when the temperature is several degrees higher than that of the transition Solid / Smectic A. Otherwise (when it is near the transition temperature) there is a retraction of the bilayer without nucleation. The experimental data are consistent with the only available theory (PG de Gennes model and AM Cazabat) covering weakly stratified fluids. A new model is proposed in remarkable agreement with the experiments. In this model the propagation mechanism appear�� to be a quasi-static process governed by the interactions liquid / solid, the Laplace pressure in two dimensions, and the distinction between the coefficients of permeability of edge and surface. This model helps to explain our experimental results. Analysis of experimental observations in real time in the case of pore formation (nucleation), we demonstrate that the dislocation lines of the loops which form the pore boundaries are not located at the same height, in the stack of three layers, that dislocation lines bordering the bilayer. In addition, a careful analysis of our results using a recently developed theoretical approach to explain the spread of nana-drops of smectic liquid crystal strongly suggests that the pore nucleation is activated by the difference in chemical potential between adjacent layers, which contrasts with the conventional scheme in which nucleation is assigned to the lateral tension along the layers. We also imagined a pre-pore formation model to explain permeation in adjacent layers of a smectic liquid. Finally, still current study focuses on the heterogeneous nucleation. We force a central nucleation and study its evolution. The trilayer is then a ring with an increasing inner radius and an outer radius decreasing. The system evolvesuntil the complete disappearance of the three-layer. Our model offers a solution that is still being tested. The work is open and many questions awaiting answers
Kohen, David. « Étude des nanofils de silicium et de leur intégration dans des systèmes de récupération d'énergie photovoltaïque ». Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802501.
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