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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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1

Fushimi, K., D. Chernyak, H. Ejiri, K. Hata, R. Hazama, T. Iida, H. Ikeda et al. « PICOLON dark matter search project ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2156, no 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012045.

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Abstract PICOLON (Pure Inorganic Crystal Observatory for LOw-energy Neutr(al)ino) aims to search for cosmic dark matter by high purity NaI(Tl) scintillator. We developed extremely pure NaI(Tl) crystal by hybrid purification method. The recent result of 210Pb in our NaI(Tl) is less than 5.7 μBq/kg. We will report the test experiment in the low-background measurement at Kamioka Underground Laboratory. The sensitivity for annual modulating signals and finding dark matter particles will be discussed.
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Lee, H. Y., J. A. Jeon, K. W. Kim, W. K. Kim, H. S. Lee et M. H. Lee. « Scintillation characteristics of a NaI(Tl) crystal at low-temperature with silicon photomultiplier ». Journal of Instrumentation 17, no 02 (1 février 2022) : P02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02027.

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Abstract The scintillation characteristics of a thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) crystal with dimensions of 0.6 cm× 0.6 cm× 2 cm were studied by attaching a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) directly to the crystal over a temperature range of 93–300 K. The scintillation light output and decay time were measured by irradiating 59.54 keV γ-rays with a 241Am source. We observed an approximately 20% increase in the light yield at 230 K compared with that at room temperature. Under these conditions, NaI(Tl) crystals with SiPM readout can be suitable for future dark matter search detectors.
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Cuesta, C., J. Amaré, S. Cebrián, E. García, C. Ginestra, M. Martínez, M. A. Oliván et al. « Analysis of the 40K contamination in NaI(Tl) crystals from different providers in the frame of the ANAIS project ». International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no 19 (30 juillet 2014) : 1443010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14430106.

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NaI(Tl) large crystals are applied in the search for galactic dark matter particles through their elastic scattering off the target nuclei in the detector by measuring the scintillation signal produced. However, energies deposited in the form of nuclear recoils are small, which added to the low efficiency to convert that energy into scintillation, makes that events at or very near the energy threshold, attributed either to radioactive backgrounds or to spurious noise (nonbulk NaI(Tl) scintillation events), can compromise the sensitivity goals of such an experiment. DAMA/LIBRA experiment, using 250 kg NaI(Tl) target, reported first evidence of the presence of an annual modulation in the detection rate compatible with that expected for a dark matter signal just in the region below 6 keVee (electron equivalent energy). In the frame of the ANAIS (Annual modulation with NaI Scintillators) dark matter search project a large and long effort has been carried out in order to understand the origin of events at very low energy in large sodium iodide detectors and develop convenient filters to reject those nonattributable to scintillation in the bulk NaI(Tl) crystal. 40K is probably the most relevant radioactive contaminant in the bulk for NaI(Tl) detectors because of its important contribution to the background at very low energy. ANAIS goal is to achieve levels at or below 20 ppb natural potassium. In this paper we will report on our effort to determine the 40K contamination in several NaI(Tl) crystals, by measuring in coincidence between two (or more) of them. Results obtained for the 40K content of crystals from different providers will be compared and prospects of the ANAIS dark matter search experiment will be briefly reviewed.
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Rhode, J. I. « Neutron irradiation of a NaI(Tl) crystal ». American Journal of Physics 55, no 7 (juillet 1987) : 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15065.

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Aguilar-Arevalo, A., M. Aoki, M. Blecher, D. A. Bryman, L. Doria, P. Gumplinger, A. Hussein et al. « Study of a large NaI(Tl) crystal ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 621, no 1-3 (septembre 2010) : 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.05.037.

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6

Sabharwal, S. C., S. P. Kathuria et B. Ghosh. « Thermoluminescence in gamma-irradiated NaI(Tl) crystal ». Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982) 10, no 1-2 (janvier 1985) : 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245x(85)90017-1.

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7

Mariani, A. « Characterization of an ultra-high purity NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator with the SABRE Proof-of-Principle detector ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2156, no 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012022.

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Abstract The SABRE experiment aims to detect the annual modulation of the dark matter interaction rate by means of ultra-high purity NaI(Tl) crystals. It focuses on the achievement of a very low background to carry out a model-independent and high sensitivity test of the long-standing DAMA result. SABRE has recently completed a Proof-of-Principle (PoP) phase at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, devoted to assess the radiopurity of the crystals. The results on the radiopurity of a 3.4-kg NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator grown within the SABRE Collaboration and operated underground in the SABRE-PoP setup, will be reported and discussed. The amount of potassium content in the crystal, determined by direct counting of 40K, is found to be < 4.7 ppb at 90% CL. The average background rate in the 1-6 keV energy region of interest (ROI) is 1.20 ± 0.05 counts/day/kg/keV, which is, for the first time, comparable with DAMA/LIBRA-phasel. Our background model indicates that this rate is dominated by 210Pb, and that about half of this contamination is located in the PTFE reflector wrapped around the crystal. Ongoing developments aimed at a further reduction of radioactive contaminants in the crystal indicates that a background rate ≤ 0.3 counts/day/kg/keV in the ROI is within reach. This value represents a benchmark for the development of next-generation NaI(Tl) detector arrays for the direct detection of dark matter particles.
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8

Taranyuk, V., A. Gektin, I. Kisil et A. Kolesnikov. « NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) scintillation crystal growth by skull method ». Journal of Crystal Growth 318, no 1 (mars 2011) : 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.11.089.

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Lee, I. S. « Status of Neutrino Elastic-scattering Observation with NaI(Tl) experiment ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2156, no 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 012147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012147.

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Abstract Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE υNS) has an important role in measuring neutrino properties and proving non-standard interactions. Neutrino Elastic-scattering Observation with NaI(Tl) experiment (NEON) aims to detect this CE υNS in a NaI(Tl) crystal using reactor anti-electron neutrino at Hanbit nuclear power plant. NEON detector, which is installed 24 m distance away from the active reactor core, consists of a 15 kg NaI(Tl) in the radiation shielding structures including a 700 L liquid scintillator. Data taking has started from December 2020, which includes 1-month reactor-off period. We report the current status of NEON experiment in this talk.
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Joo, H. W., H. S. Park, J. H. Kim, J. Y. Lee, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, H. S. Lee et S. H. Kim. « Quenching factor measurement for NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal ». Astroparticle Physics 108 (mars 2019) : 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.01.001.

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Hoang, Tam Duc, Thanh Thien Tran et Tao Van Chau. « Evaluation of the total and intrinsic efficiencies of a 3 in x 3 in NaI(Tl) crystal by using the hybrid Monte Carlo method ». Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no 4 (31 décembre 2013) : 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i4.1593.

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In this work, we developed a Fortran code (CalcTotEff) to calculate the intrinsic and total efficiencies of a 3 in x 3 in NaI(Tl) crystal by using the hybrid Monte Carlo method. To confirm the reliability of the results of the total efficiency calculated, an experimental arrangement was set up. The results showed the compatibility between the calculated and experimental data. We also used the hybrid Monte Carlo method to evaluate the dependence of the intrinsic efficiency on d/R ratio (d is the distance from the surface detector to point source and R is the radius of NaI(Tl) crystal).
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Hawrami, Rastgo, Elsa Ariesanti, Abi Farsoni, Diane Szydel et Hamid Sabet. « Growth and Evaluation of Improved CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl Scintillators ». Crystals 12, no 11 (25 octobre 2022) : 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111517.

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Scintillators play an important role in radiation detection and imaging. Thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) and sodium iodide (NaI:Tl) are two of the major scintillators that have been used for many applications for many decades. In this paper, we will present an improved scintillation performance of Bridgman method-grown CsI(Tl) and NaI(Tl) crystals developed by Xtallized Intelligence, Inc. (XI, Inc.), and we will compare the performance with commercially available CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl. In a preliminary testing using MicroFJ−60035−TSV silicon photomultipliers (ON Semiconductor), the newly developed and improved 12.5 × 12.5 × 6 mm3 CsI:Tl crystal has shown an energy resolution of 4.8% (FWHM) at 662 keV, compared to 7.2% obtained by a commercially available CsI:Tl with a size of 12.5 × 12.5 × 25 mm3. The energy resolution of 5.4% (FWHM) at 662 keV is obtained for the newly improved NaI:Tl crystal, compared to 7% obtained by a commercially available Æ1“ × 1“ NaI(Tl). The comparison of the photo peak channel locations shows that the improvements in both CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl, developed by XI, Inc., have produced much larger signal amplitudes (roughly double), when compared to the commercially available CsI(Tl) and NaI:Tl. Improved decay time constants are presented as well.
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Filipponi, A., G. Profeta, N. Di Marco, V. Zema, K. Schäffner, F. Reindl, M. Harfouche, A. Trapananti et A. Di Cicco. « Local lattice relaxation around Tl substitutional impurities in a NaI(Tl) scintillator crystal ». Radiation Physics and Chemistry 177 (décembre 2020) : 108992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108992.

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Zani, A., F. Alessandria, A. Andreani, A. Castoldi, S. Coelli, D. Cortis, D. D’Angelo et al. « The ASTAROTH Project : enhanced low-energy sensitivity to Dark Matter annual modulation ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2156, no 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012060.

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Abstract ASTAROTH is a novel R&D project which aims at improving the physics reach of future direct dark matter detection experiments based on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals. There is a strong need to test the long standing DAMA positive observation of an annual modulation that could be due to Dark Matter (DM), with the same target material and in a model independent way. ASTAROTH aim is the enhancement of the sensitivity to the annual modulation signal, compared with present technology, by lowering the detection energy threshold in order to observe sub-keV recoils for the first time. This can be achieved by reading the scintillation light from the NaI(Tl) crystals with arrays of Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPM), and placing the detectors in a cryogenic environment. SiPMs feature lower dark noise than Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) at T < 150 K and allow for higher light collection. The cooling medium is liquid Argon, as it is an excellent scintillator that can be instrumented to act as a veto against several backgrounds. Here we present the status of the ASTAROTH project, introducing the innovative design of the detector chamber that will be used for the demonstration of the technology. Then, we will show the preliminary results of our first ever measurements performed on a single NaI(Tl) crystal read out by one SiPM array in a cryogenic set-up cooled with liquid nitrogen.
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15

He, Peng, Biao Wei, Mi Zhou, Peng Feng et Mianyi Chen. « Photonic Material Selection of Scintillation Crystals Using Monte Carlo Method for X-Ray Detection in Industrial Computed Tomography ». Journal of Sensors 2014 (2014) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984716.

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Currently industrial X-CT system is designed according to characteristics of test objects, and test objects determine industrial X-CT system structure, X-ray detector/sensor property, scanning mode, and so forth. So there are no uniform standards for the geometry size of scintillation crystals of detector. Moreover, scintillation crystals are usually mixed with some highly toxic impurity elements, such as Tl and Cd. Thus, it is indispensable for establishing guidelines of engineering practice to simulate X-ray detection performances of different scintillation crystals. This paper focuses on how to achieve high efficient X-ray detection in industrial X-CT system which used Monte Carlo (MC) method to study X-ray energy straggling characteristics, full energy peak efficiency, and conversion efficiency of some scintillation crystals (e.g., CsI(Tl), NaI(Tl), and CdWO4) after X-ray interacted with these scintillation crystals. Our experimental results demonstrate that CsI(Tl) scintillation crystal has the advantages of conversion efficiency, spectral matching, manufacturing process, and full energy peak efficiency; it is an ideal choice for high efficient X-ray detection in industrial X-CT system.
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16

Urban, Tomáš, et Petr Vágner. « SIMULATION OF THE RESPONSE OF A LaBr3(Ce) DETECTOR IN AN ATMOSPHERE CONTAMINATED WITH RADIONUCLIDES AFTER A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT ». Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no 2-3 (décembre 2019) : 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz259.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of using detectors based on LaBr3(Ce) scintillation crystal as part of gamma spectrometry systems for field use and possibly as part of a monitoring network around nuclear power plants, i.e. whether LaBr3(Ce) detectors can follow the classical scintillation detectors based on NaI (Tl). For this purpose, the Monte Carlo simulation of the IPROL-1 probe response was performed in the simplified geometry of the radionuclides-contaminated atmosphere. A study shows that a LaBr3(Ce)-based probe is usable for this purpose and results are at least comparable to those with a conventional NaI (Tl)-based probe.
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Keszthelyi-Lándori, S. « NaI(Tl) camera crystals : imaging capabilities of hydrated regions on the crystal surface. » Radiology 158, no 3 (mars 1986) : 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.158.3.3945758.

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Tsuda, S., M. Tanigaki, T. Yoshida, R. Okumura et K. Saito. « ANALYSES OF H*(10) DOSE RATES MEASURED IN ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINATED BY RADIOACTIVE CAESIUM : CORRECTION OF DIRECTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS ». Radiation Protection Dosimetry 193, no 3-4 (mars 2021) : 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab060.

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Abstract Ambient dose equivalent rates were measured in the environment of the Fukushima prefecture using NaI(Tl)/CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors and CdZnTe/Ge semiconductor detectors. The dose rates obtained at the same locations varied beyond uncertainty (1σ). By replacing the spectrum-dose conversion operators obtained from the anterior–posterior geometry with those from the rotational geometry, the dose rates agreed with each other within uncertainties, except for a CsI(Tl) scintillation detector with a considerably flat crystal configuration, due to its excessive directional dependence.
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Singh, Inderjeet, Bhajan Singh, B. S. Sandhu et Arvind D. Sabharwal. « Comparative study for intermediate crystal size of NaI(Tl) scintillation detector ». Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no 7 (1 juillet 2020) : 073105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0005243.

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Choi, J. J., B. J. Park, C. Ha, K. W. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. J. Ko, H. S. Lee, S. H. Lee et S. L. Olsen. « Improving the light collection using a new NaI(Tl) crystal encapsulation ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 981 (novembre 2020) : 164556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164556.

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Tojo, Takao. « Scintillation efficiency of a NaI(Tl) crystal for low energy electrons ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 241, no 1 (novembre 1985) : 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90529-7.

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22

Grinyov, B., V. Cherginets, T. Rebrova, T. Ponomarenko, A. Varich, V. Taranyuk, N. Rebrova, O. Grippa et O. Rebrov. « Technology for the Nondestructive Reprocessing of Sodium Iodide Technogenic Solutions into a Charge for Single Crystal Growth ». Science and Innovation 19, no 1 (27 janvier 2023) : 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine19.01.063.

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Introduction. The production of NaI-based single crystals results in accumulation of great amount of liquid waste. To bring valuable constituents of this waste back, the NaI technogenic solutions are treated to precipitate iodine that is further used in the synthesis of high-pure NaI. However, the least contaminated part of the waste may be brought back into the main technological process without the intermediary stage of iodine destruction, which allows a considerable cost saving.Problem Statement. There have been no data on the effective purification coefficients for NaI solutions subsequently treated with barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and by mass crystallization. Requirements to impurity content, which NaI solutions have to comply with in order to be used in the nondestructive treatment have mot been not formulated.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop a technology for reprocessing NaI technogenic solutionsinto sodium iodide of high purity without NaI destruction at the intermediate stage.Material and Methods. The materials that have been used for this research are as follows: aqueous solutions of NaI-based crystal production waste, active coal, barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate. The methods that have been employed are the treatment of NaI solutions with barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and by mass crystallization. Results. The technology of NaI solution purification by treatment with barium hydroxide and sodium carbonate with further mass crystallization of the purified salt has been developed. This technology is more environment friendly and cheaper than the conventional one that includes obtaining pure iodine. A series of NaI technogenic solutions has been treated in laboratory conditions and on industrial equipment, and the efficiency of their purification by the chemical treatment and mass crystallization hasbeen estimated. The impurity content in the obtained salt and the scintillation parameters of grown NaI : Tl crystals meet the requirements for these products.Conclusions. The technology has been implemented in the manufacturing process at the pilot plant of the Institute for Scintillation Materials of the NAS of Ukraine. It may be used at other enterprises that deal with alkali metal iodide waste treatment.
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Lee, S. H., G. S. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, J. Y. Lee et H. S. Lee. « Study on NaI(Tl) crystal at −35 °C for dark matter detection ». Astroparticle Physics 141 (août 2022) : 102709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2022.102709.

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Kanemitsu, Y., D. Chernyak, H. Ejiri, K. Fushimi, K. Hata, R. Hazama, H. Ikeda et al. « Purification of the NaI(Tl) crystal for dark matter search project PICOLON ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 1468 (février 2020) : 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1468/1/012054.

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Faripour, H., R. Gholipour Peyvandi et S. Z. Islami rad. « Evaluation of thallium quantity through grown NaI(Tl) crystal by Czochralski method ». Crystallography Reports 59, no 7 (26 novembre 2014) : 1118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063774514070116.

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DROBYSHEVSKI, E. M. « CHANNELING EFFECT AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CHARGED PARTICLE REGISTRATION WITH CRYSTAL SCINTILLATORS ». Modern Physics Letters A 23, no 36 (30 novembre 2008) : 3077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308028430.

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Energy of ions (recoil nuclei) channeled along definite directions in crystals is transferred to the lattice electrons mainly. In NaI(Tl) -type scintillators, this leads to increasing the light yield from ~ 10% to ~ 100% when compared with the yield for electrons of the same energy. Taking into account this effect at processing data of DAMA/ NaI experiments in Gran Sasso, which had demonstrated the year modulation of number of signals in a range of 2–6 keV of electron equivalent, reveals that DAMA/ NaI results could be caused by ~ 6×10-7 cm-2 s-1 flux of daemons (Dark Electric Matter Objects — presumably Planckian relic particles) falling out from strongly elongated heliocentric orbits with velocities of 30–50 km/s. The flux value and the 2–6 keV signal intensity agree rather well with values emerging from our former estimates and interpretations of ground-level and underground measurements.
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Komar, Damian, Valery Kozhemyakin, Vladimir Guzov, Yuliya Verhusha, Andrey Antonov et Cemen Kuten'. « LaBr3(Ce) Crystal Spectrometric Detection Unit for Studying the Field of Capture Gamma Radiation with Energies from 4 MeV to 9 MeV ». ANRI, no 3 (3 décembre 2020) : 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2020-102-3-50-57.

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The paper describes some features of the LaBr3(Ce) crystal in comparison with the NaI(Tl) crystal. The instrumental spectra obtained by the spectrometric detection unit with a LaBr3(Ce) crystal in the fields of high-energy capture gamma radiation at neutron calibration facility AT-140 in the energy range from 4 MeV to 9 MeV are presented. It was shown that the energy calibration of LaBr3(Ce) – based spectrometers can be performed in the range from 30 keV to 10 MeV using high-energy capture gamma radiation at AT-140 and the lanthanum intrinsic radioactivity line without resorting to OSGI sources.
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Kwak, Jungwon, Sung Ho Park, Keun Young Kim, Eun Kyumg Choi, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang-Wook Lee, Si Yeol Song, Sang Min Yoon et Seung Do Ahn. « Identification of Induced-Radioactivity in Medical LINAC Using a NaI(Tl)-Crystal Detector ». Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology 1 (25 février 2011) : 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15669/pnst.1.525.

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Gaganov, V. V., A. A. Vasjuhin et A. V. Dolgopolov. « Investigation of NaI(Tl)-Crystal Having Anomalous Inhomogeneity of Light Yield Spatial Distribution ». Physics of Atomic Nuclei 82, no 9 (décembre 2019) : 1302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778819090047.

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Yu, G. H., C. Ha, E. J. Jeon, K. W. Kim, N. Y. Kim, Y. D. Kim, H. S. Lee, H. K. Park et C. Rott. « Depth profile study of 210Pb in the surface of an NaI(Tl) crystal ». Astroparticle Physics 126 (mars 2021) : 102518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102518.

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Kim, J. C., G. Kajrys et W. Del Bianco. « The 12C(3He, γ1+2)15O reaction in the giant dipole resonance region ». Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no 2-3 (1 février 1989) : 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-021.

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The 90° differential cross section of the 12C(3He, γ1+2)15O reaction has been measured at 3He particle energies from 5.3 to 16.7 MeV in steps varying from 100 to 300 keV. The γ-rays were detected by a 23 cm long × 23 cm diameter NaI(Tl) crystal spectrometer enclosed in an anticoincidence shield. The yield curve shows a resonant behaviour at the energies Ex = 17.56 ± 0.06, 19.02 ± 0.12, and 23.80 ± 0.10 MeV.
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Dabylova, S. B., Yu N. Kopach, S. K. Sakhiyev, D. N. Grozdanov et N. A. Fedorov. « Determination of the response function of the NaI detector for g-quanta with an energy of 4.43 MeV, formed during inelastic scattering of neutrons with an energy of 14.1 MeV on carbon nuclei ». Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials 4, no 4 (25 décembre 2020) : 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29317/ejpfm.2020040402.

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The work is devoted to determining the response function of the detector NaI(Tl) for g -quanta with energy of 4.43 MeV, formed during inelastic scattering of neutrons with energy of 14.1 MeV on the nuclei 12C. In gamma spectrometry, output pulses are recorded, the amplitudes of which are proportional to the energy lost in the detection medium by incident photons. One of the main tasks of radiation detection is to restore radiation characteristics from signals measured at the outputs of detectors. For this, it is necessary to know, first of all, the general characteristics of detectors as converters of radiation into signals. The main characteristic of the detector is its response function, which can be defined as the probability that a particle with given properties generates a certain signal in the detector that will be registered by the device. The article presents the results of modeling the response function of a scintillation detector based on a NaI(Tl) crystal for gamma radiation from inelastic fast neutron scattering in order to study the mechanism of its formation.
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Belli, Pierluigi, Rita Bernabei, Fabio Cappella, Vincenzo Caracciolo, Riccardo Cerulli, Fedor Danevich, Antonella Incicchitti et al. « The Future Role of Inorganic Crystal Scintillators in Dark Matter Investigations ». Instruments 5, no 2 (28 avril 2021) : 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5020016.

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Crystal scintillators and in particular inorganic scintillators play an important role in the investigation of Dark Matter (DM) and other rare processes. The investigation of a DM signature, as the annual modulation, or the directionality technique requires the use of highly radiopure detectors able to explore the very low energy region maintaining a high stability of the running conditions. In this paper, the cases of NaI(Tl), ZnWO4 and SrI2(Eu) crystal scintillators are described in the framework of our activities at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. Their role, the obtained results in DM investigation, as well as their potential and perspectives for the future are reviewed.
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Zhang, Yifei, Bobing Wu, Yanguo Li, Yongwei Dong, Yongjie Zhang, Wen Xing, Junying Chai, Shixiu Kang, Liming Song et Shuangnan Zhang. « Interior temperature monitoring of NaI(Tl) crystal in space environment by pulse width measurement ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 615, no 3 (avril 2010) : 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.071.

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Ahmadi, S., S. Ashrafi et F. Yazdansetad. « A method to calculate the gamma ray detection efficiency of a cylindrical NaI (Tl) crystal ». Journal of Instrumentation 13, no 05 (14 mai 2018) : P05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/05/p05019.

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Lee, J. Y., G. Adhikari, C. Ha, H. J. Kim, N. Y. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim et H. S. Lee. « A Study of NaI(Tl) crystal encapsulation using organic scintillators for the dark matter search ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 953 (février 2020) : 163141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163141.

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37

Kositsyn, V. F., T. K. Ragimov et A. Y. shumakov. « Choice of NaI(Tl) crystal thickness for the detection of weak short-duration photon fluxes ». Soviet Atomic Energy 71, no 4 (octobre 1991) : 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01123539.

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Shen, Fengzhao, Qibin Fu, Tuchen Huang et Wei Wang. « A Compact Dual Gamma Neutron Detector Based on NaI(Tl+Li) Scintillator Readout with SiPM ». Crystals 12, no 8 (31 juillet 2022) : 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081077.

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Sodium iodide crystal co-doped with thallium and lithium is a promising scintillator with wide application prospects for dual gamma neutron detection. In this study, a compact gamma/neutron detector was developed based on 2-inch NaI(Tl+Li) (NaIL) scintillator readout with 8 × 8 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array. Dedicated transimpedance amplifier circuit was developed for the SiPM array. The energy resolution and response linearity with the SiPM array were evaluated and compared to those obtained with photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The energy resolution for 661.6 keV gamma rays was measured as 7.0% and 6.5% with SiPM array and PMT, respectively. The linear response of the SiPM array is almost the same as that of the PMT in the energy range up to ~4 MeV. Neutron and gamma pulse shape discrimination was evaluated by acquiring the pulse waveforms with a digitizer (12 bit/250 MSPS) and off-line analysis. The best figure of merit (FOM) was measured as 3.75 for the SiPM array with optimized parameters, close to the performance measured with PMT (FOM = 4.07). The experimental results show that the NaIL scintillator readout with SiPM array exhibit energy resolution equivalent to NaI(Tl) gamma detectors and excellent neutron/gamma discrimination, making it especially suitable for compact devices requiring gamma and neutron dual detection capabilities.
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Wilson, S. L., R. Hofstadter, E. B. Hughes, Y. C. Lin, R. Parks, M. W. Ritter, J. Rolfe et al. « Design and performance of modularized NaI(Tl) detectors with rectangular crystal elements : An array of 49 and the crystal box ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 264, no 2-3 (février 1988) : 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90915-1.

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Vo, Nguyen Hoang, Thanh Thien Tran, Quy Duc Bui, Minh Quoc Nguyen, Duy Hoang To, Son Thai Lo et Tao Van Chau. « Determination of the interface between insoluble environments using gamma scattering technique ». Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, T4 (31 décembre 2017) : 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1it4.480.

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In this study, we deploy and compare spectrum processing methods based on gamma scattering technique to determine the interface between insoluble fluids stored in the container. The gamma scattering measurement system included: a 5 mCi radioactive source of 137Cs, a cylindrical glass vase with a diameter of 6.5 cm containing the fluids, and a NaI(Tl) detector with a 7.62 × 7.62 cm scintillation crystal. The detector was arranged to obtain the scattered photon beam at the angle of 120o. Two of the three processing methods showed good results with the biggest difference of 5 mm. In addition, the results also show the feasibility of using SCA in gamma scattering measurement system to determine the interface between insoluble environments.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. « Measurement of radionuclides in imported Coffee Consumed in Basra southern of Iraq and estimation of its annual effective dose ». Baghdad Science Journal 13, no 2 (5 juin 2016) : 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.13.2.376-380.

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Radioactive elements were identified in samples of imported coffee consumed in the province of Basra using gamma spectrometry SAM940TM. It is a scintillation detector of NaI(Tl) crystal and the dimensions of 2×2 inch. We have identified specific concentration As(Bq/kg) and annual effective dose D(Sv/y) for radioactive elements (_^40)K, (_^131)I, (_^134)Cs and (_^137)Cs. The estimated average effective dose for adults from coffee samples were found to be 0.037mSv/y, 88.434nSv/y, 46.909nSv/y, 27.212nSv/y for ((_^40)K,(_^131)I,(_^134)Cs,(_^137)Cs) respectively. The present results of the study revealed that the radioactivity was relatively low in the coffee and within the permissiblelimit.
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Cappella, Fabio, et Antonella Incicchitti. « Techniques for Background Identification in the Search for Rare Processes with Crystal Scintillators ». Physics 3, no 2 (9 avril 2021) : 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3020015.

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In astroparticle, nuclear and subnuclear physics, low-counting experiments play an increasingly important role in the investigation of rare processes such as dark matter, double beta decay, some neutrino processes and low-background spectrometry. Extremely low-background features are more and more required to produce detectors and apparata of suitable sensitivity. Over time, a great deal of interest and attention in developing experimental techniques suitable to improve, verify and maintain the radiopurity of these detectors has arisen. In this paper, the characterization of inorganic crystal scintillators (such as, e.g., NaI(Tl), ZnWO4 and CdWO4) using α, β and γ radioactive sources and the main experimental techniques applied in the field to quantitatively identify the radioactive contaminants are highlighted; in particular, we focus on inorganic crystal scintillators, widely used in rare processes investigation, considering their applications at noncryogenic temperatures in the framework of the DAMA experiment activities at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics, INFN).
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43

Pohuliai, Serhii, et Igors Krainukovs. « Improvement of the minimum detectable activity of a free release monitor for small articles ». Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, no 00 (2021) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp210222018p.

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This paper presents results of the development of a small-sized free release monitor designed for the release of materials, various hand tools, equipment and instruments of nuclear enterprises and laboratories staff that weight up to 50 kg, from radiation control. To increase the registration sensitivity of controlled radionuclides, 12 scintillation units based on a 3"x3" sized NaI (Tl) crystal were used as gamma-radiation detector. Volume of the measuring chamber of the monitor amounted to 200 liters, the thickness of the low-background shielding was chosen 50 mm. The values of the minimum detectable activity of the designed monitor for the point sources 123I, 131I, 99mTc, 18F were better than 100 Bq with measurement time not exceeding 60 s.
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44

Einarsson, Sigurđur, et Páll Theodórsson. « Stability of a New, Multichannel, Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counter System, Kvartett ». Radiocarbon 37, no 2 (1995) : 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003126x.

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Kvartett is a new liquid scintillation counting (LSC) system for radiocarbon dating that takes a radical departure from conventional systems to obtain a compact, low-level counting system measuring four samples simultaneously. Each sample vial, inside the well of a large NaI(Tl) guard-counter crystal (facing down), sits on top of a vertical PMT. The fourfold counting capacity can be used to increase the number of samples being dated or to get higher precision. The increased throughput helps to keep a rigid quality-control standard. We monitored the background count rate almost continuously for 7 months, and measured the count rate of a standard repeatedly for 2 months. The results show the background and system reproducibility to be stable.
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45

Nguyen, Van Sy, Quang Thieu Dang et Thanh Hung Nguyen. « Design and manufacture of scintillation detector using CsI(Tl) crystal coupled with silicon photomultipliers ». Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 65, no 1 (25 janvier 2023) : 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.65(1).38-43.

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In this research, a scintillation detector was developed using the CsI(Tl) scintillator crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to replace the photomultiplier tube (PMT), resulting in a compact and energy-efficient detector. A rectangular box-shaped CsI(Tl) scintillation crystal with dimensions of 50x25x25 mm from Kinheng and a SiPM module S13361-3050AE-08 with dimensions of 25x25 mm from Hamamatsu were selected to use. The preamplifier circuit, power supply, and temperature stabiliser have also been integrated into the detector. The characteristics of this detector were evaluated using a 137Cs standard radioactive source together with Ortec’s multichannel analyser device and Gamma Vision software for spectrum analysis. Results showed that the energy resolution for the 137Cs peak of this detector is about 8.03%, which is almost equivalent to the energy resolution of 7.87% of the Canberra detector using 76x76 mm NaI(Tl) crystal coupled to the PMT. The results of the evaluation of stability over time when the operating ambient temperature of this detector with no change showed that the energy peak position and the energy resolution for the 137Cs radioactive source are almost unchanged. The research also investigated the stability of the detector according to the operating ambient temperature. The results exhibited that the output pulse amplitude varies greatly with the ambient temperature, it decreases when the temperature increases and vice versa. Under the condition that the operating ambient temperature varies from 11oC to 50oC, the energy peak position of 137Cs changes were 1762 and 167 channels, respectively in the cases without and with adjustment of output pulse amplitude stabilisation function in power supply for SiPM. When there is a function of output pulse amplitude stabilisation, the change in peak position according to operating ambient temperature is still about 4.3 channels/oC, so further research is needed to correct the influence of ambient temperature on the operation of this detector, to provide wide applicability of scintillation detector using SiPM to replace traditional PMT in the future.
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Graichen, J., K. Maier, J. Schüth, A. Siepe et W. von Witsch. « Efficiency and directional effects in the detection of low-energy recoil nuclei in a NaI(Tl) single crystal ». Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 485, no 3 (juin 2002) : 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)02103-9.

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Pires, Luiz F., Osny O. S. Bacchi et Klaus Reichardt. « Damage to soil physical properties caused by soil sampler devices as assessed by gamma ray computed tomography ». Soil Research 42, no 7 (2004) : 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03167.

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Soil sample physical properties can be greatly affected during soil sampling procedures. Improper procedures can impose modifications on soil sample structure and consequently lead to wrong measurements of soil properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the damage caused by soil samplers to soil structure through the analysis of computed tomography (CT) images. A first generation tomograph was used, having a 241Am source and a 7.62 × 7.62 cm NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal detector coupled to a photomultiplier tube. Results confirm the effect of soil sampler devices on the structure of soil samples, and that the compaction caused during sampling causes significant alterations to soil bulk density. Through the use of CT it was possible to determine the level of compaction and to make a detailed analysis of the soil bulk density distribution within the soil sample.
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Kim, K. W., G. Adhikari, P. Adhikari, S. Choi, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, E. J. Jeon et al. « Pulse Shape Discrimination of Nuclear Recoil and Electron Recoil Events With a NaI(Tl) Crystal for Dark Matter Search ». IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 63, no 2 (avril 2016) : 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2016.2525765.

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Kim, K. W., C. Ha, N. Y. Kim, Y. D. Kim, H. S. Lee, B. J. Park et H. K. Park. « Measurement of low-energy events due to 222 Rn daughter contamination on the surface of a NaI(Tl) crystal ». Astroparticle Physics 102 (novembre 2018) : 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2018.05.004.

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Austin, R. A., et D. Hooten. « Comparison of neutron capture spectra taken by a constellation Xe-110 detector and a 1″×1″ NaI(Tl) crystal ». Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 279, no 2 (22 janvier 2009) : 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-7325-1.

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