Thèses sur le sujet « NAC TFs »

TLS (Transport Layer Security), protocolo de segurança que opera acima do TCP/IP e abaixo das aplicações de alto nível, é um protocolo amplamente utilizado e aceito na World Wide Web para fornecer privacidade, integridade e autenticidade dos dados. Para a realização de aplicações a bordo de aeronaves, tais como, e-commerce e transações financeiras, o uso do TLS é bastante recomendado. No entanto, o desempenho deste protocolo nas redes de dados aeronáuticas poderá ser degradado se o protocolo TCP não for alterado, pois o mesmo não consegue distinguir entre as perdas causadas pelos erros de transmissão no canal daquelas devido a congestionamento. Este trabalho propõe mudanças no TCP que visam melhorar seu desempenho em ambientes sem fio, tipicamente das redes aeronáuticas, e analisa o desempenho do TLS na presença deste TCP modificado.

Long-term motor skill learning has been consistently shown to result in functional as well as structural changes in the adult human brain. However, the effect of short learning periods on brain structure is not well understood. In the present study, subjects performed a sequential pinch force task (SPFT) for 20 min on 5 consecutive days. Changes in brain structure were evaluated with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired on the first and last day of motor skill learning. Behaviorally, the SPFT resulted in sequence-specific learning with the trained (right) hand. Structural gray matter (GM) alterations in left M1, right ventral premotor cortex (PMC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) correlated with performance improvements in the SPFT. More specifically we found that subjects with strong sequence-specific performance improvements in the SPFT also had larger increases in GM volume in the respective brain areas. On the other hand, subjects with small behavioral gains either showed no change or even a decrease in GM volume during the time course of learning. Furthermore, cerebellar GM volume before motor skill learning predicted (A) individual learning-related changes in the SPFT and (B) the amount of structural changes in left M1, right ventral PMC and DLPFC. In summary, we provide novel evidence that short-term motor skill learning is associated with learning-related structural brain alterations. Additionally, we showed that practicing a motor skill is not exclusively accompanied by increased GM volume. Instead, bidirectional structural alterations explained the variability of the individual learning success.

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Logo, ao mesmo tempo em que os jesu?tas relatam in?meros batismos, confiss?es e casamentos realizados no meio reducional, s?o raros os registros que enfatizam a perman?ncia/convers?o dos ?ndios em uma vida crist?. De acordo com isso, tem-se como objetivo neste estudo demonstrar as vari?veis que provocaram este desencontro de informa??es no registro do discurso jesu?tico.

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The Triode Magnetron Sputtering (TMS) is a system of depositing film characterized by the introduction of a third electrode, which is made up of a grounded mobile screen, located between the cathode (target) and the anode (substrate). The purpose of this screen is to capture cold electrons (at a lower energy level) of discharge. Changing its relative position to the cathode, some of the characteristics of the plasma are changed such as the ignition tension. Based on this, a study was made investigating the relationship between the current and the target voltage by changing the positioning of the screen to the target. Through this study, we could verify that, it s possible to work independently with either of above parameters of deposition. As a result of controlling these parameters, we could verify that the deposition of quality metallic films is possible, by using a TMS equipment on polymeric substrates. By choosing the suitable conditions of deposition, based on a preliminary study, a deposition of Al film on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate was made. It was observed through this study that these films prove to be structurally whole and with few faults. The maintenance of a constant current (0,5A) fir deposition of Al films on polymeric substrates indicates that the change in voltage alters mainly the deposition energy particles, not significantly the superficial property of films. We can still observe that the rate of deposition does not alter significantly with voltage increase, what is evidenced by the little temperature increase in the samples. The Al films deposited submitted to a constant voltage (-700V) displayed a distinct superficial topography due to the current used. The current variation influence was verified notably for the final structure of the deposited film. Besides this, this parameter is directly related to the deposition rate, this being responsible for a temperature increase of the sample caused by increase of condensation heat of deposited atoms. Thus we can say that the sample temperature is more influenced by target current than by target voltage. So, we can observe that depositions made under constant current cause less aggression to polymer and to deposited film than those made under constant voltage. Through TMS, it is possible to control deposition condition and consequently the deposition rate in an accurate way. This makes this method an efficient alternative to metallic film deposition. In view of above, an application of the study of deposited film on polymers was made, altering either the current or voltage of target. Films of Al an Inconel were deposited on Mylar® , a type of PET, with the purpose of investigating film behavior concerning its attenuation characteristics of 4 incident electromagnetic energy. This application range is very wide, including aerospace equipment, radars an so on. When the rate of deposition for the condition used is known, the thickness of film can be altered by varying the time of deposition. A study was conducted of the influence of layer thickness and film material (Al or Inconel) on the characteristics of attenuation of electromagnetic wave energy. According to studies, it was observed that deposited layer thickness and film material influenced attenuating characteristics, so that Al and Inconel deposited films showed a maximum 13% attenuation. This leads us into believing that metallic films can be used with electromagnetic radiation absorbing materials, as long as ideal work thickness and its intrinsic characteristics are known.
O Triodo Magnetron Sputtering (TMS) é um sistema de deposição de filmes caracterizado pela introdução de um terceiro eletrodo, que é constituído de uma tela móvel aterrada, situado entre o catodo (alvo) e o anodo (substrato). Esta tela tem o papel de capturar elétrons frios (menos energéticos) da descarga. Alterando-se a posição relativa desta tela ao catodo, alteram-se algumas das características do plasma como, por exemplo, a tensão de ignição. Baseado nisso, realizou-se um estudo investigando-se a relação entre a corrente e a voltagem do alvo alterando-se a posição relativa da tela ao alvo. Por meio deste estudo, pode-se verificar que é possível tornar independentes estes dois parâmetros de deposição para uma determinada faixa de trabalho. Devido ao controle destes parâmetros, verificou-se que é possível depositar filmes metálicos de qualidade, utilizando um equipamento de TMS sobre substratos poliméricos. Através da escolha adequada das condições de deposição, baseadas no estudo realizado anteriormente, realizou-se a deposição de filmes de Al sobre um substrato de poli(Tereftalato de Etileno). Pode-se observar por meio deste estudo que estes filmes apresentam-se estruturalmente íntegros e com pouca quantidade de defeitos. As deposições de filmes de Al sobre substratos poliméricos mantendo-se a corrente constante (0,5A) indica que a mudança na voltagem altera principalmente a energia das partículas que se depositam, não modificando de forma significativa as propriedades superficiais dos filmes. Pode-se observar ainda que a razão de deposição não sofre alterações significativas com o aumento da voltagem, o que é evidenciado pela pequena elevação da temperatura sofrida pelas amostras. Os filmes de Al depositados sob voltagem constante (-700V) apresentaram topografia superficial distinta em função da corrente utilizada. Pode-se verificar que a variação da corrente influencia de forma significativa a estrutura final do filme depositado. Além disso, este parâmetro está diretamente relacionado com a razão de deposição, sendo este o fator responsável pelo aumento na temperatura da amostra devido a elevação no calor de condensação dos átomos que se depositam. Pode-se desta forma, dizer que a temperatura da amostra é mais influenciada pela corrente que pela voltagem do alvo. Assim, é possível observar que deposições realizadas sob corrente constante provocam menor agressão ao polímero e ao filme depositado que aquelas realizadas sob voltagem constante. Por meio do TMS, é possível controlar-se as condições de deposição e conseqüentemente a razão de deposição de maneira precisa, o que proporciona um controle da camada depositada. Isto faz deste 2 método uma alternativa eficiente para a deposição de filmes metálicos, passível de ser utilizado em muitos ramos de pesquisa. Atentando-se a este fato, realizou-se uma aplicação do estudo dos filmes depositados sobre polímero, alterando-se a corrente ou a voltagem do alvo independentemente. Para isso depositaram-se filmes de Al e Inconel (liga de níquel cromo) sobre Mylar®, um tipo de PET (poli (Tereftalato de etileno)), com a finalidade de investigar o comportamento deste filme quanto as suas características de atenuação de energia eletromagnética incidente. Esta aplicação é bastante vasta envolvendo equipamentos aeronáuticos, radares, e outros. Conhecida a razão de deposição da condição utilizada, pode-se alterar a espessura do filme obtido variando-se o tempo de deposição. Assim, fez-se um estudo da influência da espessura da camada e do material que constitui o filme (Al ou Inconel) nas características de atenuação de energia da onda eletromagnética. De acordo com os estudos, pode-se verificar que a espessura da camada depositada, e o material do filme influenciam nas características atenuadoras, sendo que os filmes de Al e Inconel depositados apresentaram uma atenuação de no máximo 13% . Isto nos leva a crer que filmes metálicos podem ser utilizados com materiais absorvedores de radiação eletromagnética, desde que se conheça a espessura ideal de trabalho e outras características intrínsecas do mesmo.

The main aim of this master's thesis is to implement a common, secure and peer-to-peer communication system. The system has ability to automatically establish and run a secure end-to-end connection. It has this ability even if a network address translator is in the way to the destination system, without need of any explicit configuration of this translator. The security procedures of this system are in a transparent manner masked from individual applications, which had to solve this challenge in their own way. A responsibility for a security is delegate to an application-independent subsystem working within the core of an operating system. The security of this subsystem is based on capturing the outbound and inbound IP packets and their authentication and encryption. The system was successfully implemented in MS Windows XP operating system, in programming language C++. Transfer rate of communication tunnel in different network bandwidth speeds was measured. Result shows, that in the case of use the system on standard PC sold nowadays is practically no decrease of the transfer rate in comparison to a common channel.

A segurança alimentar é uma necessidade fundamental e de grande preocupação pública em todo o mundo. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO) recomenda o Estudo de Dieta Total (EDT) como sendo o método mais adequado de estimativa para as ingestões de contaminantes e nutrientes para um país ou grandes grupos populacionais. A implantação de um estudo relacionando a ingestão de alimentos em uma Região de Elevada Radioatividade Natural (HBRA) motivou o presente estudo, uma vez que no planalto de Poços de Caldas há ocorrência de anomalias radiativas com concentrações naturais significativas de urânio e tório. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar as ingestões de elementos essenciais, tóxicos e radionuclídeos, a partir dos alimentos que compõem as dietas das populações urbana e rural, da cidade de Poços de Caldas. As determinações das concentrações dos elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram realizadas aplicando-se a técnica de análise por ativação neutrônica (As, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na e Zn), espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (Cd, Cu e Pb) e por geração de vapor frio (Hg). As determinações dos radionuclídeos foram realizadas aplicando-se as técnicas de análise por espectrometria gama (40K), separação radioquímica seguida de contagem alfa e beta total (210Pb, 226Ra e 228Ra) e espectrometria alfa (210Po, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 235U e 238U). Os grupos de alimentos foram estabelecidos de acordo com os dados de consumo da região sudeste do país, obtidos pela Pesquisa Orçamentária Familiar (POF) 2008-2009 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A lista final totalizou 82 alimentos distribuídos em 20 grupos, incluindo a água, e com massa total de 3,6180 Kg. Com o EDT aplicado para a região do Planalto de Poços de Caldas, foi possível observar que as ingestões diárias média para todos os elementos essenciais na dieta da população urbana apresentaram valores mais elevados quando comparados à dieta da população rural, porém não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. As dietas estudadas foram deficientes nos elementos essenciais Ca, K, Mg e Se quando comparadas aos valores de ingestão diária recomendados. Os teores dos elementos tóxicos Cd e Pb no presente estudo estiveram dentro do intervalo relatado pela WHO a partir de EDT realizados em diversos países e/ou diferentes regiões no mundo. A ingestão total do elemento tóxico Hg foi encontrada muito abaixo do limite estabelecido pela WHO. Em relação aos radionuclídeos naturais, o cálculo de dose efetiva comprometida por ingestão da região rural (0,89 mSv/ano) apresentou-se 61% mais elevado quando comparado à região urbana (0,56 mSv/ano). Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato dos maiores pontos de anomalias radioativas estarem localizados na zona rural. Porém, a partir dos valores encontrados no presente estudo não apresentaram níveis que representassem ameaça à saúde da população deste planalto.
Food security is a fundamental need and a great public concern throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Total Diet Study (TDS) as the most appropriate method of estimating the intake of contaminants and nutrients for a country or large population groups. The implementation of a study relating food intake in a High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) motivated the present study, since in the Poços de Caldas plateau there are occurrences of radiative anomalies with significant natural concentrations of uranium and thorium. Therefore, the objective is to evaluate and to compare the intakes of essential, toxic elements, and radionuclides from the foods that composed the diets of the urban and rural populations of the city. The concentration determination of the essential and toxic elements was performed using the neutron activation analysis (As, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) and atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (Cd, Cu and Pb) and cold vapor atomic (Hg). The determination of radionuclides was performed by gamma spectrometry (40K), radiochemical separation followed by total alpha and beta counting (210Pb, 226Ra and 228Ra) and alpha spectrometry (210Po, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 235U and 238U). The food groups were established according to consumption data from the southeast region of the country obtained by the Household food budget survey POF 2008-2009 by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The final list contained 82 foods distributed in 20 groups, including drinking water, and with a total mass of 3.6180 kg. The TDS applied to the region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau allowed to observe that the average daily intakes for all the essential elements in the urban population diet presented higher values compared to the diet of the rural population but did not present statistical differences. The essential elements Ca, K, Mg and Se were deficient in the diets studied compared to the recommended daily intake values. The toxic element level of Cd and Pb in the present study were within the range reported by the WHO from TDS conducted in several countries and/or different regions in the world. The total intake of the toxic element Hg was found well below the established limit by WHO. Intake effective dose compromised calculation of the rural region (0.89 mSv/year) was 61% higher compared to the urban region (0.56 mSv/year). This can be explained by the fact that the highest points of radioactive anomalies in the plateau are located in the rural zone, but the values found in the present study do not present levels that represent a threat to the health of the population in this plateau.

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Na área da catálise, interações de moléculas pequenas como H2,N2,O2, CO, NO etc, com aglomerados metálicos, têm nas suas adsorções químicas etapa fundamental nas atividades catalíticas. O paládio está entre os metais mais empregados em catalisadores usados em muitos processos catalíticos heterogêneos. Neste presente trabalho foi realizada uma série de cálculos baseado na Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (TFD ou DFT) empregando o método BP86/LANL2DZ/6-311+G(d,p) para estudar a adsorção da molécula NO que foi utilizada como protótipo molecular para interagir sobre aglomerados de paládio puros e dopados com metais de transição da primeira série de transição (Pd3M e Pd9M). Neste contexto, o escopo deste trabalho foi: (i) obter informações a respeito das possíveis alterações estruturais e eletrônicas ocorridas em aglomerados de paládio quando dopados com metais da primeira série de transição (MT), (ii) estudar as alterações no comportamento do átomo de paládio, nos seus respectivos aglomerados puros, frente aos aglomerados dopados com metais de transição da primeira série,(iii) buscar possíveis padrões de influência dos MT nas propriedades de aglomerados de paládio (ex: energias dos orbitais de fronteira, transferências eletrônicas de doação e retrodoação, densidades de spin, hibridizações dos orbitais responsáveis pelas ligações com moléculas adsorventes etc). Após a realização dos cálculos baseados na DFT, os resultados mostram que, para o estudo sobre os aglomerados contendo quatro átomos, foi obtida correlação direta entre a carga adquirida pelo metal M dentro do aglomerado metálico e os orbitais moleculares de fronteira LUMO calculados para Pd3M. Esta correlação direta não se mantém quando o tamanho do aglomerado de paládio é aumento de quatro para dez átomos. A energia de adsorção apresentada pela molécula de NO apresenta boa correlação com a energia do LUMO, independentemente do número de átomos e da geometria do aglomerado e da natureza do metal dopante. A molécula de NO adsorve mais favoravelmente no modo Bridge, independentemente de qual metal está dopando o aglomerado de Pd9M. Entretanto, para o aglomerado de Pd3M, o modo de adsorção dependerá da natureza do metal dopante. A mudança na geometria e no número de átomos de paládio existentes no aglomerado provoca mudanças no modo e na energia de adsorção da molécula de NO adsorvente. Uma investigação mais aprofundada deve encontrar outras possíveis correlações entre propriedades dos metais da primeira série e aglomerados de paládio dopados com os mesmos

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Empresas fazem investimentos em Tecnologia da Informação (TI) com o objetivo de obter vantagens no alinhamento dos sistemas de TI ao negócio da empresa. Este alinhamento entre TI e o negocio da empresa revela o desempenho das organizações e gera um aumento de sua competitividade, além de melhorar os resultados dos projetos de implantação dessas tecnologias. As operações logísticas são outra fonte de vantagens competitivas, mas quando suportadas pelas TIs têm melhores resultados. É nesta conjuntura que o impacto dos benefícios da utilização de um Sistema de Gestão de Transporte (TMS) é estudado neste trabalho, no âmbito de uma operação logística de uma indústria de bebidas. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é avaliar a TI em uma indústria de bebidas no Brasil, em suas operações de transporte entre fábricas e centros de distribuição. Para atingir este objetivo, o método utilizado é o estudo de caso, que teve como finalidade a investigação de situações das diversas áreas do conhecimento, e desta forma obter uma visão ampla do problema estudado. Uma das respostas após a pesquisa de campo e a análise dos resultados, é identificar através dos grupos de atributos que avaliam a contribuição do TMS o seu caráter operacional para a empresa
Companies make investment in Information Technology (IT) to align IT system advantages to their business. Alignment between IT and company's business reveals organizations performance, steps up their competitiveness, and improves the project implementation results of these technologies. Logistics operations are another source for competitive advantage, but shows better results when supported by IT. In this work, the context of Transportation Management System (TMS) impacts is studied on a beverage industry logistics operation. The overall objective of the research is to evaluate TMS in a beverage industry in Brazil, and its transport operations between factories and distribution centers. To achieve this goal, a case study method aiming to explore situations of various knowledge areas is adopted to obtain a rich view of the problem. One answer After a field search and analysis of results , and identify through the que Attribute Groups assess the contribution to TMS His character paragraph Operating Company .

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruit crops as it is widely cultivated, and the winemaking industry has a huge worldwide economic relevance. The global warming has affected viticulture altering the maturation processes; in particular, the anticipation of the onset of the berries ripening (veraison) has changed the physiological characteristics of grapes and, consequently, has negatively influenced the wine quality. In this contest, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of the ripening could provide the key in maintaining high quality grapes and wine. For all these reasons, the identification and characterization of master regulators controlling the transition from vegetative-to-mature growth are the challenging but fundamental tasks of this research project. At first, to provide insight into the transcriptional programs controlling the development of grapevine, a global gene expression atlas was generated (Fasoli et al., 2012). Combining this dataset with a berry-specific one (Massonnet et al., 2017), an integrated network analysis was performed (Palumbo et al., 2014) and a new category of genes (switch genes), which are significantly up regulated during the developmental shift and inversely correlated with many genes suppressed during the mature growth phase, was identified. Moreover, many transcription factors are present among them, strongly indicating that they could represent master regulators of the developmental phase transition; between them, the plant-specific NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factors represent an interesting family due to their key role in plant development processes and stress responses (Jensen et al., 2014). Fourteen VviNACs genes were selected for functional characterization as key candidates of the major transcriptome reprogramming during grapevine development: VviNAC01, VviNAC03 (D’Incà, 2017), VviNAC08, VviNAC11 (D’Incà, 2017), VviNAC13 (D’Incà, 2017), VviNAC15, VviNAC17, VviNAC18, VviNAC26, VviNAC33 (D’Incà, 2017), VviNAC38, VviNAC39, VviNAC60 (D’Incà, 2017) and VviNAC61. Different approaches have been carried out to investigate the function of VviNACs gene: the transient over expressions, DAP-seq (DNA Affinity Purification and sequencing, Bartlett et al., 2017) and, only for VviNAC60, the ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing, Kaufmann et al., 2010). All of them are powerful techniques used to identify possible targets of the selected transcription factor regulations. VviNAC01 showed its important role in the ethylene pathways; VviNAC03 did not reveal a well-defined identity but seems to be plant growth related; VviNAC08 seems to have a possible role in the gibberellin-related and circadian mechanisms; VviNAC11 seems to be related to the control of the auxin pathways and the chlorophylls degradation; VviNAC13 revealed a probable action in the lignin and phenylpropanoid metabolic processes; VviNAC15, regulating many other TFs, highlighted its role in the regulation mechanisms orchestration; VviNAC17 appeared to be a regulator of the jasmonic acid-induced gene expression; VviNAC18 analyses reported its role in the chlorophyll degradation; VviNAC26 presented the regulation of many genes related to the sugars biosynthesis and the anthocyanin synthesis; VviNAC33 terminates the photosynthetic activity and organ vegetative growth; no data are available for VviNAC38; VviNAC39 resulted to up regulate the transport of sugar and lipids and the ubiquitin-conjugating; VviNAC60 revealed a lot of hormones related up regulated direct target genes and many transcription factors, highlighting again the important and major role of this transcription factor in the grapevine maturation processes; VviNAC61 revealed a predominant role in the regulation of the aromatic compounds biosynthesis. Concerning VviNAC60, ChIP-seq data were also obtained and one interesting gene, the SRG1- SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE 1 OXIDOREDUCTASE (VIT_10s0003g02400), was found. In order to define a regulation and co-regulation network between VviNACs, some candidate targets genes taken from the different DAP-seq datasets (VviNAC01, VviNAC05, VviNAC08, VviNAC34, VviNAC37 and VviNAC61) were tested by Dual Luciferase Reporter Assays to see by which of the selected TFs were actually regulated. The obtained results showed that VviNAC01 directly repressed VviNAC05 expression, whereas activated the VviNAC08 one; moreover, VviNAC01 was validated as repressor of its own transcription. VviNAC03 resulted a repressor of VviNAC05. VviNAC11 directly up regulated VviNAC34, VviNAC37 and VviNAC61. VviNAC13 resulted to regulate VviNAC34 and VviNAC37 expression. VviNAC15 activated VviNAC34. VviNAC17 acted as a repressor of VviNAC05, VviNAC08 and VviNAC61 expression. VviNAC18 resulted a direct activator of VviNAC05. VviNAC26 positively regulated the expression of VviNAC05 and directly down regulated the VviNAC08, VviNAC34 and VviNAC61 expression. VviNAC33 was found as a direct activator of VviNAC05, VviNAC08, VviNAC34, VviNAC37 and VviNAC61 expression. VviNAC60 showed to induced VviNAC05, VviNAC34 and VviNAC61 expression. This PhD thesis lights up the possible roles of some VviNACs in the grapevine development and presents a preliminary regulatory network between this family members; further analysis must be conducted to completely elucidate this complex regulation system.

Angsterkrankungen stellen einen großen Anteil an psychischen Erkrankungen dar und gehen zum Teil mit großem Leidensdruck einher. Da die leitliniengerechte Therapie mit hohen Rückfallraten und ca. 25% Nonrespondern einhergeht, stellt sich die Frage nach alternativen Behandlungsmethoden. Transkranielle Magnetstimulation findet als nichtinvasive Behanslungsmethode zunehmend Anwendung bei neurologischen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. In der vorliegenden randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie wurde die Wirkung der TMS auf den frontotemporalen (FTC) und dorsolateralen präfrontalen Cortex (dlPFC) untersucht. Dazu wurden 42 gesunde Probanden zwischen 18 und 59 Jahren zur Hälfte TMS-stimuliert, die andere Hälfte wurde scheinstimuliert. Vor und nach Stimulation bzw. Placebostimulation wurde die Aktivität von FTC und dlPFC mit Nah-Infrarotspektroskopie (NIRS) während der Durchführung des Verbal Fluency Tasks (VFT) gemessen. In dieser Studie konnte keine Veränderung der hämodynamischen Gehirnaktivität durch TMS nachgewiesen werden, jedoch äußerten die Probanden der Stimulationsgruppe im Gegensatz zu den Probanden der Placebogruppe, Nebenwirkungen wie Schmerzen oder Muskelzucken verspürt zu haben. Die während des VFT laufende NIRS zeigte eine signifikant höhere Durchblutung und damit Aktivierung des linken FTC im Seitenvergleich und eine signifikant höhere Aktivierung während der semantischen als bei der phonemischen VFT-Bedingung, analog zu früheren, vergleichbaren Untersuchungen. Die Frage, ob sich TMS als mögliche Behandlungsmethode bei Angsterkrankungen eignet, lässt sich anhand der hier vorliegenden Studie nicht abschließend beantworten
Anxiety disorders constitute a large proportion of mental illnesses and are often accompanied by great strain imposed by suffering. Since guideline-based therapy is characterised by high relapse rates and about 25% of non-responders, the question of alternative treatment methods arises. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a non-invasive treatment method is being increasingly applied to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases. In the presented randomised, controlled study, the effect of TMS on the frontotemporal (FTC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was examined. For this purpose, one half of 42 healthy volunteers between 18 and 59 years of age received TMS stimulation while the other half received sham stimulation. Before and after both real and placebo stimulation, the activity of FTC and dlPFC was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during the execution of Verbal Fluency Tasks (VFT). In this study, no change in hemodynamic brain activity through TMS could be detected. However, contrary to the placebo group volunteers, the stimulation group volunteers reported side effects such as pain or muscle twitching. The NIRS running during VFT showed a significantly increased blood flow and thus an activation of the left FTC in the side comparison, as well as a significantly enhanced activation during the semantic VFT condition in comparison with the phonemic one, analogous to previous comparable examinations. The question of whether TMS presents itself as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders can not be conclusively answered on the basis of the study presented here

Chez l’humain, différents protocoles de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (SMTr) peuvent être utilisés afin de manipuler expérimentalement la plasticité cérébrale au niveau du cortex moteur primaire (M1). Ces techniques ont permis de mieux comprendre le rôle du sommeil dans la régulation de la plasticité cérébrale. Récemment, une étude a montré que lorsqu’une première session de stimulation SMTr au niveau de M1 est suivie d’une nuit de sommeil, l’induction subséquente de la plasticité par une deuxième session SMTr est augmentée. La présente étude a investigué si ce type de métaplasticité pouvait également bénéficier d’une sieste diurne. Quatorze sujets en santé ont reçu deux sessions de intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) connue pour son effet facilitateur sur l’excitabilité corticale. Les sessions de stimulation étaient séparées par une sieste de 90 minutes ou par une période équivalente d’éveil. L’excitabilité corticale était quantifiée en terme d’amplitude des potentiels évoqués moteurs (PEM) mesurés avant et après chaque session de iTBS. Les résultats montrent que la iTBS n’est pas parvenue à augmenter de manière robuste l’amplitude des PEMs lors de la première session de stimulation. Lors de la deuxième session de stimulation, la iTBS a produit des changements plastiques variables et ce peu importe si les sujets ont dormi ou pas. Les effets de la iTBS sur l’excitabilité corticale étaient marqués par une importante variabilité inter et intra-individuelle dont les possibles causes sont discutées.
In humans, various repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols can be used to modulate motor cortical plasticity. These techniques have shed light on the role of sleep in neural plasticity regulation. Recent work has demonstrated that when a night of sleep follows one session of rTMS over the hand motor cortex (M1), the capacity to induce subsequent plasticity by another rTMS session in M1 is enhanced. The present study investigated whether such metaplasticity could also benefit from a day nap. Fourteen healthy participants received two sessions of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) known for its excitatory effects on cortical excitability over M1 spaced by either a 90-minute nap or an equivalent amount of wake. Motor cortical excitability was measured in terms of amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEP), which were assessed before iTBS and after the stimulation. Results show that the first iTBS session did not induce significant change in MEP amplitude. The second iTBS session induced variable plastic changes regardless of whether participants slept or stayed awake. The effects of iTBS on motor cortical excitability were highly variable within and between individuals. The possible causes of such variability are discussed.

Long-term motor skill learning has been consistently shown to result in functional as well as structural changes in the adult human brain. However, the effect of short learning periods on brain structure is not well understood. In the present study, subjects performed a sequential pinch force task (SPFT) for 20 min on 5 consecutive days. Changes in brain structure were evaluated with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired on the first and last day of motor skill learning. Behaviorally, the SPFT resulted in sequence-specific learning with the trained (right) hand. Structural gray matter (GM) alterations in left M1, right ventral premotor cortex (PMC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) correlated with performance improvements in the SPFT. More specifically we found that subjects with strong sequence-specific performance improvements in the SPFT also had larger increases in GM volume in the respective brain areas. On the other hand, subjects with small behavioral gains either showed no change or even a decrease in GM volume during the time course of learning. Furthermore, cerebellar GM volume before motor skill learning predicted (A) individual learning-related changes in the SPFT and (B) the amount of structural changes in left M1, right ventral PMC and DLPFC. In summary, we provide novel evidence that short-term motor skill learning is associated with learning-related structural brain alterations. Additionally, we showed that practicing a motor skill is not exclusively accompanied by increased GM volume. Instead, bidirectional structural alterations explained the variability of the individual learning success.

碩士
國立成功大學
中國文學系碩博士班
96
“Yi Chiang Nan” is one of the ancient verse form of tzu. Its form hasn’t changed a lot since Tang-Sung Dynasty, and the phenomena is very rare. So, I want to investigate the reasons according to the verse form of tzu and its works. Chapter 2 analyzes its name and source. It’s common that the verse form of tzu has different names. However, the alternative names of Yi Chiang Nan explain the development of tzu in Tang-Sung Dynasty. Chapter 3 expresses the form of Yi Chiang Nan. From Tang Dynasty, the tzu in Yi Chiang Nan mainly has 27 or 54words. But it usually has more words in Caves. Chapter 4 analyzes its construction. Yi Chiang Nan in Tang-Sung Dynasty was local poetry. Through refining, its characteristics include the refinements of poets. A sentence usually has five or seven words. The rhyme at the end is usually a level tone. Its form is similar to poems. So, Yi Chiang Nan in Tang-Sung Dynasty expanded to practical and literary uses. Chapter 5 to Chapter 7 are the analyses of its works. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 are practical analyses. The main reason that Yi Chiang Nan could spread wisely and preserve original style is because it is suitable for singing. These two chapters analyze the usage of everyday life. Chapter 7 is the literary analysis. Liou and Bair in Mid-Tang Dynasty established the basic of sadness in Yi Chiang Nan. In late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasty, Hwang-fuu Song and Uen Tyng-yun used it to describe romances. In Nan Tang Dynasty, Pyng Yan-syh and Li Yuh used it to describe the anxiety of the fate of the nation and the sadness of a conquered country. Therefore, this verse form of tzu, Yi Chiang Nan, was the same as its works in Tang and Five Dynasty. However, this tzu wasn’t easy to be adopted by scholars in Sung Dynasty because they advocated literature. Chapter 8 is the conclusion. The specialty of Yi Chiang Nan is that practical poems are much more than literary poems. So, we know that the literary property promotes the worth of tzu but the practicality spread the usage of tzu. Both of them are important factors of the development of tzu.