Articles de revues : « Municipal ownership – Great Britain »

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Hochfelder, David. « A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900 ». Enterprise & ; Society 1, n^o 4 (décembre 2000) : 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.

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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.

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Danylenko, Serhiy, et Iryna Rodina. « Evolution of Types of Democracy and the Threat of Populism for Transitive States : a Media Aspect ». Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 6, n^o 2 (28 décembre 2020) : 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2020.6.2.59-78.

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Drawing from the examples of newly formed and former democracies, the article examines the directions which the transformation of this political concept has taken in context of the expansion of the public sphere and changes in how the democratic process is implemented. Attention is drawn to how the transition of the forefront of political life from traditional centers of its “distribution”- governments, parliaments, and municipal authorities, to the “fatherland” of the public sphere and media of varying quality has become one of the reasons for the accelerated proliferation of politics of the populist variety. The rise of media in Ukraine, where it falls under complete ownership of centers of oligarchy, provides grounds for mentioning a special type of “oligarchic democracy”, which serendipitously exploits the opportunities offered by populism. At the same time, the examples of democratic crises in other nations have become widespread enough, so that they encourage casting doubt on crucial democratic processes, including elections: electoral democracy has formally taken place, although it hasn’t fulfilled its essential function of including the citizenry in making key social decisions. Researchers assert that media is not the only source that breathes life into populist politics as a means to seize power. This carries the threat of destroying the very institutions through which the democratic form of government is realized. Transitional democracies are also subjected to the erosion of populism through problems with asserting the supremacy of law and difficulties with establishing liberal market economics, which should have been synchronized with their political transformation. Authors refer to the fact, that populism is a problem shared by governments with diverse histories of democratic life. Behind democracy always lurks the threat of false self-rule, which can lead to the rise of new authoritarian regimes under the guise of populist conservative declarations and national protectionism. Russia could become an example of this, after its wholly democratic process of voting on amendments to its national constitution, which is expected during 2020. Controversy in equal or greater measure has also surrounded the future of Great Britain after Brexit.

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Whelan, Gerard. « Modelling car ownership in Great Britain ». Transportation Research Part A : Policy and Practice 41, n^o 3 (mars 2007) : 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.013.

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Hanly, Mark, et Joyce M. Dargay. « Car Ownership in Great Britain : Panel Data Analysis ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1718, n^o 1 (janvier 2000) : 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1718-11.

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The analysis of the factors determining changes in travel behavior on the individual (or individual household) level requires information on the behavior of individuals over time. Such “transport” panel surveys are rarely available, particularly for a sufficiently long time period to examine such changes more than cursorily. For the United Kingdom, none exists for other than limited regions. However, the ongoing British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), begun in 1991, provides some information related to transport—specifically, household car ownership—as well as information on the economic and sociodemographic characteristics of the households surveyed. BHPS data for 1993 to 1966 are used to analyze car ownership and the factors determining car ownership decisions on an individual household level. As far as is known, this has not yet been done in any systematic manner. The relationship between car ownership, income, and sociodemographic factors such as household composition, residential location, and population density (persons per hectare in the local authority district in which the household resides) is investigated. Both descriptive statistical measures and formal modeling approaches, based on dynamic discrete choice models and panel data econometric techniques, are used.

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Clark, Stephen D., et Sergio Rey. « Temporal dynamics in local vehicle ownership for Great Britain ». Journal of Transport Geography 62 (juin 2017) : 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.007.

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Clark, Stephen D. « Mapping car ownership in Great Britain over four decades ». Journal of Maps 11, n^o 2 (22 septembre 2014) : 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.960484.

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Elliott, P., G. Shaddick, I. Kleinschmidt, D. Jolley, P. Walls, J. Beresford et C. Grundy. « Cancer incidence near municipal solid waste incinerators in Great Britain ». British Journal of Cancer 73, n^o 5 (mars 1996) : 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1996.122.

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Douglas, Philippa, Anna Freni-Sterrantino, Maria Leal Sanchez, Danielle C. Ashworth, Rebecca E. Ghosh, Daniela Fecht, Anna Font et al. « Estimating Particulate Exposure from Modern Municipal Waste Incinerators in Great Britain ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 51, n^o 13 (16 juin 2017) : 7511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06478.

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Devereux, David R. « State Versus Private Ownership : The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62 ». Albion 27, n^o 1 (1995) : 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.

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Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by transferring resources from the military into the civil aircraft industry, while at the same time holding for Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a matter of great interest to reconstruction planners during World War Two, and was an important part of the Attlee government's plans for nationalization.Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly into a major global economic force, which accounted for the great attention paid it in the 1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the postwar era lay in the value of air connections to North America, Europe, and the Empire and Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when the United States was by far the largest producer of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and Conservative governments was to maintain a viable British position against strong American competition. What is particularly interesting is the wide degree of consensus that existed in both parties on the role the state should play in the maintenance and enhancement of this position.

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Bilgin, Pinar, Giulio Mattioli, Malcolm Morgan et Zia Wadud. « The effects of ridesourcing services on vehicle ownership : The case of Great Britain ». Transportation Research Part D : Transport and Environment 117 (avril 2023) : 103674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103674.

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Grant, M. « Controlling Local Government Expenditure in Britain : The Experience of Rate Capping ». Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy 4, n^o 2 (juin 1986) : 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040165.

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Rate capping was introduced by the British Conservative Government in 1984 to impose a legally enforceable ceiling on the rating power of local authorities. It is a discriminatory measure. High-spending authorities, as assessed in accordance with current and historic data, are given annual rate limits by central government, with rights of appeal and negotiation. The process has generated great controversy, with some local authorities threatening municipal bankruptcy and all showing great reluctance to operate within the system. But the financial impact has so far been marginal: The government moved gingerly, and creative accounting has helped postpone financial difficulties.

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Yakovleva, N. M. « Argentina vs Great Britain : the trajectory of one conflict ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 10, n^o 3 (19 janvier 2023) : 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2022-10-3-123-135.

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40 years ago, on April 2, 1982, Argentina made a failed attempt by military means to establish sovereignty over the archipelago in the South Atlantic, which was under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The war was the result of a two-century dispute over the ownership of the islands. Upon joining the UN in 1945, Buenos Aires loudly announced its claims to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and began to seek from the international community to recognize its claims as legitimate. Since then, the problem has been a red thread through the history of the country. The policy of the Argentine authorities on the issue of disputed territories developed with a pendulum dynamic. Periods of de-escalation of the conflict and the development of cooperation with Great Britain, coupled with a friendly attitude towards the islanders, were replaced by phases of the dominance of irreconcilable discourse with a strong demand for the “termination of the colonization policy” by the British authorities. Relations between Argentina and Great Britain after the end of hostilities can be divided into several stages. Regardless of the direction of the course of the next government, the issue of sovereignty over disputed territories has never been removed from the agenda. The Argentine side certainly used the “Malvinas question” as an instrument of domestic policy. Currently, the conflict is in a latent phase with no prospect of an early resolution.

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Giuliano, Genevieve, et Joyce Dargay. « Car ownership, travel and land use : a comparison of the US and Great Britain ». Transportation Research Part A : Policy and Practice 40, n^o 2 (février 2006) : 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.03.002.

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Barrie, David G. « ‘Epoch-Making’ Beginnings to Lingering Death : The Struggle for Control of the Glasgow Police Commission, 1833–46 ». Scottish Historical Review 86, n^o 2 (octobre 2007) : 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.253.

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Established in 1800, the Glasgow Police Commission is of great importance in the context of municipal history. As a specialist authority responsible for public services, the Commission was among the most advanced in Britain. Its wide-ranging achievements in law and order and public amenity provision helped create a new range of essential services in a rapidly expanding city. Moreover, the method of electing its representatives on a rotational ward basis provided a model for municipal reform later in the century. Yet, by the 1840s the Commission's incorporation into local government was keenly and successfully sought by those in influential circles after a bitter and prolonged conflict with commissioners and many lower-middle class/skilled working-class ratepayers. This article will analyse the political and social struggle behind the Commission's demise. Of principal benefit to those interested in police control and municipal governance, the study also uncovers a great deal about political and social representation by examining public attitudes, voting behaviour and electoral trends at annual police elections.

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Travis, Toni-Michelle C. « Black Atlantic Politics : Dilemmas of Political Empowerment in Boston and Liverpool. By William E. Nelson Jr. Albany : State University of New York Press, 2000. 344p. $74.50 cloth, $25.95 paper. » American Political Science Review 96, n^o 3 (septembre 2002) : 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402800363.

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Studies of local politics have often narrowly focused on elites, the role of competing interest groups, or the influence of the business community in making key decisions. Nelson's comparative study raises the level of discourse by drawing our attention to the often overlooked role of blacks in municipal politics. In comparing Boston and Liverpool the study expands our understanding of the similarities between racial politics in the United States and in Great Britain.

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Petrenko, G., et L. Kovalchuk. « Great privatization procedure : comparative and legal aspect ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, n^o 70 (18 juin 2022) : 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.41.

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The article is devoted to the coverage of one of the most important problems of our time - the process of major privatization. As a result of the analysis of legislation defined that the privatization of state or municipal property - a paid alienation of property in state or municipal ownership, in favor of individuals and legal entities, and also established that the attribution of property to objects of major privatization is based on their value, which should exceed 250 million hryvnia. The main purpose of privatization is to accelerate economic growth, attract foreign and domestic investment, reduce the share of state or municipal property in the structure of the Ukrainian economy by selling privatization objects to the effective private owner. However, it is pointed out that the very procedure of privatization is to fill the country’s budget by transferring the share of state or municipal property in the structure of the economy of Ukraine to a more efficient private management, so the purpose enshrined in the Law requires clarification taking into account the purpose and result that is inherent in privatization. It is pointed out that the privatization process is carried out in accordance with a set of procedures established by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, enshrined in the decree «On Approval of the Sale of Large Objects of State Property Privatization. In addition, it is noted that to ensure effective results from the implementation of privatization requires compliance with the basic principles of privatization defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Based on the analysis of the experience of the legal basis of privatization in the UK, Spain, Poland and France, it is found that privatization in these countries is carried out by a clear regulatory consolidation of the procedure for privatization and under increased control of the relevant government agencies. It is suggested to introduce the impartial control of officials of the State Property Fund of Ukraine at each stage of privatization and control by the state over the privatized objects in a given post-privatization period.

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Preston, John. « All things must pass ? Recent changes to competition and ownership in public transport in Great Britain. » Research in Transportation Economics 99 (juin 2023) : 101281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101281.

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SCHREGEL, SUSANNE. « Nuclear war and the city : perspectives on municipal interventions in defence (Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany, USA, 1980–1985) ». Urban History 42, n^o 4 (31 juillet 2015) : 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000565.

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ABSTRACT:Focusing on the example of municipal interventions in defence, this article proposes to evaluate the role of cities and towns in Cold War policies. It discusses how, in the early 1980s, residents in Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany and the USA claimed responsibility for defence and (dis)armament policies in the name of their respective city or home town. To justify this claim, protagonists not only portrayed urban settlements as probable targets of nuclear war. They also highlighted cities and towns as concrete places and drew attention to locality as a scale that might bear specific potentials for participation and empowerment. Yet a closer analysis of such initiatives in the four countries reveals that municipal activities for peace and disarmament developed in far more complex spatial relations than references to the ‘local’ as a scale of involvement might imply.

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Villalobos López, José Antonio. « Fiscal decentralization, federal resources and municipal public revenues in Mexico ». International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, n^o 8 (17 août 2022) : 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i8.416.

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In 1983 all municipalities in Mexico absorbed 2.6% of national public revenues, being that by 2019 it reached 6.6%, thus showing a substantial growth in 36 years. Of the total municipal public revenues, federal participations represented 37.1% in 2018 and 37.1% in 2019, while federal aportments represented 35.9% in 2018 and 35.3% in 2019; both federal resources meant 73% in 2018 and 73.8% in 2019, that is, out of every 4 pesos of revenues 3 come from the federation. In 2019, the main revenues of the municipalities that come from federal funds are: General Participation Fund (23.1%); FORTAMUN (15.2%); Social Infrastructure Aportments Fund (12.79%). The tax effort or municipal own revenues accounted for 22.6% of total municipal public revenues in 2018 and 23.1% in 2019. Property tax is the main figure of municipal own revenues, representing 47.1% and 45% respectively in 2018 and 2019.As an international comparison point property tax related to GDP yielded these figures: France 4.03%, Great Britain 4.08%, Canada 3.87%, United States 2.96%, Spain 2.43%, Colombia 1.79%, Chile 1.12% and Mexico only 0.33% of GDP; appreciating a very low percentage in relation to the two Latin American nations and much lower compared to developed countries.

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Neundorf, Anja, et James Adams. « The Micro-Foundations of Party Competition and Issue Ownership : The Reciprocal Effects of Citizens’ Issue Salience and Party Attachments ». British Journal of Political Science 48, n^o 2 (6 avril 2016) : 385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000642.

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While previous research on the reciprocal effects of citizens’ issue attitudes and their party support emphasize citizens’ issue positions, political competition revolves equally around issue salience – that is, debates over which issue areas political parties should prioritize. Using multi-wave panel survey data from Germany and Great Britain, this study analyzes the reciprocal effects of citizens’ issue salience and their party support, and concludes that citizens’ issue priorities both influence and are influenced by their party attachments and, moreover, that these effects are linked to parties’ long-term associative issue ownership. This effect is strongest among supporters of a small issue-orientated niche party, the German Greens.

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Engström, Joakim, et Katarina L. Gidlund. « Accountability for Digital Dreamers ». International Journal of Electronic Government Research 19, n^o 1 (5 mai 2023) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.322434.

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To contribute to digitalization and accountability research, this study adopted a pattern arising from failure due to weak accountability that was initially identified in Great Britain. This was done to investigate if the pattern reappeared in digitalization initiatives at the Swedish municipal level. Attempting to answer this, the present study structured a survey sent to every municipality in Sweden, resulting in a response rate of 40.4%. It was not possible to statistically claim that the pattern repeated itself in the chosen context, making this study's main contribution to stress that there might be a pattern as an effect due to weak accountability, without any knowledge of how this pattern presents itself.

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Shchevelev, S. S. « THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ ». Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), n^o 1 (2021) : 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-1-140-153.

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The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.

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BROESE van GROENOU, MARJOLEIN, KAREN GLASER, CECILIA TOMASSINI et THÉRÈSE JACOBS. « Socio-economic status differences in older people's use of informal and formal help : a comparison of four European countries ». Ageing and Society 26, n^o 5 (1 août 2006) : 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005241.

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This study investigates the variations by older people's socio-economic status (SES) (i.e. educational level and social class) in the use of informal and formal help from outside the household in Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and The Netherlands. In all these countries, it was older people in low SES groups who mostly used such help. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that, in each country and for both types of help, there were SES gradients in the utilisation of both formal and informal care, and that differences in age, health and marital status largely accounted for the former but not the latter. Cross-national differences in the use of both informal and formal help remained when variations in sex, age, SES, health, marital status, home ownership and the use of privately-paid help were taken into account. Significant interaction effects were found, which indicated that older people in low SES groups in Great Britain and The Netherlands had higher odds of using informal help from outside the household than their counterparts in Italy, and similarly that those in The Netherlands were more likely to use formal help than their Italian peers. The results are discussed in relation to the cultural differences and variations in the availability of formal services among the countries.

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Drohobetskyі, Ivan. « Management of municipal property in Ukraine and some countries : the essence, tools ». Herald of Economics, n^o 1 (1 juin 2022) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2022.01.203.

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Introduction. Unfortunately, municipal property, like private property in Ukraine, is not a reliable source of stable local budget revenues because, mainly, the form of ownership is not the leading factor in the high efficiency of the economic system, and the conditions in which it can be created to any of the forms of ownership, including municipal, could reveal its own potential, which will increase the economic efficiency of business entities and improve the living standards of community members.The aim of the article is to clarify the essence of municipal property and to establish tools for municipal property management in Ukraine and some countries around the world for comparison and improvement.Research methods. In the process of research to achieve the goal of the article used a number of methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, induction, deduction, synthesis, generalization, comparison of systems and tools of municipal property management in Ukraine and some countries).Results. In the scientific literature, there is mainly a classification of world-famous models of municipal government organization, which provide for the formation of relations between local governments and relevant authorities in the center. According to this approach, it is expedient to distinguish three such fundamental models of local self-government, as: Anglo-Saxon (classical), continental and mixed. The Anglo-Saxon (classical) model is common, mainly in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, India and others, where the eponymous legal system. The continental (or French) model of local government organization is quite different, common not only in European countries, including France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, but also in many Latin American countries, the Middle East, and France. It is clear that the analysis of the current state of affairs abroad can play a leading role in solving the problems of improving the management of Ukrainian municipal property. Generalization and popularization of the positive practice of individual countries with developed democracies in the subject area studied by us is expedient for the improvement of the Ukrainian legislation of Ukraine. For example, in order to form several sources of financial resources that are objects of the current municipal property of any country.Discussion. The analysis of the positive practice of local self-government in Ukraine and some countries of the world allows to draw a number of conclusions: granting local governments some state powers increases the authority of these bodies, promotes their “merging” and mutual enrichment; There is a need to develop the necessary future steps to develop the system and tools of local self-government of Ukraine and consolidate them at the regulatory level, taking into account the different types and forms of business entities, and subject to new laws continue to work in, lack of sufficient necessary financial and economic base, incomplete economic and legal regulation. We should not expect a one-time creation of the basis of local self-government throughout Ukraine, but move in this direction step by step and so on.Perspectives. In the future, more attention should be paid to the study of the principles and methods of collecting and disseminating positive experience in municipal property management both in Ukraine and in some countries around the world, which were discussed in this publication. It would also be worthwhile to deepen research on areas for improving the efficiency of operational management of municipal property and indicators of its evaluation.

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Dixon, James, Sofia Koukoura, Christian Brand, Malcolm Morgan et Keith Bell. « Spatially Disaggregated Car Ownership Prediction Using Deep Neural Networks ». Future Transportation 1, n^o 1 (20 juin 2021) : 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1010008.

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Predicting car ownership patterns at high spatial resolution is key to understanding pathways for decarbonisation—via electrification and demand reduction—of the private vehicle fleet. As the factors widely understood to influence car ownership are highly interdependent, linearised regression models, which dominate previous work on spatially explicit car ownership modelling in the UK, have shortcomings in accurately predicting the relationship. This paper presents predictions of spatially disaggregated car ownership—and change in car ownership over time—in Great Britain (GB) using deep neural networks (NNs) with hyperparameter tuning. The inputs to the models are demographic, socio-economic and geographic datasets compiled at the level of Census Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs)—areas covering between 300 and 600 households. It was found that when optimal hyperparameters are selected, these neural networks can predict car ownership with a mean absolute error of up to 29% lower than when formulating the same problem as a linear regression; the results from NN regression are also shown to outperform three other artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods: random forest, stochastic gradient descent and support vector regression. The methods presented in this paper could enhance the capability of transport/energy modelling frameworks in predicting the spatial distribution of vehicle fleets, particularly as demographics, socio-economics and the built environment—such as public transport availability and the provision of local amenities—evolve over time. A particularly relevant contribution of this method is that by coupling it with a technology dissipation model, it could be used to explore the possible effects of changing policy, behaviour and socio-economics on uptake pathways for electric vehicles —cited as a vital technology for meeting Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

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Marsa-Sambola, Ferran, Joanne Williams, Janine Muldoon, Alistair Lawrence, Melanie Connor, Chris Roberts, Fiona Brooks et Candace Currie. « Sociodemographics of Pet Ownership among Adolescents in Great Britain : Findings from the HBSC Study in England, Scotland, and Wales ». Anthrozoös 29, n^o 4 (22 novembre 2016) : 559–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1228756.

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Chalaby, Jean K. « Twenty years of contrast : the French and British press during the inter-war period ». European Journal of Sociology 37, n^o 1 (mai 1996) : 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600008006.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of the contrast between the evolution of the French and British press presse franaise et britannique pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. during the inter-war period. The most visible sign of this difference was the commercial success of the British press and the stagnation of the French press. From a historical perspective, the most general factor was that market mechanism has a much more determining influence on the British rather than on the French press. While these decades were marked in Great Britain by a circulation war, competition was neutralised in France by the anti-competitive agreement reached among the leading Parisian newspapers. Market mechanisms also influenced the development of different patterns of newspaper ownership in the two nations. Stiff competition and a rational mode of newspaper ownership forced British journalists to develop journalistic practices and discursive strategies more commercially oriented than those of their French counterparts. These strategies, which constitute the primary cause of the commercial success of the British press, are illustrated by the phenomenon of depoliticisation.

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Lutz, John. « Losing Steam : The Boiler and Engine Industry as an Index of British Columbia’s Deindustrialization, 1880‑1915 ». Historical Papers 23, n^o 1 (26 avril 2006) : 168–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030986ar.

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Abstract This paper examines the process whereby the resource industries on the British Columbia frontier were disconnected from the local secondary manufacturing industries and coupled to the growing manufacturing economies of southern Ontario, the United States, and Great Britain between 1860 and 1915. The resource extractive industries were closely linked, in British Columbia, to the boiler and engine-making industry and prior to 1900 both sectors grew apace. After 1900 the growing demand for boilers and engines was met by producers in Ontario, the United States, and Britain while the British Columbia industry went into decline. An examination of both the costs of production and the social determinants of those costs reveals that the main causes of this displacement were the linking of the high-wage British Columbia economy to the lower wage east by the Canadian Pacific Railway; the railway's discriminatory rate structure; and a shift towards nonlocal ownership of the main components in the economy which was accompanied by new purchasing patterns that favoured nonlocal secondary manufacturers.

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Dwor, Richa. « Two Diasporas, One Exodus : Jewish Freedom and Jamaican Slavery in Grace Aguilar’s Sephardic Histories ». Victorian Popular Fictions Journal 5, n^o 2 (20 décembre 2023) : 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46911/pmuk7383.

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The Anglo-Jewish writer Grace Aguilar (1816–47) took the Spanish Inquisition as a major topic, returning to its settings, events, and themes across three novellas, a novel, and several poems. Despite her assertions of historical accuracy and her knowledge of her family history in Jamaica, none of these Inquisition works describe transatlantic Jewish migration. Instead, her characters perish or else migrate directly to an idealized Britain. This paper establishes a new framework for Aguilar’s writings on Sephardic history by bringing to light the financial benefits accrued by Aguilar’s family from the ownership of enslaved people in Jamaica. It also emphasizes the influence of the messianic writings of her great-grandfather Benjamin Dias Fernandes. I argue that the intensity of Aguilar’s identification with English literary forms and perspectives does not indicate a tendency toward assimilation. Rather, Britain was for her as a site of redemption. Its status as a haven for persecuted Sephardim – as the end point of their exile and wanderings – is not merely a civic, but also an eschatological one.

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Tanner, Duncan. « Elections, Statistics, and the Rise of the Labour Party, 1906–1931 ». Historical Journal 34, n^o 4 (décembre 1991) : 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00017349.

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Between 1900 and 1918 the Labour party changed from being a new organization operating on the fringes of the Liberal party, to being the largest British opposition party. This change has attracted a great deal of historical attention. The analysis of electoral results in general, and municipal election results in particular, rightly plays a major part in the conflicting explanations of why this realignment took place. Negatively, this paper seeks to establish that many of the methods of examining electoral material common in the literature are in fact inadequate. It is also suggested, more positively, that despite problems with the way results are currently used, even a modestly elaborated treatment of municipal election results can reveal significant information about the origins and location of Labour's support. Accurate ‘quantification’ cannot of itself explain the rise of Labour, or the pattern of electoral politics more generally. It can, however, be an important component of broader attempts at establishing why political changes took place both in Edwardian Britain and in the still under-researched period between 1918 and 1931.

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Lechowicz, Tomasz. « Financing Commercial Property in Poland and the UK ». Olsztyn Economic Journal 7, n^o 1 (30 juin 2012) : 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3414.

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The following work is a comparison of real estate financing methods in Poland and Great Britain. A comparison of the data from both countries shows that the most popular method of real estate financing in both countries is through mortgages. External financing of commercial real estates in Poland is accomplished by: universal and mortgage banks, leasing companies, investment funds-loan, private investors and through the issue of ownership or debt securities. Another method of financing commercial real estate is financing it through the establishment of a special, separate company designed to carry out the project, which is known as "project financing". The availability of a variety of grants, preferential loans and time loans, is the strong point of the Polish system of financing commercial property purchases.

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Arthur, Paul. « Letter from Ireland ». Government and Opposition 26, n^o 4 (1 octobre 1991) : 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1991.tb00405.x.

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WRITING A LETTER FROM IRELAND TOUCHES ON CERTAIN sensitivities because Ireland is a geographic unit in search of political expression. There has always been some doubt about political ownership. Between 1800 and 1921 it was, of course, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Let us say for the present that Ireland now belongs to that small group of political entities - like Korea and Cyprus - which ‘enjoys’ the condition of partition. And that part of Ireland whence this letter is written, Northern Ireland, has been placed in some sort of historical context by a former leader of the Nationalist Party, Eddie McAteer, when he said of it: ‘and now we are sadly the last imperial aspidistra in the British window.’

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Uzelac, Gordana. « Legitimacy of Death : National Appropriation of the Fallen ». Nationalities Papers 47, n^o 4 (22 avril 2019) : 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.3.

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AbstractMany influential theorists of nationalism see war as a social conflict that to a great extent homogenizes and unifies the nation. Nowhere is that unity more clearly expressed than in war memorials and cemeteries. This article considers the examples of Britain and the USA during the aftermath of World War I in order to examine how the state legitimized its ownership of the bodies of its dead soldiers. It argues first that in an internal dispute, when all sides share a normative ideology, nationalism cannot offer an effective basis for legitimacy. Second, it shows that during the aftermath of World War I, the bodies of dead soldiers were not symbols. This article concludes that in order to transform a dead body into a symbol, the body first has to be “de-individualized.”

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Buturlimova, Olha. « Olha Buturlimova. British Labour Party in the 1920s : the electoral competition ». European Historical Studies, n^o 11 (2018) : 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.11.113-128.

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The article examines the processes of growth of the British Labour Party in the early XXth century. The reasons of Labour Party’s success on parliamentary and municipal elections in the 1920s have been analyzed. The main attention is paid to the party’s activities in constituencies and analysis of Labour Party General Election Manifestos, General Elections Results and other statistic data. The relations between the Labour Party and churches in Great Britain have also been investigated. The support of the Anglican Church and denominations in Great Britain gave the Labour Party some votes but they lost some votes of believers in the next election in 1924 because of Labour government’s failure to acknowledge Bolshevik persecution of the Christians in the USSR. The Labour attempts to win the countryside were also not so fruitful. It is emphasized that 1918 was the turning point in the formation of the Labour Party as mass, widely represented and influential parliamentary party. The reorganization of the Labour party in 1918, Representation of the People Act (1918), adoption of the “Labour and the New Social Order” party constitution have proved to be favorable for its further evolution. But some difficulties such as conflicts between left and right views in the party, absence of convincing majority, black mass-media technologies from political opponents and problems in economics of the country, seriously influenced on its abilities to win success in 1920-s.

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Levene, Alysa, Martin Powell et John Stewart. « The Development of Municipal General Hospitals in English County Boroughs in the 1930s ». Medical History 50, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2006) : 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002572730000942x.

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When thinking of spurs to hospital development in the first half of the last century, it would be easy to assume that the greatest watershed was provided by the 1946 National Health Service Act. In this article, however, we focus on an earlier and often overlooked piece of legislation, which had a perhaps equally significant impact on the development of hospitals in England and Wales. This was the 1929 Local Government Act, which changed both the ownership and the focus of many of the largest hospitals in the country. As Robert Pinker has observed, the act “radically altered the percentage distribution of hospital beds in the public sector”. Such observations notwithstanding, municipal medicine in the 1930s has not received the historical attention it deserves, an omission which this article seeks in part to remedy. The terms of the act in respect of hospital development were permissive, and the extent to which local authorities acted had a great effect on the way in which their municipal hospital services developed, and hence the beds and facilities available at the time of the nationalization of the health services. The reaction of local authorities to the act, however, depended partly on their own choices, and partly on constraints over which they had less control.

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Tánczos-Szabó, László. « Bács-Kiskun megye térszerkezete és a telekárak (Területi különbségek a társadalom értékítéletében) ». Modern Geográfia 16, n^o 3 (2021) : 57–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2021.16.03.04.

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Expanding the investigations related to land price analysis, this study demonstrates the territorial aspects of the issue through the example of Bács-Kiskun county enriching the methodology of spatial structure researches. The applied correlation analysis confirmed our assumption that scarcely more than a decade after the change of ownership relations, great differences can be detected among land prices, which reflect the main features of the county’s spatial structure. The land price map of Bács-Kiskun County demonstrates the main features of the spatial structrure and the characteristics of the centre-periphery relationships at municipal level. High land prices are typical in the areas which are rich in innovations and can be characterized with denser texture. Getting farther from them, the land prices become lower. Their temporal changes are also consistent with the interactions taking place in the spatial structure.

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Donald, David, et Alan Hutton. « Public Purpose and Private Ownership : Some Implications of the “Great Capitalist Restoration” for the Politicization of Private Sector Firms in Britain ». Journal of Economic Issues 32, n^o 2 (juin 1998) : 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1998.11506052.

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Martin, Amy E. « The Dispossessed State : Narratives of Ownership in 19th-Century Britain and Ireland ; Human Encumbrances : Political Violence and the Great Irish Famine ». Nineteenth-Century Contexts 35, n^o 4 (septembre 2013) : 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2013.822693.

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Stewart, John. « Child Guidance in Scotland 1918–1955 : Psychiatry versus Psychology ? » History & ; Philosophy of Psychology 12, n^o 2 (2010) : 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2010.12.2.26.

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This paper analyses the emergence of child guidance in Scotland from its origins in the 1920s through to the mid-1950s, by which time it was legislatively embedded in the post-war welfare state. It argues that the Scottish experience of child guidance was predominantly based on psychology rather than, as elsewhere in Great Britain, psychiatry; and that this was to have policy implications particularly as legislative provision came to be widely discussed during the Second World War. On one level, therefore, the Scottish version of child guidance won out over the medically based and psychiatrically oriented version which had been strongly promoted in the inter-war era. This was not unproblematic, however, as psychiatrists continued to lay claim to the field and psychology itself suffered a crisis of confidence just as it appeared to be gaining ownership of the child guidance project.

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Brinker, Laura, et Andrew J. Satchwell. « A comparative review of municipal energy business models in Germany, California, and Great Britain : Institutional context and forms of energy decentralization ». Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 119 (mars 2020) : 109521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109521.

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Furnham, Adrian, Jan Ketil Arnulf et Charlotte Robinson. « Unobtrusive measures of prejudice : Estimating percentages of public beliefs and behaviours ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 12 (22 décembre 2021) : e0260042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260042.

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This study was concerned with how accurate people are in their knowledge of population norms and statistics concerning such things as the economic, health and religious status of a nation and how those estimates are related to their own demography (e.g age, sex), ideology (political and religious beliefs) and intelligence. Just over 600 adults were asked to make 25 population estimates for Great Britain, including religious (church/mosque attendance) and economic (income, state benefits, car/house ownership) factors as well as estimates like the number of gay people, immigrants, smokers etc. They were reasonably accurate for things like car ownership, criminal record, vegetarianism and voting but seriously overestimated numbers related to minorities such as the prevalence of gay people, muslims and people not born in the UK. Conversely there was a significant underestimation of people receiving state benefits, having a criminal record or a private health insurance. Correlations between select variables and magnitude and absolute accuracy showed religiousness and IQ most significant correlates. Religious people were less, and intelligent people more, accurate in their estimates. A factor analysis of the estimates revealed five interpretable factors. Regressions were calculated onto these factors and showed how these individual differences accounted for as much as 14% of the variance. Implications and limitations are acknowledged.

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McCulloch, Michael Ernest. « The Defeat of Imperial Urbanism in Québec City, 1840–1855 ». Articles 22, n^o 1 (28 juin 2013) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016719ar.

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In 1840, the City of Québec regained formal corporate status under an ordinance of the Special Council of Lower Canada. This article argues that the ordinance expressed a particular concept or urbanism. Based on concept of the role of cities developed in Great Britain during the Age of Reform, it sought to create non-partisan municipal structures that would encourage local development and 'improvement' while at the same time ensuring the dominance of the anglophone commercial elites. In this, the ordinance expressed in local terms the grand objectives of Governor Charles Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) for the entire colony. Ultimately, this imperial urbanism was a failure. While the essential structure of municipal governance remained intact until 1855, local issues became immediately entangled in provincial party politics. Major business leaders were replaced by professional and small retailers as the dominant group on the City Council. The very ethos of improvement ensured that the under-financed city government became dwarfed by other agencies, such as the banks, the Gas Company and of course railroads. The case of Québec City in the first years of the Union illustrates the failure of attempts to transplant Utilitarian approaches to state formation into a colonial context.

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Elliott, P., N. Eaton, G. Shaddick et R. Carter. « Cancer incidence near municipal solid waste incinerators in Great Britain. Part 2 : histopathological and case-note review of primary liver cancer cases ». British Journal of Cancer 82, n^o 5 (mars 2000) : 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.1999.1046.

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Polukhin, P. V. « THE ANGLO-SAXON MODEL OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN THE CONDITIONS OF REGIONALIZATION ». Law Bulletin, n^o 13 (2020) : 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/lb2414-4207.2020.13.18.

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Mellor, Mary, Janet Hannah et John Stirling. « Who’s in Control ? Job Creation Co-Operatives in a Capitalist Economy ». Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 1, n^o 4 (janvier 1987) : 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8700100406.

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In Britain a new generation of worker co-operatives have emerged that differ from earlier phases of co-operative development in that they have been formed primarily to create jobs in response to the high level of unemployment. All the major political parties favour co-operative development and co-operative support organisations of various kinds have been set up at local and national level. This paper argues that such ‘job creation’ co-operatives and the organisations that support them have come under great pressure to prioritise job creation as against the formulation of effective and secure co-operative structures. This pressure arises because the policies surrounding co-operative development have not taken account of the severe economic pressures the co-operatives face and the consequent effect upon their ability to sustain the co-operative principles of ownership and control of the business by the people who work in it. In the light of the specific needs and problems of the new generation of worker co-operatives the paper argues that the concepts of co-operative ownership and control need to be reassessed, in particular in relation to membership. The distinction between a co-operative and a collective is also re-evaluated together with the need for co-operative structures to be replicated in other aspects of the local community.

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Postryhan, Tetiana. « Legal regulation of UK science parks ». Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, n^o 1 (11 juin 2021) : 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/12021.234194.

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Key words: science park, science, legal regulation, high technologies, innovation,benefits, taxes The article reveals important legal aspects of the UK science parks, the creation and operation of scienceand technology parks in Great Britain. The author considers the legislation of GreatBritain on the activities of science and technology parks, technological innovations,tax and other benefits. The author traces the development of legislation governing theactivities of science parks in Great Britain. Innovative structures, their features areconsidered. An analysis of research by scientists on state and legal regulation of highereducation, research institutions, science parks. The author examines the Government'spolicy on the development of the scientific and technical sector of the economyby supporting and encouraging innovation in the scientific and technical sector andthe Question of the Great Britain Science Parks. The UK provides significant governmentsupport to science parks, fosters cooperation and dialogue between industry andacademia in the field of innovation and high technology. In this matter, the state directlyfunds research partnerships between industry and basic science. The statestrategy includes, in particular, the application of direct tax benefits for companiesthat interact with universities to implement high technology, research and development,tax benefits in the field of depreciation, as well as through financial and technicalsupport of leading universities and public laboratories, grants and grants.The author notes the important role in the development of innovation policy in theUK plays the creation of information support for innovation.The author has analyzed the legislation in the field of providing tax-compliant pilgrimsfor education and distribution. Legislation in the field of supply of taxable pilgrimsfor additional and retail outlets is stored alongside a number of regulatory legalacts, the main ones being:• Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988;• Finance Act 2000;• Finance Act 2002.The author examines the executive authorities that implement state policy tostimulate the development of research and development. The author identifies thatthe UK is creating numerous innovation centers. The article emphasizes that of particularinterest are the model contracts proposed by the Ministry, aimed at the transferor use of ownership of the results of intellectual activity in the field of innovation.The author states that the British model of state support for innovation can be usefulin shaping public policy and creating a legal framework for regulating legal relationsin the field of innovation and the interaction of universities with business to implementresearch and development and high technology.

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Kazakov, Vladimir. « Agrarian development of Argentina in the second half of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth centuries ». Latin-American Historical Almanac 41, n^o 1 (27 mars 2024) : 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2024-41-1-79-116.

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The work is devoted to the final stage in the formation of agrarian regime in Argentina. The foundation for contempo-rary Argentina was built at that time On the Argentina pampas a significant change took place. A land that had produced cat-tle useful only for hides, tallow and salted beef was trans-formed into cultivated fields and pastures where fences closed stock into alfalfa pastures. The rise of the farming and sheep ranching accompanied this shift in the cattle economy. Frigorificos – plants for production of chilled beef made it possible to be sold in markets of Great Britain. Argentina be-came one of the world’s leading exporters of wheat, corn, beef mutton and wool. It indicates that behind this economic accomplishment lies land structure – the predominance of large ownership – latifundia. Argentina had no homestead act or other long-seal land distribution plan that wood root immi-grants to the nation by granting them ownership of the soil. The Argentina landed elites owned most of the good land with the result that immigrants became tenants on short term leases. The farming developed primary as servant to the predom-inant sheep and cattle interests. The result was a pampa without settler filled with migrant tenant farmers a land exploited but not possessed. The predominance of latifundia and the land tenant system retarded the intensification of agrarian sector: Argentina failed to build a modern agrarian economy.

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McTominey, Andrew. « A Tale of Two Yorkshire Villages : The Local Environmental Impact of British Reservoir Development, c.1866-1966 ». Environment and History 26, n^o 3 (1 août 2020) : 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15444572414083.

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The supply of clean, soft water was of great importance to towns and cities in Britain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, helping to maintain a healthy population and the resources for industries. Leeds, West Yorkshire, was no exception to this, with the Leeds Corporation in the 1860s looking north of the town to the Washburn Valley for a new supply of water to replace the polluted waters of the Rivers Aire and Wharfe. The construction of four reservoirs in the valley, three between 1869 and 1879 and a further one between 1961 and 1966, irrevocably altered the natural environment. In order to highlight how the actions of a municipal body impacted on the natural environment and the lives of those residing there, this article will examine two case studies: the village of Fewston, which was severely damaged by land subsidence a year after the completion of the original three reservoirs in 1880; and the construction of Thruscross Reservoir and the flooding of West End village in the 1960s.

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Larichev, A. « The specifics of the corporate model of local self-government and the divergence of modern approaches to self-government at the local level in the Commonwealth countries ». Law Enforcement Review 2, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2018) : 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2018.2(4).86-97.

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The subject of the article is models of local self-government in Commonwealth countries.The purpose of this article is to substantiate or refute the hypothesis post-corporate model of local self-government is evolved.Methods of theoretical analysis are used, as well as legal methods, including the formal legal method and the method of comparative law.The main results and scope of their application. The corporate model of local government can be characterized by the following features: the lack of full constitutional recognition of local government as an independent form of public authority; formal institutional autonomy of municipal units as public (private-public) corporations of a special type that are not included into the system of state power; limited functional autonomy; lack of constitutional recognition of citizens’ or local communities’ right(s) to local self-government; limited accountability of local governments to the population, including the lack of sufficient legislative guarantees for the election of local authorities. These characteristics, grounded also in the historical specificity of local government development in Great Britain and its colonies, as well as in peculiarities of development of municipal units’ status in English law, are determined by the corporate character of municipal government, which does not arise from the power of communities, but is formed by the state "from above". The author also analyzes the differences in approaches to regulation and organization of local government in the Commonwealth countries.Overcoming the historical heritage, laid by the genesis of municipal corporations, in a number of Commonwealth states, indicates the formation of a new, post-corporate model of local government, which can be characterized by some features: the establishment of constitutional autonomy of local government as a special form of public power, its development as a form of democracy with greater control over the forms of self-government and governance at the local level by the population, as well as the establishment of a link between self-government and the local community. The proposed analysis may become a crucial point for future research in the field of post-corporate model of local self-government.Conclusions. Such countries as Australia and Ireland can presently be considered in a state of transition to the post-corporate model of local self-government.

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Kustov, S. S. « Discretionary Administrative Acts of Territorial Planning and Urban Development Zoning of Municipal Entities ». Siberian Law Review 21, n^o 1 (3 octobre 2023) : 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2024-21-1-39-50.

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The paper analyzes the legal regulation of the limits of public authority discretion in territorial planning and urban development zoning of municipal entities, defines the limits of judicial control over bills issued by the relevant authorities. Due to comparative legal method we determine that the common feature for Great Britain, Germany and Russia is rather a broad discretion of authorized bodies in doctrine and practice as for planning, which, however, does not exclude control over issued planning acts. In Russia the powers of the bodies regarding preparation and approval of the documents of territorial planning and urban zoning of municipal entities are of discretionary nature. When issuing such acts, the body exercises the freedom of discretion, resulting from the lack and impossibility to define all legal conditions to adopt planning acts. It is noted that the decisions of public authorities, which enact these documents are the variation of discretional planning acts. In comparison to the practice of the Supreme Court of Russia and the courts of general jurisdiction, the local governing body has a broader discretion in regards of the discussed issues. Discretionary nature of such acts does not exclude evaluation of the limits of body’s discretion. The paper concludes that the restrictions of the directorate of the body, while issuing acts of territorial planning and urban development zoning of municipal entities and the possibility of their judicial review are due to the requirements to ground the adopted act by the body, as well as the restrictions of the powers of the body that issued the act. In Russia, the mentioned requirements are partly formalized in the legislation, some of them became judicial practice. Generalized judicial practice demonstrates that acts of territorial planning and urban development zoning of municipal entities result from the requirement to justify the adopted city design and the pursuit of the public goal by the body issuing the act. Normal judicial control of such decisions includes evaluation of the act from the point of legality. In some disputes, courts build their arguments based on the principles of legal certainty, proportionality and trust defense.

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