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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Multimodal desing »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

Xiong, Ao, Yuanzheng Tong, Shaoyong Guo, Yanru Wang, Sujie Shao et Lin Mei. « An Optimal Allocation Method of Power Multimodal Network Resources Based on NSGA-II ». Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (26 octobre 2021) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9632277.

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Basic services for power business were provided by the power multimodel network providers. However, because the power multimodal network is usually complex and changeable, the service of power business is often unstable. This problem can be solved by a suitable network resource optimization method. Therefore, how to design a network resource optimization method that seeks a compromise between multiple performance indicators that achieve the normal operation of power multimode networks is still extremely challenging. An optimal allocation method of power multimodal network resources based on NSGA-II was proposed by this paper. Firstly, the power multimodal network-resource model is established, and the problems existing in the resource optimization process are analyzed. Secondly, preprocessing technology and indirect coding technology are applied to NSGA-II, which solves the coding problem and convergence problem of the application of genetic algorithm to the optimization of network resource allocation. Finally, the simulation results show that, compared with the control algorithm, this method has further optimized the various indicators of the resource allocation of the power multimodal network, and the performance has been improved by more than 6%.

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Handayani, Wahyuni, Wawan Setiawan, Parlindungan Sinaga et Andi Suhandi. « Triple step writing strategy : Meningkatkan keterampilan menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi pada mahasiswa calon guru fisika ». Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA 7, n^o 1 (29 avril 2021) : 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jipi.v7i1.37781.

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Keterampilan menulis materi ajar perlu dilatihkan kepada mahasiswa calon guru selama masa studinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan stategi menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi. Dengan menerapkan strategi tertentu diharapkan mahasiswa calon guru fisika meningkat dalam hal keterampilan menulis materi ajar fisika yang di dalamnya menyajikan gabungan dua atau lebih modus representasi. Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metoda penelitian dan pengembangan (Research and Development Methods). Tahap-tahap yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi studi pendahuluan, perencanaan, mengembangkan rancangan strategi pembelajaran, ujicoba pendahuluan, merevisi produk dan ujicoba utama. Dengan menggunakan metode R & D telah dikembangkan strategi menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi yaitu Triple Step Writing Strategy (TS-WS). Ujicoba pendahuluan (pleriminary field testing) menggunakan metode pre-experiment desain the one group pretest-posttest design. Ujicoba utama (main field testing) menggunakan metode quasi-expeiment desain randomized pretest-posttest control group design. TS-WS sudah diujicobakan pada mahasiswa calon guru fisika yang berusia rata-rata 21 tahun pada sebuah LPTK di Bandung. Ujicoba pendahuluan melibatkan 15 mahasiswa calon guru fisika dan ujicoba utama 45 mahasiswa calon guru fisika. Untuk mengukur keterampilan menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi mahasiswa ditugaskan untuk menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa TS-WS efektif dalam meningkatkan keterampilan menulis materi ajar multimodus representasi mahasiswa calon guru fisika. Triple step writing strategy: Improving multimode representation teaching material writing skills of preservice physics teacher Abstract: Writing teaching material skills need to be taught to the preservice teachers during their studies. This study aims to develop strategies to write multiple modes of representations teaching materials. By implementing these strategies, it is expected that preservice physics teachers are able to write physics teaching materials that present a combination of two or more modes of representation. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R & D) method. The stages of R & D methods carried out in this study include research and information collecting activities, planning activities, developing learning strategy designs, preliminary field testing, main product revision, and main field testing. Using the R & D method, a strategy has been developed to improve writing teaching material skills. Preliminary field testing used the one-group pretest-posttest design pre-experiment method. Main field testing used a quasi-experiment design randomized pretest-posttest control group design method. The strategies have been tested on preservice physics teachers who were on average 21 years old at an LPTK in Bandung. The preliminary field testing involved 15 preservice physics teachers and the main field testing was 45 preservice physics teachers. To measure the skills of writing multiple modes of representation teaching materials students are assigned to write multimodal representation teaching materials. The results showed that TS-WS was effective in improving the skill of writing multimodal representations of teaching materials for pre-service physics teachers.

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Mills, Kathy A., Bessie G. Stone, Len Unsworth et Lesley Friend. « Multimodal Language of Attitude in Digital Composition ». Written Communication 37, n^o 2 (6 janvier 2020) : 135–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088319897978.

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Communication using popular digital media involves understanding multimodal systems of appraisal for expressing attitude, which traditionally deals with emotions, ethics, and aesthetics in language. The formulation and teaching of multimodal grammars for attitudinal meanings in popular texts and culture is currently underresearched. This article reports findings from multisite qualitative research that developed students’ ability to use semiotic resources for communicating attitude multimodally. The research participants were 68 students (ages 9–11 years) from two elementary schools. Students learned how to use attitudinal language—affect, judgment, and appreciation—and applied this knowledge to multimodal design. The findings advance a leading system of appraisal for discourse by adapting the system to the multimodal communication of attitude in digital comic making in schooling. The research is significant because it demonstrates the potentials for augmenting students’ linguistic and visual semiotic resources to convey multimodal attitudinal meanings in contemporary communication.

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Zhang, Qing-Mei. « Design of Micro-course as Re-semiotization in Technologically Multimodal Context ». International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 6, n^o 2 (juin 2020) : 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2020.6.2.259.

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Gattis, J. L., H. S. Levinson, J. S. Gluck, J. M. Barlow, R. W. Eck et W. F. Hecker. « Multimodal Driveway Design ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2198, n^o 1 (janvier 2010) : 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2198-13.

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Liu, Chuyi. « Process Product Design Based on Multimode Interaction Design ». Scientific Programming 2021 (18 novembre 2021) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1817746.

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There are many problems in the current process product design, such as poor interaction and low overall efficiency, so a process product design method based on multimode interaction design is proposed. Based on the relationship model, environment model, and object-oriented model of process product design, the process of process product development and design is analyzed. On this basis, the finite state machine is used to analyze the state of the designer to complete the task sequence, as well as the related design task planning, constructing craft products multimodal interaction mechanism, with the improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the quality of the products, according to the evaluation results of technology of product design optimization. The experimental results show that both experts and ordinary users give a high evaluation of the product designed in this paper, and the design cycle of the product is significantly shortened, indicating that this method can fully save the design time and improve the overall efficiency.

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Barbosa Alexandre, Leila Rachel. « A multimodalidade nas revistas eletrônicas gerenciadas pelo Open Journal Systems (OJS) a partir da perspectiva da Semiótica Social ». Fórum Linguístico 14, n^o 3 (25 septembre 2017) : 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2017v14n3p2362.

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O presente artigo objetiva analisar, considerando a perspectiva da Semiótica Social, a organização multimodal de revistas acadêmicas eletrônicas produzidas e geridas pelo Open Journal Systems (OJS) a partir dos quatro domínios relacionados à construção de significados dos textos multimodais: discurso, design, produção e distribuição. Em virtude desse objetivo, tomamos como base teórica, principalmente, Kress e Van Leeuwen (2001, 2006) e Kress (2003, 2015) e analisamos, além de exemplares dessas revistas eletrônicas, informações constantes no manual que trata da utilização do OJS. Tendo em vista a análise empreendida, foi possível verificar forte influência das ideologias da comunidade discursiva acadêmica e das suas práticas tradicionais em meio impresso na orquestração multimodal das revistas analisadas.

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Roh, Yongrae. « Design of a Multimode Type Ring Vector Sensor ». JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA 32, n^o 6 (2013) : 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.7776/ask.2013.32.6.484.

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Wei Ruoyan, 魏若岩, 霍思园 Huo Siyuan et 朱晓庆 Zhu Xiaoqing. « 图像非刚体匹配的多模型估计算法设计与实现 ». Laser & ; Optoelectronics Progress 59, n^o 12 (2022) : 1215018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1215018.

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Wilk, Nicole M. « Lokalisierung und Adressierung als Verfahren erinnerungskultureller „Raumzuschnitte“ in Kommunikationsangeboten zur Stadtgeschichte ». Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik 70, n^o 1 (9 avril 2019) : 105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfal-2019-2002.

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Abstract This article deals with new locative and multimodial media formats, which yield aspects of city histories, re-evaluating their cultural and also their touristic image. The analysis explores the shift from written city guides and building inscriptions to multimodal products (websites, apps) by focussing on two central techniques: the various forms of adressing and the linguistic description for localization, specifically local deicitica. Analogical to the “recipient design” as a basic concept of conversation analysis, the term “spacial design” is chosen to describe the linguistic means, which adjust the multimodal text to the artifacts of urban space, so that a interpretative historic formation will attach to the spacial environment and change the city view. One result of the analysis was the discovery of a mixture of personal and impersonal types of adressing, which shows, that personal adressing joins methods of multiple adressing in multimodal urban communication. The analysis also suggests, that localization practices get diversificated. The new communication products show multiple (“overdetermines”) deictica and phoric anchorages in the urban space, i. e. the deixis is overdetermined as perceptual and imagination-oriented, furthermore deictica are also connected with text elements (by phoric relations). As a discourse grammatical result, the emerged patterns construct an image of nearly automatical unevitaly and depersonalized urban development (e. g. road construction). This impression results from accounts of passive constructions related with instrumental sub-clauses.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

BOLLINI, LETIZIA. « Multimodal Directing in New-Media. The design of the human-computer interface as a directorship of communication modes integrated in a global medium ». Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Milano, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/10854.

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This research work is meant to offer a theoretical contribution to the study of Visual Design: in particular, the concept of Multimodal Directorship in New Media is approached, defined and developed. Multimodal Directorship is presented as knowledge framewok for research and experimentation of communication languages supporting human-computer interfaces design. The research about Multimodal Directorship gives a theoretical ground to develop better hermeneutic and design methods. The starting point of this research is to define New-Media as digital communication tools structured around hypertextual links. Many, active communication channels (i. e. visual, textual, acoustic and so on) convey simoultaneously information to the user perception. Every single channel does not act indipendently: it must work as a co-operating element with the other modes of communication within a complex system. Interface design in New Media is part of an interdisciplinary context where a system of direction is identified, articulating the design of modes and languages specific of different perceptions into a global, single, efficient medium. As stated in the cognitive psychology approach of the San Diego School, and from the metaphore of the multimedial authoring software of Canter, the human-computer interaction is very similar to a theatre drama. In this framework the action of the designer is analysed and accordingly the metaphore is resolved. Following this approach the communications designer acts very similarly to a movie or theater director coordinating all the psycho-perceptual effects. The knowledge and the know-how extend therefore outside the traditional field of composition and graphical communication and the designer is involved in a global approach to project. The designer is the privileged author of the intertextual script that writes the different expression modes and the user, as co-author, during the interaction will activate the different communication modes by experiencing the interface. Designers tried to adapt in a mimetical and naïve way the previouse experiences usual in professional practice to digital media. The potential expressions of new-media have been missed and misused. Only the mymesis of traditional media (i. e. like printed paper) was exploited. The challenge for the Multimodal Directorship is to find out a new grammatic and sintaxis to sintetyze the different communication modalities. The methodology doesn’t depend on an episodic technological development aiming to the creation of new languages to cope with the technological innovation. The directorship approach should develop within an abstract, conceptual framework; is constantly growing through interaction with other research fields like semiotic, cognitive psycology, information technology and so on. The knowledge that comes out from design research modifies the professional process. The Multimodal Directorship as discipline of new-media design utilies and reshapes knowledge previously produced within its own field, and foster constantly a critical knowledge on the professional practice.

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Fragoso, Ygara Lúcia Souza Melo. « Guibuilder multimodal : um framework para a geração de interfaces multimodais com o apoio de interaction design patterns ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7641.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The interaction between humans and the computers has improved substantially during time through the evolution of interfaces of interaction. The possibility of users to interact with machines through several modalities of communication, and in a natural way, can increase the level of interest from the user and ensure the success of the application. However, the literature of the area of multimodality has shown that developing such interfaces is not a simple task, mainly for non-experienced or recently graduated professionals, since each designer’s modality of interaction has its complexity in technical terms, as acquisition and adaptation with new tools, languages, possible actions and etc. Moreover it is necessary to verify which modalities (voice, touch and gestures) can be used in the application, how to combine these modalities in a way that the stronger point of one completes the weak point of the other and vice versa, and also knowing in what context the final user will be involved. The GuiBuilder Multimodal was developed aiming to try providing the basic needs in implementing an interface that uses voice, touch and gesture. The framework promotes an interface development through the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) model, where the designer just sets some parameters so the component is multimodal. During the interface creation phase, agents supervise what the designer does and supply support, clues, with design patterns that might be divided in categories such as: multimodality, interaction with the user and components.
A interação entre humano e computador tem melhorado substancialmente ao longo do tempo através da evolução das interfaces de interação. A possibilidade de usuários interagirem com máquinas através de várias modalidades de comunicação, e de forma natural, pode aumentar o nível de interesse do usuário e garantir o sucesso da aplicação. Porém, o estado da arte da área de multimodalidade demonstra que desenvolver tais interfaces não é uma tarefa simples, principalmente para projetistas inexperientes ou recém formados, pois cada modalidade de interação tem sua complexidade em termos técnicos, como aquisição e adaptação com novas ferramentas, linguagens, ações possíveis e etc. Além disso, é preciso verificar quais modalidades (voz, toque e gestos) podem ser usadas na aplicação, como combinar essas modalidades de forma que o ponto forte de uma complemente o ponto fraco da outra e vice-versa e também saber em qual contexto o usuário final estará inserido. O GuiBuilder Multimodal foi desenvolvido com o intuito de tentar suprir as necessidades básicas em se implementar uma interface que utiliza voz, toque e gesto. O framework promove um desenvolvimento de interface através do modelo WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) onde o projetista apenas define alguns parâmetros para que um componente seja multimodal. Durante a fase de criação da interface agentes supervisionam o que o designer faz e fornece um apoio, dicas, com padrões de projeto que podem ser divididos em categorias como: multimodalidade, interação com o usuário e componentes.

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Klimas, Matthew L. « Argent Sound Recordings : Multimodal Storytelling ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/795.

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ARGENT SOUND RECORDINGS explores the integration of visual, written and sonic elements to tell a story. "The Silver Bell," a fairy tale, is delivered through the internet providing users an opportunity to experience and interpret a constructed narrative under the guise of an independent record label website.

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Neto, Americo Talarico. « Uma abordagem para projeto de aplicações com interação multimodal da Web ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-07062011-091441/.

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O principal objetivo do desenvolvimento de aplicações multimodais é possibilitar uma maneira mais natural dos seres humanos se comunicarem com as máquinas, por meio de interfaces mais eficientes, intuitivas, fáceis de usar e, de certa forma, mais inteligentes. No entanto, a literatura da área mostra que a reutilização, tanto de conhecimento como de código fonte, ainda apresenta problemas, dados a complexidade do código em sistemas multimodais, a falta de mecanismos eficientes de testes de usabilidade e a dificuldade em se gerenciar a captura, o armazenamento e a recuperação de conhecimento de projeto. Nesta tese argumenta-se que a utilização de uma abordagem sistemática, centrada no usuário, apoiada por uma ferramenta computacional e com um modelo bem definido que permita o desenvolvimento de interfaces multimodais com a reutilização de Design Rationale, aumenta e melhora os níveis de usabilidade, promove a identificação e utilização de padrões de projeto e o reúso de componentes. Para demonstrar esta tese, apresenta-se neste texto a abordagem para o desenvolvimento de interfaces multimodais Web, MMWA, e o seu ambiente de autoria, o MMWA-ae, ambos compostos por atividades que auxiliam a equipe de projeto durante as fases de projeto, desenvolvimento e avaliações de usabilidade. São discutidos também os resultados obtidos com a execução de três estudos de caso, realizados no ambiente acadêmico, nos quais se buscou determinar a viabilidade da abordagem e os benefícios que podem ser alcançados com a combinação de diferentes técnicas, a saber: design rationale, padrões de projeto, modelagem de tarefas, componentes de software, princípios de usabilidade, avaliações heurísticas, testes com usuários, regras de associação, entre outras. Os resultados evidenciam que a abordagem e seu ambiente de autoria podem proporcionar diferentes benefícios para organizações que desenvolvem sistemas multimodais, incluindo o aumento da usabilidade e consequentemente da qualidade do produto, bem como a diminuição de custos e da complexidade do desenvolvimento com a reutilização de código e de conhecimento capturado em projetos anteriores
The main goal of developing multimodal applications is to enable a more natural way of communication between human beings and machines through interfaces that are more efficient, intuitive, easier to use and, in a certain way, more intelligent. However, the literature shows that the reuse of both knowledge and source code still presents problems, given the complexity of the code in multimodal systems, the lack of efficient mechanisms to test the usability and the difficulty in managing the capture, the storage and the recovery of design knowledge. In this thesis it is discussed that the use of a systematic approach, usercentered, supported by a computer tool and with a well defined model that allows the development of multimodal interfaces with the reuse of DR, increases and improves the usability levels, promotes the identification and the use of design patterns and the reuse of components. To demonstrate this thesis, it is shown in this text an approach to develop Web multimodal interfaces (MMWA) and its authoring environment (MMWA-ae), both composed of activities that help the design team during the different project phases: design, development and usability evaluation. We also discuss in this thesis the results obtained with the execution of three case studies, executed in the academic environment, which aimed to determine the feasibility of the approach and the benefits that can be achieved with the combination of different techniques, such as: design rationale, design patterns, tasks model, software components, usability principles, heuristic evaluations, user testing, association rules, among others. The results show clearly that the approach and its author environment can provide different benefits to organizations that develop multimodal systems, including the usability improvement and, consequently, the quality of the product, as well as the decrease of costs and complexity since it encompasses the development with reused code and design knowledge captured in previous projects

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Suleng, Trond. « Design av multimodal inputsensor for armproteser ». Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18515.

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Mange mennesker mister hvert år kroppsdeler som følge av sykdommer ellerulykker. Elektriske armproteser tilbyr brukere en mulighet til å erstatte taptfunksjonalitet som følge av en amputasjon, men kommersielle armproter i dager ikke på langt nær gode nok til å erstatte all funksjonalitet som en friskarm tilbyr. Input-sensorer som blir benyttet i armproteser i dag er vanligvisbasert på overflatemyografi (SEMG) som måler muskelaktiviteten fra utsidenav kroppen ved hjelp av elektroder. Disse sensorene er preget av målefeil ogunøyaktigheter som følge av diverse støybidrag. Common-mode spenning fraomgivelsene og bidrag som følge av ytre påkjenninger på elektrodene kanføre til unøyaktigheter i målingene. Ved å innføre sensorer som kan måle deytre påkjenningene på elektrodene kan man utvikle mer nøyaktige og robustesensorer som tilbyr et bedre utgangspunkt for styring av protesen og dermedøke kompleksiteten og funksjonaliteten.Denne rapporten presenterer design og testing av en multimodal enhet(MMU) for forskning på protesestyring. Enheten er designet med hensyn påmodularitet og nøyaktig måling av data fra de forskjellige sensor-enhetene.Prototypen har som hensikt å gjøre det mulig å måle kontaktkraften mellomen SEMG-sensor og brukens hud for å undersøke sammenhengen mellomkontaktkraft og feilkildene generert av ytre påkjenninger. Den ferdige enhetenbestår av et sensorhus med en Trigno-enhet fra Delsys (2012) med SEMGsensorog akseleromere. I tillegg inkluderer prototypen også et kraftkort og enfjær. Krafkortet måler kontaktkraften på oversiden av Trigno-enheten og fjærentillater at enheten kan vandre vertikalt inne i huset. Den ferdige prototypen erpresentert i en medfølgende brukerguide i Appendiks A.Prototypen ble testet som input sensor for et flerfunksjonelt protesesystem.Data fra sensoren kan lett samles inn ved hjelp av LabView og hardware fraNational Instruments (2012). Kraftkortet viser en lineær sammenheng mellompåtrykt vekt og avlest spenning. Det ble påvist avvik i nullpunktsverdiene tilkraftmålingene som følge av at kraftkortet kan vandre i horisontal retning,og som følge av designet til fjæren. Det ble konkludert med at designet avkraftkortet og fjæren burde revurderes ved videre utvikling av enheten.

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Willner, Sara, et Clara Collman. « Sociala normer i design : En multimodal webbplatsanalys av svt.se ». Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26221.

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Denna uppsats redovisar en studie av normer i interaktionsdesignen av svt.se, som ett exempel på en nyhetssida av public service-karaktär. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka och belysa sociala normer och hur de bäddas in i designen. Vi ville också undersöka och utvärdera metoder och ramverk för att studera webbplatser och dess interaktionsdesign som kulturella uttryck och bärare av sociala normer. För att belysa studiens syfte har vi använt oss av de riktlinjer för tillgänglighet i webbgränssnitt som SVT förhåller sig till i designen. Studien utgick från en multimodal analysmetod för webbplatser och grounded theory. Studien visade att svt.se erbjuder ett tillgängligt gränssnitt som följer de riktlinjer webbplatsen sägs förhålla sig till. Vi såg att det fanns en tydlig aktualitetsnorm där innehåll och design samverkar för att lyfta en aktuell händelse. Studien visade även att könsfördelningen på bilder på svt.se var jämn, men att bilder på icke-vita personer samt personer med funktionsvarianter var mindre förekommande.
In this essay we present a study of norms within interaction design. We have analyzied svt.se as an example of a news site with a public service duty. The essay aims so explore and highlight social norms and how they are embedded in the design. We also wanted to examine and evaluate methods and frameworks for studying websites as cultural expressions and carriers of social norms. To illustrate the purpose of the study, we have used guidelines for accessibility on web interfaces that SVT relate to in their website design. The study was based on a multimodal framework for analyzing websites and grounded theory. The study showed that svt.se provides an accessible interface that follows the guidelines the interface is said to relate to. We also saw a clear convention regarding how current events where depicted where both content and design interacted. The study also showed that the gender distribution on images on svt.se was even, but the images of non-white people and people with functional variants were less common.

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Lindh, Nina. « Hur kan information i hjullastare om bränsleeffektiv körning utformas ? : -En studie om vilken information förare av hjullastare behöver för att motiveras till att köra bränsleeffektivt ». Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36504.

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Studies show that instruction manuals are rarely read, and Volvo CE often finds the manual in the bookshelf at the office at customer visits. The instruction books are thus far from the users. How will information reach users? In this study I have worked with Volvo CE, Eskilstuna based on the question "How can information about how best driving economy be achieved and be designed to motivate drivers of wheel loaders to drive fuel efficiently?". Based on literature studies, interviews, analyzes and hearings, a prototype with accompanying concepts has been developed for Volvo CE for continued development. The prototype consists of a design where three factors that affect fuel efficient driving have been selected and constructed. The elements are text and image-based and then placed in an ECO OPERATOR program in the Volvo CE Co-pilot. Volvo CE already works with information via Co-pilot, which is a display located in the wheel loaders cab. Conclusions are that human centered design where the user is put in focus can be used to generate fuel efficient driving information adapted for wheel loaders.

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Rhodes, Mahlon. « Music + Design : Creating Holistic Multimodal Music Experiences ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent157469738121486.

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Magnusson, Petra. « Meningsskapandets möjligheter : multimodal teoribildning och multiliteracies i skolan ». Doctoral thesis, Malmö högskola, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15174.

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This thesis concerns the changing predispositions and conditions for contemporary meaning-making in school education. From a socio-cultural perspective, multimodal theory formation is used to find suitable tools and concepts for developing teaching and learning. The overall aims are to investigate and conceptualize meaning-making in school in the frame ofmultimodal theory. Firstly, the research questions are concerned with how teachers work with written; paper-based, expository texts, and secondly, with students' meaning-making, working with meaning-offerings from different modes and media. This is followed by questions surrounding the predispositions for a multimodal view in the Swedish curriculum outline. Finally, the consequences for the role of fiction in education, using multimodal theory formation as a framework are addressed. The thesis presents two empirical studies which investigate meaning-making in upper secondary education, followed by critical discussions of the cmTiculum outline and the role of fiction. The empirical data was collected using methods inspired by ethnography in classes taking social sciences and media courses. The analyses were inspired by multimodal research, and the main analytical tools consist of a discourse framework and model inspired by Roz IvaniC, the Leaming Design Sequence developed by Staffon Selander, the wheel of multimodality and the pedagogy of multiliteracies, both developed by the New London Group and Bill Cope and :Mary Kalantzis. The first study focuses on the teachers' perspective in trying to develop students' meaning-making through written, paper-based expository texts. Analyses within the discourse framework and design layer model are used to describe the teachers' practical theory. The wheel ofmultimodality is used to differentiate the meaning-offerings used in class, and the pedagogy of multiliteracies is used to describe and analyze the discussions in groups and with the teacher. Results highlight three major possibilities for working with written, paper-based expository texts: a vvider view on meaning-making, meaning-offerings encompassing several modes and media, and the teacher's modeling ofthe reading through discussion. The second study describes and analyzes meaning-making and design in learning \vith meaning-offerings from different modes and media from the students' perspective. The analytical tools are the wheel of multimodality, the Learning Design Sequence and the further-developed pedagogy of multiliteracies. Results show a similarity in meaning-making regardless of mode and media, staiiing with the visual mode and with the students focusing their efforts on comprehending the meaning-offering. This can be explained by lack of clarity and lack of guidance which are seen as obstacles for learning. The discussions surrounding the curriculum outline and the role of fiction show that, in using a multimodal theory formation frame, the curriculum does not explicitly support a multimodal view on meaning-making and that fiction can not be seen as unique due to neither mode nor media. The results suggest that multimodal theory formation gives access to tools that are useful in developing students' meaning-making according to the predispositions and conditions oftoday, in which reading development is viewed as part of developing meaning-making as a who lei and that meaning-making in school should be based on a non-hierarchical and inclusive view on modes and media to create a readiness and a flexibility to meet demands of a rapidly-changing society. As a consequence, the curriculum outline needs to be reworded and the role of fiction in education needs to be problematized.

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Reeves, Leah. « OPTIMIZING THE DESIGN OF MULTIMODAL USER INTERFACES ». Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4130.

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Due to a current lack of principle-driven multimodal user interface design guidelines, designers may encounter difficulties when choosing the most appropriate display modality for given users or specific tasks (e.g., verbal versus spatial tasks). The development of multimodal display guidelines from both a user and task domain perspective is thus critical to the achievement of successful human-system interaction. Specifically, there is a need to determine how to design task information presentation (e.g., via which modalities) to capitalize on an individual operator's information processing capabilities and the inherent efficiencies associated with redundant sensory information, thereby alleviating information overload. The present effort addresses this issue by proposing a theoretical framework (Architecture for Multi-Modal Optimization, AMMO) from which multimodal display design guidelines and adaptive automation strategies may be derived. The foundation of the proposed framework is based on extending, at a functional working memory (WM) level, existing information processing theories and models with the latest findings in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and other allied sciences. The utility of AMMO lies in its ability to provide designers with strategies for directing system design, as well as dynamic adaptation strategies (i.e., multimodal mitigation strategies) in support of real-time operations. In an effort to validate specific components of AMMO, a subset of AMMO-derived multimodal design guidelines was evaluated with a simulated weapons control system multitasking environment. The results of this study demonstrated significant performance improvements in user response time and accuracy when multimodal display cues were used (i.e., auditory and tactile, individually and in combination) to augment the visual display of information, thereby distributing human information processing resources across multiple sensory and WM resources. These results provide initial empirical support for validation of the overall AMMO model and a sub-set of the principle-driven multimodal design guidelines derived from it. The empirically-validated multimodal design guidelines may be applicable to a wide range of information-intensive computer-based multitasking environments.
Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD

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Plus de sources

Livres sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

Shaked, Nava, et Ute Winter, dir. Design of Multimodal Mobile Interfaces. Berlin, Boston : De Gruyter, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501502736.

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Elizer, Marshall, Jay Bockisch, Michael Sewell, Ingrid Potts, Darren Torbic et Joe Gilpin. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, D.C. : Transportation Research Board, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25248.

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Selander, Staffan. Design för lärande : Ett multimodalt perspektiv. Stockholm : Norstedts, 2010.

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Nes, Ir R. Design of multimodal transport networks : A hierarchical approach. Delft, Netherlands : DUP Science, 2002.

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Hartmann, Irmfried, Werner Lange et Rainer Poltmann. Robust and Insensitive Design of Multivariable Feedback Systems — Multimodel Design —. Wiesbaden : Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13949-2.

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Hartmann, Irmfried. Robust and insensitive design of multivariable feedback systems : Multimodel design. Braunschweig : Friedr. Vieweg, 1986.

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Hartmann, Irmfried. Robust and insensitive design of multivariable feedback systems : Multimodel design. Braunschweig : Vieweg, 1986.

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Visuelle Zeitschriftengestaltung : Nachrichtenmagazine als multimodale Kommunikationsformen. Innsbruck : Innsbruck University Press, 2017.

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Riccio, Gary E. Multimodal perception and multicriterion control of nested systems. Houston, Tex : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1999.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board et National Cooperative Highway Research Program, dir. Multimodal level of service analysis for urban streets. Washington, D.C : Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

Bernsen, Niels Ole, et Laila Dybkjær. « Intermezzo 3 : Case Usability Workplan, Design ». Dans Multimodal Usability, 149–59. London : Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-553-6_7.

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Mikovits, Meg, Crystal N. Fodrey et Erica Yozell. « Investigating the Design of Multimodal Writing Assignments across the Disciplines ». Dans Multimodal Composition, 277–92. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003163220-21.

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García, Ricardo, et Angel Marín. « Urban Multimodal Interchange Design Methodology ». Dans Applied Optimization, 49–79. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3357-0_4.

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de Götzen, Amalia, Laca Mion, Federico Avanzini et Stefania Serafin. « Multimodal Design for Enactive Toys ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 212–22. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85035-9_14.

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Poller, Peter, et Valentin Tschernomas. « Multimodal Fission and Media Design ». Dans SmartKom : Foundations of Multimodal Dialogue Systems, 379–400. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36678-4_25.

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Chan, Eric, Gerry Chan, Assem Kroma et Ali Arya. « Holistic Multimodal Interaction and Design ». Dans HCI International 2022 - Late Breaking Papers. Design, User Experience and Interaction, 18–33. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17615-9_2.

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Feiteira, Pedro, et Carlos Duarte. « Adaptive Multimodal Fusion ». Dans Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design for All and eInclusion, 373–80. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21672-5_41.

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Udo, E. I., L. Huaccho Huatuco et P. D. Ball. « Multimodal Freight Transportation : Sustainability Challenges ». Dans Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2019, 121–30. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9271-9_12.

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Pan, Hang, Robert G. Harland et Alison Barnes. « Framing Multimodal Discourses About Place as Graphic Landscaping ». Dans [ ] With Design : Reinventing Design Modes, 2108–17. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4472-7_138.

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McCarthy, Helen CD. « Learning by Design : Crafting the Knowledge Processes to Enable Pre-service Secondary Teachers to Design Authentic Learning ». Dans Literacy Unbound : Multiliterate, Multilingual, Multimodal, 87–111. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01255-7_6.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

PEREIRA DE ANDRADE, Ana Beatriz. « Design of dissent : the multimodal discourse in Guerrilla Girls and DASPU ». Dans Design frontiers : territories, concepts, technologies [=ICDHS 2012 - 8th Conference of the International Committee for Design History & Design Studies]. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/design-icdhs-037.

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Hong, Alexander, Yuma Tsuboi, Goldie Nejat et Beno Benhabib. « Multimodal Affect Recognition for Assistive Human-Robot Interactions ». Dans 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3332.

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Socially assistive robots can provide cognitive assistance with activities of daily living, and promote social interactions to those suffering from cognitive impairments and/or social disorders. They can be used as aids for a number of different populations including those living with dementia or autism spectrum disorder, and for stroke patients during post-stroke rehabilitation [1]. Our research focuses on developing socially assistive intelligent robots capable of partaking in natural human-robot interactions (HRI). In particular, we have been working on the emotional aspects of the interactions to provide engaging settings, which in turn lead to better acceptance by the intended users. Herein, we present a novel multimodal affect recognition system for the robot Luke, Fig. 1(a), to engage in emotional assistive interactions. Current multimodal affect recognition systems mainly focus on inputs from facial expressions and vocal intonation [2], [3]. Body language has also been used to determine human affect during social interactions, but has yet to be explored in the development of multimodal recognition systems. Body language has been strongly correlated to vocal intonation [4]. The combined modalities provide emotional information due to the temporal development underlying the neural interaction in audiovisual perception [5]. In this paper, we present a novel multimodal recognition system that uniquely combines inputs from both body language and vocal intonation in order to autonomously determine user affect during assistive HRI.

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Xiao, Renbin, Yong Liu et Gang Dou. « Path Generation of Mechanism Based on Multimodal Optimization Using an Evolutionary Approach ». Dans ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57657.

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This paper presents an optimization method for path generation of planar mechanisms by using artificial immune network based multimodal optimization algorithm. Firstly, the multimodal character of optimal synthesis methods for mechanism path generation is analyzed. Secondly, based on brief introduction of the artificial immune network theory and the AINET based multimodal optimization algorithm Opt-aiNet, the Opt-aiNet algorithm is improved in stopping criterion and parameter selection, which is ground on detailed analysis of the influence of parameters on the performance of algorithm. Then the improved Opt-aiNet algorithm is introduced to solve multimodal model of mechanism path generation. Finally, based upon the case study, the advantages of the improved Opt-aiNet algorithm in solving mechanism path generation problm are discussed and some concluding remarks are drawn.

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Rahman, Tahsin, Ali Bilgin et Sergio D. Cabrera. « Asymmetric decoder design for efficient convolutional encoder-decoder architectures in medical image reconstruction ». Dans Multimodal Biomedical Imaging XVII, sous la direction de Fred S. Azar, Xavier Intes et Qianqian Fang. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2610084.

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Lisowska, Agnes. « Multimodal interface design for multimodal meeting content retrieval ». Dans the 6th international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1027933.1028006.

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Zhao, Yue, Changqing Li et Wei Zhang. « Optimization of the conical mirror design based on Monte Carlo simulations for fluorescence molecular tomography ». Dans Multimodal Biomedical Imaging XIII, sous la direction de Fred S. Azar et Xavier Intes. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2290665.

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Wang, Weiwei, et Ting Wei. « A Multimodal Interaction Experience Design Approach for Negative Emotional Driving Situations ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002005.

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To investigate the effect of a multimodal interaction balance model on improving the emotional driving experience when users perform a high load driving task in a negative driving emotion context. The questionnaire analysis was used to obtain the main negative emotions and the corresponding driving situations. Combined with the STAR interview method to understand the user's interaction task in specific contexts, the user's cognitive load was assessed by the SWAT subjective load assessment technique to obtain a high cognitive load task, and the VACP model was used to establish a balanced model of interaction task and interaction modality. Simulated multimodal interaction physiological experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of the multimodal balance model on participants' physiological data when they performed high cognitive load tasks with different emotions, and the physiological data were analyzed to assess participants' emotional experience. The emotional experience design of an intelligent vehicle robot is used as an example to validate the method. The results show that the multimodal interaction balance model can effectively reduce the user's cognitive load and improve the pleasantness of the interaction experience, and find a breakthrough for the development of intelligent vehicle-mounted robots in emotional experience.

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Neto, Americo Talarico, Renata Pontin M. Fortes et Adalberto G. da Silva Filho. « Multimodal interfaces design issues ». Dans the 26th annual ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1456536.1456597.

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Maloney, Benjamin W., Samuel S. Streeter, Michael Jermyn, Joshua Kempner, Matthew Gesner, Jeffrey Meganck, Keith D. Paulsen et Brian W. Pogue. « Design and analysis of a combined micro-computed tomography and optical structured light system for breast conserving surgery specimen margin imaging ». Dans Multimodal Biomedical Imaging XVII, sous la direction de Fred S. Azar, Xavier Intes et Qianqian Fang. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2605825.

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Gao, P., G. Yang et C. Li. « Preparation of Multimodal Structured WC-12Co Deposits by Cold Spraying ». Dans ITSC2008, sous la direction de B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima et G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p1202.

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Abstract Micro-structural design had attracted increasing interests in modern developments of hard coatings. The ability of cold spray process to retain the feedstock microstructure into coating makes it possible to design coating microstructure through feedstocks for development of different coating properties. In this study, a multi-size modal WC-12Co powder containing nano-sized WC particles was designed to deposit WC-Co deposition with multi-sized WC. Multimodal WC-12Co powders were prepared with ball-milling of a commercial WC-12Co powder, cold-compacting, sintering in hydrogen atmosphere and crushing. WC particle size in the powder exhibits a distribution with two peaks in tens of nanometers and several micrometers. The multimodal WC-12Co deposition was prepared by cold spraying using helium as driving gas. The multimodal size of WC particles in the powders was retained into the deposit. The micro-hardness and fracture toughness of the multimodal structured WC-12Co deposit was compared with bulk WC-12Co. It was found that the multimodal deposition exhibits a comparable hardness to nano-sized WC-12Co and a high fracture toughness compared with micro-sized WC-12Co. The simultaneous strengthening and toughening of WC-12Co can be realized through the bimodal microstructure design of WC-Co.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Multimodal desing"

Chen, Xin, Yanfeng Ouyang, Ebrahim Arian, Haolin Yang et Xingyu Ba. Modeling and Testing Autonomous and Shared Multimodal Mobility Services for Low-Density Rural Areas. Illinois Center for Transportation, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-013.

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Recent developments in transformative technologies hold the promise to provide holistic solutions for affordable transportation services to rural areas and thus greatly alleviate existing social inequality through efficient planning and management of complex transportation systems and systemwide interactions among multiple modes. To realize the promise, many challenging research questions need to be addressed, which often leads to computationally intractable, large-scale, dynamic/stochastic, discrete optimization models. This project proposes to address some of the challenges by building a series of holistic and tractable models on the design of mobility services, capacity planning, dynamic matching, and routing, as well as pricing. The proposed project is expected to create a new series of planning and management models that can support strategical and operational decisions for large-scale autonomous and shared mobility systems in rural areas. The planned case study and simulation for the Village of Rantoul, Illinois, will lay the foundation for future field implementation.

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Benkraouda, Ouafa, Lindsay Braun et Arnab Chakraborty. Policies and Design Guidelines to Plan for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. Illinois Center for Transportation, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-012.

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This report chronicles the work undertaken by researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign to identify policies and design guidelines to plan for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in mid-sized regions in Illinois. The report starts with the goals of this work followed by a review of existing literature. The review addresses CAV technologies and scenario planning, including academic research articles, policies and guidance documents from federal and state agencies, and recent long-range transportation plans. The review findings are organized into three categories—drivers, levers, and impacts—to facilitate scenario-based planning and included key factors and trends in technology development and adoption (drivers), mechanisms that planners and policymakers may employ to intervene in or prepare for CAV futures (levers), and community-level outcomes of different plausible CAV futures (impacts). Primary research was undertaken first by interviewing practitioners in six mid-sized regions of Illinois to collect inputs about their needs and obstacles to planning for CAVs, as well as to understand their sense of their community’s preparedness for CAVs. The research team then conducted a detailed survey of over 700 residents from the Greater Peoria region to understand their would-be travel behavior and residential location decisions in a CAV future and general attitude toward self-driving cars. These inputs helped identify the key drivers, levers, and impacts to be employed in creating scenarios, a list of selected policies and design, and a framework to select appropriate responses based on the needs and desires of a community. The detailed scenarios are as follows: (1) continuation of the status quo, (2) private multimodal future, and (3) shared multimodal future. The policies and design guidelines are identified for each scenario and are categorized into six sets of action items: general, data and digitization, mobility and traffic, street design, infrastructure, and planning. Specific details of each action item are organized in a format that allows the user to consider each item carefully and to assess its feasibility in a specific region or city. The appendices include background documents related to primary research and, importantly, a handbook for practitioners.

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Deng, Zhuohang, Zhiliang Luo, Neil Hockaday, Ahmed Farid et Anurag Pande. Evaluation of Left Shoulder as Part-Time Travel Lane Design Alternatives and Transportation Management Center Staff Training Module Development. Mineta Transportation Institute, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2153.

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Permanent capacity expansion, such as adding new lanes, is no longer a viable strategy to address traffic congestion in California; hence, ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) strategies, such as part-time use of the shoulder as a travel lane, need to be explored. The use of the shoulder as a travel lane during peak traffic hours has limited applications in the US, and most use the right shoulder as a part-time travel lane even though either the right or left shoulder (but not both) may be used. Caltrans District 5 is exploring the use of Left Shoulder as a Part-time Travel Lane (LSPTTL) as a piece of the larger project, titled Five Cities Multimodal Transportation Network Enhancement Project (FCMTNEP), aimed at congestion relief near Pismo Beach, CA. Construction is expected to begin in Winter 2025 with a Winter 2027 completion date. Given that this would be the first instance of LSPTTL in California, it is a Project of Division Interest (PoDI) for the California division of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the District 5 experience may guide similar future installations of the shoulder as travel lane projects in the state. This research uses a microsimulation-based approach to evaluate design alternatives being explored by Caltrans District 5. This approach allows for evaluating the operational and safety effects of each of the alternatives. Furthermore, a Transportation Management Center (TMC) operator training framework has also been developed to ensure that the local TMC personnel can effectively deploy the LSPTTL during routine operations and emergencies. Based on the operational evaluation, the study found no significant difference in travel times associated with the three design alternatives. Alternative 2, which involves the longest segment with LSPTTL among the alternatives, was found to be the safest based on a surrogate safety measure-based evaluation. This framework for evaluating design alternatives for operations and safety effectiveness may be used for future projects that involve the use of the shoulder as a travel lane. For TMC operator training, this report documents key learning objectives. A hands-on training program that involves operators executing the opening and closing of the shoulder for routine and emergency conditions was developed. As the project nears implementation, there is some scope for improvement in the training modules through replication of the exact features of the LSPTTL design and introducing more realism in the TMC simulator training exercises.

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González, Felipe, et Sebastián Anapolsky,. Identificando la desigualdad en los patrones de movilidad en transporte público. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004305.

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Diversos trabajos sobre movilidad han profundizado en el estrecho vínculo entre los patrones de movilidad y la desigualdad social. Utilizando datos del Sistema nico de Boleto Electrónico del transporte público (SUBE), datos censales y la ubicación de barrios marginales, este artículo realiza un análisis empírico de los patrones de viaje de diferentes grupos socioeconómicos que utilizan el transporte público en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Para realizar este análisis, procesamos datos de la tarjeta SUBE con el fin de inferir destinos y crear cadenas de viaje diarias para cada usuario. Dado que todas las transacciones están georreferenciadas en el origen de cada viaje, asignamos a los usuarios un nivel socioeconómico construido con datos censales considerando la ubicación del primer viaje del día (que presumiblemente corresponde a una parada cercana a sus hogares). Dado que la tarjeta SUBE ofrece una tarifa social para un grupo de usuarios de bajo nivel socioeconómico, se utiliza esta información para validar el indicador de nivel socioeconómico utilizado. A continuación, calculamos las distancias de viaje, desarrollamos matrices de origen y destino y creamos mapas de patrones de viaje para los diferentes grupos socioeconómicos. Encontramos que los viajes de los estratos socioeconómicos bajos están más dispersos en el territorio, mientras que los viajes de los estratos socioeconómicos altos están más concentrados en la zona central administrativa y de negocios de la ciudad. Los grupos de menores ingresos tienden a tener destinos menos conectados, lo que se traduce en viajes más largos y más transbordos, y no suelen utilizar una estrategia multimodal eficiente. El reparto modal se caracteriza por un mayor uso del autobús (en lugar de metro o tren) y, aun cuando se producen transbordos, hay una mayor probabilidad de combinar dos autobuses en lugar de subterráneo y tren. En el caso de los usuarios que viven cerca de barrios marginales, observamos que los viajes son más cortos, más directos y con menos transbordos que los demás usuarios de nivel socioeconómico bajo.

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