Articles de revues sur le sujet « Multi-fuel cell stacks system »
Pour voir les autres types de publications sur ce sujet consultez le lien suivant : Multi-fuel cell stacks system.
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleurs articles de revues pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Multi-fuel cell stacks system ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les articles de revues sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
1
Calderón, Antonio José, Francisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura et José Manuel Andújar. « Integration of a Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System in Microgrids : A Solution Based on Model Predictive Control ». Energies 13, no 18 (19 septembre 2020) : 4924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184924.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper proposes a multi-objective model predictive control (MPC) designed for the power management of a multi-stack fuel cell (FC) system integrated into a renewable sources-based microgrid. The main advantage of MPC is the fact that it allows the current timeslot to be optimized while taking future timeslots into account. The multi-objective function solves the problem related to the power dispatch at time that includes criteria to reduce the multi-stack FC degradation, operating and maintenance costs, as well as hydrogen consumption. Regarding the scientific literature, the novelty of this paper lies in the proposal of a generalized MPC controller for a multi-stack FC that can be used independently of the number of stacks that make it up. Although all the stacks that make up the modular FC system are identical, their levels of degradation, in general, will not be. Thus, over time, each stack can present a different behavior. Therefore, the power control strategy cannot be based on an equal distribution according to the nominal power of each stack. On the contrary, the control algorithm should take advantage of the characteristics of the multi-stack FC concept, distributing operation across all the stacks regarding their capacity to produce power/energy, and optimizing the overall performance.
2
Cheng-HaoYang, Chang, Yen-HsinChan et Chang. « A Dynamic Analysis of the Multi-Stack SOFC-CHP System for Power Modulation ». Energies 12, no 19 (26 septembre 2019) : 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193686.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper performs a dynamic analysis of a 10-kW solid oxide fuel cell/combined heat and power (SOFC-CHP) system with a multi-stack module via numerical simulations. The performance of stacks, tail gas burners, heat exchangers, and fuel reformers are modeled by the MATLAB/Simulink module. The effects of fuel and air maldistribution on SOFC-CHP systems are addressed in this work. A two-stack module for 10-kW power generation is adopted to represent the multi-stack module with high power modulation. The air flow rate and operating current, which are related to the fuel use rate of an SOFC system, should be optimally regulated to perform with maximum power generation and efficiency. The proposed dynamic analysis shows that the operating temperatures of the two stacks have a difference of 33 K, which results in a reduced total power generation of 9.77 kW, with inconsistent fuel use (FU) rates of 78.3% and 56.8% for the two stacks. With the optimal control strategy, the output power is increased to 10.6 kW, an increment of 8.5%, and the FU rates of the two stacks are improved to 79% and 70%, respectively. As a potential distributed power generator, the long-term effects of the studied SOFC-CHP systems are also investigated. The dynamic analysis of the long-term operating SOFC-CHP system shows that the total daily output power can be increased 7.34% by using the optimal control strategy.
3
Zhang, Gang, Su Zhou, Jianhua Gao, Lei Fan et Yanda Lu. « Stacks multi-objective allocation optimization for multi-stack fuel cell systems ». Applied Energy 331 (février 2023) : 120370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120370.
Texte intégral
4
Linderoth, Søren, Peter Halvor Larsen, M. Mogensen, Peter V. Hendriksen, N. Christiansen et H. Holm-Larsen. « Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Development in Denmark ». Materials Science Forum 539-543 (mars 2007) : 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1309.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The SOFC technology under development at Risø National Laboratory (RISØ) and Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S (TOFC) is based on an integrated approach ranging from basic materials research on single component level over development of cell and stack manufacturing technology to system studies and modelling. The effort also comprises an extensive cell and stack testing program. Systems design, development and test is pursued by TOFC in collaboration with various partners. The standard cells are thin and robust with dimensions of 12 x 12 cm2 and cell stacks are based on internal manifolding. Production of cells is being up-scaled continuously. The durability of the standard stack design with standard cells has been tested for more than 13000 hours including nine full thermal cycles with an overall voltage degradation rate of about 1% per 1000 hours. Recently, the degradation rate has been significantly reduced by introduction of improved stack component materials. 75-cell stacks in the 1+ kW power range have been tested successfully. Stacks have been delivered in a pre-reduced state to partners and tested successfully in test systems with natural gas as fuel. The consortium of TOFC and RISØ has an extended program to develop the SOFC technology all the way to a marketable product. Stack and system modelling including cost optimisation analysis is used to develop multi kW stack modules for operation in the temperature range 700-850oC. To ensure the emergence of cost-competitive solutions, a special effort is focused on larger anode-supported cells as well as a new generation of SOFCs based on porous metal supports and new electrode and electrolyte materials. The SOFC program comprises development of next generation of cells and multi stack modules for operation at lower temperature with increased durability and mechanical robustness in order to ensure long-term competitiveness.
5
Ma, Zhiwen, Ramki Venkataraman et Mohammad Farooque. « Study of the Gas Flow Distribution and Heat Transfer for Externally Manifolded Fuel Cell Stack Module Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Method ». Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 1, no 1 (28 juin 2004) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1794155.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Uniform gas flow distribution in a fuel cell system is desired to attain maximum power operation potential. Two types of manifold systems are often used in fuel cell stacks; they are internal manifold system and external manifold system. This paper presents the modeling approach using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method in analyzing fluid flow and heat transfer for the external manifold fuel cell stacks and stack module design. Computational models based on a Megawatt carbonate fuel cell stack module have been developed for investigating the fuel and oxidant flow distributions through the external manifold systems. This paper presents the modeling approaches and flow and temperature distribution results for externally manifolded fuel cell stack and stack module.
6
Zhou, Su, Gang Zhang, Lei Fan, Jianhua Gao et Fenglai Pei. « Scenario-oriented stacks allocation optimization for multi-stack fuel cell systems ». Applied Energy 308 (février 2022) : 118328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118328.
Texte intégral
7
R.Kennady, Et al. « Combining Start-Stop Techniques to Manage a Fuel Cell Cluster in an Electric Car ». International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no 1 (31 janvier 2023) : 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i1.9800.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research presents a method for controlling a fuel cell group in an electric vehicle. The method involves dividing a high-power fuel cell stack into multiple small-power fuel cell stacks and starting and stopping them in a grouping manner during the vehicle's operation. The small-power fuel cell stacks are started based on the vehicle's running state and stopped based on the performance degradation of each individual stack. The proposed method improves the efficiency and fuel economy of the power system, reduces performance degradation of fuel cells, extends the service life of the fuel cell power system, and provides significant practical value.
8
Zuo, Jian, Catherine Cadet, Zhongliang Li, Christophe Berenguer et Rachid Outbib. « Post-prognostics decision making for a two-stacks fuel cell system based on a load-dependent deterioration model ». PHM Society European Conference 5, no 1 (22 juillet 2020) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36001/phme.2020.v5i1.1270.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Multi-stacks proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system has been applied to combined heat and power system (CHP), and serves as an alternative energy device due to its high efficiency and zero emission. Owing to the limited durability and larger power supply demand, the management of multi-stacks PEMFC system to obtain a longer service time has received recently growing attention. From the prognostics and health management (PHM) point of view, a post-prognostics decision making for multi-stacks PEMFC system is addressed in this work. Firstly, a load-dependent stochastic deterioration model is proposed for PEMFC. The overall ohmic resistance is chosen as the health indicator of PEMFC. Then the resistance is modeled using a Gamma process whose shape parameter is taken as a function of the current load applied to the stack. Finally, for the post-prognostics decision making phase, a decision probability based load repartition criterion is built to identify the optimal load split between the two stacks. The decision probability is calculated based on the system lifetime results (EoL) in each decision step. The EoL results of the decision phase are further compared with the system EoL that calculated without decision making strategy. The comparison result shows that extended service time can be achieved using the proposed post-prognostics decision making method.
9
Yun, Sanghyun, Jinwon Yun et Jaeyoung Han. « Development of a 470-Horsepower Fuel Cell–Battery Hybrid Xcient Dynamic Model Using SimscapeTM ». Energies 16, no 24 (15 décembre 2023) : 8092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16248092.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are employed in trucks and large commercial vehicles utilizing hydrogen as fuel due to their rapid start-up characteristics and responsiveness. However, addressing the requirement for high power output in the low-current section presents a challenge. To solve this issue, a multi-stack can be applied using two stacks. Furthermore, thermal management, which significantly affects the performance of the stacks, is essential. Therefore, in this study, a hydrogen electric truck system model was developed based on a Hyundai Xcient hydrogen electric truck model using MATLAB/SimscapeTM 2022b. In addition, the system’s performance and thermal characteristics were evaluated and analyzed under different road environments and wind conditions while driving in Korea.
10
Kruusenberg, Ivar, Kush Chadha et Taarini Atal. « High Power Density Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Electric Generators ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no 26 (7 juillet 2022) : 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261234mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It is of utmost importance to develop light weight fuel cell stacks and find the ways to integrate these to light weight and low temperature fuel cell systems. In order to meet the future energy demands non-polluting, compact, transportation and portable applications are required. Current energy systems have lower power density (kW/kg) resulting in optimized power only at higher overall weight. Systems with higher power density demands higher initial setup costs. Low temperature PEMFC, on other hand offers various advantages but fails to provide the required output without exceeding the weight of the fuel cell stack and thereby fuel cell systems. A fuel cell system consists of a fuel cell stack, compressed gas in cylinder, pressure relief valves, regulators, water pump, sensors and cvm. A fuel cell stack is the main component consisting of one of the devices with maximum weight and cost contribution. In such case, developing a system with stack having higher power density reduces overall weight and increases power density (kW/kg). PowerUP Energy Technologies has developed light weight fuel cell stack to achieve higher power density. Experiments considering flow field designs, recirculation strategy, different anode configuration has been a subject of study. Dead-end anode, closed cathode configuration of fuel cell stack further improves fuel utilization. Recirculation line of hydrogen if further added can improve in overall fuel utilization. Counter flow arrangement for reactant distribution further removes the necessity of humidifying the gases. This result in removal of humidifiers and thereby reducing the weight of the fuel cell system in total. Portable fuel cell systems have flexibility for ease in transportation and stationery solutions. Furthermore, lighter fuel cell stacks add advantage for higher output power at lower overall weights. This stack developed is further optimized with improved flow field designs and design of manifold. These fuel cell stacks are used in PowerUP’s portable fuel cell electric generators that are more efficient and sustainable than the currently used fossil fuel based solutions.
11
Woo, Jongbin, Younghyeon Kim et Sangseok Yu. « Cooling-System Configurations of a Dual-Stack Fuel-Cell System for Medium-Duty Trucks ». Energies 16, no 5 (27 février 2023) : 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052301.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Presently, hydrogen-fuel-cell medium-duty trucks utilize two or more modular proton exchange membrane fuel-cell stacks due to package space and economic concerns. The fuel-cell system of medium-duty trucks requires high power demand under a regular driving schedule. Since the high power demands produces significant heat generation within a very small packaging space, thermal management is crucial for maintaining the performance and long term durability of medium-duty trucks. This study was designed to investigate the various cooling configurations of dual stacks to understand the dual-stack response under thermal management conditions. A dynamic fuel-cell system model is developed to investigate the layout effect of the cooling system under load follow-up. Three different layouts of cooling system were investigated such as series cooling, parallel cooling, and two independent cooling modules with minimum cooling components. The results show that the series cooling system shows a minimum overshoot and undershoot by step change of the stack due to a cooling capacity. The cooling parasitic energy consumption is also minimized with the series cooling system
12
Wu, Chien-Chang, et Tsung-Lin Chen. « Dynamic Modeling of a Parallel-Connected Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack System ». Energies 13, no 2 (20 janvier 2020) : 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020501.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study proposes novel simulation methods to model the power delivery function of a parallel-connected solid-oxide-fuel-cell stack system. The proposed methods are then used to investigate the possible thermal runaway induced by the performance mismatch between the employed stacks. A challenge in this modeling study is to achieve the same output voltage but different output current for each employed stack. Conventional fuel-cell models cannot be used, because they employ fuel flow rates and stack currents as the input variables. These two variables are unknown in the parallel-connected stack systems. The proposed method solves the aforementioned problems by integrating the fuel supply dynamics with the conventional stack models and then arranging them in a multiple-feedback-loop configuration for conducting simulations. The simulation results indicate that the proposed methods can model the transient response of the parallel-connected stack system. Moreover, for the dynamics of the power distribution, there exists an unstable positive feedback loop between employed stacks when the stack temperatures are low, and a stable negative feedback loop when the stack temperatures are high. A thermal runaway could be initiated when the dynamics of the stack temperature is slower than that of the current distribution.
13
Xu, Ming, Hanlin Wang, Mingxian Liu, Jianning Zhao, Yuqiong Zhang, Pingping Li, Mingliang Shi, Siqi Gong, Zhaohuan Zhang et Chufu Li. « Performance test of a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system under high fuel utilization with industrial fuel gas feeding ». International Journal of Coal Science & ; Technology 8, no 3 (13 mai 2021) : 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00428-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractAs the demand for green energy with high efficiency and low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has increased, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been intensively developed in recent years. Integrated gasification fuel cells (IGFCs) in particular show potential for large-scale power generation to further increase system efficiency. Thus, for commercial application of IGFCs, it is important to design reliable multi-stacks for large systems that show long-term stability and practical fuel gas for application to industrial equipment. In this work, a test rig (of a 5 kW SOFC system, with syngas from industrial gasifiers as fuel) was fabricated and subjected to long-term tests under high fuel utilization to investigate its performance. The maximum steady output power of the system was 5700 W using hydrogen and 5660 W using syngas and the maximum steady electrical efficiency was 61.24% while the fuel utilization efficiency was 89.25%. The test lasted for more than 500 h as the fuel utilization efficiency was larger than 83%. The performances of each stack tower were almost identical at both the initial stage and after long-term operation. After 500 h operation, the performances of the stack towers decreased only slightly under lower current and showed almost no change under high current. These results demonstrate the reliability of the multi-stack design and the prospect of this SOFC power-generation system for further enlarging its application in a MWth demonstration.
14
Dhathathreyan, K. S., N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar et S. Pandian. « Forced Air-Breathing PEMFC Stacks ». International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/216494.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Air-breathing fuel cells have a great potential as power sources for various electronic devices. They differ from conventional fuel cells in which the cells take up oxygen from ambient air by active or passive methods. The air flow occurs through the channels due to concentration and temperature gradient between the cell and the ambient conditions. However developing a stack is very difficult as the individual cell performance may not be uniform. In order to make such a system more realistic, an open-cathode forced air-breathing stacks were developed by making appropriate channel dimensions for the air flow for uniform performance in a stack. At CFCT-ARCI (Centre for Fuel Cell Technology-ARC International) we have developed forced air-breathing fuel cell stacks with varying capacity ranging from 50 watts to 1500 watts. The performance of the stack was analysed based on the air flow, humidity, stability, and so forth, The major advantage of the system is the reduced number of bipolar plates and thereby reduction in volume and weight. However, the thermal management is a challenge due to the non-availability of sufficient air flow to remove the heat from the system during continuous operation. These results will be discussed in this paper.
15
Fowler, Devin, Vladimir Gurau et Daniel Cox. « Bridging the Gap between Automated Manufacturing of Fuel Cell Components and Robotic Assembly of Fuel Cell Stacks ». Energies 12, no 19 (20 septembre 2019) : 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193604.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recently demonstrated robotic assembling technologies for fuel cell stacks used fuel cell components manually pre-arranged in stacks (presenters). Identifying the original orientation of fuel cell components and loading them in presenters for a subsequent automated assembly process is a difficult, repetitive work cycle which if done manually, deceives the advantages offered by either the automated fabrication technologies for fuel cell components or by the robotic assembly processes. We present for the first time a robotic technology which enables the integration of automated fabrication processes for fuel cell components with a robotic assembly process of fuel cell stacks into a fully automated fuel cell manufacturing line. This task uses a Yaskawa Motoman SDA5F dual arm robot with integrated machine vision system. The process is used to identify and grasp randomly placed, slightly asymmetric fuel cell components, to reorient them all in the same position and stack them in presenters in preparation for a subsequent robotic assembly process. The process was demonstrated as part of a larger endeavor of bringing to readiness advanced manufacturing technologies for alternative energy systems, and responds the high priority needs identified by the U.S. Department of Energy for fuel cells manufacturing research and development.
16
Samsun, Remzi Can, Matthias Prawitz, Andreas Tschauder, Stefan Weiske, Joachim Pasel et Ralf Peters. « A Compact, Self-Sustaining Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit Operated on Diesel Fuel ». Energies 14, no 18 (17 septembre 2021) : 5909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185909.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A complete fuel cell-based auxiliary power unit in the 7.5 kWe power class utilizing diesel fuel was developed in accordance with the power density and start-up targets defined by the U.S. Department of Energy. The system includes a highly-integrated fuel processor with multifunctional reactors to facilitate autothermal reforming, the water-gas shift reaction, and catalytic combustion. It was designed with the help of process analyses, on the basis of which two commercial, high-temperature PEFC stacks and balance of plant components were selected. The complete system was packaged, which resulted in a volume of 187.5 l. After achieving a stable and reproducible stack performance based on a modified break-in procedure, a maximum power of 3.3 kWe was demonstrated in a single stack. Despite the strong deviation from design points resulting from a malfunctioning stack, all system functions could be validated. By scaling-up the performance of the functioning stack to the level of two stacks, a power density of 35 We l−1 could be estimated, which is close to the 40 We l−1 target. Furthermore, the start-up time could be reduced to less than 22 min, which exceeds the 30 min target. These results may bring diesel-based fuel cell auxiliary power units a step closer to use in real applications, which is supported by the demonstrated indicators.
17
Pike, Jenna, Dennis Larsen, Tyler Hafen, Jeffrey Lingen, Becca Izatt, Michele Hollist, Abel Gomez et al. « Reversible SOFC/SOEC System Development and Demonstration ». ECS Transactions 111, no 6 (19 mai 2023) : 1629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1629ecst.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The OxEon Energy team continues its 30+ year solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development history with the design, fabrication, and installation of two reversible solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC)/SOFC demonstration modules scheduled for installation and commissioning in 2023. The high temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems produce hydrogen through electrolysis using solid oxide cell (SOC) technology derived from OxEon’s heritage stack technology and advancements made during stack development for NASA’s Mars2020 mission. The demonstration units integrate reversible SOC stacks with an effective and reliable balance of plant (BOP) system. A 4-stack quad assembly forms the basis for a modular, scalable system. Thermal management includes pre-heaters within the hot section unit (HSU) enclosure and a feed path that takes advantage of the exotherm generated in SOFC mode. The system design applies mechanical compression to the stacks outside the HSU enclosure to minimize insulation envelope size and produce greater force on the stacks.
18
Bodén, Andreas, Lisa Kylhammar, Johanna Dombrovskis et Gert Göransson. « (Invited) High Performing Fuel Cell Stack and Systems ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no 43 (22 décembre 2023) : 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02431832mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
PowerCellGroup has worked in the field of fuel cell systems and fuel cell stacks for more than 25 years. The development of both systems and stacks have gone hand in hand and have been important to reach the targets for both. The fuel cell stack currently offered to the market has been developed during the last 10 years. Starting out with focus on passenger vehicles to achieve the requirements on power density. The second step the development was tailored to meet the demands from heavy-duty usage, that requires high efficiency at high power output and longer durability as well as increased operating temperature. This second stage unlocked the usage of fuel cell in more applications like, stationary high-power generation, off-rad machinery and lately the aviation sector. The later years the implementation of hydrogen and fuel cell on the market have accelerated and more commercial usage putting larger requirement on higher power, longer durability, higher operating temperatures etc. For example, how to install several MW into marine vessels. The third phase that we are now entering is to take the fuel cell to the next level, to the sky. Improving power density towards 5-6 kW/kg, operating temperature up to 120°C, and larger stack sizes 300 kW scalable to about 1 MW this to meet the higher power demand by aircraft. PowerCell is on a good track in all these aspects to be ready for the future. In this talk will be about how we constantly improving and challenging the fuel cell system and fuel cell stacks to be used in commercial operation.
19
Horlick, Samuel A., Scott Swartz, David Kopechek, Geoff Merchant, Taylor Cochran et John Funk. « Progress of Solid Oxide Electrolysis and Fuel Cells for Hydrogen Generation, Power Generation, Grid Stabilization, and Power-to-X Applications ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154152mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Over the past 25+ years, Nexceris has been developing solid oxide cell (SOC) technology for power generation, energy storage and hydrogen production applications. Nexceris is vertically integrated SOC technology provider that develops and manufactures solid oxide electrode materials, interconnect coatings, planar electrolyte supported cells, and solid oxide stacks. Nexceris stacks are designed for low-cost manufacture and pressurized operation, and stacks have large repeat unit area for efficient packaging into megawatt-scale systems. Nexceris’ stacks are being tested in fuel cell, electrolysis, and reversible modes, with a focus on optimizing performance, efficiency, and durability. Current work at Nexceris includes long-term electrolysis stack durability testing, breadboard system testing of reversible SOC stacks, third-party stack validation testing, and SOC system design and demonstration testing. Nexceris also is exploring solid oxide co-electrolysis for converting steam and CO2 to syngas and the conversion of this syngas to fuels and chemicals. This presentation will provide an update on Nexceris’ solid oxide cell technology development and commercialization activities.
20
Porstmann, Wannemacher et Richter. « Overcoming the Challenges for a Mass Manufacturing Machine for the Assembly of PEMFC Stacks ». Machines 7, no 4 (18 octobre 2019) : 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7040066.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the major obstacles standing in the way of a break-through in fuel cell technology is its relatively high costs compared to well established fossil-based technologies. The reasons for these high costs predominantly lie in the use of non-standardized components, complex system components, and non-automated production of fuel cells. This problem can be identified at multiple levels, for example, the electrochemically active components of the fuel cell stack, peripheral components of the fuel cell system, and eventually on the level of stack and system assembly. This article focused on the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack components and assembly. To achieve this, the first step is the formulation of the requirement specifications for the automated PEMFC stack production. The developed mass manufacturing machine (MMM) enables a reduction of the assembly time of a cell fuel cell stack to 15 minutes. Furthermore the targeted automation level is theoretically capable of producing up to 10,000 fuel cell stacks per year. This will result in a ~50% stack cost reduction through economies of scale and increased automation. The modular concept is scalable to meet increasing future demand which is essential for the market ramp-up and success of this technology.
21
Bawab, Ali, Stefan Giurgea, Daniel Depernet et Daniel Hissel. « An Innovative PEMFC Magnetic Field Emulator to Validate the Ability of a Magnetic Field Analyzer to Detect 3D Faults ». Hydrogen 4, no 1 (5 janvier 2023) : 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4010003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An original non-invasive methodology of the fuel cell diagnosis is proposed to identify different positions of the faults in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stacks from external magnetic field measurements. The approach is based on computing the external magnetic field difference between normal and faulty PEMFC operating conditions. To evaluate the external magnetic field distribution, in this paper, we propose an improved design of the magnetic field analyzer. This analyzer amplifies the magnetic field around the cell to perform an accurate detection of the fault position. Moreover, the main contribution of this work is represented by conceiving and implementing a 3D multi-physical current distribution emulator of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The new concept of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell emulator has been specially designed to emulate the magnetic field of a real fuel cell stack. This emulator concept is also beneficial for a new model of the fuel cell, which implies a multi-physical coupling between electrochemical electric conduction and the generated magnetic field. Finally, finally, the numerical model and the emulator have been involved in the realization of numerical simulations and experimental analysis to prove the ability of the system to detect and localize 3D faults.
22
Noponen, Matti, Jouni Puranen, Antonio Alfano et Hanna Granö-Fabritius. « Solid Oxide Stack Development at Elcogen ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015424mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Elcogen is one of the leading European manufacturers of solid oxide cell (SOC) and stack technologies. Elcogen stacks are a unique combination of best-in-class performance and low-cost product structure. The stack products are designed for low temperature operation enabling major cost reductions on the system level. This article summarizes the recent activities and development trends of Elcogen. Elcogen solid oxide technology can be used both in electrolysis and fuel cell mode. In electrolysis mode, steam is converted with electricity into green hydrogen. The electrolysis technology can also be used to produce syngases for e-fuel production by combining steam and carbon dioxide. Elcogen technology can be operated at high conversion efficiency level with a variety of fuels in the fuel cell mode. Elcogen is currently focused on ramping up its unit cell and stack production with increased customer demand. The goal is to set-up of a manufacturing plant for stacks with annual capacity close to 200 MW in electrolysis mode.
23
Cubizolles, Geraud, Simon Alamome, Félix Bosio, Brigitte Gonzalez, Christian Tantolin, Lucas Champelovier, Sebastien Fantin et Jerome Aicart. « Development of a Versatile and Reversible Multi-Stack Solid Oxide Cell System Towards Operation Strategies Optimization ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154258mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
High Temperature Electrolysis based on Solid Oxide Cell technology is rapidly entering an industrialization phase, driven by promises of high efficiencies compared to the more market-ready solutions. To decrease the CAPEX and footprint related to module-based scale-up strategies, multiple stacks are typically assembled within the same thermal enclosure. As such, thermal phenomena become much more prominent in determining stack behavior compared to single stack test benches, and appropriate control strategies have to be developed. In this context, CEA LITEN has developed a new investigation tool (MURPHY) devoted to the operation of several Solid Oxide stacks within the same thermal enclosure. MURPHY enables stack operation in both the steam electrolysis (SOE) and the fuel cell (SOFC-H2) modes. For the later, CH4, natural gas or NH3 can be used as fuel, while additional gases are being considered. The one module system incorporates a compact Balance of Plant (BOP) located closely to the thermal enclosure. Its main functions are (i) to provide inlet process air by centrifugal blower towards higher efficiency, (ii) target high level of overall thermal integration and performances, (iii) actively preheat inlet gases independently of overall furnace temperature, (iv) recycle hot/cold fuel exhaust, and (v) control pressure levels distribution through multiple back-pressure valves. Overall, a high level of instrumentation was deployed to support modeling development and estimate accurate process efficiencies. MURPHY is currently compatible with four stacks of CEA standard base design [1]. Each comprising 25 cathode-supported cells each of 100 cm² active area, the corresponding maximum power range of the module is -16/4 kWDC [2], [3]. Nevertheless, the Hot Box has some capacity to adapt to different stack geometries and partner’s need. Finally, the MURPHY system is connected to the Multistack platform [4] for supply and venting of gases produced. This report details system architecture down to component level. It also puts forward preliminary experimental results related to stack operation in an environment controlled by thermal phenomena. Performance and efficiency curves obtained under parametric variations of operating conditions (Temperature, flowrates) are reported for both SOE and SOFC-H2 modes. A special attention is given to heat performance of the overall system and its components. In this view, flow parameters (composition, temperature, pressure) at several locations over the reactant circuitries are provided. [1] G. Cubizolles, J. Mougin, S. Di Iorio, P. Hanoux, and S. Pylypko, “Stack Optimization and Testing for its Integration in a rSOC-Based Renewable Energy Storage System,” ECS Trans., vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 351–361, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1149/10301.0351ecst. [2] J. Aicart, S. Di Iorio, M. Petitjean, P. Giroud, G. Palcoux, and J. Mougin, “Transition Cycles during Operation of a Reversible Solid Oxide Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell (rSOC) System,” Fuel Cells, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 381–388, May 2019, doi: 10.1002/fuce.201800183. [3] J. Aicart et al., “Benchmark Study of Performances and Durability between Different Stack Technologies for High Temperature Electrolysis,” in 15th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland, May 2022, vol. A0804, pp. 138–149. [4] J. Aicart et al., “Performance evaluation of a 4-stack solid oxide module in electrolysis mode,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 3568–3579, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.056. Figure 1
24
Floerchinger, Gus, Chris Cadigan, Neal P. Sullivan et Rob J. Braun. « Characterizing the Performance of kW-Scale Multi-Stack Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modules through Modeling ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154125mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Commercial-scale SOFC systems are comprised of power modules that contain multiple SOFC stacks. In the last decade, there has been much work on individual SOFC stack development and SOFC systems at the commercial scale (100-1000 kWe). Development of these commercial systems often utilizes models of a single representative SOFC stack to simulate the system’s prime mover. In practice, however, these representative single-stack SOFC models fail to consider the effects that arise due to the reality of multi-stack power modules used to construct commercial scale systems. Effects such as flow maldistribution, inter-stack heat transfer, and area-specific resistance (ASR) variation between stack units within a single module will create deviations in performance from a single stack-based system simulation. In this presentation, we consider these thermofluidic effects and the associated performance deviations of a novel 30kWe SOFC multi-stack module using models in the gPROMS ModelBuilder environment and experimental test data. The model-predicted thermal and electrochemical performance of the multi-stack module is established from calibration and validation efforts that utilize full-scale test data from a unique pressurized test facility at Mines. In this presentation, we consider the effect of reactant gas flow maldistribution on stack and module performance characteristics. A model for fluid flow in branching manifolds is presented. The parameters in the fluid flow model are calibrated from high-fidelity computational fluid dynamic simulation results for both inlet and outlet reactant gas manifolds. Anode and cathode inlet gases affect the fuel utilization, operating voltage, and temperature for an individual stack. Deviations in these operating parameters among stacks are investigated for a range of flow maldistributions (±10% of stack design flow) to quantify their effect on performance. Additionally, we simulate module performance over the expected load operating envelope for given supply fuel and air manifold geometries. Simulated performance deviations are presented and discussed over the module’s envelope to quantify changes in module performance that arise from changes in maldistribution at various flowrates. The manifold under study in this case shows a maximum anode gas fluid maldistribution of 1.5% at the design flowrate. Stack performance characteristics such as voltage, ASR, power output, and degree of internal reforming, are highly dependent on operating temperature. Individual stack and module heat loss can affect performance. An inter-stack heat transfer model is presented and calibrated using single-stack experimental test results. The model is extended to multiple stack module configurations described above and is then exercised to evaluate the effect of insulation materials and inter-stack heat transfer on multi-stack module performance. This presentation will discuss modeling results and characterization of insulation properties. Simulation results indicate that deviations of up to 10°C in stack operating temperature can be reached which strongly affects the effective operating ASR of a given stack. The presentation concludes with a discussion of performance impacts due to combined thermofluidic deviations can have on module operation vs a single-stack modeling framework.
25
Zhang, Hao, Dai Jun Yang, Bing Li, Fei Jie Wang et Jian Xin Ma. « The Design and Development of a PEMFC Testing System ». Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (avril 2012) : 1484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1484.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered a promising energy generation device. Testing is critical for evaluating the performance and durability of PEMFC stacks. In this paper, a PEMFC testing system was designed and developed, which consisted of hydrogen fueling subsystem, air supplying subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. The operation conditions were optimized through a series of experiments. Test was taken with a 47-cell PEMFC stack, and the system efficiency reached 44% when the stack output power was 4.2kW.
26
Kiviaho, Jari, Matias Halinen, Matti Noponen, Jaakko Saarinen, Pekka Simell et Rolf Rosenberg. « Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Development in VTT ». Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no 4 (25 avril 2006) : 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2756571.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Finnish solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) project (FINSOFC) was initiated in 2002 as a five-year project. It forms the core of the publicly funded SOFC research in Finland. The purpose of the project is to support the industry in its development of SOFC systems and components and other possible SOFC-based business to be created in the future. The project is coordinated by the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in cooperation with universities and industrial enterprises. The project is executed in close cooperation with several European partners both bilaterally and within Real-SOFC. The focus is to construct and run a natural gas-fueled 5kWe SOFC power plant demonstration connected to heat and electricity grids. The power plant demonstration contains a stack and all BOP components from fuel processing to power conditioning and grid connections. The aim is also to thoroughly understand the behavior of the system. The subprojects needed to do this are (i) fuel processing, (ii) testing of fuel cells and stacks, (iii) construction of a 5kWe power station demonstration, and (iv) system modeling.
27
Cubizolles, Geraud, Simon Alamome, Félix Bosio, Brigitte Gonzalez, Christian Tantolin, Lucas Champelovier, Sebastien Fantin et Jerome Aicart. « Development of a Versatile and Reversible Multi-Stack Solid Oxide Cell System Towards Operation Strategies Optimization ». ECS Transactions 111, no 6 (19 mai 2023) : 1677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1677ecst.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Solid oxide cell technology is currently experiencing a rapid industrialization phase. To investigate operational strategy, CEA/LITEN has designed and constructed its first multi-stack reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) module. While it is able to host four of CEA’s standard 25-cell stacks, the present work reports on preliminary validation results obtained in a 2-stack configuration. Thermal losses have been quantified and identified. While the hotbox is showing high performances, the overall losses increased twofold when taking into account pass-through piping and current connections. Module fluid distribution was verified to be homogeneous, and does not affect nominal stack operation. A durability test of more than 2 kh is presented. Over the first 1.1 kh, the stacks behavior was compared to that of a stack previously operated on a test bench. The remarkable similarities indicate adequate control of the module. Finally, a detailed analysis of the recorded efficiency was conducted.
28
Kunz, Felix, Roland Peters, Dominik Schäfer, Shidong Zhang, Nicolas Kruse, L. G. J. (Bert) de Haart, Vaibhav Vibhu et al. « Progress in Research and Development of Solid Oxide Cells, Stacks and Systems at Forschungszentrum Jülich ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154257mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The defossilization of the energy sector requires the transfer of sustainable, carbon-neutral technologies and processes into application. Along with the development of a global hydrogen economy, technologies that generate, store, distribute and use hydrogen and derivatives are particularly relevant. Considerable potential in this sense is offered by the solid oxide cell (SOC), which can be operated as a fuel cell (SOFC), as an electrolysis cell (SOEC) and reversible (rSOC). Forschungszentrum Jülich has been involved in the research and development of SOCs for more than 30 years. In addition to material and cell development, stack and system development and understanding degradation effects are among the main topics today. Recently, an rSOC system with an output power of 10kW in fuel cell mode and input power of 40kW in electrolysis mode was developed. Four SOC stacks, separated and surrounded by a total of five heating plates plus an air preheater at one end and a fuel preheater at the other end, form the Integrated Module of the system; each stack has 20 layers with an active cell area of 19x19 cm². A compact and optimized design could be realized, which achieves a system efficiency of 63.3 % and 71.1 % in fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode, respectively. The system has already been tested in stationary operation modes. Current developments focus on the operating strategy, in particular on the temperature control of the stack in fuel cell mode and during the transient operation of the system. With a focus on the SOC stack, progress was made both in the area of actual stack development and in the area of clarification and optimization of performance and lifetime relevant processes. The role of contaminants, foremost silicon species and sulfur dioxide in feed gases, was investigated to support technical applications. Headway was also made in applying advanced measuring technology like fibre-optic sensors for temperature measurements in air channels. Degradation processes were investigated both experimentally and simulatively in fuel cells as well as in steam and co-electrolysis operation. On the one hand, machine learning approaches were pursued to analyze degradational patterns in SOC stacks, utilizing a specifically consolidated and curated set of long-term experiments and EIS measurements. On the other hand, a multiphysical stack model was developed that allows the relevant physical processes within the stack to be analyzed individually and coupled and thus to optimize the overall operation of the stack. In the area of the development and investigation of cells and materials, the performance of the SOC in the fuel cell mode as well as in the electrolysis mode was in the focus. In addition to operation in steam and co-electrolysis modes, operation in pure CO2 electrolysis was also researched. On single cell level the degradation behavior in the different modes of electrolysis operation was investigated. Different alternative materials were examined both on the fuel side and on the air side as well. A hierarchical degradation model framework was developed that relates changes at the level of electrode particles to changes in electrode structure, resulting materials properties and overall lifetime-performance. Model-based diagnostic allows the extraction of model parameters from experimental data, model verification as well as identification and quantification of different degradation mechanisms. Overall, therefore, significant progress can be observed in the field of cell as well as in the field of stack and system development of SOCs in fuel cell, electrolysis and reversible operation at Forschungszentrum Jülich.
29
Sahoo, Dillip, Sri Ram et Sriram Prasath. « Numerical investigation on cooling rate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell using propylene glycol fluid ». Thermal Science, no 00 (2023) : 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220429040s.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this study, a cooling channel was constructed inside the fuel cell to examine the impact of cooling on proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance. The performance of the fuel cell was assessed using four different coolant mixtures: DI100 (100 percent Deionized water), PG10 (90 percent DI water + 10% Propylene Glycol), PG20 (80 percent DI Water + 20% Propylene Glycol), and PG30 (70 percent DI Water + 30% Propylene Glycol). The efficiency of the fuel cell, system temperature, operating parameters, coolant, and cooling channel shape of the fuel cell were tested using a computational fluid dynamics model based on the finite volume approach. The test results showed that the fuel cell performance was good for both single-cell fuel cells and fuel cell stacks at temperatures of 354 k and 360 k, respectively. However, as the membrane became dehydrated above 362 k for single cell fuel cells and after 371 k for fuel cell stacks, performance of the fuel cell decreased and no appreciable improvement was seen. For single cells, the fuel cell showed good performance improvement at PG30 combinations, whereas the best performance in stacks was attained at PG20 combinations.
30
Zhao, Xiaobo, et Seunghun Jung. « Shunt Current Analysis of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery System with Multi-Stack Connections ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no 65 (22 décembre 2023) : 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02653111mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) systems with multiple stacks due to long lifetime, low self-discharge, and flexible design, are commonly used in large-scale electrical energy storage applications In a VRFB system, pumps deliver positive and negative electrolytes to each stack through a piping system including channels and manifolds. However, the electrolyte flowing between cells through channels and manifolds and the electrolyte flowing between stacks through pipes are electrically conductive. Shunt currents are generated due to the voltage difference between the cells and between the stacks, which reduce the energy efficiency of the battery system. In particular, under different load connections, the shunt currents of a multi-stack VRFB system have different distributions and cause different impairments to the system efficiency. Therefore, it is important to predict the shunt currents of the multi-stack system under different load connections before the actual construction of the system. In this paper, a multi-stack VRFB system with 120 cells was explored by circuit-based modeling to evaluate the shunt currents according to the stack configuration such as serial, parallel, and mixed connections.Then, the Coulomb efficiencies (CEs) were investigated with operating currents at 36 and 54A. The results show that shunt currents are generally more significant at the center cell of a stack than at other cells under these stack configurations and exhibit a positive correlation with the battery state of charge (SOC), i.e., larger shunt currents increase with SOC. In addition, the CEs of the system are higher at 54A compared to those at 36A due to smaller shunt current losses regardless of the stack configurations. Furthermore, regardless of the operating current levels, the multi-stack system connected by parallel loads achieves the highest CEs compared to the series and mixed connected systems due to the absence of shunt current losses in the piping system. Figure 1
31
Squadrito, G., O. Barbera, G. Giacoppo, F. Urbani et E. Passalacqua. « Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stacks at CNR-ITAE : State of the Art ». Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no 3 (20 avril 2006) : 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2756567.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Fuel cell technology development is one of the main activities at CNR-TAE Institute. Particular attention was devoted to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), which are the most probable candidates as future energy suppliers for transportation and for portable and domestic applications. The research activity was addressed to new materials and component evolution, system design, and modeling. Because a single cell is not able to supply the desired voltages also for small electronic devices, a PEFC stack of different sizes must be evolved to match the application request. The research activity focused on two different areas: small size stacks for portable applications and medium power stacks (1–4kW) for transport and stationary applications. This activity was supported by modeling and computational fluid dynamic studies, and by the evolution of dedicated test station and measurement devices. The first result of PEFC stack research was the development of a 100W stack prototype working at low pressure and based on low Pt loading electrodes evolved at CNR-ITAE. Starting from this experience, a hydrogen fueled air breathing stack of 15W for portable application was realized. The scale up of the cell active area was approached by searching for a method to allow the design of the flow field with specified geometrical characteristics and fluid dynamic properties to maintain the performance reached in small active area cells. A computer-aided design method was evolved, and the design of the 200cm2 active area cell was realized, starting, from a 50cm2 laboratory cell.
32
Kruse, Nicolas, Wilfried Tiedemann, Ingo Hoven, Rober Deja, Roland Peters, Felix Kunz et Rudiger-A. Eichel. « Design and Experimental Investigation of Temperature Control for a 10 kW SOFC System Based on an Artificial Neuronal Network ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015483mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For a future carbon-neutral energy economy, fuel cells play an important role due their high efficiency. Especially the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with demonstrated efficiencies beyond 60 % 1 can contribute to reasonable roundtrip efficiencies for hydrogen and e-fuels 2. To match the fluctuating electricity demand in a future electricity grid, dominated by renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic, dynamic operation of fuel cells is required. The research has shown that the degradation und therefore the lifespan of Solid Oxide Cell (SOC) stacks shows a significant dependency on the operating conditions and dynamic load changes 3. However, some research suggests that the degradation is not caused by the load changes itself but spatial temperature gradients during load changes 4–6. Therefore, controlling the temperature gradients in the stack during load changes can have a significant impact on the lifespan of SOC stacks. This is typically more dramatically for stacks with larger cell sizes or multiple cells per layer. Furthermore, a tight temperature control allows for running the stack at maximum efficiency without the risk of stack damage due to exceeding temperature limits. In this work the authors designed and experimentally evaluated different controller topologies for fuel cell operation (SOFC) of a reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) system described previously 7. The controller design incorporates an artificial neuronal network (ANN) for real time state predictions. The training data for the ANN was generated by a dynamic model of this system. This model is implemented in Matlab Simulink and was validated against experimental data. The generated training data consists of about 1,000 simulated days of dynamic system operation with a sample interval of 10 s. Additionally, data for 16,000 different steady state operating conditions of the system were generated. One focus of this work is the robustness of the controller under real world conditions despite inaccuracies of the underlying model and SOC degradation effects over time. To compensate the aging of the stack, the ANN is trained on variable degradation states. The degradation state is then tracked by the controller during operation to maintain an accurate prediction. First system experiments showed promising results in this respect (Fig. 1). Fig 1. Maximum temperature (red) and its setpoint (red, dashed) as well as 8 other temperatures distributed over the stack (black) in response to a given current density profile (green) and the air flow (blue) set by the controller Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank their colleagues at the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, who helped realize this work, and the Helmholtz Society for financing these activities as part of the Living Lab Energy Campus. References (1) Peters, Ro.; Frank, M.; Tiedemann, W.; Hoven, I.; Deja, R.; Kruse, N.; Fang, Q.; Blum, L.; Peters, R. Long-Term Experience with a 5/15kW-Class Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168 (1), 014508. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abdc79. (2) Heydarzadeh, Z.; McVay, D.; Flores, R.; Thai, C.; Brouwer, J. Dynamic Modeling of California Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage. ECS Trans. 2018, 86 (13), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1149/08613.0245ecst. (3) Kim, Y.-D.; Lee, J.-I.; Saqib, M.; Park, K.-Y.; Hong, J.; Yoon, K. J.; Lee, I.; Park, J.-Y. Degradation of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Load Trip and Cycle Conditions and Their Degradation Prevention Operating Logic. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165 (9), F728–F735. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1391809jes. (4) Hagen, A.; Høgh, J. V. T.; Barfod, R. Accelerated Testing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks for Micro Combined Heat and Power Application. Journal of Power Sources 2015, 300, 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.054. (5) Nakajo, A.; Wuillemin, Z.; Van herle, J.; Favrat, D. Simulation of Thermal Stresses in Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks. Part I: Probability of Failure of the Cells. Journal of Power Sources 2009, 193 (1), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.050. (6) Jiang, W.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, W.; Woo, W.; Tu, S. T. Effect of Temperature Fluctuation on Creep and Failure Probability for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2015, 12 (5), 051004. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031697. (7) Peters, R.; Tiedemann, W.; Hoven, I.; Deja, R.; Kruse, N.; Fang, Q.; Blum, L.; Peters, R. Development of a 10/40kW-Class Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System at Forschungszentrum Jülich. ECS Trans. 2021, 103 (1), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1149/10301.0289ecst. Figure 1
33
Chiang, Hsiu Lu, Teng Lang Feng, Ay Su et Zhen Ming Huang. « Performance Analysis of an Open-Cathode PEM Fuel Cell Stack ». Advanced Materials Research 939 (mai 2014) : 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.630.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hydrogen is known to be an ideal fuel that provides zero-emission energy. Fuel cells have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for fuel-efficient and emission-free vehicle power generation. PEMFC stacks require liquid cooling which can be operated in an open-cathode mode with air supplied by one or several fans, thus reducing the overall complexity of the PEMFC system. In this study, an open cathode PEMFC is used as the dependable power source and experiments are carried out to investigate the temperature characteristic of open cathode PEMFC. Combined with the using of oxidant and cell stack cooling, the optimal air fan supply voltage is 9.0V, and the maximal power can be obtained is 355W.
34
Chou, Chung-Jen, Shyh-Biau Jiang, Tse-Liang Yeh, Li-Duan Tsai, Ku-Yen Kang et Ching-Jung Liu. « A Portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Power Station for Long-Term Internet of Things Applications ». Energies 13, no 14 (9 juillet 2020) : 3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143547.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With regard to the best electro-chemical efficiency of an active direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), the stacks and their balance of plant (BOP) are complex to build and operate. The yield of making the large-scale stacks is difficult to improve. Therefore, a portable power station made of multiple simpler planar type stack modules with only appropriate semi-active BOPs was developed. A planar stack and its miniature BOP components are integrated into a semi-active DMFC stack module for easy production, assembly, and operation. An improved energy management system is designed to control multiple DMFC stack modules in parallel to enhance its power-generation capacity and stability so that the portability, environmental tolerance, and long-term durability become comparable to that of the active systems. A prototype of the power station was tested for 3600 h in an actual outdoor environment through winter and summer. Its performance and maintenance events are analyzed to validate its stability and durability. Throughout the test, it maintained the daily average of 3.3 W power generation with peak output driving capability of 12 W suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
35
Eom, Tae-Ho, Jin-Wook Kang, Jintae Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Jung-Hyo Lee et Chung-Yuen Won. « Improved Voltage Drop Compensation Method for Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery System ». Electronics 7, no 11 (17 novembre 2018) : 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110331.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper, a voltage drop compensation method for hybrid hydrogen fuel cell battery system, with a hydrogen recirculation powering a forklift, is studied. During recirculating hydrogen fuel to recycle hydrogen that has not reacted enough at the system, impurities can be mixed with the hydrogen fuel. This leads to low hydrogen concentration and a drop in the output voltage of the fuel cell system. In excessive voltage drop, the fuel cell system can be shutdown. This paper proposes a voltage drop compensation method using an electrical control algorithm to prevent system shutdown by reducing voltage drop. Technically, voltage drop is typically caused by three kinds of factors: (1) The amount of pure hydrogen supply; (2) the temperature of fuel cell stacks; and (3) the current density to catalysts of the fuel cell. The proposed compensation method detects voltage drop caused by those factors, and generates compensation signals for a controller of a DC–DC converter connecting to the output of the fuel cell stack; thus, the voltage drop is reduced by decreasing output current. At the time, insufficient output current to a load is supplied from the batteries. In this paper, voltage drop caused by the abovementioned three factors is analyzed, and the operating principle of the proposed compensation method is specified. To verify this operation and the feasibility of the proposed method, experiments are conducted by applying it to a 10 kW hybrid fuel cell battery system for a forklift.
36
Peters, Roland, Nicolas Kruse, Wilfried Tiedemann, Ingo Hoven, Robert Deja, Dominik Schäfer, Felix Kunz et Rudiger-A. Eichel. « Layout and Experimental Results of an 10/40 Kw rSOC Demonstration System ». ECS Transactions 111, no 6 (19 mai 2023) : 1657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1657ecst.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Forschungszentrum Jülich has been operating an rSOC system in the 10/40 kWAC power class since 2021. This system uses four 20-layer sub-stacks in the mark H20 stack design. During the test campaign, a power range from 1.7 to 13 kWAC could be shown in fuel cell mode. The highest efficiency in fuel cell mode of 63.3 % was achieved at a power output of 10.4 kWAC, related to the lower heating value (LHV) of hydrogen. With a power input of -49.6 kWAC, the highest efficiency of 71.1% (LHV) was achieved in electrolysis mode. At this point, 11.7 Nm³ h-1 of hydrogen were produced. The following manuscript shows the layout and the experimental results of the rSOC demonstration system.
37
Pike, Jenna, Dennis Larsen, Tyler Hafen, Jeffrey Lingen, Becca Izatt, Michele Hollist, Abel Gomez et al. « Reversible SOFC/SOEC System Development and Demonstration ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154254mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The OxEon Energy team continues its 30+ year solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development history with the design, fabrication, and installation of two reversible solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC)/SOFC demonstration modules (rSOC), at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and a private, stand-alone microgrid, scheduled for installation and commissioning in early 2023. OxEon’s SOEC/SOFC technology builds on the success of the SOEC stack installed on NASA’s Mars Perseverance Rover that has produced high-purity O2 by electrolyzing Mars atmosphere CO2 nine times to date. OxEon Energy’s technology space integrates cross-sector coupling to produce hydrogen or syngas from SOEC, electricity via SOFC, and transportation fuels from syngas through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A low energy plasma reformer provides an alternative approach of producing syngas from low value hydrocarbons. OxEon’s four complementary technologies enable a flexible approach to leveling fluctuating energy from renewables and converting it to accessible, storable, and higher value fuels and chemicals. The reversible SOEC/SOFC systems described in this work demonstrate the opportunity to generate and store H2 fuel as a method to stabilize and capture excess production from renewable or nuclear energy sources. The two demonstration units described in this work integrate OxEon’s reversible SOEC/SOFC stacks with an effective and reliable balance of plant (BOP) system. The high temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems produce hydrogen through electrolysis using solid oxide cell (SOC) technology derived from OxEon’s heritage stack technology and the advancements made during the development of stacks for NASA’s Mars2020 mission. The two demonstration units described in this work use the same modular system design based on 4-stack quad assemblies. The INL system consists of three 4-stack quad assemblies to meet the 30 kW SOEC/ 10 kW SOFC target. OxEon also designed the manifold and plenum assembly to interface with INL’s existing 50 kW test stand and scaled the hot section unit (HSU) to enclose the system. Pressure drop across the system is minimized by supplying even flow to each of the three stack quads, and allows for air delivery in SOFC mode with a blower rather than an air compressor. INL system installation and testing is scheduled for early 2023. A previous 10 kW SOEC system demonstration at INL exceeded project objectives with 14.5 kW system power output, with uniform performance measured from each of 4 stacks. OxEon is scheduled to deliver a 20 kW SOEC/ 10 kW SOFC system to the private microgrid at Stone Edge Farm in early 2023. The system is comprised of 2 quad modules and BOP that will connect with onsite hydrogen storage and renewable energy generation plant. The system will generate hydrogen in SOEC mode using renewable energy supplied by the farm’s solar array. Hydrogen produced in SOEC mode will be compressed and stored by a system designed by HyET Hydrogen B.V. During times of low renewable power generation, the SOFC system will use stored hydrogen to generate power. The Stone Edge Farm system includes two heat exchangers (one for air, one for fuel) that raise the gas feeds to within 50 ⁰C of operating conditions, and minimize pre-heating required for operation. Pre-heating is accomplished with heaters in the HSU enclosure. The feed path is routed to use a portion of the exotherm generated in SOFC mode. The air heat exchanger is oversized for SOEC mode but sized to accommodate the excess flow required for cooling in SOFC mode. The fuel heat exchanger is sized appropriately to deliver H2 in SOFC operation and steam in SOEC operation. Both systems apply mechanical compression to the stacks outside of the HSU enclosure. This design produces greater force than if the springs are enclosed in the hot zone and reduces the insulation envelope size. The end load is applied through a loading rod, an upper load plate, layers of insulation, and an additional outer load plate, placing the springs outside the insulation package that surrounds the hot region where the stacks are located. Low thermal conductivity ceramic rods minimize heat loss through the load transmission path. The materials set used in the rSOC systems uses a scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolyte-supported cell design with nickel-cermet fuel electrode and perovskite air electrodes. Green electrolyte is tape cast, cut, and fired to produce a dense electrolyte of about 250 microns thickness. Electrode inks are applied via screen printing, then fired to form porous electrode layers. Recent advancements in the air side electrode barrier layer, air electrode layers, and fuel electrode catalyst have improved stack performance and stability. Figure 1
38
Sauer, Alexander, Erwin Gross et Mirko Schneider. « Anforderungen und Einsatzbereiche der Brennstoffzelle/Requirements and fields of application for fuel cells ». wt Werkstattstechnik online 112, no 11-12 (2022) : 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2022-11-12-108.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Momentan werden Brennstoffzellensysteme meist noch manufakturartig hergestellt, mit langen Produktionszeiten und unter hohen Kosten. Diese zeitintensive und anspruchsvolle Fertigung erfordert eine effiziente Automatisierungslösung. Der Brennstoffzellenstack, der den Kern des Brennstoffzellensystems bildet, ist ein besonders zeit- und qualitätskritischer Engpass. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts „H2FastCell“ wurden Experteninterviews sowie eine Onlineumfrage durchgeführt, welche die relevanten Ansätze und Charakteristika der Hochgeschwindigkeitsmontage von Brennstoffzellenstacks aufzeigt. Nowadays, most fuel cell systems are produced in a manufactory-like manner with long production times and at high costs. This time-intensive and challenging production calls foran efficient automation solution. The fuel cell stack, which is at the core of the fuel cell system, is a particularly time- and quality-critical bottleneck. Expert interviews and an online survey were conducted as part of the „H2FastCell“ research project to identify relevant approaches and characteristics of high-speed assembly of fuel cell stacks.
39
Pourrahmani, Hossein, Chengzhang Xu et Jan Van herle. « Organic Rankine Cycle as the Waste Heat Recovery Unit of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell : A Novel System Design for the Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Using Batteries as a Backup/Storage Unit ». Batteries 8, no 10 (22 septembre 2022) : 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100138.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The novelty of this study is to suggest a novel design for electric vehicle charging stations using fuel cell technology. The proposed system benefits from the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) to utilize the exhaust energy of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stacks in addition to the Lithium-Ion battery to improve the efficiency by partial-load operation of the stacks at night. The study is supported by the thermodynamic analysis to obtain the characteristics of the system in each state point. To analyze the operation of the system during the partial-load operation, the dynamic performance of the system was developed during the day. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of the system were evaluated considering eighteen parameters using a life-cycle assessment (LCA). LCA results also revealed the effects of different fuels and working fluids for the SOFC stacks and ORC, respectively. Results show that the combination of SOFC and ORC units can generate 264.02 kWh with the respective overall energy and exergy efficiencies of 48.96% and 48.51%. The suggested 264.02 kWh contributes to global warming (kg CO2 eq) by 5.17105, 8.36104, 2.5105, 1.98105, and 6.79104 using methane, bio-methanol, natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen as the fuel of the SOFC stacks.
40
Li, Jing, Hong Pan, Shu Juan Zhang et Ling Fang Sun. « Development of the On-Line Monitoring System for Fuel Cell Voltage ». Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (mars 2011) : 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.383.
Texte intégralRésumé :
According to the single battery's series structure in the fuel cell stack, we develop an on-line fuel cell voltage monitoring system, and realize VISA library functions’ call and operation data acquisition and storage successfully in the Delphi development environment. It’s introduced mainly that the monitoring principle, hardware structure, software design and the main feature. The actual application proves that this system has realized high-precision and real-time monitoring of the output voltage of the fuel cell for multi-channel, and has multi-condition operation by setting original parameters easily, thereby, the system has more applicability and well reliability.
41
Filsinger, Dietmar, Gen Kuwata et Nobuyuki Ikeya. « Tailored Centrifugal Turbomachinery for Electric Fuel Cell Turbocharger ». International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2021 (27 septembre 2021) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3972387.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hydrogen fuel cell technology is identified as one option for allowing efficient vehicular propulsion with the least environmental impact on the path to a carbon-free society. Since more than 20 years, IHI is providing charging systems for stationary fuel cell applications and since 2004 for mobile fuel cell applications. The power density of fuel cells substantially increases if the system is pressurized. However, contaminants from fuel cell system components like structural materials, lubricants, adhesives, sealants, and hoses have been shown to affect the performance and durability of fuel cells. Therefore, the charging system that increases the pressure and the power density of the stacks inevitably needs to be oil-free. For this reason, gas bearings are applied to support the rotor of a fuel cell turbocharger. It furthermore comprises a turbine, a compressor, and, on the same shaft, an electric motor. The turbine utilizes the exhaust energy of the stack to support the compressor and hence lower the required electric power of the air supply system. The presented paper provides an overview of the fuel cell turbocharger technology. Detailed performance investigations show that a single-stage compressor with turbine is more efficient compared to a two-stage compressor system with intercooler. The turbine can provide more than 30% of the required compressor power. Hence, it substantially increases the system efficiency. It is also shown that a fixed geometry turbine design is appropriate for most applications. The compressor is of a low specific speed type with a vaneless diffuser. It is optimized for operating conditions of fuel cell systems, which typically require pressure ratios in the range of 3.0.
42
Ghezel-Ayagh, Hossein. « Solid Oxide Cell Technology for Power Generation, Hydrogen Production and Energy Storage ». ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no 54 (28 août 2023) : 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015420mtgabs.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The progress in maturation of solid oxide cell technology has led to development of new applications that would explode its presence in many areas, far beyond power generation. The solid oxide cell technology has the potential to have a formidable presence in production of hydrogen and, eventually, long duration storage of electric power. Following the successful operation of a 200 kW SOFC system under a project supported by Department Energy/NETL, FuelCell Energy (FCE) is pursing the development of SOC based plant configurations from subMW to electrolysis, and further, to energy storage. Multi-faceted evolution of the technology has been underway since the earlier demonstration of SOFC power plant. FCE has developed state-of-the-art lightweight Compact SOFC Architecture (CSA) stacks that are packaged in compact modules with adaptability for use in a variety of configurations and capacities. The CSA stacks can operate directly on a variety of fuels - natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen- without any modification. FCE’s existing fuel cell pilot manufacturing line for CSA cells and stacks includes robotics and automation such as cell screen printing, interconnect subassembly, seal application, QC, as well as stack assembly and conditioning. Via a design for manufacturing approach, as well as focus on minimization of raw material, recent detailed cost studies show a path to low factory stack production cost (<100/kW) at high volumes (1,000 MW/year). The large market existing for power generation equipment, in the range of 200-300kW, is a significant driver for development of high efficiency SOFC products that would easily cater to early-adopters prior to wide-spread acceptance. The accelerated interest in hydrogen as the fuel source will widen the market for SOFC deployment even more. Under a project supported by DOE, FCE is working on design of MW-class SOFC power plants as future extension of the subMW SOFC plant products. FCE is developing a first-of-a-kind 250kW Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) system with the hydrogen production capacity of 150kg/day. The overarching goal of the project is to verify that the integration of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) systems within nuclear plants will maximize the plants’ efficiency and flexibility and will increase their revenue by switching between electric power generation and hydrogen production. Hybrid nuclear-hydrogen production operations are expected to help the present and future nuclear plants diversify and increase profitability. The 250kW SOEC system is planned to be demonstrated and operated at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The project will culminate in verification and validation testing and solidify SOEC technology as a low cost and efficient means for hydrogen production integrated within the nuclear power plant environment. The SOEC system will be interfaced with a High-Level front-end Controller (HLC) simulating communications from a nuclear plant and the electric grid. The HLC will determine an optimized hydrogen production schedule to meet all contractual obligations, while maximizing revenue from the integrated operations. FCE is also developing energy storage systems based on the Company’s Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology. Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (RSOFC) technology is suitable for medium to long-duration energy storage achieving high round trip electric efficiencies near 70% (electricity-in to electricity-out) at an expected levelized cycle cost of ≤ $0.05 / kWh-cycle. FCE is currently conducting operational tests of an RSOFC prototype system to accomplish the of validation and verification of engineering/pilot-scale RSOFC technology in a relevant environment. A bread-board pilot demonstration system is being utilized to verify cell materials and stack design improvements as well as to validate power electronics and system control strategies that will be utilized for optimization of efficiency, transient response, and lifetime characteristics.
43
Wang, Yingmin, Ying Han, Weirong Chen et Ai Guo. « HIERARCHICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY BASED ON THE MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY RANGE FOR A MULTI-STACK FUEL CELL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM ». DYNA 98, no 4 (1 juillet 2023) : 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10857.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A multi-stack fuel cell hybrid power system (MFCHS) consists of multiple sources with various characteristics. The power distribution between different sources influences the performance of the system, which involves many factors. To distribute the power effectively and enhance the efficiency and fuel economy of a single-stack fuel cell system, this study proposed a hierarchical energy management strategy (EMS) for MFCHS. An MFCHS configuration that included three fuel cell systems and a battery was presented. An MFCHS model that incorporated the effect of altitude was constructed, and an efficiency analysis of the multi-stack fuel cell system (MFCS) was performed. The hierarchical EMS of MFCHS was composed of a bottom control layer and a top management layer. The bottom control layer utilized a coordinated optimal distribution strategy based on the maximum efficiency range of MFCS to realize optimal power allocation between the different fuel cells in MFCS. The top management layer used EMS under multiple operating conditions to realize the effective distribution of the demand power between MFCS and the battery. Results demonstrate that the proposed strategy improves the average efficiency of MFCS by up to 5.2% and 8.9% compared with those of the equal distribution and daisy chain strategies, respectively. The proposed strategy also displays good performance in terms of the hydrogen consumption of MFCS, which saved 1% and 3% hydrogen compared with the equal distribution and daisy chain strategies, respectively. The proposed strategy results in promising improvements in the overall performance of the system. This study provides a good reference for developing EMS for MFCHS. Keywords: Fuel cell, Multi-stack fuel cell hybrid power system, Energy management strategy, Coordinated optimal distribution, Maximum efficiency range
44
Zambrano H, Milena L., Antonio José Calderón, Manuel Calderón, Juan Félix González, Reinhardt Pinzón et José Rogelio Fábrega Duque. « Design, Development and Testing of a Monitoring System for the Study of Proton Exchange Fuel Cells and Stacks ». Sensors 23, no 11 (31 mai 2023) : 5221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115221.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article is about the design, development and validation of a new monitoring architecture for individual cells and stacks to facilitate the study of proton exchange fuel cells. The system consists of four main elements: input signals, signal processing boards, analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) and a master terminal unit (MTU). The latter integrates a high-level graphic user interface (GUI) software developed by National Instruments LABVIEW, while the ADCs are based on three digital acquisition units (DAQs). Graphs showing the temperature, currents and voltages in individual cells as well as stacks are integrated for ease of reference. The system validation was carried out both in static and dynamic modes of operation using a Ballard Nexa 1.2 kW fuel cell fed by a hydrogen cylinder, with a Prodigit 32612 electronic load at the output. The system was able to measure the voltage distributions of individual cells, and temperatures at different equidistant points of the stack both with and without an external load, validating its use as an indispensable tool for the study and characterization of these systems.
45
Zhao, Jinghui, Huijin Guo, Yuchen Xing, Shaobo Ping, Weikang Lin, Yanbo Yang, Zixi Wang et Tiancai Ma. « A review on the sealing structure and materials of fuel-cell stacks ». Clean Energy 7, no 1 (1 février 2023) : 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac096.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have the characteristics of zero emissions, a low operating temperature and high power density, and have great potential in improving energy-utilization efficiency. However, fuel cells are still quite expensive as a result of the cost of key components, including the membranes, catalysts and bipolar plates of PEMFCs. As a result of the cost and importance of these items, most researchers have focused on improving the lifetime and performance of fuel-cell stacks in recent years. In contrast, seals, sealants and adhesives play a more mundane role in the overall performance of a fuel cell, but failure of these materials can lead to reduced system efficiency, system failure and even safety issues. Little attention has been paid to the performance and durability of these products but as other fuel-cell components improve, these seals are becoming an even more critical link in the long-term performance of fuel cells. This article highlights the importance and background of fuel-cell seals. The latest research progress on the mechanical properties and structural optimization of different sealing materials is reviewed.
46
Bessette, N. F., et W. J. Wepfer. « Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Performance Through Multi-Level Modeling ». Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no 4 (1 décembre 1995) : 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835428.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper presents an integrated multi-level model of a solid oxide fuel cell system, which accounts for the effects of concentration, activation, and ohmic polarizations on single-cell performance, as well as the cell-to-cell interactions in a cell stack module. Furthermore, this model extends the work of Lu and Mahoney (1988) and Harvey and Richter (1994) by including the performance of a cell stack operating with a fuel reformer, heat exchangers, and a steam generator over a range of design parameters. This paper also demonstrates the procedure by which a single-cell model is scaled to a system model.
47
Xiong, Shusheng, Zhankuan Wu et Junjie Cheng. « Design of a Fuel Cell Test System with Fault Identification ». Electronics 12, no 15 (7 août 2023) : 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153365.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the growing concerns over the energy crisis and environmental pollution, fuel cells have attracted increasing attention. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have promising prospects due to their economic efficiency, low noise, and minimal environmental pollution. However, the existing commercial testing systems for PEMFCs suffer from limited functionalities and lack of scalability. In this study, we propose the design of a testing platform specifically tailored for water-cooled PEMFCs with a power greater than 1 kW. The functionality of the testing platform is verified through static and dynamic testing, demonstrating its compliance with the required standards. Furthermore, a fault diagnosis model for fuel cell stacks is developed based on the back-propagation (BP) neural network, achieving an overall accuracy rate of over 95% for fault classification.
48
Herr, Nathalie, Jean-Marc Nicod, Christophe Varnier, Louise Jardin, Antonella Sorrentino, Daniel Hissel et Marie-Cécile Péra. « Decision process to manage useful life of multi-stacks fuel cell systems under service constraint ». Renewable Energy 105 (mai 2017) : 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.001.
Texte intégral
49
Wei, Chang, Zhien Liu, Chufu Li, Surinder Singh, Haoren Lu, Yudong Gong, Pingping Li et al. « Status of an MWth integrated gasification fuel cell power-generation system in China ». International Journal of Coal Science & ; Technology 8, no 3 (16 mai 2021) : 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00429-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractHere, we provide a status update of an integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) power-generation system being developed at the National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon in China at the megawatt thermal (MWth) scale. This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step, similar to that employed for the integrated gasification combined cycle. Subsequently, the solid-oxide fuel-cell (SOFC) system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity directly through an electrochemical reaction without combustion. This system leads to higher efficiency as compared with that from a traditional coal-fired power plant. The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygen-combustor to be converted to steam and carbon dioxide (CO2). Through a heat-recovery system, the steam is condensed and removed, and CO2 is enriched and captured for sequestration or utilization. Comprehensive economic analyses for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with those for a supercritical pulverized coal-fired power plant. The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel. Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analyses indicated that the control of hydrogen/CO ratio of syngas and steam/CO ratio is important to avoid carbon deposition with the fuel pipe. A 20-kW SOFC unit is under development with design power output of 20 kW and DC efficiency of 50.41%. A 100 kW-level subsystem will consist of 6 × 20-kW power-generation units, and the MWth IGFC system will consist of 5 × 100 kW-level subsystems.
50
Ous, Talal, Elvedin Mujic et Nikola Stosic. « Experimental investigation on water-injected twin-screw compressor for fuel cell humidification ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no 12 (9 février 2012) : 2925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212438323.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Water injection in twin-screw compressors was examined in order to develop effective humidification and cooling schemes for fuel cell stacks as well as cooling for compressors. The temperature and the relative humidity of the air at suction and exhaust of the compressor were monitored under constant pressure and water injection rate and at variable compressor operating speeds. The experimental results showed that the relative humidity of the outlet air was increased by the water injection. The injection tends to have more effect on humidity at low operating speeds/mass flow rates. Further humidification can be achieved at higher speeds as a higher evaporation rate becomes available. It was also found that the rate of power produced by the fuel cell stack was higher than the rate used to run the compressor for the same amount of air supplied. The efficiency of the balance of plant was, therefore, higher when more air is delivered to the stack. However, this increase in the air supply needs additional subsystems for further humidification/cooling of the balance-of-plant system.