Articles de revues : « Mucosa nasale »

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Gambardella, R. « A Comparison of the Efficacy of Azelastine Nasal Spray and Loratidine Tablets in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis ». Journal of International Medical Research 21, n^o 5 (septembre 1993) : 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059302100505.

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A total of 30 patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis were treated in a 6-week randomized, double-blind, double-dummy parallel-group study, comparing azelastine nasal spray (0.14 mg/nostril administered twice daily) and loratidine tablets (10 mg once daily). Symptoms evaluated were sneezing, nose and/or eye itching, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, photophobia, nasal occlusion, throat irritation, smell loss, nasal mucosa swelling, conjunctivitis, and pharyngeal mucosa reddening. Each symptom was assessed according to severity and given a score on a fourpoint rating scale. Compared with baseline, total symptom scores for both the azelastine and loratidine treatment groups were reduced at each of the assessments during treatment. No significant differences were observed between the two treatment groups. The investigator concluded that azelastine, formulated as a nasal spray, is as effective as loratidine tablets in the relief of the symptoms of seasonal rhinitis and that it has a rapid onset of action. Un gruppo di 30 pazienti affetti da rinite allergica stagionale è stato trattato, in uno studio radomizzato, tra gruppi paralleli, doppio cieco, double dummy della durata di 6 settimane con azelastina spray nasale (0.14 mg/narice 2 volte al giorno) e loratina compresse (10 mg/die). I sintomi controllati sono stati i seguenti: starnuti, prurito nasale e/o oculare, lacrimazione, rinorrea, fotofobia, occlusione nasale, irritazione faringea, perdita dell'olfatto, edema della mucosa nasale, congiuntivite ed arrossamento della mucosa faringea. I sintomi sono stati valutati in base alia loro gravità assegnando un punteggio variabile da 1 a 4. In entrambi i gruppi di trattamento il punteggio totale della sintomatologia è risultato inferiore a quello basale ad ogni controllo nel corso dei trattamenti. Non sono state rilevate differenze significative tra i due trattamenti che si sono dimostrati entrambi efficaci. I ricercatori hanno concluso che azelastina spray nasale ha la stessa efficacia di loratidina compresse nell'alleviare i sintomi della rinite allergica stagionale e possiede una notevole rapidità di azione ed una notevole maneggevolezza clinica.

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De Bont, J., D. Van Aken, J. Vercruysse, J. Fransen, V. R. Southgate et D. Rollinson. « The prevalence and pathology of Schistosoma nasale Rao, 1933 in cattle in Sri Lanka ». Parasitology 98, n^o 2 (avril 1989) : 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062107.

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SUMMARYDuring 1987 a total of 1393 cattle was examined for Schistosoma nasale infection at the Kandy slaughterhouse, Sri Lanka. The overall prevalence was 12·6% (monthly range 3–17%). Based on the appearance of macroscopic lesions, 6 types (0–5) were recognized; type 5 being the most severe, with cauliflower-like growths obstructing the nasal cavity. Older bovines with 8 permanent incisors were more heavily infected (29·%) than younger ones with no permanent incisors (6·0%). The severity of the lesions increased also with the age of the animals. Observations on the localization of the lesions showed that the first sessile nodular areas appear on the medial septum, on the dorsal edge of the ventral nasal concha and on the lateral wall of the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. Later, they gradually spread over the whole mucosal surface of the anterior part of the cavity but were rarely found further than 10 cm posterior to the nasal opening. The histopathology showed that granuloma formation due to the presence of eggs was the most common feature of the respiratory mucosa.

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Hoy, Nathan, Joyce Wong, Muhammad Mahmood et Alain Brassard. « Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasal Septum Presenting as a Primary Cutaneous Lesion ». Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 16, n^o 5 (septembre 2012) : 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347541201600520.

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Background: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a rare aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma, with a predilection for the head and neck region. There are only two case reports in the literature documenting a nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a primary cutaneous lesion. Objective: We report a rare case of nasal cavity basaloid squamous cell carcinoma presenting initially as a nasal bridge mass. Two initial biopsies revealed features consistent with basal cell carcinoma and basosquamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Result: Final surgical pathology showed extensive invasive squamous cell carcinoma with basaloid differentiation arising from the nasal septal mucosa with extension to the overlying skin. The clinicopathologic features were interpreted as basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: We discuss the difficulties in pathologic diagnosis of this condition given its varied phenotypical expression. As well, this case emphasizes the necessity for diagnostic vigilance when assessing a primary cutaneous lesion as it may be a rare presentation of an underlying malignancy extending to the skin. Contexte: Le carcinome squameux basaloïde est une variante rare et très maligne du carcinome squameux, qui touche le plus souvent la tête et le cou. La documentation médicale ne compte que deux exposés de cas sur le carcinome squameux de la cavité nasale se présentant sous forme de lésion cutanée primitive. Objectif: Nous faisons état ici d'un rare cas de carcinome squameux basaloïde de la cavité nasale, se présentant au départ comme une masse dans la voûte des fosses nasales. Deux biopsies ont été pratiquées au départ, et les résultats se sont montrés compatibles avec les caractéristiques du carcinome basocellulaire et du carcinome basospinocellulaire, respectivement. Résultat: L'examen histopathologique définitif de la pièce opératoire a révélé la présence d'un carcinome squameux invasif, étendu, accompagnée d'une différenciation basaloïde prenant naissance dans la muqueuse de la cloison nasale et se prolongeant jusqu'à la peau sus-jacente. Les manifestations clinicopathologiques laissaient croire à un carcinome squameux basaloïde. Conclusion: Il sera question ici des difficultés que pose le diagnostic histopathologique de cette affection compte tenu de son expression phénotypique variée. De plus, le cas met en évidence la nécessité de faire preuve de vigilance dans l'établissement du diagnostic lorsqu'on évalue des lésions cutanées primitives étant donné que celles-ci peuvent être une manifestation rare d'une tumeur maligne sous-jacente, qui s'étend jusqu'à la peau.

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Chiba, Yoshihiko, Michiko Oshita, Kensuke Matsuo, Hiroyasu Sakai et Miwa Misawa. « Comparison of Norepinephrine Responsiveness of Mucosal Veins in Vivo with that of Isolated Mucosal Tissue in Vitro in Guinea Pig Nasal Mucosa ». American Journal of Rhinology 20, n^o 3 (mai 2006) : 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2853.

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Background The vascular responsiveness of nasal mucosa has been determined frequently by using isolated mucosal tissues although it is not clear whether the response of the whole tissue truly reflects the response of the vasculature (especially veins) in mucosa. In this study, the in vivo responsiveness of mucosal veins was compared with in vitro responsiveness of isolated mucosal tissue in guinea pig nasal septa. Methods The in vivo venous responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE) of guinea pig nasal septal mucosa was measured by changes in the diameters of mucosal veins, stereomicroscopically. The in vitro responsiveness to NE of isolated nasal septal mucosae from guinea pigs also was determined by standard organ-bath technique. Results Application of NE induced concentration-dependent contractile responses both in vivo and in vitro with the pD2 (negative logarithm for 50% effective concentration [M] of NE) values of 5.23 ± 0.29 and 5.00 ± 0.17, respectively. Conclusion The equal potencies obtained by the in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increase in tension of isolated nasal mucosal tissue might be caused by the contraction of mucosal veins. Both the in vivo and the in vitro methods used in this study might be useful for determining vasoreactivity of nasal mucosa in experimental animals.

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Elsheikh, Ezzeddin, Mohammad El-Anwar et Hesham Abdel-aziz. « Impact of Successful Choanal Atresia Repair on the Nasal Mucosa : A Preliminary Study ». International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 21, n^o 03 (28 mars 2017) : 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601404.

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Introduction The main histological features of the nasal mucosa in choanal atresia are distorted cilia, marked increase of mucous submucosal glands associated with marked reduction of goblet cell density, and lymphocytic cellular infiltration. Objective To study the nasal mucosal changes in cases of choanal atresia after successful repair compared with pre-repair mucosal histological features. Methods Tissue samples were taken from the inferior turbinate of 3 patients (1 bilateral and 2 unilateral) who were successfully operated. Then, the biopsies were subjected to histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. After that, the results were compared with pre-repair findings in the choanal atresia side and in the normal side. Results Four biopsies (4 repaired choanal atresia sides) of the mucosa of the inferior turbinate revealed that 1 patient (who had a bilateral choanal atresia repaired), after achieving a patent choana for 8 months, had not completely recovered a normal nasal mucosa. The other 2 patients, after 18 and 23 months of achieving a patent choana, showed normal nasal cavities. Conclusion The main histological features of the nasal mucosa in choanal atresia could be reversed by surgery, making the patients regain their choanal patency, with their mucosae changing back to normal gradually with time.

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Chiba, Yoshihiko, Kensuke Matsuo, Hiroyasu Sakai, Kazuho Abe et Miwa Misawa. « Increased Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Nasal Mucosae of Guinea Pigs with Induced Allergic Rhinitis ». American Journal of Rhinology 20, n^o 3 (mai 2006) : 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2852.

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Background Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by the action of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and is considered an important mediator of inflammatory response including airways. In this study, the changes in the expression levels of NOS isoforms in nasal mucosae were determined in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Methods An allergic rhinitis model was prepared in guinea pigs by repeated challenge with aerosolized dinitrophenylated ovalbumin antigen. Twenty-four hours after the last antigen challenge, the expression levels of NOS isoforms in nasal mucosae were determined by immunoblottings. Changes in the isometrical tension of isolated mucosal tissues of nasal septa induced by histamine were measured also. Results Although the expression levels of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in nasal mucosae were not affected by the repeated antigen exposure, the inducible NOS (iNOS) level was markedly and significantly increased in the challenged animals. In isolated nasal mucosal tissues, histamine induced a concentration-dependent relaxation, which was sensitive to an H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine, and an NOS inhibitor, l-NMMA. No significant change in the histamine responsiveness was observed between the sensitized control and repeatedly antigen-challenged groups. Conclusion The expression of three isoforms of NOS, including eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS, was presented in guinea pig nasal mucosa. A marked increase in iNOS expression in the repeatedly antigen-challenged animals suggests an important role of iNOS in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. However, the pathophysiological role(s) of NO generated by iNOS in nasal allergy is still unclear.

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Saito, Hitoshi, et Toshihito Tsubokawa. « Ciliary Activity of Nasal Polyp and Mucosa in Chronic Sinusitis ». American Journal of Rhinology 5, n^o 6 (novembre 1991) : 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065891781874857.

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Ciliary activity of mucosal cells of nasal polyps and the maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis cultured in vitro were measured by a photoelectric method. The findings were compared with those of normal maxillary sinus and inferior turbinate mucosae. The ciliary beating of edematous type of nasal polyp, 955 ± 130 beats/min (mean ± SD), did not differ significantly from the normal control, whereas both the duration and rate of ciliary beating were significantly decreased with cystic and fibrous type polyps. Ciliary activity in chronic sinusitis was significantly inhibited in the order of fibrous, purulent, and edematous types. The total area of ciliated mucosa also was decreased and varied with the type of chronic sinusitis, showing the most marked decrease with fibrous type. The ciliary activity in chronic sinusitis showed impairment with respect to both decreased ciliary rate of beating and reduced ciliated area.

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Feng, Zhaoxuan, Minglu Li, Xing Jin, Yudong Zheng, Junxiu Liu, Liang Zhao, Yansen Wang, Hao Li et Danlin Zuo. « Design and characterization of plasticized bacterial cellulose/waterborne polyurethane composite with antibacterial function for nasal stenting ». Regenerative Biomaterials 7, n^o 6 (15 octobre 2020) : 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbaa029.

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Abstract A nasal stent capable of preventing adhesions and inflammation is of great value in treating nasal diseases. In order to solve the problems of tissue adhesion and inflammation response, we prepared plasticized bacterial cellulose (BCG) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) composite with antibacterial function used as a novel nasal stent. The gelation behavior of BCG could contribute to protecting the paranasal sinus mucosa; meanwhile, the WPU with improved mechanical property was aimed at supporting the narrow nasal cavity. The thickness, size and the supporting force of the nasal stent could be adjusted according to the specific conditions of the nasal. Thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle and water absorption test were applied to investigate the thermal, hydrophilic and water absorption properties of the composite materials. The composite materials loaded with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride maintained well antibacterial activity over 12 days. Animal experiments further revealed that the mucosal epithelium mucosae damage of BCG−WPU composite was minor compared with that of WPU. This new type of drug-loaded nasal stent can effectively address the postoperative adhesions and infections while ensuring the health of nasal mucosal, and thus has an immense clinical application prospects in treating nasal diseases.

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Martín-Villares, Cristina, Laura Díez-González, Gerardo Martín-Sigüenza, Ana Rodríguez, Jesús Eduardo Ramírez et Ignacio Álvarez-Álvarez. « Pólipos nasales, cirugía de revisión e inflamación eosinofílica ». Revista ORL 13, S2 (9 février 2023) : 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/orl.29027.

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Introducción y objetivo: El tratamiento de la poliposis nasal son los corticoides, y si fallan, la cirugía. Sin embargo, muchos pacientes necesitan cirugías sucesivas, por lo que necesitan mejores tratamientos La investigación básica sobre respuesta inmune inflamatoria tipo 2 en mucosa rinosinusal nos ofrece la posibilidad de bloquear la reacción inflamatoria inmunomediada en la mucosa de pacientes con poliposis nasal. Disponemos de anticuerpos monoclonales capaces de bloquear inmunoglobulinas Il-4 e Il-13, Il-5 y eosinófilos e IgE en la mucosa nasal. Dada la asociación entre pólipos nasales e inflamación tipo 2 en el 85% de los pacientes, el conocimiento sobre eosinófilos y terapias biológicas podría cambiar el manejo de las recurrencias de pólipos y podría evitar procedimientos sucesivos o cirugías radicales.Método: Revisamos una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a CENS en nuestro Departamento entre el 1 de enero de 2016 y el 30 de diciembre de 2020, con más de un año de seguimiento. Todos los procedimientos quirúrgicos se realizaron con la técnica descrita por Stammberger: se respetó la mucosa sana y se abrieron todas las cavidades sinusales patológicas. Las muestras de tejido quirúrgico se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eoxilina y se realizó la identificación de eosinófilos. Se investigó la tasa de cirugía de revisión quirúrgica. Finalmente, se comunica los datos de nuestra experiencia preliminar en productos biológicos para pacientes con pólipos nasales. Resultados: La tasa global de cirugía de revisión fue del 18%. Se realizó recuento de eosinófilos en 157 pacientes con pólipos nasales. De ellos, el 71% (n=111) presentó un recuento elevado de eosinófilos en las piezas quirúrgicas. Los pacientes con pólipos nasales y un recuento elevado de eosinófilos tuvieron una Tasa de Revisión Quirúrgica del 34,2% (38/111). Si los eosinófilos no estaban elevados en el tejido polipoideo, la Tasa de Revisión Quirúrgica fue del 16,6% (8/48), con diferencias significativas en la prueba de Chi-cuadrado (p=0,0125). La comparación de pacientes con alto recuento de eosinófilos en la mucosa reveló un OR de 3,2117 (IC95% 1,2440-8,2918). Se administra terapia biológica en 5 pacientes con asma grave mal controlada con corticoides y beta agonistas. A pesar del corto seguimiento, hasta la fecha no hemos reintervenido paciente tras biológicos.Discusión y Conclusiones: Muchos pacientes con pólipos nasales necesitan cirugías sucesivas, por lo que necesitan un mejor tratamiento. Es importante considerar los factores específicos del paciente que afectan las tasas de cirugía de revisión, como el recuento elevado de eosinófilos, para encontrar mejores tratamientos. Las terapias biológicas pueden cambiar el manejo de las recurrencias de pólipos y podrían evitar procedimientos sucesivos o cirugías radicales en estos pacientes de alto riesgo.

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Talmi, Yoav P., Jacob Bar-Ziv, David Cohen, Yehuda Finkelstein et Jona Kronenberg. « Computed Tomography Study of Sinus Involvement in Ozena ». American Journal of Rhinology 9, n^o 5 (septembre 1995) : 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065895781808810.

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Atrophic rhinitis or ozena is a chronic nasal disease characterized by formation of foul smelling nasal crusts with subsequent turbinate mucosal atrophy and resorption of the underlying bone. This symptom complex involves nasal and sinus mucosa with resultant mucosal atrophy, as well as reduced or absent mucocilliary function. The question of the presence of sinusitis in ozena is yet unanswered. Mucosal atrophy may lead to widely patent sinus ostia, but it may well be that the nasal mucosal disease also involves the sinus mucosa with reduced ciliary motility and ensuing sinusitis. We have undertaken a prospective CT study of 11 ozena patients in order to define the occurrence of sinusitis in this entity. These studies, corroborated in part by nasal endoscopies, demonstrate a 70% ethmoid sinus involvement. The sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary sinuses are not usually involved. Other CT criteria of ozena are described.

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Khan, Faisal, Sarah Sy, Polly Louie, Robyn Lee, Douglas A. Stewart, James A. Russell et Jan Storek. « Genomic Instability Is Frequent in Oral and Rare in Nasal Mucosal Cells of Allogeneic HCT Recipients. » Blood 112, n^o 11 (16 novembre 2008) : 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2140.2140.

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Abstract Genomic Instability (GI), appraised by microsatellite length alteration, is a precancerous or cancerous condition. We hypothesized that genomic instability is frequent in oral but not nasal mucosal cells of HCT recipients as oral but not nasal carcinoma is frequent in long-term HCT survivors.We examined epithelial cells from buccal and nasal mucosa of 35 subjects for the presence of GI at 15 microsatellite loci spanning 14 human autosomes. The study population included long-term allo-HCT survivors (4–22 yrs, n=18) and short-term allo-HCT survivors (2–3 months, n=5), and long-term auto-HCT survivors (4–12 yrs, n=5). Controls also included 5 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy and 2 healthy volunteers. DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and cells of nasal and buccal mucosa was PCR amplified for a panel of 15 Short tandem repeat (STR) markers (ABI-Identifiler TM). The amplicons were subjected to capillary electrophoresis and fragment size analysis was performed to identify novel allele peaks (one that was absent in donor and recipient blood pre-transplant but present in recipient mucosa post-transplant) indicative of microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI was observed in buccal mucosal cells of 56% long-term survivors of allo-HCT; the number of STR loci showing novel allele peaks ranged from 1–6 (median=3). None of the short-term survivors of allo-HCT, long-term survivors of auto-HCT, or control individuals showed MSI in the buccal mucosal cells. Only one allogeneic HCT survivor showed MSI (at one STR locus) in nasal mucosal cells. No genomic alterations were observed in blood leukocytes of any of the above patients or controls. In conclusion, genomic instability is frequently observed in long-term allo-HCT suvivors in oral mucosal cells but rarely in nasal mucosal cells. The facts that oral but not nasal mucosa is frequently involved in chronic GVHD and that MSI was not detected in recipients of auto-HCT suggest that graft-vs-host reaction induces genomic instability.

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Paulsson, Bodil, Thomas Gredmark, Pawel Burian et Mats Bende. « Nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 111, n^o 4 (avril 1997) : 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100137259.

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AbstractA relationship between the reactivity of the nasal mucosa and changes in female sex hormones have been debated for a long time, although no evidence has been presented to prove or disprove this relationship. Nasal patency was therefore measured by nasal expiratory peak-flow in 26 women for two months in order to study changes in nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle. In another eight women, nasal congestion was measured by acoustic rhinometry, and symptoms of nasal stuffiness were registered during periods when there were various levels of plasma oestradiol and progesterone. Finally, nasal mucosal biopsies were taken for preparation of receptors for oestradiol and progesterone. This study could not verify the effects of female sex hormones on the nasal mucosa. This could be explained by the fact that no receptors for oestradiol and progesterone were found.

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Tang, Jie, Larry Cai, Chuanfei Xu, Si Sun, Yuheng Liu, Joseph Rosenecker et Shan Guan. « Nanotechnologies in Delivery of DNA and mRNA Vaccines to the Nasal and Pulmonary Mucosa ». Nanomaterials 12, n^o 2 (11 janvier 2022) : 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020226.

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Recent advancements in the field of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) vaccination have attracted considerable attention to such vaccination as a cutting-edge technique against infectious diseases including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. While numerous pathogens infect the host through the respiratory mucosa, conventional parenterally administered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization enables the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, efficiently removing pathogens from the mucosa before an infection occurs. Although respiratory mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, successful nasal or pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid-based vaccines is challenging because of several physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, such as a variety of protective enzymes and mucociliary clearance, which remove exogenously inhaled substances. Hence, advanced nanotechnologies enabling delivery of DNA and IVT-mRNA to the nasal and pulmonary mucosa are urgently needed. Ideal nanocarriers for nucleic acid vaccines should be able to efficiently load and protect genetic payloads, overcome physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, facilitate transfection in targeted epithelial or antigen-presenting cells, and incorporate adjuvants. In this review, we discuss recent developments in nucleic acid delivery systems that target airway mucosa for vaccination purposes.

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Papon, Jean-François, Lydia Brugel-Ribere, Redouane Fodil, Céline Croce, Christian Larger, Michel Rugina, André Coste, Daniel Isabey, Françoise Zerah-Lancner et Bruno Louis. « Nasal wall compliance in vasomotor rhinitis ». Journal of Applied Physiology 100, n^o 1 (janvier 2006) : 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2005.

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Nasal compliance is a measure related to the blood volume in the nasal mucosa. The objective of this study was to better understand the vascular response in vasomotor rhinitis by measuring nasal cross-sectional area and nasal compliance before and after mucosal decongestion in 10 patients with vasomotor rhinitis compared with 10 healthy subjects. Nasal compliance was inferred by measuring nasal area by acoustic rhinometry at pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to a negative pressure of −10 cmH2O. Mucosal decongestion was obtained with one puff per nostril of 0.05% oxymetazoline. At atmospheric pressure, nasal cross-sectional areas were similar in the vasomotor rhinitis group and the healthy subject group. Mucosal decongestion did not induce any decrease of nasal compliance in patients with vasomotor rhinitis in contrast with healthy subjects. Our results support the hypothesis, already proposed, of an autonomic dysfunction based on a paradoxical response of the nasal mucosa in vasomotor rhinitis. Moreover, the clearly different behavior between healthy subjects and vasomotor rhinitis subjects suggests that nasal compliance measurement may therefore represent a potential line of research to develop a diagnostic tool for vasomotor rhinitis, which remains a diagnosis of exclusion.

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Albarki, Mohammed A., et Maureen D. Donovan. « Uptake of Cationic PAMAM-PLGA Nanoparticles by the Nasal Mucosa ». Scientia Pharmaceutica 90, n^o 4 (25 novembre 2022) : 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm90040072.

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Nanoparticles provide promising advantages in advanced delivery systems for enhanced drug delivery and targeting. The use of a biodegradable polymer such as PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) promotes improved nanoparticle safety and, to some extent, provides the ability to modify nanoparticle surface properties. This study compared the effect of altering the surface charge on the translocation of PLGA nanoparticles across excised nasal mucosal tissues. Nanoparticles (average diameter of 60–100 nm) loaded with Nile Red (lipophilic fluorescent dye) were fabricated using a nanoprecipitation method. The effects of nanoparticle surface charge were investigated by comparing the transfer of untreated nanoparticles (negatively charged) and positively charged PLGA nanoparticles, which were modified using PAMAM dendrimer (polyamidoamine, 5th generation). All nanoparticles were able to be transferred in measurable quantities into both nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosae within 30 min. The total nanoparticle uptake was less than 5% of the nanoparticle mass exposed to the tissue surface. The cationic nanoparticles showed a significantly lower transfer into the mucosal tissues where the amount of nanoparticles transferred was 1.8–4-fold lower compared to the untreated negatively charged nanoparticles. The modification of the nanoparticle surface charge can alter the nanoparticle interaction with the nasal epithelial surface, which can result in decreasing the nanoparticle transfer into the nasal mucosa.

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Corboz, Michel R., Maria A. Rivelli, Lori Varty, Jennifer Mutter, Mark Cartwright, Charles A. Rizzo, Stephen P. Eckel, John C. Anthes et John A. Hey. « Pharmacological Characterization of Postjunctional α-Adrenoceptors in Human Nasal Mucosa ». American Journal of Rhinology 19, n^o 5 (septembre 2005) : 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900513.

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Background Functional α1- and α2-adrenoreceptor subtype pharmacology was characterized in an in vitro human nasal mucosa contractile bioassay. Methods Nasal mucosa was obtained from 49 donor patients and mucosal strips were placed in chambers filled with Krebs–Ringer solution and attached to isometric force transducers. Results Nonselective α-adrenoreceptor agonists epinephrine, norepinephrine, and oxymetazoline produced concentration-dependent contractions of isolated human nasal mucosa (pD2= 5.2, 4.9, and 6.5, respectively). The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist BHT-920 (10 μM)–induced contractions were blocked by yohimbine (0.01–1 μM) and prazosin (0.01–1 μM) inhibited the contractile response to the α1-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine (10 μM). Histological analysis showed that phenylephrine and BHT-920 differentially contracted the arteries and veins of human nasal mucosa, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that functional α1- and α2-adrenoceptors are present and functional in human nasal mucosa. The a 2-adrenoceptors display a predominant role in contracting the veins and the α1-adrenoceptors appear to preferentially constrict the human nasal arteries.

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Neri, G., V. Mastronardi, T. Traini, F. D'Orazio, M. Pugliese et F. Cazzato. « Respecting nasal mucosa during turbinate surgery : end of the dogma ? » Rhinology journal 51, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2013) : 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino12.124.

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Background: Chronic rhinitis with inferior turbinate hypertrophy is the most common cause of chronic nasal obstruction. Pharmacological treatment, mainly consisting of corticosteroids, is largely inadequate and, therefore, in the last few years several surgical techniques have been proposed (emptying, radiofrequency, cryotherapy, etc...). The aim of our work is to demonstrate that surgical removal of the inferior turbinate mucosa with the microdebrider, along with the submucosal chorion, results in a full restoration of mucosal physiological structure and function. Methodology: Thirteen symptomatic adult patients were subjected to bilateral inferior partial turbinoplasty with the microdebrider. All patients underwent endoscopic examination, functional nasal tests and nasal mucosa biopsy before and after surgery. Results: The sensitivity in open airspaces improved after nasal surgery, and the results of functional tests returned to within a normal range. SEM examination confirmed that complete mucosal regeneration was within 4 months. Conclusion: Total removal of the inferior turbinate mucosa with the microdebrider in patients suffering from hypertrophic chronic rhinitis allows the perfect regeneration of physiological respiratory tissue and doesn`t have a negative impact on healing time and offsets any adverse postoperative event.

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Ogata, Hisao, Tatsuo Nakajima, Fumio Onishi, Ikkei Tamada et Makoto Hikosaka. « Cleft Palate Repair Using a Marginal Musculo-Mucosal Flap ». Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 43, n^o 6 (novembre 2006) : 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-011.

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Objective: To describe a modified procedure consisting of a mucoso-periosteal flap palatoplasty with a marginal musculo-mucosal flap (3M flap). This is also the first report of a primary repair for complete cleft palate using the 3M flap. We describe the lengthening effect of the nasal mucous layer of the soft palate and evaluate the fistula formation rate associated with this method. Methods: This procedure has been performed on 21 patients with unilateral complete clefts and on 27 patients with incomplete clefts. A mucoso-periosteal flap raised from the hard palate was used mainly for closure of the cleft and not for the push-back. The 3M flap repaired the deficit of the nasal mucosa, making sure that the soft palate was lengthened. Intravelar veloplasty was performed also. Results: The dimension of the nasal mucosal defect that can be filled with the 3M flap is 10 to 12 mm in length, oriented anterior-posterior, and 15 to 20 mm wide. Oronasal fistula formation was recognized in only 3 of 48 cases (2 of 21 complete clefts, 1 of 27 incomplete clefts) and were located at the hard-soft palate junction at the anterior portion of the 3M flap. Conclusions: This method has the theoretical advantages of (1) preventing fistula formation by filling the tissue deficiency with the 3M flap; (2) achieving better velopharyngeal function due to elongation of the soft palate and retropulsion of the muscular bundle, utilizing the 3M flap; and (3) minimizing maxillary growth retardation by adopting a non–push-back method of hard palate repair.

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Tyurin, YU A., E. O. Sukmanskaya, S. N. Kulikov et R. S. Fassakhov. « Chitinase-like protein YKL-40 from nasal mucosa as a biomarker of allergic rhinitis ». Russian Journal of Allergy 9, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2012) : 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja677.

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Background. Chitinase-like protein YKL-40 plays an important role in human atopic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine of the level of chitinase-like protein YKL-40 in the secretions of nasal mucosa of patients with chronic allergic rhinitis. Methods. Samples of allergic nasal mucosa were obtained from twelve patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Measurement of nasal YKL-40 levels was performed with modification in duplicate using commercially available ELISA kits for YKL-40. The amount of nasal eosinophils and neutrophils were also determined. Results. There were significant differences between healthy volunteers and patients with allergic rhinitis for mucosal YKL-40 levels and the amount of nasal eosinophil and neutrophil cells, which have some characteristics closely associated with allergic response. The nasal YKL-40 levels in patients with allergic rhinitis were in tens times more higher than those in controls. Conclusion. Thus, we conclude that the level of chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was upregulated in allergic nasal mucosa compared with normal nasal mucosa, suggesting their roles in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.

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Baraniuk, J. N., J. D. Lundgren, J. Goff, J. Mullol, S. Castellino, M. Merida, J. H. Shelhamer et M. A. Kaliner. « Calcitonin gene-related peptide in human nasal mucosa ». American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 258, n^o 2 (1 février 1990) : L81—L88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1990.258.2.l81.

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To explore the potential range of functions for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in human mucosa, we quantified human inferior turbinate nasal mucosal CGRP content by radioimmunoassay, localized CGRP-immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry, detected 125I-CGRP binding sites by autoradiography, and tested the ability of CGRP to induce submucosal gland secretion in short-term explant culture of human nasal mucosa. Nasal mucosa contained 0.45-0.54 pmol CGRP/g wet wt (n = 18). Immunoreactive CGRP was found in nerve fibers that densely innervated the walls of small muscular arteries arterioles. Venules and venous sinusoids were innervated by individual CGRP staining fibers. Occasional CGRP-containing nerve fibers were also noted adjacent to submucosal gland acini, near the epithelial basement membrane, and between epithelial cells. Specific 125I-CGRP binding sites were concentrated on small muscular arteries and arterioles. CGRP (4 microM) did not stimulate glycoconjugate or lactoferrin release from mucosal explants. These results indicate that in the human nasal mucosa, CGRP is present in nerve fibers, which most likely represent nociceptive sensorimotor nerves that innervate vascular structures (muscular arteries, arterioles, veins and venous sinusoids). It is likely that CGRP release from sensory neurons may play a role in the regulation of vasomotor responses, but no evidence for a role of CGRP in glandular secretion was found.

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Shaw, Chi-kee Leslie, Robert B. Dymock, Allison Cowin et Peter-John Wormald. « Effect of packing on nasal mucosa of sheep ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 114, n^o 7 (juillet 2000) : 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001906246.

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The effects of packing with ribbon gauze and neuropatties on the nasal mucosa was assessed using sheep as an animal model. Fourteen sheep either underwent ribbon gauze or neuropattie nasal packing. Trauma to nasal mucosa caused by ribbon gauze and neuropatties was compared to mucosa on the lateral aspect of the middle turbinate which was not in contact with any packing. This tissue was used as a control. Ribbon gauze packing resulted in significant loss of 68 per cent of the ciliated surface of the mucosa when compared with the control group with a 15 per cent loss of ciliated surface (p < 0.005). Neuropattie packing also resulted in significant loss of 50 per cent of the ciliated surface of the mucosa when compared with the control group (p < 0.005). There was no significant difference in loss of ciliated mucosa in the specimens packed with ribbon gauze or neuropatties (p = 0.25).Nasal packing results in a significant mucosal injury with loss of cilia. This may influence the mucociliary clearance of the nose in the post-operative healing phase. Pre-operative nasal packing should be used circumspectly and if possible avoided.

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Thorold, H., et M. Bende. « The effect of smoking on physiological decongestion of the nasal mucosa in human ». Rhinology journal 48, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2010) : 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino10.039.

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BACKGROUND: Exercise is known to decongest the nasal mucosa which results in increased nasal patency. In a recent study it was suggested that smoking might influence the effect of exercise on the nasal mucosa. This implies that smoking may cause neurological damage to the normal nasal physiology, which has not previously been shown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in nasal mucosal reaction to exercise between smokers and non-smokers. METHODOLOGY: Forty-two smokers and non-smokers underwent acoustic rhinometry to register nasal geometry before and after cycling on an ergometer cycle. A structured interview was used for questions about smoking habits and airway symptoms. RESULTS: Both smokers and non-smokers had a significant increase in MCA (minimal cross-section area) and total nasal volume after exercise. There was no statistical significant difference between smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking does not seem to affect the normal physiological decongestion of the nasal mucosa after exercise.

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Elwany, S., Y. H. Saeed et I. Talaat. « Effects of passive smoking on adult nasal respiratory mucosa ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 127, n^o 10 (octobre 2013) : 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113002168.

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AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to investigate nasal mucosal changes in response to passive exposure to cigarette smoke.Study design:The study included 20 women aged 35–51 years who were scheduled for non-rhinological surgical procedures, and who had at least 10 years' prolonged passive exposure to household cigarette smoke. During surgery, two 1-mm3 biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken from the lower border of the inferior turbinate. Specimens were processed and examined with light and transmission electron microscopy.Results:Examination of the nasal mucosa showed several histopathological changes. The severity of structural changes increased with duration of smoke exposure. No allergic or neoplastic changes were seen.Conclusion:Passive exposure to cigarette smoke has a deleterious effect on the nasal respiratory mucosa. Prolonged passive smoke exposure may also induce other, significant changes not detected in the present study.

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Martins, Ana C. C., Jair de Carvalho e. Castro et João Soares Moreira. « Estudo retrospectivo de dez anos em endoscopia das cavidades nasais de pacientes com hanseníase ». Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 71, n^o 5 (octobre 2005) : 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-72992005000500011.

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A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa de evolução crônica, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. Acomete com freqüência a mucosa das cavidades nasais, independentemente da forma clínica, antes mesmo do aparecimento de lesões na pele ou em outras partes do corpo, na presença ou não de queixas clínicas. OBJETIVO: Mostrar a eficácia da endoscopia nasal na identificação de lesões mucosas endonasais e a importância do especialista Otorrinolaringologista no diagnóstico e no acompanhamento dos pacientes com hanseníase. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico retrospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de 173 prontuários de pacientes, sem tratamento prévio, durante o período de 1990 a 2000, no Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica do Hospital Evandro Chagas Fiocruz. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram lesões nasais, sendo 121 com e 52 sem queixas clínicas. DISCUSSÃO: O exame endoscópico das cavidades nasais não só permitiu identificar precocemente alterações da mucosa em pacientes com hanseníase como também permitiu identificar a evolução das lesões. Este tipo de exame também auxilia na instituição do tratamento local. CONCLUSÃO: Justificam-se a avaliação e o acompanhamento de todos os pacientes com hanseníase pelo Otorrinolaringologista junto à equipe multidisciplinar, oferecendo ao paciente a precocidade no diagnóstico e o tratamento específico.

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Liu, Yichuan, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian et Hakon Hakonarson. « Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract ». Viruses 12, n^o 10 (16 octobre 2020) : 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101174.

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To address the expression pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the viral priming protease TMPRSS2 in the respiratory tract, this study investigated RNA sequencing transcriptome profiling of samples of airway and oral mucosa. As shown, ACE2 has medium levels of expression in both small airway epithelium and masticatory mucosa, and high levels of expression in nasal epithelium. The expression of ACE2 is low in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and cannot be detected in alveolar macrophages. TMPRSS2 is highly expressed in small airway epithelium and nasal epithelium and has lower expression in masticatory mucosa. Our results provide the molecular basis that the nasal mucosa is the most susceptible locus in the respiratory tract for SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequently for subsequent droplet transmission and should be the focus for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Otsuka, Hirokuni, Kimihiro Ohkubo, Harumi Seki, Masaki Ohnishi et Terumichi Fujikura. « Mast cell quantitation in nasal polyps, sinus mucosa and nasal turbinate mucosa ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 107, n^o 5 (mai 1993) : 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510012331x.

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The distribution and abundance of mast cells in nasal polyps, the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with sinusitis and the turbinate mucosa of allergic rhinitis was microscopically examined using different methods of fixation. In the epithelium of the surface and the ducts of nasal polyps (n = 8), the mean number of mast cells was over 20,000 per mm3 using Mota's fixation and the increase was correlated with the epithelial thickness (P<0.05). On the other hand those of the maxillary sinus mucosa (n = 6) and the nasal turbinate mucosa (n = 7) were less than 6,000 per mm3. In the subepithelial layer or areas deeper than the area with the glands, however, mast cell counts were less than 3,200 per mm3 in all diseases. More than 70–90 per cent of all mast cells in the epithelium of the mucosal surface and the ducts of the polyp, the maxillary sinus mucosa and nasal turbinates were formalin sensitive. Most of the mast cells in the subepithelial and deeper areas were formalin resistant in all diseases.These results suggest that conditions for mast cell growth differ between polyps and the other diseases, and that the conditions which affect mast cells may contribute to polyp development.

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Tai, Junhu, Munsoo Han, Dabin Lee, Il-Ho Park, Sang Hag Lee et Tae Hoon Kim. « Different Methods and Formulations of Drugs and Vaccines for Nasal Administration ». Pharmaceutics 14, n^o 5 (17 mai 2022) : 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051073.

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Nasal drug delivery is advantageous when compared with other routes of drug delivery as it avoids the hepatic first-pass effect, blood–brain barrier penetration, and compliance issues with parenteral administration. However, nasal administration also has some limitations, such as its low bioavailability due to metabolism on the mucosal surface, and irreversible damage to the nasal mucosa due to the ingredients added into the formula. Moreover, the method of nasal administration is not applicable to all drugs. The current review presents the nasal anatomy and mucosal environment for the nasal delivery of vaccines and drugs, as well as presents various methods for enhancing nasal absorption, and different drug carriers and delivery devices to improve nasal drug delivery. It also presents future prospects on the nasal drug delivery of vaccines and drugs.

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Löth, S., A. Löth et M. Bende. « Nasal mucosal blood flow in patients with diabetes mellitus ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 102, n^o 9 (septembre 1988) : 791–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100106462.

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AbstractFifty patients with diabetes mellitus of varying duration were divided into two groups according to whether they were on treatment with insulin or not. Nasal mucosal blood flow was investigated and the results were compared with a reference material from healthy subjects, and were also related to the degree of retinopathy. Patients with diabetes mellitus had normal mucosal blood flow. There was no correlation between the duration of diabetes and nasal blood flow, nor was there any correlation between the degree of retinopathy and nasal blood flow. Diabetes mellitus does not seem to be accompanied by changes in blood flow in the nasal mucosa.

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Schulze, Gene E., Jim E. Proctor, Mark A. Dominick, Amy E. Weiss, Oliver P. Flint, Nuggehally R. Srinivas, Stephen K. Durham et Beth E. Schilling. « Intranasal Toxicity of BMS-181885, A Novel 5-HT1 Agonist ». International Journal of Toxicology 18, n^o 5 (septembre 1999) : 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158199225206.

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One-month intranasal toxicity studies were conducted with BMS-181885 at doses of 1.5, 9, or 15 mg/animal/day in rats and 4, 24, or 40 mg/animal/day in monkeys. A 1-month intermittent intranasal toxicity study was also conducted in monkeys at doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg/animal 3 days per week. BMS-181885 was generally well tolerated in rats but resulted in dose-dependent nasal mucosal injury, primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and degeneration, single-cell necrosis, and/or erosion of the olfactory epithelium and, to a lesser extent, the respiratory epithelium. In monkeys, daily BMS-181885 administration was well tolerated and produced similar dose-dependent nasal injury primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa with degeneration and erosion of the olfactory epithelium. In a separate experiment, intermittent administration also resulted in dose-dependent nasal injury. In cultured rat nasal mucosal cells, BMS-181885 was toxic to olfactory epithelial cells with a range of mean IC50s between 44 and 291 μM. In contrast, BMS-181885 had no effect on respiratory epithelial cells up to its maximum solubility. Cytochrome P450 inhibition had no effect on the toxicity of BMS-181885 in olfactory epithelial cells but produced dose-dependent toxicity in respiratory epithelial cells, which was not present previously. The in vitro data suggest that parent drug, rather than a toxic metabolite, caused the drug-associated nasal mucosal injury.

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Su, Yu, Bixi Sun, Xiaoshu Gao, Shuwen Liu, Rubin Hao et Bing Han. « Chitosan Hydrogel Doped with PEG-PLA Nanoparticles for the Local Delivery of miRNA-146a to Treat Allergic Rhinitis ». Pharmaceutics 12, n^o 10 (23 septembre 2020) : 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100907.

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To prepare a binary formulation delivering miRNA-146 and evaluate a nucleic acid nasal delivery system by investigating its pharmacodynamic effects in allergic rhinitis. The gel/NPs/miR-146a thermosensitive in situ chitosan hydrogel carrying a nucleic acid was prepared and evaluated for its characteristics, including temperature sensitivity, gel strength, mucosal adhesion and drug release profile. After nasal administration of the formulation to ovalbumin-sensitized rats, the treatment of allergic rhinitis was verified by assessing nasal symptoms, hematology, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry. Western Blot(WB) was used to analyze nasal inflammatory factors as well as miRNA-146-related factors, and the miR146 expression level was measured by PCR. Subsequently, the effects of the gel/NPs/miR-146a binary formulation were evaluated for the nasal delivery of nucleic acids in rhinitis therapy. The prepared binary formulation quickly formed a gel in the nasal cavity at a temperature of 34 °C with good mucosal adhesion, which delivered nucleic acids into the nasal mucosa stably and continuously. Gel/NPs/miR-146a was able to sustain the delivery of miRNA into the mucosa after nasal administration. When compared with the monolithic formulations, the gel/NPs/miR-146a binary formulation performed better regarding its nucleic acid delivery ability and pharmacodynamic effects. The gel/NPs/miR-146a binary preparation has a suitable nasal mucosal drug delivery ability and has a positive pharmacodynamic effect for the treatment of ovalbumin-induced rhinitis in rats. It can serve as a potential nucleic acid delivery platform for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

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Taghiloo, Hamid, et Zohreh Halimi. « The frequencies of different types of nasal septum deviation and their effect on increasing the thickness of maxillary sinus mucosa ». Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 13, n^o 3 (5 décembre 2019) : 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2019.032.

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Background. Diseases of the paranasal sinuses are very prevalent in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, which is attributed to various reasons, including environmental and anatomical factors. This study investigated the prevalence of anatomical variations of nasal septum deviation and evaluated the effect of this factor on increasing the mucosal thickness of the sinuses. Methods. The samples included all the patients referred to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, and the frequency of nasal septum deviation in the sample population was evaluated. The samples were re-examined to select the samples with a thickened mucosa of the maxillary sinus. The results were reported using descriptive statistical methods. Results. Deviation of the nasal septum was seen in 75% of the cases. The results showed that 31.76 % of males and 56.67% of females had an increased maxillary sinus mucosa thickness. Conclusion. There was a significant relationship between nasal septum deviation and thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa.

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Stigger, Adriana Lücke, Gabriela Riet-Correa, Ingeborg Maria Langohr, Marcia Regina da Silva Ilha et Claudio Severo Lombardo de Barros. « Granuloma nasal (rinite atópica) de bovinos ». Ciência Rural 31, n^o 3 (juin 2001) : 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000300016.

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Granuloma nasal ocorreu em 13 bovinos Jersey, fêmeas, com idades entre 9 meses e 3 anos, em uma propriedade de Pinhal Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Sinais clínicos incluíam corrimento nasal seroso ou mucoso, às vezes com estrias de sangue, espirros, respiração ruidosa, dificuldade em respirar, lacrimejamento, congestão dos vasos da esclera e roçar o focinho em árvores e outros objetos. Os sinais clínicos se exacerbavam após exercício. No exame clínico de 10 bovinos, foram observados nódulos na mucosa da porção proximal da cavidade nasal. Na citologia do corrimento nasal de 9 bovinos, observaram-se eosinófilos em números diretamente proporcionais à intensidade dos sinais clínicos. Não houve alterações no hemograma. Um dos animais afetados foi sacrificado e necropsiado. As principais alterações macroscópicas observadas foram nódulos polipóides firmes, branco-alaranjados, multifocais, com 2 a 4mm de diâmetro, agrupados na porção proximal das fossas nasais. No exame histológico, os nódulos consistiam de epitélio respiratório hiperplásico, com metaplasia escamosa, sobre uma proliferação fibrovascular acentuadamente infiltrada por eosinófilos e, em menor grau, por, macrófagos e plasmócitos.

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Jeong, Ilwon, et Sangduck Kim. « Outcome of Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy with Nasal and Lacrimal Sac Mucosal Flaps ». Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 62, n^o 7 (15 juillet 2021) : 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2021.62.7.881.

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Purpose: In patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, the outcomes of surgery were evaluated according to the type or presence of flaps. Methods: In total, 509 eyes were compared retrospectively: 178 eyes in patients treated without flaps, 126 eyes in patients treated using nasal mucosa flaps, and 205 eyes in the patient group using nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flap were compared retrospectively. We analyzed the factors of success according to the surgical method by comparing granulation and bony ostium obstruction at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery in each group. Results: At 6 months after surgery, granulation was found in 6 eyes (2.93%) in the nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flap group, 5 eyes (3.96%) in the nasal mucosal flap group, and 15 eyes (8.42%) in the group treated without flaps. Bony ostium obstruction was found in 3 eyes (1.46%) in the nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flap group, 4 eyes (2.38%) in the nasal mucosal flap group, and 6 eyes (2.81%) in the group treated without flaps. The anatomical surgical success rate of patients treated with nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flaps was 95.61%, which was higher than those of patients treated with nasal mucosal flaps (92.86%) and without flaps (88.20%). The functional and anatomical surgical success rate was 94.15% in the group treated with nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flaps, 88.89% in the group treated with nasal mucosal flaps, and 84.83% in the group treated without flaps. Conclusions: Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy using the nasal and lacrimal sac mucosal flap is an effective method that minimizes the risk of granulation and bony ostium obstruction.

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Åkerlund, Anders, Karl-E. Arfors, Mats Bende et Marcos Intaglietta. « Effect of Oxymetazoline on Nasal and Sinus Mucosal Blood Flow in the Rabbit as Measured with Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ». Annals of Otology, Rhinology & ; Laryngology 102, n^o 2 (février 1993) : 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949310200209.

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The effect of topical oxymetazoline hydrochloride on the blood flow of the nasal and sinus mucosa of the rabbit was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Oxymetazoline, the active component in clinically used nose drops, induced a dose-dependent decrease of the nasal mucosal blood flow. This effect has previously been shown in humans and suggests the presence of α2–adrenoceptors in the nasal mucosa of the rabbit. Doses of oxymetazoline used clinically in humans induced a 50% reduction of blood flow in rabbits. Rhythmic variations in blood flow were seen in 30% of the rabbits after administration of oxymetazoline. Additionally, oxymetazoline induced a dose-dependent decrease of the mucosal blood flow in the maxillary sinus when the drug was applied in the nose. A vasoconstricting effect of oxymetazoline on the arteries penetrating the maxillary sinus ostium is a possible explanation. This can have positive as well as negative consequences on acute sinus infections.

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Wrobel, Bozena B., Alexander G. Bien, Eric H. Holbrook, George E. Meyer, Neil A. Bratney, Jane Meza et Donald A. Leopold. « Decreased Nasal Mucosal Sensitivity in Older Subjects ». American Journal of Rhinology 20, n^o 3 (mai 2006) : 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2862.

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Background The sensitivity of the human nasal cavity mucosa to touch is not well understood. The site of receptors and mode of action responsible for the sensation of the nasal airflow is a topic of controversy. Previous studies have suggested that the skin-lined nasal vestibule is more sensitive to airflow than the mucosa of the nasal cavity. A possible decline in nasal sensitivity to airflow in older subjects has not been studied. Methods The threshold of the mucosal sensitivity to jets of air was assessed in 76 subjects with healthy nasal cavities. A total of 141 nostrils were tested, 67 in younger patients and 74 in older patients. Results Statistically significant (p < 0.001) increases in thresholds were found for all points tested for older patients compared with the younger patients. In general, the more sensitive locations were in the nasal vestibule. The nasal cavity mucosa in the inferior meatus was slightly more sensitive than the middle meatus. Conclusion We have measured the threshold to touch (air jet sensitivity) in nine places in each of 141 nasal cavities and determined that the variability and sensitivity of these measurements among people varies by age and the distance from the nostril. Older subjects were found to have a higher threshold for the sensation of air flow, and the nasal vestibule was found to be more sensitive than the rest of the nasal cavity mucosa with the inferior meatus slightly more sensitive then the middle meatus.

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Matysiak, Colette, Samuel Kazer, Jose Ordovas-Montanes et Ulrich H. von Andrian. « Intranasal, not parenteral, vaccination induces the formation of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in nasal mucosa that rapidly clear influenza virus infection ». Journal of Immunology 208, n^o 1_Supplement (1 mai 2022) : 114.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.114.17.

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Abstract Respiratory tract infections are among the leading causes of death. While current vaccines reduce severe disease, they provide suboptimal mucosal protection (e.g. against influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2). Nasal vaccines offer an advantage by quickly limiting viral shedding, in part by generating tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8 T cells in the nasal mucosa. But little is known about the molecular requirements for this Trm formation. The common paradigm is that lymphocytes home to tissues after having been imprinted within draining lymph nodes to express a tissue-specific combination of trafficking molecules, and Trm cells form rapidly from this pool. To probe the paradigm of tissue homing to the nasal mucosa, we compared CD8 T cell trafficking following intranasal and intramuscular vaccination. To investigate the trafficking molecules expressed by CD8 T cells and nasal cells we generated a single-cell RNA sequencing profile of the nasal mucosa over the course of an acute influenza infection. We found significantly more CD8 Trm cells in the nasal mucosa following intranasal vaccination that rapidly cleared influenza infection. Notably, CD8 T cells could be “pulled” into the nasal mucosa with an inflammatory stimulus following intramuscular vaccination, suggesting a new strategy for generating nasal CD8 Trm cells. Unlike canonical T cell homing to the gut and skin, nasal CD8 T cell trafficking depended on a4/VCAM1 (not a4b7/MADCAM1 or P and E-Selectin), and CD8 T cells expressed high levels of CXCR3 and CXCR6. This combination of trafficking molecules suggests a distinct multi-step adhesion cascade for CD8 T cell recruitment to the nasal mucosa and provides critical insights to rationally design vaccines for respiratory tract protection. Supported by grants from NIH (R01 AR068383-01, P01 AI 112521) and HMS-AbbVie Alliance

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Ma, Shuwei, et Yi Qiao. « Molecular mechanism of IL17A-IL17F involved in children with allergic rhinitis through IL17RC-IL33-NF-kB signaling axis ». Materials Express 12, n^o 5 (1 mai 2022) : 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2022.2200.

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Objective: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic nasal mucosal congestion disease of children, and its pathogenesis is associated with immune factors. Methods: 50 cases of children were collected and their nasal mucus was used to detect inflammatory factors IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-33 level, as well as the proportion of ILC2 and Th2 in blood labeled by flow cytometry. In addition, the allergic rhinitis model of immature mice was established. HE staining was used to observe nasal mucosa. IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-33 levels were detected, and the ratio of ILC2 and Th2 in blood was marked by flow cytometry. The expressions of IL17-RC, TRAF6, NF-kBp65 and MAPK protein in IL17RC-IL33-NF-kB signal pathway were measured by western blot. Results: The results indicated that IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-33 were significantly higher in children with allergic rhinitis and young model mice than that in control group. The content of CD4+IL-4+subgroup in Th2 in blood of model mice was high. The same trend as CD127+CD117+CRTH2+subgroup in ILC2. HE staining showed that the nasal mucosa of mice was intact in the control group, but the nasal mucosa epithelium of mice in the model group was destroyed. Conclusion: IL17-RC, TRAF6, NF-kBp65 and MAPK in nasal mucosal of model mice showed high expression, confirming that inflammatory factor IL17A-IL17F activated IL33 transcription through IL17RC and Activated ILC2 and Th2 cells involving in allergic inflammatory responses.

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Bing, Zhong, Liu Feng, Chun-Shu Wu, Jin-Tao Du, Ya-Feng Liu et Shi-Xi Liu. « Acellular dermal matrix contributes to epithelialization in patients with chronic sinusitis ». Journal of Biomaterials Applications 33, n^o 8 (16 janvier 2019) : 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218822636.

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Background Nasal endoscopic surgery is widely used for nasal diseases, including sinusitis and tumors. However, scar hyperplasia, nasal irritation, scab, and nasal obstruction delay nasal mucosal recovery, with prolonged cleaning exacerbating the patient's financial burden. Here, we presented a novel approach for the treatment of nasal mucosal defects, termed acellular dermal matrix. Methods A total of 31 patients with bilateral chronic sinusitis (maxillary sinusitis and ethmoid sinusitis) underwent nasal surgery and nasal mucosal repair in September–October 2016. We divided the nasal cavities of each patient into control and acellular dermal matrix groups, randomly selected one side for nasal mucosal repair by surgery. A suitable acellular dermal matrix size was selected according to the defect in each patient. After pruning, the acellular dermal matrix was placed on the wound surface and filled with gelatin sponge. All patients were followed up for 14 weeks to compare nasal mucosal epithelialization between the control and acellular dermal matrix groups. Results：No obvious complications and adverse reactions were observed after nasal surgery. Lund-Kennedy scores in the acellular dermal matrix group were significantly decreased compared with the control group at 8 (0 (0, 1) vs. 2 (2, 4); P<0.05) weeks. Epithelialization time of eight weeks in the acellular dermal matrix groups was significantly decreased than the control group of 14 weeks. Conclusion Acellular dermal matrix provides a growth framework for the healthy mucosa on the wounded surface and reduces postoperative epithelialization time.

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Rebuli, Meghan E., Adam M. Speen, Phillip W. Clapp et Ilona Jaspers. « Novel applications for a noninvasive sampling method of the nasal mucosa ». American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 312, n^o 2 (1 février 2017) : L288—L296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00476.2016.

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Reliable methods for sampling the nasal mucosa provide clinical researchers with key information regarding respiratory biomarkers of exposure and disease. For quick and noninvasive sampling of the nasal mucosa, nasal lavage (NL) collection has been widely used as a clinical tool; however, limitations including volume variability, sample dilution, and storage prevent NL collection from being used in nonlaboratory settings and analysis of low abundance biomarkers. In this study, we optimize and validate a novel methodology using absorbent Leukosorb paper cut to fit the nasal passage to extract epithelial lining fluid (ELF) from the nasal mucosa. The ELF sampling method limits the dilution of soluble mediators, allowing quantification of both high- and low-abundance soluble biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and neutrophil elastase. Additionally, we demonstrate that this method can successfully detect the presence of respiratory pathogens such as influenza virus and markers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the nasal mucosa. Efficacy of ELF collection by this method is not diminished in consecutive-day sampling, and percent recovery of both recombinant IL-8 and soluble mediators are not changed despite freezing or room temperature storage for 24 h. Our results indicate that ELF collection using Leukosorb paper sampling of ELF provides a sensitive, easy-to-use, and reproducible methodology to collect concentrated amounts of soluble biomarkers from the nasal mucosa. Moreover, the methodology described herein improves upon the standard NL collection method and provides researchers with a novel tool to assess changes in nasal mucosal host defense status.

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Assiri, Kholood S., Abdullah Al-shahrani, Abdullah H. Alwadai et Mohammad S. Al Ahmari. « Relationship between postoperative recurrence rate and eosinophil density of nasal polyp : a record based retrospective study ». International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 6, n^o 3 (24 février 2020) : 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20200618.

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Background: Nasal polyposis is one of the chronic sever airway diseases. It is known as a non-neoplastic inflammatory process of nasal mucosa that eventually leads to the outgrowth of abnormal masses inside the mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Eosinophils and nasal polyps are believed to affect the surgical outcome of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study was conducted to determine relationship between postoperative recurrent nasal polyp rate and types of histopathology of nasal polyp.Methods: A retrospective study of 121 patients at Khamis Mushayt General Hospital (Aseer region, Saudi Arabia) from 2012 to 2017. All diagnosed and treated for nasal polyposis with different histopathological types. we collect all the recurrent cases with the same histopathological result. Results: The study included 121 patients with polyps whose ages ranged from 18 to 77 years old. 58% were males and 42% were females. it was noticed that 33.9% of edematous types of polyps with Eosinophilic infiltration were recurrent compared to 25% of other types among patients below the age of 30 years with no statistical significance. At patients above 30 years, the recurrence rate among eosinophilic type was significantly higher than other types (54.5% compared to 13.3%, respectively).Conclusions: Presence of mucosal eosinophilia is a more important factor than nasal polyps for classifying CRS in terms of the surgical outcome. Patients with mucosal eosinophilia had higher polyp recurrence rate than patients without mucosal eosinophilia, whereas patients with nasal polyps did not have higher polyp recurrence rate than patients without nasal polyps.

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Huang, Hai, Desheng Jing, Zhaoji Li, Shuimiao Zhou, Shizhi Xiao, Dalie Ma et Rongzhou Zhang. « Analysis of lectin receptors in normal nasal mucosa, nasal polyp, inverted papilloma and papillary adenocarcinoma ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 107, n^o 7 (juillet 1993) : 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100123813.

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In order to investigate the changes in glycoprotein structure in the process of cellular differentiation of the nasal mucosa, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of normal nasal mucosae, nasal polyps, inverted papillomas and papillary adenocarcinomas were analysed by the Avidin Biotin-Peroxidase Complex technique for the demonstration of peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptors, concanavalin ensifomis agglutinin (ConA) receptors, ulex europeaus agglutinin (UEA-I) receptors, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and keratin. The quantity and distribution of PNA receptors, ConA receptors, UEA-I receptors and CEA were different, in relation to the varying pathological changes. The results suggest that the glycoprotein structure in the cells of the nasal mucosa will change following their differentiation and malignant transformation, which may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.

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Wolvers, Danielle A. W., Christina J. J. Coenen-de Roo, Reina E. Mebius, Maarten J. F. van der Cammen, Felicia Tirion, André M. M. Miltenburg et Georg Kraal. « Intranasally Induced Immunological Tolerance Is Determined by Characteristics of the Draining Lymph Nodes : Studies with OVA and Human Cartilage gp-39 ». Journal of Immunology 162, n^o 4 (15 février 1999) : 1994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.1994.

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Abstract Mucosal tolerance is a naturally occurring immunological phenomenon that prevents harmful inflammatory responses to ingested or inhaled environmental, predominantly nondangerous, Ags. The nasal mucosa is an extremely efficient compartment in the induction of immunological tolerance which can be exploited in Ag-specific treatment of autoimmune disease. With the use of a model Ag (OVA) and an Ag implicated in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (human cartilage gp-39), we here show in a mouse model that the superficial cervical and internal jugular lymph nodes that drain the nasal mucosa are instrumental in the induction of tolerance. Removal of these lymph nodes abrogates tolerance induction, which can be restored by transplantation of superficial cervical lymph nodes, but not of peripheral lymph nodes. The results indicate that lymph nodes that directly drain the nasal mucosa constitute a unique microenvironment which favors the induction of immunological tolerance.

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Kurono, Yuichi, et Goro Mogi. « Secretory Iga and Serum Type Iga in Nasal Secretion and Antibody Activity against the M Protein ». Annals of Otology, Rhinology & ; Laryngology 96, n^o 4 (juillet 1987) : 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948709600414.

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We studied IgA immunoglobulins in nasal secretions in order to clarify mucosal immunity of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses during chronic nasal infection. Secretory IgA and serum type IgA of 165 samples of nasal secretions were analyzed quantitatively by use of electroimmunodiffusion techniques, and the specific antibody activity of secretory IgA against the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes was investigated by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results show that although the secretory IgA content in nasal secretions was elevated in chronic sinusitis, its specific antibody activity against the M protein was lower than that in normal subjects. This evidence suggests that nonspecific secretory IgA antibodies are predominantly produced in chronic sinusitis, and that mucosal immunity preventing the adherence of bacteria is impaired in the diseased mucosa.

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Kühnel, Thomas S., Birgit H. Wagner, Christian P. Schurr et Jürgen Strutz. « Clinical Strategy in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia ». American Journal of Rhinology 19, n^o 5 (septembre 2005) : 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900515.

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Background Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a recurrent bleeding tendency caused by vascular malformations and preferentially involving the mucous membrane of the nose. The rhinological management of epistaxis is a challenge in which the frequency of bleeding has to be reduced without damage to the nasal mucosa, despite the fact that therapy necessarily has to be repeated. Methods The clinical course in 30 patients with HHT was monitored prospectively. Nasal mucosal efflorescences underwent Nd:YAG laser therapy at individually defined intervals, and the effect on the frequency and duration of bleeding was documented, as were adverse effects. Results No serious adverse effects (e.g., septal defects or synechiae) were observed as a consequence of therapy. During the course of laser therapy and ongoing compliance with nasal mucosal care instructions, the frequency of bleeding fell from “several times daily” to “every 2 weeks.” Conclusion In conjunction with Nd:YAG laser therapy, ongoing and consistent care of the nasal mucosa is a proven and effective treatment regimen in HHT. As an integral element in an interdisciplinary strategy for diagnosis and therapy, this regimen yields satisfactory quality of life while avoiding local complications.

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Svensson, Christer, Morgan Andersson, Lennart Greiff et Carl G. A. Persson. « Nasal Mucosal Endorgan Hyperresponsiveness ». American Journal of Rhinology 12, n^o 1 (janvier 1998) : 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065898782103016.

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Nonspecific hyperresponsiveness of the upper and lower airways is a well-known characteristic of different inflammatory airway diseases but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been satisfactorily explained. In attempts to elucidate the relation of hyperresponsiveness to disease pathophysiology we have particularly examined the possibility that different airway endorgans may alter their function in allergic airway disease. The nose, in contrast to the bronchi, is an accessible part of the airways where in vivo studies of airway mucosal processes can be carried out in humans under controlled conditions. Different endorgans can be defined in the airway mucosa: subepithelial microvessels, epithelium, glands, and sensory nerves. Techniques may be applied further in the nose to determine selectively the responses/function of these endorgans. Topical challenge with methacholine will induce a glandular secretory response, and topical capsaicin activates sensory c-fibers and induces nasal smart. Topical histamine induces extravasation of plasma from the subepithelial microvessels. The plasma exudate first floods the lamina propria and then moves up between epithelial cells into the airway lumen. This occurs without any changes in the ultrastructure or barrier function of the epithelium. We have therefore forwarded the view of mucosal exudation of bulk plasma as a physiological airway tissue response with primarily a defense function. Since the exudation is specific to inflammation, we have also suggested mucosal exudation as a major inflammatory response among airway endorgan functions. Using a “nasal pool” device for concomitant provocation with histamine and lavage of the nasal mucosa we have assessed exudative responses by analyzing the levels of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, α2-macroglobulin) in the returned lavage fluids. A secretory hyperresponsiveness occurs in both experimental and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This type of nasal hyperreactivity may develop already 30 minutes after allergen challenge. It is attenuated by topical steroids and oral antihistamines. We have demonstrated that exudative hyperresponsiveness develops in both seasonal allergic rhinitis and common cold, indicating significant changes of this important microvascular response in these diseases. An attractive hypothesis to explain airway hyperresponsiveness has been increased mucosal absorption permeability due to epithelial damage, possibly secondary to the release of eosinophil products. However, neither nonspecific nor specific endorgan hyperresponsiveness in allergic airways may be explained by epithelial fragility or damage since nasal absorption permeability (measured with 51Cr-EDTA and dDAVP) was decreased or unchanged in our studies of allergic and virus-induced rhinitis, respectively. Thus, the absorption barrier of the airway mucosa may become functionally tighter in chronic eosinophilic inflammation.

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Miyahara, N., T. Ishino, T. Kono, K. Go, S. Takeno, M. Takumida et K. Hirakawa. « Expression of Trefoil factor family peptides in the nasal allergic mucosa ». Rhinology journal 50, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2012) : 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.221.

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Objective: Trefoil factor family peptides (TFFs) are the secretory products of mucous cells and are closely associated with mucins. TFFs appear to be important in mucosal healing processes. Although TFF1/3 are expressed in the human respiratory tract, their role in the nasal mucosa is not thoroughly understood. We investigated the association between TFFs and mucins and the role TFFs in the human nasal mucosa. Material and methods: Patients undergoing turbinectomy were included and it was determined whether patients had nasal allergies or not. The localization of TFF1/3, MUC5AC/5B expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The levels of the mRNA transcripts were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: TFF1/3 had a similar pattern of localization in epithelial goblet cells and submucosal glandular cells. TFF1/3 co-localized with MUC5AC in the epithelium, and co-localized with MUC5B in the epithelium and the submucosal glandular cells. The levels of TFF1/3 and MUC5B mRNA in allergic patients were significantly increased. Conclusion: Our results suggest that TFF1/3 may associate with MUC5AC and MUC5B in the nasal mucosa, and that up-regulation of TFF1/3 and MUC5B may play an important role in the clinical condition of the nasal allergic mucosa.

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Wang, Qiankun, Mengyao Wang, Chun Liu, Longhui Huang, Yun Gao, Mei Yu, Shuhong Zhao et Xiaoping Li. « Ammonia Exposure Induced Cilia Dysfunction of Nasal Mucosa in the Piglets ». BioMed Research International 2020 (27 mai 2020) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1705387.

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As one of the main environmental stressors commonly found in closed pig houses, ammonia poses high risks to the well-being of humans and animals. This study is aimed at assessing the toxicity of ammonia exposure (80 ppm for 12 days) on the nasal mucosa in piglets. Firstly, we found that after ammonia exposure, the number of white blood cells significantly increased and the serum levels of cytokine IL-4 were significantly decreased. Then, histological analyses showed significant thickening of nasal mucosa and excessive mucus production in the exposure group. Finally, RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that the ammonia exposure disturbed the transcriptome of nasal mucosa which revealed 176 upregulated genes and 426 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs showed that the upregulated genes were mainly related to neutrophil chemotaxis and immune response, while 80 out of the 426 downregulated genes including CCDCs, CFAPs, DNAHs, and TEKTs were enriched in the microtubule cytoskeleton and cilium morphogenesis/movement. All these results indicated that ammonia exposure induces nasal mucosal hyperplasia and cilia dysfunction, as well as a systemic inflammatory response in piglets. These findings provide new evidence for understanding the damage mechanism of ammonia on the nasal mucosa.

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Tyrnova, E. V., G. M. Aleshina et Yu K. Yanov. « Human β-defensin-3gene expression in mucosa of ORL organs ». Medical Immunology (Russia) 24, n^o 4 (13 juillet 2022) : 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-hbd-2384.

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The aim of present study was to investigate the hBD-3 gene expression in the surface epithelium of mucosa in ORL organs. We have studied a total of 210 mucosal samples, obtained at the most frequent surgical intervantions from 5 different anatomical functional areas: nose and paranasal sinuses, middle ear, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx. The inferior turbinate mucosa (1) and the normal middle nasal passage mucosa (2) served as controls. Estimation of hBD-3 and β-actin gene expression was performed by reverse transcription and realtime PCR. In the nasal and sino-nasal mucosa, only negligible expression levels were detected in 14.29-33.33% of samples, most often in the specimens from the middle nasal passage and ethmoid labyrinth polyps (53.84%), being absent in hypertrophic inferior turbinate. In the middle ear cavity, the frequency detection of the hBD-3 gene expression varied from 7.69% in the stapes superstructures mucosa to 53.85% of the mucosal samples in the presence of cholesteatoma. hBD-3 gene expression was detected in most tissue samples with high microbial contamination: palatine tonsils (100%); adenoid hypertrophy (84.62%); adenoids in hypertrophic states of adenoids and palatine tonsils (87.5%); laryngeal fibrous-vascular polyps (87.5%); other laryngeal pathology (77.78% of the samples). The highest levels of hBD-3 gene expression were found in laryngeal fibrous-vascular polyps. The findings presumed two functionally different types of immune response in mucosa of the ORL organs. In the anatomical-functional areas lined with ciliated epithelium (middle and inferior nasal passages, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, middle ear), significantly lower frequencies (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and levels (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) of hBD-3 gene expression were detected, except of polyps of the middle nasal passage and ethmoid labyrinth, and mucosa of the tympanic cavity in cholesteatoma, which may be related to the nature of the pathological process. In the areas lined with squamous epithelium or a combination of squamous and ciliated epithelium, hBD-3 gene expression was detected almost everywhere and at significantly higher levels. In the context of chronic inflammation and infection-related diseases of the ORL organs, in addition to the direct microbicidal activity of hBD-3 as the first line of immune response, one may suggest peptide dysregulation and, even, pathogenetic effects of hBD-3, e.g., increased sensitivity to infections, pathological changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria, fibrous remodeling.

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Miljkovic, Dijana, Alkis Psaltis, Peter-John Wormald et Sarah Vreugde. « Naive and Effector B-cell Subtypes are Increased in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps ». American Journal of Rhinology & ; Allergy 32, n^o 1 (janvier 2018) : 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2018.32.4496.

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Background Recent studies demonstrated that B cells and their chemoattractants are elevated in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). However, the presence of naive B cells and of plasmablasts and memory B-cell subsets in the mucosa and periphery of the same patient with CRS is yet to be characterized. Objective Here we sought to quantify naive, plasmablasts, and memory B cells in mucosal tissue and peripheral blood of patients with CRSwNP, patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and control patients. Methods Polyps, mucosa, and peripheral blood samples were prospectively collected from the patients with CRS and from the non-CRS controls. We used flow cytometry to distinguish among naive, plasmablast, and memory B cells in sinus tissue and peripheral blood. Results A total of 45 patients were recruited for the study. The patients with CRSwNP had significantly increased mucosal B-cell numbers versus the controls (3.39 ± 4.05% versus 0.39 ± 1.05% of live cells; p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test), which included naive B cells (0.61 ± 0.94 versus 0.11 ± 0.24% of live cells; p < 0.03, Kruskal-Wallis test), plasmablasts (0.06 ± 0.26 versus 0.00 ± 0.00% e cells; p < 0.055, Kruskal-Wallis test), and memory B cells (0.62 ± 1.26 versus 0.05 ± 0.15% of live cells; p < 0.02, Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusion Our study identified increased frequencies of different B-cell subtypes in the mucosa of patients with CRSwNP but not in the peripheral blood. We also found that patients with CRSwNP had significantly increased B-cell subtypes compared with the patients with CRSsNP and the controls. These results implied a potential role for mucosal B cells in the ongoing inflammation in patients with CRSwNP.

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Triola, Seres. « Pengaruh Cuci Hidung dengan NaCl 0,9% Terhadap Ekspresi Gen IL-1Beta dan TNF-Alpha Mukosa Hidung Penderita Rinosinusitis Kronis di RSUP Dr M Djamil Padang ». Health & ; Medical Journal 1, n^o 2 (5 août 2019) : 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/heme.v1i2.236.

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Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses which produces several proinflammatory cytokines including; IFN-γ, TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-5. The use of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash in chronic rhinosinusitis could reduce mucin secretion, decrease the production of postnasal drip, accelerate mucosal repair and reduce the symptoms of nasal obstruction. From above, researchers want to know the effect of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash of the levels of cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. This research is an experimental study with the technique of pre and post test design to determine the effect of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash of the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α of nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The amount of IL-1β gene copynumber before and after nasal wash is obtained 8.07 ± 0.95 and 8,20 ± 0.93 (p >0.05). The amount of TNF-α gene copynumber before and after nasal wash was 8,83 ±3,83 and 6,72 ±2,55 (p >0.05). IL-1β gene ratio starting and ending intervention in two groups was 52,51 ± 1.21 and 61,99 ± 1.13. TNF-α gene ratio starting and ending intervention in two groups was 9,63 ±2.21 and 334,4 ±1.31. In this study there was no significant reduction in the absolute expression (log copynumber) gene IL-1β and TNF-α of nasal mucosa after being given medical treatment with NaCl 0,9% nasal wash.

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