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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Motor bias »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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1

Coote, Katherine, and David Livesey. "Optimism bias in children’s motor performance expectations." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 16, no. 2 (1999): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027267.

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AbstractDrawing on Plumert’s (1995) findings that children exhibit an optimism bios in their gross motor performance expectations compored with adults, this study tested the hypothesis that younger children are more likely to overestimate their gross motor performance compared with older children. Participants were 6-year-old and 11-year-old children. The accuracy of children’s estimates of their motor performance was assessed using four tasks (horizontal reach, vertical reach, clearance, and stepping), which were adjusted to either well-within, just-within, just-beyond, or well-beyond each child’s individual abilities. Results confirmed that the 6-year-olds significantly overestimated their motor performance compared with 11-year-olds. The discussion focuses upon the ecological validity of these findings, as well as the implications for children’s motor confidence and motor development.

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2

Chakravarty, Arijit, Louisa Howard, and Duane A. Compton. "A Mechanistic Model for the Organization of Microtubule Asters by Motor and Non-Motor Proteins in a Mammalian Mitotic Extract." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 5 (2004): 2116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0579.

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We used computer simulation to understand the functional relationships between motor (dynein, HSET, and Eg5) and non-motor (NuMA) proteins involved in microtubule aster organization. The simulation accurately predicted microtubule organization under all combinations of motor and non-motor proteins, provided that microtubule cross-links at minus-ends were dynamic, and dynein and HSET were restricted to cross-linking microtubules in parallel orientation only. A mechanistic model was derived from these data in which a combination of two aggregate properties, Net Minus-end–directed Force and microtubule Cross-linking Orientation Bias, determine microtubule organization. This model uses motor and non-motor proteins, accounts for motor antagonism, and predicts that alterations in microtubule Cross-linking Orientation Bias should compensate for imbalances in motor force during microtubule aster formation. We tested this prediction in the mammalian mitotic extract and, consistent with the model, found that increasing the contribution of microtubule cross-linking by NuMA compensated for the loss of Eg5 motor activity. Thus, this model proposes a precise mechanism of action of each noncentrosomal protein during microtubule aster organization and suggests that microtubule organization in spindles involves both motile forces from motors and static forces from non-motor cross-linking proteins.

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3

Hilt, Pauline M., and Pasquale Cardellicchio. "Attentional bias on motor control: is motor inhibition influenced by attentional reorienting?" Psychological Research 84, no. 2 (2018): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0998-3.

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Engelbrecht, Sascha E., Neil E. Berthier, and Laura P. O'Sullivan. "The Undershoot Bias." Psychological Science 14, no. 3 (2003): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.03431.

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Learning in stochastic environments is increasingly viewed as an important psychological ability. To extend these results from a perceptual to a motor domain, we tested whether participants could learn to solve a stochastic minimal-time task using exploratory learning. The task involved moving a cursor on a computer screen to a target. We systematically varied the degree of random error in movement in three different conditions; each condition had a distinct time-optimal solution. We found that participants approximated the optimal solutions with practice. The results show that adults are sensitive to the stochastic structure of a task and naturally adjust the magnitude of an undershoot bias to the particular movement error of a task.

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Frenken, Marius, Wanja Hemmerich, David Izydorczyk, Sophie Scharf, and Roland Imhoff. "Cognitive processes behind the shooter bias: Dissecting response bias, motor preparation and information accumulation." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 98 (January 2022): 104230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104230.

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Ting, Chih-Chung, Stefano Palminteri, Jan B. Engelmann, and Maël Lebreton. "Robust valence-induced biases on motor response and confidence in human reinforcement learning." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 20, no. 6 (2020): 1184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00826-0.

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AbstractIn simple instrumental-learning tasks, humans learn to seek gains and to avoid losses equally well. Yet, two effects of valence are observed. First, decisions in loss-contexts are slower. Second, loss contexts decrease individuals’ confidence in their choices. Whether these two effects are two manifestations of a single mechanism or whether they can be partially dissociated is unknown. Across six experiments, we attempted to disrupt the valence-induced motor bias effects by manipulating the mapping between decisions and actions and imposing constraints on response times (RTs). Our goal was to assess the presence of the valence-induced confidence bias in the absence of the RT bias. We observed both motor and confidence biases despite our disruption attempts, establishing that the effects of valence on motor and metacognitive responses are very robust and replicable. Nonetheless, within- and between-individual inferences reveal that the confidence bias resists the disruption of the RT bias. Therefore, although concomitant in most cases, valence-induced motor and confidence biases seem to be partly dissociable. These results highlight new important mechanistic constraints that should be incorporated in learning models to jointly explain choice, reaction times and confidence.

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Kobayashi, Yugo, Takashi Yokozeki, Takuma Matsuda, et al. "Gamma-Ray Irradiation Response of the Motor-Driver Circuit with SiC MOSFETs." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.868.

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Gamma-ray irradiation effects of motor-driver circuit composed of SiC MOSFETs under motor driving with different PWM frequencies were investigated. The driving current and voltage waveforms were normal when the irradiation exceeded 1.1 MGy at PWM frequency of 10 kHz. In addition, the motor was still rotating in this total dose. We compared the irradiation responses of SiC MOSFETs between the cases of driving states and no bias. The drain current – gate voltage characteristics with no bias shifted to the negative voltage side wider than the driving states. Also the leakage current in the case of driving state is fewer than that of no bias.

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8

Phillips, Craig A., and D. Stephen Malyevac. "Exoatmospheric Interceptor Pulse Motor Optimization with Discrete Bias Removal." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 23, no. 2 (2000): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.4537.

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9

Colent, C., L. Pisella, C. Bernieri, G. Rode, and Y. Rossetti. "Cognitive bias induced by visuo-motor adaptation to prisms." NeuroReport 11, no. 9 (2000): 1899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200006260-00019.

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Binsted, G., C. Ehresman, M. Heath, and D. Saucier. "Execution generated illusory motor bias: two systems, one representation." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (2010): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.156.

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Knowles, John, Nicola Persico, and Petra Todd. "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Political Economy 109, no. 1 (2001): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/318603.

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12

Goldman, Susan L., and Anne G. Fisher. "Cross-Cultural Validation of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS)." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 2 (1997): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269706000210.

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The purpose of this study was to verify the assertion that underlying motor and process skill items and tasks defined in the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) are cross-culturally free from bias between North America, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Using many-faceted Rasch analysis, the hierarchical order of AMPS motor and process skill items and culture-general tasks were compared in order to test the assertion of bias-free assessment across regions. The unidimensionality of the AMPS motor and process skills and tasks through evaluation of their goodness-of-fit to the Rasch model was also investigated. The results revealed that the hierarchical order of all the AMPS motor and process skill items and culture-general tasks remained stable among the three regions examined, verifying cross-cultural freedom from bias of the skill items and tasks between these regions. All items in North America met the criteria for goodness-of-fit on both the motor and the process scales of the AMPS, while only 4% of the items failed to meet these expectations in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. It was concluded that the AMPS motor and process scales and tasks are unidimensional, demonstrating internal scale validity.

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13

Stolz, Samuel, Oliver Gröning, Jan Prinz, Harald Brune, and Roland Widmer. "Molecular motor crossing the frontier of classical to quantum tunneling motion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (2020): 14838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918654117.

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The reliability by which molecular motor proteins convert undirected energy input into directed motion or transport has inspired the design of innumerable artificial molecular motors. We have realized and investigated an artificial molecular motor applying scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which consists of a single acetylene (C2H2) rotor anchored to a chiral atomic cluster provided by a PdGa(111) surface that acts as a stator. By breaking spatial inversion symmetry, the stator defines the unique sense of rotation. While thermally activated motion is nondirected, inelastic electron tunneling triggers rotations, where the degree of directionality depends on the magnitude of the STM bias voltage. Below 17 K and 30-mV bias voltage, a constant rotation frequency is observed which bears the fundamental characteristics of quantum tunneling. The concomitantly high directionality, exceeding 97%, implicates the combination of quantum and nonequilibrium processes in this regime, being the hallmark of macroscopic quantum tunneling. The acetylene on PdGa(111) motor therefore pushes molecular machines to their extreme limits, not just in terms of size, but also regarding structural precision, degree of directionality, and cross-over from classical motion to quantum tunneling. This ultrasmall motor thus opens the possibility to investigatein operandoeffects and origins of energy dissipation during tunneling events, and, ultimately, energy harvesting at the atomic scales.

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Ding, Long, and Okihide Hikosaka. "Temporal Development of Asymmetric Reward-Induced Bias in Macaques." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (2007): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00902.2006.

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Time and expected outcome are two ubiquitous factors contributing to decision-making. However, it is unclear how they interact to influence motor responses. When two differential reward outcomes are expected at the end of a waiting period, behavioral bias is consistently induced, manifested as shorter latencies for motor responses associated with the preferred reward. To examine how this bias develops in time during the waiting period, we manipulated the duration of the waiting period in an asymmetric reward saccade task in monkeys. We found that the bias increases with the duration of waiting period. Surprisingly, the bias resulted from gradual suppression of saccades to nonpreferred targets rather than from facilitation of saccades to preferred targets. These results have important implications on the neural correlates of reward-induced bias.

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15

Marr, Isabell, Kate Farmer, and Konstanze Krüger. "Evidence for Right-Sided Horses Being More Optimistic than Left-Sided Horses." Animals 8, no. 12 (2018): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120219.

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An individual’s positive or negative perspective when judging an ambiguous stimulus (cognitive bias) can be helpful when assessing animal welfare. Emotionality, as expressed in approach or withdrawal behaviour, is linked to brain asymmetry. The predisposition to process information in the left or right brain hemisphere is displayed in motor laterality. The quality of the information being processed is indicated by the sensory laterality. Consequently, it would be quicker and more repeatable to use motor or sensory laterality to evaluate cognitive bias than to perform the conventional judgment bias test. Therefore, the relationship between cognitive bias and motor or sensory laterality was tested. The horses (n = 17) were trained in a discrimination task involving a box that was placed in either a “positive” or “negative” location. To test for cognitive bias, the box was then placed in the middle, between the trained positive and negative location, in an ambiguous location, and the latency to approach the box was evaluated. Results indicated that horses that were more likely to use the right forelimb when moving off from a standing position were more likely to approach the ambiguous box with a shorter latency (generalized linear mixed model, p < 0.01), and therefore displayed a positive cognitive bias (optimistic).

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16

Sanga, Sarath. "Reconsidering Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Political Economy 117, no. 6 (2009): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649800.

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Dalziel, James R., and R. F. Soames Job. "Motor vehicle accidents, fatigue and optimism bias in taxi drivers." Accident Analysis & Prevention 29, no. 4 (1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00028-6.

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Wells, Deborah L., Peter G. Hepper, Adam D. S. Milligan, and Shanis Barnard. "Stability of motor bias in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris." Behavioural Processes 149 (April 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.012.

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19

Wang, Gui Ying, and Xiang Xiang Cheng. "Simulation and Research of Dual Brush-Less DC Motor Synchronization Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.304.

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For dual synchronous brush-less DC motor control system’s operation problems due to load disturbance caused by poor synchronization performance, this article establish a mathematical model of brush-less DC motors and synchronous control system, based on the basis of comparison of various control methods and control synchronization control, use VUFPID control algorithm to compensate for the bias adjustable dual brush-less DC motor control program, and compare with conventional PID and fuzzy PID algorithm. Through the simulation results and conclusions show that VUFPID control algorithm can improve the control system coupled deviation synchronization accuracy, superior to conventional PID and fuzzy PID algorithm system.

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20

Montrone, Marco, Michael Eisenbach, Dieter Oesterhelt, and Wolfgang Marwan. "Regulation of Switching Frequency and Bias of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor by CheY and Fumarate." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 13 (1998): 3375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.13.3375-3380.1998.

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ABSTRACT The effect of CheY and fumarate on switching frequency and rotational bias of the bacterial flagellar motor was analyzed by computer-aided tracking of tethered Escherichia coli. Plots of cells overexpressing CheY in a gutted background showed a bell-shaped correlation curve of switching frequency and bias centering at about 50% clockwise rotation. Gutted cells (i.e., withcheA to cheZ deleted) with a low CheY level but a high cytoplasmic fumarate concentration displayed the same correlation of switching frequency and bias as cells overexpressing CheY at the wild-type fumarate level. Hence, a high fumarate level can phenotypically mimic CheY overexpression by simultaneously changing the switching frequency and the bias. A linear correlation of cytoplasmic fumarate concentration and clockwise rotation bias was found and predicts exclusively counterclockwise rotation without switching when fumarate is absent. This suggests that (i) fumarate is essential for clockwise rotation in vivo and (ii) any metabolically induced fluctuation of its cytoplasmic concentration will result in a transient change in bias and switching probability. A high fumarate level resulted in a dose-response curve linking bias and cytoplasmic CheY concentration that was offset but with a slope similar to that for a low fumarate level. It is concluded that fumarate and CheY act additively presumably at different reaction steps in the conformational transition of the switch complex from counterclockwise to clockwise motor rotation.

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Wexler, Mark. "Voluntary Head Movement and Allocentric Perception of Space." Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2003): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.14491.

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Although visual input is egocentric, at least some visual perceptions and representations are allocentric, that is, independent of the observer's vantage point or motion. Three experiments investigated the visual perception of three-dimensional object motion during voluntary and involuntary motion in human subjects. The results show that the motor command contributes to the objective perception of space: Observers are more likely to apply, consciously and unconsciously, spatial criteria relative to an allocentric frame of reference when they are executing voluntary head movements than while they are undergoing similar involuntary displacements (which lead to a more egocentric bias). Furthermore, details of the motor command are crucial to spatial vision, as allocentric bias decreases or disappears when self-motion and motor command do not match.

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Miyashita, T., Y. Tang, T. Mizuno, M. Kajioka, S. Ito, and H. Yamada. "DC-Bias Characteristics of Magnetic Materials for a Linear DC Motor." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 21, no. 4_2 (1997): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.21.845.

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Fortis, Paola, Peii Chen, Kelly M. Goedert, and Anna M. Barrett. "Effects of prism adaptation on motor-intentional spatial bias in neglect." NeuroReport 22, no. 14 (2011): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834a3e20.

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Angeli, Valentina, Maria Grazia Benassi, and Elisabetta Làdavas. "Recovery of oculo-motor bias in neglect patients after prism adaptation." Neuropsychologia 42, no. 9 (2004): 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.01.007.

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Wang, Minlin, Xuemei Ren, Qiang Chen, Shubo Wang, and Xuehui Gao. "Modified dynamic surface approach with bias torque for multi-motor servomechanism." Control Engineering Practice 50 (May 2016): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2016.02.011.

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Wells, A. E. D., and D. Blache. "Horses do not exhibit motor bias when their balance is challenged." Animal 2, no. 11 (2008): 1645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731108002772.

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Persico, Nicola, and Petra E. Todd. "The Hit Rates Test for Racial Bias in Motor‐Vehicle Searches." Justice Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2008): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820701717201.

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KANEBAKO, Hideki, and Yohji OKADA. "Development of Hybrid Type Combined Motor-Bearing without Bias Permanent Magnet." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 67, no. 654 (2001): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.67.443.

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Sato, Marc, Krystyna Grabski, Arthur M. Glenberg, et al. "Articulatory bias in speech categorization: Evidence from use-induced motor plasticity." Cortex 47, no. 8 (2011): 1001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.009.

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Garza, John P., Paul J. Eslinger, and Anna M. Barrett. "Perceptual–attentional and motor-intentional bias in near and far space." Brain and Cognition 68, no. 1 (2008): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.02.006.

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Wenning, Angela, Brian J. Norris, Anca Doloc-Mihu, and Ronald L. Calabrese. "Variation in motor output and motor performance in a centrally generated motor pattern." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 1 (2014): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00856.2013.

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Central pattern generators (CPGs) produce motor patterns that ultimately drive motor outputs. We studied how functional motor performance is achieved, specifically, whether the variation seen in motor patterns is reflected in motor performance and whether fictive motor patterns differ from those in vivo. We used the leech heartbeat system in which a bilaterally symmetrical CPG coordinates segmental heart motor neurons and two segmented heart tubes into two mutually exclusive coordination modes: rear-to-front peristaltic on one side and nearly synchronous on the other, with regular side-to-side switches. We assessed individual variability of the motor pattern and the beat pattern in vivo. To quantify the beat pattern we imaged intact adults. To quantify the phase relations between motor neurons and heart constrictions we recorded extracellularly from two heart motor neurons and movement from the corresponding heart segments in minimally dissected leeches. Variation in the motor pattern was reflected in motor performance only in the peristaltic mode, where larger intersegmental phase differences in the motor neurons resulted in larger phase differences between heart constrictions. Fictive motor patterns differed from those in vivo only in the synchronous mode, where intersegmental phase differences in vivo had a larger front-to-rear bias and were more constrained. Additionally, load-influenced constriction timing might explain the amplification of the phase differences between heart segments in the peristaltic mode and the higher variability in motor output due to body shape assumed in this soft-bodied animal. The motor pattern determines the beat pattern, peristaltic or synchronous, but heart mechanics influence the phase relations achieved.

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Rosko, Jerko, Vincent A. Martinez, Wilson C. K. Poon, and Teuta Pilizota. "Osmotaxis inEscherichia colithrough changes in motor speed." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): E7969—E7976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620945114.

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Bacterial motility, and in particular repulsion or attraction toward specific chemicals, has been a subject of investigation for over 100 years, resulting in detailed understanding of bacterial chemotaxis and the corresponding sensory network in many bacterial species. ForEscherichia colimost of the current understanding comes from the experiments with low levels of chemotactically active ligands. However, chemotactically inactive chemical species at concentrations found in the human gastrointestinal tract produce significant changes inE. coli’sosmotic pressure and have been shown to lead to taxis. To understand how these nonspecific physical signals influence motility, we look at the response of individual bacterial flagellar motors under stepwise changes in external osmolarity. We combine these measurements with a population swimming assay under the same conditions. Unlike for chemotactic response, a long-term increase in swimming/motor speeds is observed, and in the motor rotational bias, both of which scale with the osmotic shock magnitude. We discuss how the speed changes we observe can lead to steady-state bacterial accumulation.

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Barrett, Anna M., J. Brent Crosson, Gregory P. Crucian, and Kenneth M. Heilman. "Far Bias On the Radial Line Bisection Task: Measuring Perceptual-Attentional and Motor-Intentional Bias in Normal Subjects." Cortex 38, no. 5 (2002): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70043-1.

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Barrett, A., K. Goedert, P. Chen, and R. Boston. "Dissociated Response to Prism Adaptation: "Aiming" Spatial-Motor Bias, Not "Where" Perceptual-Attentional Bias, Is Key Predictor (S29.006)." Neurology 78, Meeting Abstracts 1 (2012): S29.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s29.006.

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Jurdana, Vedran, Neven Bulic, and Wolfgang Gruber. "Topology Choice and Optimization of a Bearingless Flux-Switching Motor with a Combined Winding Set." Machines 6, no. 4 (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines6040057.

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The purpose of this paper is to choose a new topology for bearingless flux-switching slice motors, regarding the number of stator and rotor poles, with a combined winding set. Additionally, the selected motor topology is optimized with finite element method (FEM) simulations to improve the performance. Bearingless slice drives feature a magnetically-suspended rotor disk passively stabilized by reluctance forces due to a permanent magnet (PM) bias flux in the air gap and actively controlled by the generation of radial bearing forces and motor torque. Usage of the combined winding set, where each phase generates both motor torque and suspension forces, opens the opportunity for a new topology. The topology choice and optimization are based on FEM simulations of several motor optimization criteria, as the passive axial, tilting and radial stiffness values and the active torque and bearing forces, which are simulated regarding the motor height and specific stator and rotor parameters. Saturation, cogging torque and cogging forces are also analyzed. The 3D FEM program ANSYS Maxwell 2015 was used. The results led to an optimized bearingless flux-switching motor topology with six new stator segments and seven rotor poles. By optimizing the geometry, a considerable improvement of performance was reached. This geometry optimization is a base for a future prototype model.

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Jonikaitis, Donatas, Saurabh Dhawan, and Heiner Deubel. "Saccade selection and inhibition: motor and attentional components." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (2019): 1368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00726.2017.

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Motor responses are fundamentally spatial in their function and neural organization. However, studies of inhibitory motor control, focused on global stopping of all actions, have ignored whether inhibitory control can be exercised selectively for specific actions. We used a new approach to elicit and measure motor inhibition by asking human participants to either look at (select) or avoid looking at (inhibit) a location in space. We found that instructing a location to be avoided resulted in an inhibitory bias specific to that location. When compared with the facilitatory bias observed in the Look task, it differed significantly in both its spatiotemporal dynamics and its modulation of attentional processing. While action selection was evident in oculomotor system and interacted with attentional processing, action inhibition was evident mainly in the oculomotor system. Our findings suggest that action inhibition is implemented by spatially specific mechanisms that are separate from action selection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that cognitive control of saccadic responses evokes separable action selection and inhibition processes. Both action selection and inhibition are represented in the saccadic system, but only action selection interacts with the attentional system.

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Otte, Karen, Tobias Ellermeyer, Masahide Suzuki, et al. "Cultural bias in motor function patterns: Potential relevance for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine." EPMA Journal 12, no. 1 (2021): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00236-3.

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Abstract Background Quantification of motor performance has a promising role in personalized medicine by diagnosing and monitoring, e.g. neurodegenerative diseases or health problems related to aging. New motion assessment technologies can evolve into patient-centered eHealth applications on a global scale to support personalized healthcare as well as treatment of disease. However, uncertainty remains on the limits of generalizability of such data, which is relevant specifically for preventive or predictive applications, using normative datasets to screen for incipient disease manifestations or indicators of individual risks. Objective This study explored differences between healthy German and Japanese adults in the performance of a short set of six motor tests. Methods Six motor tasks related to gait and balance were recorded with a validated 3D camera system. Twenty-five healthy adults from Chiba, Japan, participated in this study and were matched for age, sex, and BMI to a sample of 25 healthy adults from Berlin, Germany. Recordings used the same technical setup and standard instructions and were supervised by the same experienced operator. Differences in motor performance were analyzed using multiple linear regressions models, adjusted for differences in body stature. Results From 23 presented parameters, five showed group-related differences after adjustment for height and weight (R2 between .19 and .46, p<.05). Japanese adults transitioned faster between sitting and standing and used a smaller range of hand motion. In stepping-in-place, cadence was similar in both groups, but Japanese adults showed higher knee movement amplitudes. Body height was identified as relevant confounder (standardized beta >.5) for performance of short comfortable and maximum speed walks. For results of posturography, regression models did not reveal effects of group or body stature. Conclusions Our results support the existence of a population-specific bias in motor function patterns in young healthy adults. This needs to be considered when motor function is assessed and used for clinical decisions, especially for personalized predictive and preventive medical purposes. The bias affected only the performance of specific items and parameters and is not fully explained by population-specific ethnic differences in body stature. It may be partially explained as cultural bias related to motor habits. Observed effects were small but are expected to be larger in a non-controlled cross-cultural application of motion assessment technologies with relevance for related algorithms that are being developed and used for data processing. In sum, the interpretation of individual data should be related to appropriate population-specific or even better personalized normative values to yield its full potential and avoid misinterpretation.

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Asifa Qurat Ul Ain, Arooj Fatima, Faraya Yousaf, Filza Shoukat, Kashif Siddiqui, and Ashfaq Ahmed. "Role of virtual reality and active video games in motor and executive functions in cerebral palsy: a systematic review." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 5 (2022): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.2140.

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Objective: To explore current evidence on the role of virtual reality and active video games in motor and executive functions compared to conventional physical therapies in cerebral palsy patients. Method: The systematic review was conducted at the University Institute of Physical Therapy, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised search on MEDLINE via PubMed, Pedro and Cochrane Central related to randomised and clinical controlled trials published from 2005 to 2020. For critical appraisal of the studies, the Pedro tool was used, while methodological quality assessment was done using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Of the 15 articles reviewed, 14(93.3%) reported significant effect of virtual reality and active video games on motor functions. Critical appraisal found the quality of the studies from fair to high. Low risk was found in 4(26.7%) articles in terms of selection, 3(20%) allocation, 6(40%) detection, and 8(53.3%) had attrition bias. Unclear risk was reported in the performance and reporting bias domain in all the 15(100%) articles. Conclusion: Virtual reality games cannot be used as a substitute for therapy, but along with the conventional physical therapy, they are very effective and produce significant changes in motor functions in cerebral palsy patients. As for executive functions, more research needs to be done to determine the impact of these games at a higher level of brain. Key Words: Virtual reality therapy, Active video games, Motor rehabilitation, Executive functions.

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Smith, Kirsten, Vera Kempe, and Lara Wood. "Eye Placement Bias Is Remarkably Robust." i-Perception 12, no. 3 (2021): 204166952110175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211017564.

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When drawing faces, people show a systematic bias of placing the eyes higher up the head than they are placed in reality. This study investigated the development of this phenomenon while removing the potential confound of drawing ability. Participants ( N = 124) in three age groups (3–5 yo, 10–11 yo, and adults) reconstructed two foam faces: one from observation and one from memory. The high eye placement bias was remarkably robust with mean eye placement in every condition significantly higher than the original faces. The same bias was not shown for mouth placement. Eye placement was highest for the youngest participants and for the memory conditions. The results suggest that an eye placement bias is not caused by the motor skill demands required for drawing and lend evidence to the suggestion that an eye placement bias is caused by perceptual and decision-making processes.

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Slachevsky, Andrea, Bernard Pillon, Pierre Fourneret, Pascale Pradat-Diehl, Marc Jeannerod, and Bruno Dubois. "Preserved Adjustment but Impaired Awareness in a Sensory-Motor Conflict following Prefrontal Lesions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (2001): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290151137386.

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Control of action occurs at different stagesof the executive process, in particular at those of sensory-motor integration and conscious monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine the implication of the prefrontal cortex in the control of action. For that purpose, we compared the performance of 15 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 15 matched controls on an experimental paradigm generating a conflict between the action planned and the sensory-motor feedback. Subjects had to trace a sagittal line witha stylus on a graphic tablet. The hand was hidden by a mirror on which the traced line, processed by a computer, was projected. Without informing the subjects, the line traced was modified by introducing a bias to the right, which increased progressively from 2° to 42°. To succeed the task, subjects had to modify their motor program and deviate their hand in the opposite direction. The sensory-motor adjustment to the bias was evaluated by the surface between the line traced and the ideal line to compensate for the deviation. The awareness of the conflict was measured by the angle of the bias at which subjects expressed the feeling that the line they traced was not the same as the line they saw. The deviation was similarly compensated for by patients and controls until24°. Then 14 controls but only3 patients were aware of a conflict. After that, the variability of performance increased significantly for the unaware patients. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex is required at the level of conscious monitoring of actions, but not at the level of sensory-motor integration.

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Buaron, Batel, Daniel Reznik, Ro'ee Gilron, and Roy Mukamel. "Voluntary Actions Modulate Perception and Neural Representation of Action-Consequences in a Hand-Dependent Manner." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 12 (2020): 6097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa156.

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Abstract Evoked neural activity in sensory regions and perception of sensory stimuli are modulated when the stimuli are the consequence of voluntary movement, as opposed to an external source. It has been suggested that such modulations are due to motor commands that are sent to relevant sensory regions during voluntary movement. However, given the anatomical-functional laterality bias of the motor system, it is plausible that the pattern of such behavioral and neural modulations will also exhibit a similar bias, depending on the effector triggering the stimulus (e.g., right/left hand). Here, we examined this issue in the visual domain using behavioral and neural measures (fMRI). Healthy participants judged the relative brightness of identical visual stimuli that were either self-triggered (using right/left hand button presses), or triggered by the computer. Stimuli were presented either in the right or left visual field. Despite identical physical properties of the visual consequences, we found stronger perceptual modulations when the triggering hand was ipsi- (rather than contra-) lateral to the stimulated visual field. Additionally, fMRI responses in visual cortices differentiated between stimuli triggered by right/left hand. Our findings support a model in which voluntary actions induce sensory modulations that follow the anatomical-functional bias of the motor system.

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Barrett, A., K. Goedert, P. Chen, and R. Boston. "Dissociated Response to Prism Adaptation: "Aiming" Spatial-Motor Bias, Not "Where" Perceptual-Attentional Bias, Is Key Predictor (IN4-2.004)." Neurology 78, Meeting Abstracts 1 (2012): IN4–2.004—IN4–2.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.in4-2.004.

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Baker, Essence, and Ilya Yaroslavsky. "A-132 Reward Learning Bias and Risky Decision Making Moderation of ADHD Symptom Associations with Emotion Dysregulation." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, no. 6 (2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.132.

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Abstract Objective: Risky decision-making that prioritizes immediate gains over high potential losses (risky decision-making) and a heightened responsiveness to reward-based learning (reward bias) reflect individual differences tied to emotion dysregulation (ED) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, risky decision-making and reward bias may also potentiate the association between ADHD and ED, which we hypothesize. Method: University students (N = 57) completed measures of inattention, motor-, and verbal-hyperactivity (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale) and goal-, impulsivity-, and emotion regulation strategy implementation-deficits (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale). Risky decision-making and reward bias were measured via the Iowa Gambling Task and the Probalistic Reward Learning task using E-Prime v. 2.0. Results: Inattention symptoms positively correlated with the three DERS subscales (rs = 0.28–0.44,ps &lt; 0.03), reduced reward bias (r = −0.30,p = 0.03), and hyperactivity symptoms (rs = 0.29–0.31,ps &lt; 0.03); no other association involving ADHD indices reached significance. MANOVAs revealed significant three-way interactions between risky decision-making, reward bias and motoric hyperactivity (F = 3.42,p = 0.025) and inattention at a trend level (F = 2.73,p = 0.055). Follow-up ANOVAs (Fs = 6.00–8.45, ps &lt; 0.02) and post-hoc probes revealed that patterns of high reward bias and low risky decision making were consistently linked with ED with increasing motor hyperactivity and inattention symptoms, as was the pattern of low reward bias and high risky decision-making. Conversely, a high reward bias combined with slow risky decision-making reduced the tie between those two ADHD symptoms and ED. Conclusion: Results suggest a nuanced interplay between decision-making, reward bias, and ADHD symptoms in relation to ED, which is consistent with others finding ADHD to be a heterogenous disorder. Clinical implications of the observed individual-differences patterns warrant further investigation.

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Snow, Nicholas J., Katie P. Wadden, Arthur R. Chaves, and Michelle Ploughman. "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review with Recommendations for Future Research." Neural Plasticity 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6430596.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Disease progression is variable and unpredictable, warranting the development of biomarkers of disease status. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method used to study the human motor system, which has shown potential in MS research. However, few reviews have summarized the use of TMS combined with clinical measures of MS and no work has comprehensively assessed study quality. This review explored the viability of TMS as a biomarker in studies of MS examining disease severity, cognitive impairment, motor impairment, or fatigue. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated in studies meeting selection criteria. After screening 1603 records, 30 were included for review. All studies showed high risk of bias, attributed largely to issues surrounding sample size justification, experimenter blinding, and failure to account for key potential confounding variables. Central motor conduction time and motor-evoked potentials were the most commonly used TMS techniques and showed relationships with disease severity, motor impairment, and fatigue. Short-latency afferent inhibition was the only outcome related to cognitive impairment. Although there is insufficient evidence for TMS in clinical assessments of MS, this review serves as a template to inform future research.

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Daini, Roberta, Giuseppe Vallar, and Lisa S. Arduino. "Why we move to the right? The dominant hand motor-spatial bias." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 10 (2018): 1488–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000476.

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Brouillet, Denis, Caroline Vagnot, Audrey Milhau, et al. "Sensory–motor properties of past actions bias memory in a recognition task." Psychological Research 79, no. 4 (2014): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0600-6.

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Hagio, Shota, and Motoki Kouzaki. "Modularity speeds up motor learning by overcoming mechanical bias in musculoskeletal geometry." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 147 (2018): 20180249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0249.

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We can easily learn and perform a variety of movements that fundamentally require complex neuromuscular control. Many empirical findings have demonstrated that a wide range of complex muscle activation patterns could be well captured by the combination of a few functional modules, the so-called muscle synergies. Modularity represented by muscle synergies would simplify the control of a redundant neuromuscular system. However, how the reduction of neuromuscular redundancy through a modular controller contributes to sensorimotor learning remains unclear. To clarify such roles, we constructed a simple neural network model of the motor control system that included three intermediate layers representing neurons in the primary motor cortex, spinal interneurons organized into modules and motoneurons controlling upper-arm muscles. After a model learning period to generate the desired shoulder and/or elbow joint torques, we compared the adaptation to a novel rotational perturbation between modular and non-modular models. A series of simulations demonstrated that the modules reduced the effect of the bias in the distribution of muscle pulling directions, as well as in the distribution of torques associated with individual cortical neurons, which led to a more rapid adaptation to multi-directional force generation. These results suggest that modularity is crucial not only for reducing musculoskeletal redundancy but also for overcoming mechanical bias due to the musculoskeletal geometry allowing for faster adaptation to certain external environments.

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Howard, Ian S., James N. Ingram, Konrad P. Körding, and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Statistics of Natural Movements Are Reflected in Motor Errors." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (2009): 1902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00013.2009.

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Humans use their arms to engage in a wide variety of motor tasks during everyday life. However, little is known about the statistics of these natural arm movements. Studies of the sensory system have shown that the statistics of sensory inputs are key to determining sensory processing. We hypothesized that the statistics of natural everyday movements may, in a similar way, influence motor performance as measured in laboratory-based tasks. We developed a portable motion-tracking system that could be worn by subjects as they went about their daily routine outside of a laboratory setting. We found that the well-documented symmetry bias is reflected in the relative incidence of movements made during everyday tasks. Specifically, symmetric and antisymmetric movements are predominant at low frequencies, whereas only symmetric movements are predominant at high frequencies. Moreover, the statistics of natural movements, that is, their relative incidence, correlated with subjects' performance on a laboratory-based phase-tracking task. These results provide a link between natural movement statistics and motor performance and confirm that the symmetry bias documented in laboratory studies is a natural feature of human movement.

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Smith, Janette L., Matthew Crawford, Uwe Proske, Janet L. Taylor, and Simon C. Gandevia. "Signals of motor command bias joint position sense in the presence of feedback from proprioceptors." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 3 (2009): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91365.2008.

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Joint position sense is believed to be mediated by muscle afferent signals. Because a “phantom” hand produced by a sensory and motor nerve block appears to move in the direction of voluntary effort, signals of “motor command” or “effort” can influence perceived joint position. To determine whether this occurs when sensory signals are available, three studies assessed position sense when motor command and afferent signals were available, but joint movement was prevented. First, the hand was positioned to stop movement at the proximal joint of the middle finger, and movement at the distal joint was impossible because the muscles had been “disengaged”. Voluntary efforts produced illusory position changes in the direction of the effort (12.6 ± 2.0° distal joint; 12.3 ± 2.3° proximal joint for efforts at 30% maximum; means ± SD). Second, when subjects attempted to move the index finger under isometric conditions, the index finger appeared to move 7.4 ± 1.2° in the direction of efforts. These illusions graded with the level of effort (10 or 30% maximum) and far exceeded any real joint movement. Finally, because changes in muscle afferent feedback might have accompanied the voluntary efforts, all forearm and hand muscles were completely paralyzed by locally infused rocuronium. During paralysis, passive wrist position was signaled accurately, but, during attempted efforts (30% maximum), perceived wrist position changed by 9.7 ± 4.9°. Before paralysis, isometric efforts changed it by 6.7 ± 3.6°. Thus all studies concur: when joint movement is prevented, signals of motor command contribute to joint position sense.

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Lee, Hak-Gweon, and Young-Su Jung. "Verification of the ediating effect of optimistic perceptional bias in the relationship between motor behavior intention and motor behavior." Korean Journal of Sports Science 30, no. 3 (2021): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2021.6.30.3.347.

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