Articles de revues : « Mothers – Employment – West, Germany »

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Schober, Pia, et Christian Schmitt. « Day-care availability, maternal employment and satisfaction of parents : Evidence from cultural and policy variations in Germany ». Journal of European Social Policy 27, n^o 5 (1 février 2017) : 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716688264.

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This study investigates how the availability and expansion of childcare services for children aged under 3 years relate to the subjective wellbeing of German mothers and fathers. It extends previous studies by examining in more detail the relationship between day-care availability and use, maternal employment and parental subjective wellbeing during early childhood in a country with expanding childcare services and varying work–care cultures. The empirical analysis links annual day-care attendance rates at the county-level to individual-level data of the Socio-Economic Panel Study for 2007–2012 and the ‘Families in Germany’ Study for 2010–2012. We apply fixed-effects panel models to samples of 2002 couples and 376 lone mothers. We find some evidence of a positive effect of the day-care expansion only on satisfaction with family life for lone mothers and for full-time employed partnered mothers. Transitions to full-time employment are associated with reductions in subjective wellbeing irrespective of local day-care availability among partnered mothers in West Germany but not in East Germany. These results suggest that varying work–care cultures between East and West Germany are more important moderators of the relationship between maternal employment and satisfaction than short-term regional expansions of childcare services.

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Möser, Anke, Susan E. Chen, Stephanie B. Jilcott et Rodolfo M. Nayga. « Associations between maternal employment and time spent in nutrition-related behaviours among German children and mothers ». Public Health Nutrition 15, n^o 7 (21 décembre 2011) : 1256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011003375.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between maternal employment and time spent engaging in nutrition-related behaviours among mothers and children using a nationally representative sample of households in West and East Germany.DesignA cross-sectional analysis was performed using time-use data for a sample of mother–child dyads. Associations between maternal employment and time spent in nutrition-related activities such as eating at home, eating away from home and food preparation were estimated using a double-hurdle model.SettingGerman Time Budget Survey 2001/02.SubjectsThe overall sample included 1071 households with a child between 10 and 17 years of age. The time-use data were collected for a 3 d period of observation (two weekdays and one weekend day).ResultsMaternal employment was associated with the time children spent on nutrition-related behaviours. In households with employed mothers, children spent more time eating alone at home and less time eating meals with their mothers. Moreover, employed mothers spent less time on meal preparation compared with non-employed mothers. There were regional differences in time spent on nutrition-related behaviours, such that East German children were more likely to eat at home alone than West German children.ConclusionsMaternal employment was associated with less time spent eating with children and preparing food, which may be related to the increasing childhood obesity rates in Germany. Future national surveys that collect both time-use data and health outcomes could yield further insight into mechanisms by which maternal time use might be associated with health outcomes among children.

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Stahl, Juliane Frederike, et Pia Sophia Schober. « Convergence or Divergence ? Educational Discrepancies in Work-Care Arrangements of Mothers with Young Children in Germany ». Work, Employment and Society 32, n^o 4 (7 avril 2017) : 629–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017692503.

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This study examines how educational differences in work-care patterns among mothers with young children in Germany changed between 1997 and 2013. Since the mid-2000s, Germany has undergone a paradigm shift in parental leave and childcare policies. Our comparative analysis of East and West Germany provides new evidence on whether the long-standing gender regime differences interact with recent developments of social class inequalities in the changing family policy context. The analyses include pooled binary and multinomial logistic regressions based on 17,764 observations of 8604 children below the age of three years from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The findings point to growing educational divergence in work-care arrangements in East and West Germany: employment and day-care use increased more strongly among families with medium and highly educated mothers compared to those with low education. This has critical implications for the latter’s economic security. The decline in the use of informal childcare options was, however, fairly homogenous.

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Zoch, Gundula. « Public childcare provision and employment participation of East and West German mothers with different educational backgrounds ». Journal of European Social Policy 30, n^o 3 (20 janvier 2020) : 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719892843.

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By focusing on a period of a major public childcare expansion in Germany, this study investigates whether higher levels of childcare coverage for under-threes have been positively associated with employment among mothers with different educational backgrounds. Both standard economic labour theories and sociological theories presume that the effect of public childcare provision varies with mothers’ educational attainment. The analysis links county-level data on annual childcare ratios with individual-level data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (2007–2016). To match mothers with similar characteristics in counties with childcare ratios above and below the annual median within East and West Germany, entropy balancing is applied. Findings indicate a positive relationship between childcare provision and maternal employment, with more pronounced associations for mothers with at least a vocational degree, those with a second birth and those who receive full-time access to childcare.

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela, et Esther Geisler. « Müttererwerbstätigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland ». Journal of Family Research 18, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2006) : 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-299.

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This article provides an overview on the labor force behavior of women with children in East and West Germany using data from the German Microcensus of the years 1991, 1996 and 2002. Besides the question of an East-West-convergence of behavior, we investigate educational differences in mothers’ employment behavior. Zusammenfassung Auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus aus den Jahren 1991, 1996 und 2002 gibt dieser Artikel einen Überblick über das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen mit Kindern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Neben der Frage der Ost-West-Angleichung stehen bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten im Vordergrund der Analyse.

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Schröder, Martin. « Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment : Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment—Evidence from Eight Panels ». Social Indicators Research 152, n^o 1 (16 juillet 2020) : 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02433-5.

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Abstract This article uses random and fixed effects regressions with 743,788 observations from panels of East and West Germany, the UK, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. It shows how the life satisfaction of men and especially fathers in these countries increases steeply with paid working hours. In contrast, the life satisfaction of childless women is less related to long working hours, while the life satisfaction of mothers hardly depends on working hours at all. In addition, women and especially mothers are more satisfied with life when their male partners work longer, while the life satisfaction of men hardly depend on their female partners’ work hours. These differences between men and women are starker where gender attitudes are more traditional. They cannot be explained through differences in income, occupations, partner characteristics, period or cohort effects. These results contradict role expansionist theory, which suggests that men and women profit similarly from moderate work hours; they support role conflict theory, which claims that men are most satisfied with longer and women with shorter work hours.

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Drobnic, S. « The Effects of Children on Married and Lone Mothers' Employment in the United States and (West) Germany ». European Sociological Review 16, n^o 2 (1 juin 2000) : 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.2.137.

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Liechti, Lena. « Resource-related inequalities in mothers’ employment in two family-policy regimes : evidence from Switzerland and West Germany ». European Societies 19, n^o 1 (23 novembre 2016) : 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2016.1258083.

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Pavlica, Branko. « Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany : Migrants, emigrants, refugees and asylum-seekers ». Medjunarodni problemi 57, n^o 1-2 (2005) : 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502121p.

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Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany have a long tradition. There have been various economic and social causes, and in some periods even political ones for that phenomenon. Taking into consideration the historical aspect and also the contemporary migration flows, the dynamics of migrations of the Yugoslav population to Germany has the following stages in its development. The first stage had begun in late XIX century and ended with the World War I. Although the overseas migration flows prevailed, yet the German agriculture and its mine industry attracted a part of the Yugoslav population. Between the two world wars mostly "Westfahl Slovenes" and Croats and Serbs from Bosnia-Herzegovina got "temporary employed" in the Rhine-Westfahl industrial area, along with several thousand Serb-Croat-Slovene agricultural seasonal workers per year. The second stage began immediately after the Second World War when most of about 200,000 citizens from the former Yugoslavia, being mostly refugees, moved from the West European to overseas countries, but some of them stayed in Germany. Involuntary migrants and refugees, however, returned in great number from Germany to Yugoslavia. At that stage non-extradition of war criminals on the part of the West occupying powers on German territory, then disregard of West German Governments of the anti-Yugoslav activities of the part of extreme Yugoslav emigration, and different interpretation of the bilateral agreement on extradition, became the essential problem in relations between SFR Yugoslavia and FR Germany. The third stage in development of migrations commenced in early 1960s. At that time, Germany and other Western countries became prominently immigrational, while since mid-1960s till 1973 economic emigrants from Yugoslavia became more and more important in the German economic space. From 1954 to 1967 migration of Yugoslav citizens had not yet been intensive and their intention was mostly to work abroad. Illegal employment was, however, prominent at that time. Due to the normalisation of political relations, re-establishment of diplomatic relations and conclusion of bilateral agreements that legally defined employment of foreign workers, since 1968 till 1973 a great number of Yugoslavs got employed in FR Germany. The contemporary migrations from FR Yugoslavia to Germany resulted from the economic and political crisis in the former SFRY as well as from the civil wars that were waged in the Yugoslav territory. FR Germany became the most important destination country of Yugoslav migrants - workers, refugees, false asylum-seekers and political emigrants. Different categories of migrants from Yugoslavia to Germany enjoy the treatment that is in accordance with the immigration policies of the German governments as well as with the degree of development of the German-Yugoslav political and economic relations, and the degree of the established co-operation in the field of legal assistance and social welfare. Migrant workers, who have legally regulated their employment and residence status, could in the future expect to gain assistance from their mother country in getting efficient protection of their rights and interests in all stages of the migration process. Numerous migrants asylum-seekers, in spite of the proclaimed international protection, share, however, the fate resulting from the politically motivated measures and actions taken by the German authorities within the arbitrary decision-making of the right and/or abuse of the right to asylum. This is the reason why as early as in late 1994 the Government of FRG announced that it would expel foreigners from the country. The remaining refugees, or actually the so-called false asylum-seekers in FR Germany, share the fate of forced repatriation. Within this category special emphasis should be placed on the attitude of the German government to the Albanians and Roma from Kosovo. At first, the Germans treated the Albanians from Kosovo as politically persecuted persons, offering them refuge. Then they declared them (and Roma also) to be false asylum-seekers and insisted on readmission - their gradual repatriation to Kosovo. Considering both positive and negative implications of the migration process, the key issue for the citizens from Serbia and Montenegro who live in Germany remains the following: maintenance of their national identity, cherishing of their mother tongue and culture, keeping up relations with their mother country, social gathering - in various associations, clubs and organisations, education in their mother tongue, what particularly includes comprehensive additional teaching for children in Serbian, as well as better information dissemination.

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Zagel, Hannah. « Are All Single Mothers the Same ? Evidence from British and West German Women’s Employment Trajectories ». European Sociological Review 30, n^o 1 (9 août 2013) : 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct021.

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Morgan, Kimberly J. « Path Shifting of the Welfare State : Electoral Competition and the Expansion of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe ». World Politics 65, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 73–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000251.

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What explains the surprising growth of work-family policies in several West European countries? Much research on the welfare state emphasizes its institutional stickiness and immunity to major change. Yet, over the past two decades, governments in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have introduced important reforms to their welfare regimes, enacting paid leave schemes, expanded rights to part-time work, and greater investments in child care. A comparison of these countries reveals a similar sequence of political and policy change. Faced with growing electoral instability and the decline of core constituencies, party leaders sought to attract dealigning voter groups, such as women. This led them to introduce feminizing reforms of their party structures and adopt policies to support mothers' employment. In all three cases, women working within the parties played an important role in hatching or lobbying for these reforms. After comparing three countries that moved in a path-shifting direction, this article engages in a brief traveling exercise, examining whether a similar set of dynamics are lacking in two countries—Austria and Italy—that have moved more slowly in reforming these policies. Against the prevailing scholarly literature that emphasizes path dependence and slow-moving change, this article reveals the continued power of electoral politics in shaping redistributive policies.

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Stafford, Frank P. « Employment problems in West Germany ». Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 28 (mars 1988) : 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(88)90024-3.

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Schoer, Karl. « Part-time employment : Britain and West Germany ». Cambridge Journal of Economics 11, n^o 1 (mars 1987) : 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035018.

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Wiedemeyer, Michael. « New Technology in West Germany : the employment debate ». New Technology, Work and Employment 4, n^o 1 (mars 1989) : 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005x.1989.tb00104.x.

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Dotti Sani, Giulia M., et Stefani Scherer. « Maternal Employment : Enabling Factors in Context ». Work, Employment and Society 32, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2017) : 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016677944.

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Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed.

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Funke, Michael, et Felix FitzRoy. « Skills, Wages, and Employment in East and West Germany ». IMF Working Papers 95, n^o 4 (1995) : i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451841985.001.

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Fitzroy, Felix, et Michael Funke. « Skills, Wages and Employment in East and West Germany ». Regional Studies 32, n^o 5 (juillet 1998) : 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409850116853.

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Zagel, Hannah, et Richard Breen. « Family demography and income inequality in West Germany and the United States ». Acta Sociologica 62, n^o 2 (29 août 2018) : 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699318759404.

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Income inequality has grown in many countries over the past decades. Single country studies have investigated how trends in family demography, such as rising female employment, assortative mating and single parenthood, have affected this development. But the combined effects have not been studied sufficiently, much less in a comparative perspective. We apply decomposition and counterfactual analyses to Luxembourg Income Study data from the 1990s and 2000s for West Germany and the USA. We counterfactually analyse how changes in the distribution of men’s and women’s education, employment and children across households between the 1990s and 2000s affected overall inequality (Theil index). We find that changes in family demography between the 1990s and the 2000s explain inequality growth in West Germany but not in the USA, where the effects of gendered changes in education and employment offset each other. In West Germany, changes in the distribution of household types, and particularly changes in men’s employment and education, contributed to increases in income inequality. The country differences in the relationship between changes in family demography and inequality growth reflect how the decline in men’s and the growth in women’s employment played out differently in the weakening male breadwinner context in West Germany and in the universal breadwinner context in the USA.

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Matysiak, A., et S. Steinmetz. « Finding Their Way ? Female Employment Patterns in West Germany, East Germany, and Poland ». European Sociological Review 24, n^o 3 (20 février 2008) : 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn007.

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Kirchner, Stefan. « Between East and West ? East Germany’s Employment System in a Dynamic Comparison ». ILR Review 73, n^o 5 (13 février 2019) : 1046–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919831694.

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This article investigates how working conditions in East Germany differ from those in West Germany as well as from those among its Central and Eastern European (CEE) neighbors (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland). Building on repeated International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) survey data (1989, 1997, 2005, and 2015), the author compares key elements of East Germany’s employment system with West Germany and its CEE neighbors over time. The results show that, initially, East Germany’s conditions resembled a logic reflecting the need for economic survival that was distinct from West Germany and from the emerging general patterns of its CEE neighbors. By 2015, East and West German working conditions nearly converge. This article develops and extends the employment system approach to address situations of transformation and substantial institutional change, and contributes to the ongoing debate on regional diversity in Germany’s economy.

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Carpenter, K. M. N. « "For Mothers Only" : Mothers' Convalescent Homes and Modernizing Maternal Ideology in 1950s West Germany ». Journal of Social History 34, n^o 4 (1 juin 2001) : 863–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2001.0046.

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Lietzmann, Torsten. « The Contribution of Mothers’ Employment on Their Family's Chances of Ending Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany. Analysis of a Two-Stage Process ». Sociological Research Online 22, n^o 2 (mai 2017) : 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4232.

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The following article investigates to what extent individual employment of mothers contributes to ending receipt of welfare benefits in Germany. It disentangles the process of an employment-related exit into two stages: first, the process of taking up employment and second, the probability of ending benefit receipt with this new employment. This analysis focuses on mothers because they face particular restrictions on their labour market behaviour. It identifies the determinants involved using event history and probit models on the basis of longitudinal administrative data on benefit receipt and employment. Whereas the time and effort spent on childcare based on the age of the youngest child only influences the taking up of employment, household size plays a role only for the probability of ending benefit receipt. The individual labour market resources of the mothers influence access to the labour market, whereas for exits from benefit receipt the job position and type of employment relationship are more decisive.

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Buechtemann, Christoph F. « More Jobs Through Less Employment Protection ? Evidence for West Germany ». Labour 3, n^o 3 (décembre 1989) : 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1989.tb00161.x.

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Blien, Uwe, Jens Suedekum et Katja Wolf. « Local employment growth in West Germany : A dynamic panel approach ». Labour Economics 13, n^o 4 (août 2006) : 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2006.02.004.

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Schumacher, Jürgen, et Karin Stiehr. « Market-oriented local employment initiatives in Germany ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 4, n^o 3 (août 1998) : 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400310.

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This paper concerns local employment initiatives in Germany. Particular attention is devoted to the "market orientation" of these initiatives. The concept of market orientation refers on the one hand to the way in which public funding of a subsidised labour market scheme can be topped up by the sale of goods and services and, on the other, to the conversion of local employment initiatives into normal companies following a period of public funding. Since the contexts surrounding local employment initiatives in east and west Germany are very different, developments in the two parts of Germany are portrayed separately. Some provisions of the Employment Promotion Act are cited, and the difficult circumstances under which market-oriented employment initiatives have to operate are described. One promotion scheme, the "Social Enterprises" of Lower Saxony, is presented to exemplify market-oriented local employment initiatives.

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Kluve, Jochen, et Sebastian Schmitz. « Back to Work : Parental Benefits and Mothers’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Medium Run ». ILR Review 71, n^o 1 (23 mai 2017) : 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917710933.

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The authors estimate policy impacts of a generous parental benefit in Germany by using a natural experiment and German census data. They estimate policy effects for the short run (first two years after childbirth) as well as for the medium run (that is, three to five years after childbirth). Although the results confirm the evidence from previous studies for the short run, pronounced patterns emerge for the medium run. First, effects on mothers’ employment probability are positive, significant, and large, ranging up to 10%. These gains are driven primarily by increases in part-time employment and working hours but also by full-time employment for high-income mothers. Moreover, mothers return to their previous employers at significantly higher rates, and employers reward this by raising job quality. The overall positive and sizeable impacts of the reform are centered on mothers from the medium and high terciles of the income distribution; low-income mothers do not benefit.

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Kühhirt, Michael. « Maternal employment dynamics and childhood overweight : Evidence from Germany ». Journal of Family Research 32, n^o 2 (9 septembre 2020) : 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-366.

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Overweight and obesity in childhood are key indicators of child well-being that have often been linked with maternal employment because of its potential impact on children’s diet and physical activity. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel on children born between 2002 and 2011 and their families this study investigates how maternal employment across the first 60 months after birth affects child overweight around age 6. The analysis contributes to the existing literature by using measures that capture mothers’ entire employment history instead of employment status at a particular point in time and by highlighting the analytical challenges that face studies of the effects of dynamic exposures such as maternal employment, particularly measurement of exposure histories and time-varying confounding. Overall, the results indicate that children who have experienced very different maternal employment sequences but are similar with regard to background characteristics such as maternal education, household income, and family structure show only minor and statistically insignificant disparities in the risk of overweight around age six. Only a later transition from nonemployment to part-time employment may lower the risk of overweight around age six compared to consistent nonemployment.

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Schmid, Lisa, et Michael Wagner. « Spouses' division of labor and marital stability : Applying the multiple-equilibrium theory to cohort trends of divorce in East and West Germany ». Journal of Family Research 35 (13 février 2023) : 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-732.

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Objective: In comparing East and West Germany, we investigate task specialization and its association with marital stability twofold: (1) Has the association between women’s employment and divorce risk changed across marriage cohorts? (2) Are men’s levels of engagement in domestic tasks associated with divorce risk? Background: While older theories assumed that women’s employment destabilized marriages, newer theories suggest that men can re-stabilize marriages by changing their behavior and engaging in housework. Method: We analyze data from the SOEP using discrete-time event history models in a historical and a dyadic perspective. Results: Our results show that the associations between women's employment and the risk of divorce have been changing across marriage cohorts, and that this trend began earlier in East Germany. Husbands' relative contribution to division of housework is not found to stabilize marriages in East and West Germany, but we find differences between marriage cohorts in West Germany. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that the traditional male breadwinner model is no longer associated with a stable equilibrium in marriage in Germany. It appears that either the German society is still in the transitional stage, as men’s contributions to housework are shown to be irrelevant for marital stability; or that gender equality is not associated with the new stable equilibrium in marriages.

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Grunow, Daniela, et Silke Aisenbrey. « Economic instability and mothers’ employment : A comparison of Germany and the U.S. » Advances in Life Course Research 29 (septembre 2016) : 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2015.09.005.

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Gustafsson, Siv, et Eiko Kenjoh. « New evidence on work among new mothers. What can trade unions do ? » Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, n^o 1 (février 2004) : 034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000106.

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This article examines the employment patterns of new mothers from one year before the birth of their first child until its fifth birthday in Sweden, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and Japan. Data on the labour force status of mothers was drawn from household panel data from each country. That data showed significant differences in the employment patterns of new mothers. This article discusses the developments in family policies that may explain differences between employment patterns of new mothers in the five countries. In particular, the authors contrast family policies in Sweden with those of the other countries because since the 1970s Sweden has had the most wide-ranging set of policies to benefit the dual-career family. In addition, using a few examples from the Netherlands and Sweden, this article discusses what trade unions can do in their respective countries in order to move society towards truly shared breadwinning and shared parenthood between women and men.

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Mika, Tatjana. « The Declining Pension Wealth of Employment for the Birth Cohorts 1935–1974 in Germany ». Statistics, Politics and Policy 13, n^o 1 (23 février 2022) : 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2021-0022.

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Abstract Social inequality in the labor market leads to similarly unequal pension entitlements. From a life-course perspective, however, there are two components of inequality in the labor market: the degree of stability of employment until retirement, as well as the amount of gross income earned in periods of employment. The following analysis focuses on working-life and income trajectories of the birth cohorts 1935–1974 in East and West Germany until age 40. The results demonstrate a structural shift in the German labor market towards less stable employment in the first half of the working career. The labor market therefore offered increasingly less stable employment, with an especially stark negative trend for East Germans. Only West German women born after 1945 experienced a positive trend in employment stability. For employees of all birth cohorts, the analysis demonstrates that instability in the employment career has a strong negative effect on income and, subsequently, on pension wealth. The impact of income discrimination against those with less employment stability thus remained similar for the later-born despite the more widespread experience of employment interruptions.

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von Oertzen, Christine, et Almut Rietzschel. « Comparing the Post-War Germanies : Breadwinner Ideology and Women's Employment in the Divided Nation, 1948–1970 ». International Review of Social History 42, S5 (septembre 1997) : 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011483x.

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In 1989, when Germany became reunified after forty years of separation, no one could overlook the fact that East and West Germany differed greatly with regard to the position of women. The most striking difference of all seemed to lie in the rates of female employment: 91 per cent of all East German women under the age of 60 were counted as being employed, compared to only 55 per cent in West Germany.

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Adler, Marina A., et April Brayfield. « East-West Differences in Attitudes About Employment and Family in Germany ». Sociological Quarterly 37, n^o 2 (mars 1996) : 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01748.x.

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Ziegler, Yvonne, Regine Graml, Kristine Khachatryan et Vincenzo Uli. « Working mothers in East and West Germany : a cluster analysis using a three-stage approach ». Gender in Management : An International Journal 37, n^o 3 (2 février 2022) : 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-10-2020-0318.

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Purpose The second Frankfurt Career Study was conducted in 2017 in East and West Germany to analyze the impact of motherhood on female professional advancement in the specific national context of Germany. In addition, this study aims to present a unique perspective of the similarities and dissimilarities between the Western and Eastern parts of the country. Design/methodology/approach The research is presented as a three-stage statistical approach based on quantitative data generated from a survey conducted among 2,130 working mothers. In the first step, the authors performed a multiple correspondence analysis to explore the relationships between important categorical variables. Using the object scores obtained in the first step, we then ran a hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by the third and last step: using the k-means clustering method to partition the survey respondents into groups. Findings The authors found that working mothers in Germany are distributed according to four clusters mainly described by demographics and orientation toward work. East Germany has been found as a more egalitarian context than West Germany with respect to family system arrangements. However, the upper bound of the sample in West Germany presented an atypical female breadwinner model in high-performance households. Originality/value The authors want to contribute to previous investigations on the topic by providing a more comprehensive view of the phenomenon, especially comparing the two different family systems and social norms from the Eastern and Western parts of the country. The authors ask whether and how career perspectives and female labor supply are influenced by drivers such as work–family conflict determinants, working mothers demographics, partner support and employer support.

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Friedrich, Martin. « Using Occupations to Evaluate the Employment Effects of the German Minimum Wage ». Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, n^o 2-3 (25 février 2020) : 269–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0085.

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AbstractThis paper evaluates the short to medium run employment effects of the 2015 introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany. The effect of the policy is recovered from variation in the bite of the minimum wage across occupations using a difference-in-differences estimator. The analysis reveals that the reform only had a small impact on employment and highlights the importance of regional effect heterogeneity. In East Germany, marginal employment decreased by about 18,000 jobs in the short run and 52,000 jobs in the medium run, respectively, due to the minimum wage. In West Germany, no negative employment effects are detectable, but regular employment increased temporarily because of the reform. The medium run estimates include the impact of the first marginal increase of the wage floor from €8.50 to €8.84 in 2017.

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Bachmann, Ronald, et Michael C. Burda. « Sectoral Transformation, Turbulence and Labor Market Dynamics in Germany ». German Economic Review 11, n^o 1 (1 février 2010) : 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00465.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between structural change and labor market dynamics in West Germany, during a period when industrial employment declined by more than 30% and service sector employment more than doubled. Using transition data on individual workers, we document a marked increase in structural change and turbulence, in particular since 1990. Net employment changes resulted partly from an increase in gross flows, but also from an increase in the net transition ‘yield’ at any given gross worker turnover. In growing sectors, net structural change was driven by accessions from nonparticipation rather than unemployment; contracting sectors reduced their net employment primarily via lower accessions from non-participation. German reunification and Eastern enlargement appear to have contributed significantly to this accelerated pace of structural change.

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Guertzgen, Nicole, et Karsten Hank. « Maternity Leave and Mothers’ Long-Term Sickness Absence : Evidence From West Germany ». Demography 55, n^o 2 (8 mars 2018) : 587–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0654-y.

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Nitsche, Natalie, et Karl Ulrich Mayer. « Subjective Perceptions of Employment Mobility : A Comparison of East and West Germany ». Comparative Sociology 12, n^o 2 (2013) : 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341260.

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Abstract There is an ongoing debate over whether the stability of working lives in Germany has declined in recent decades. In this piece, we contribute to the literature by arguing that subjective mobility perceptions, hence individuals’ self-reported mobility desires and experiences, should receive more attention in the debate. While it is, for example, well known that German reunification affected worklife mobility of East Germans through high unemployment and firm mobility, little is known about subjective mobility desires, specifically in an East-West German comparative perspective. Using a retrospective cross-sectional data set from 2005, we therefore investigate East-West German differences in retrospective and future mobility desires and subjectively reported mobility experiences and expectations. We also examine if there is evidence for East-West German differences in voluntary versus involuntary employment mobility. Our findings indeed show that retrospectively reported desires for stable working lives are more prevalent among East Germans. In addition, we find suggestive evidence for elevated levels of undesired firm mobility and employment interruptions among East Germans born between 1945 and 1965, and for increases in undesired employment interruptions and firm mobility among younger West German but not East German men. These latter results serve as suggestive evidence for future hypothesis building only, since our data does not provide information on the desirability of specific mobility events but on cumulative experiences and retrospective mobility desires only.

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Frodermann, Corinna, et Dana Müller. « Establishment Closures in Germany : The Motherhood Penalty at Job Search Durations ». European Sociological Review 35, n^o 6 (3 septembre 2019) : 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz043.

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Abstract This study contributes to the research on motherhood penalties by investigating based on German longitudinal register data whether mothers take longer to search for a job than childless women. We develop a unique research design to test the theory of statistical discrimination as well as the theory of status-based discrimination. We use establishment closures as a starting point that creates equal conditions for all previously employed women. Following a subsequent coarsened exact matching approach, we investigate the job search length of almost 3,000 comparable full-time working childless women and mothers from almost 700 establishments by applying event history techniques. Even after extensive robustness checks that back up the main findings, we can show that mothers have lower transition rates to re-employment than childless women. When including additional information, such as higher age of the youngest child or shorter parental leave durations, both of which serve as indicators of higher labour market attachment, we find reduced differences and buffering effects on the motherhood penalty.

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Zabel, Cordula. « Adult Workers in Theory or Practice ? » Journal of Comparative Social Work 7, n^o 2 (1 octobre 2012) : 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v7i2.89.

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This paper examines lone mothers’ participation in active labour market programmes in Germany. Since the 2005 Hartz IV employment and welfare policy reforms, expectations that non-em- ployed parents receiving means-tested benefits should be ready for employment or labour market programme participation have grown stronger. However, discretion for programme assignments is left to individual caseworkers. As a consequence, it is not clear to what extent the formal policy orientation towards an adult worker model of the family is reflected in practical policy implemen- tations. Thus, lone mothers’ participation in active labour market programmes is studied empiri- cally here on the basis of large-scale administrative data, using event-history analysis. Findings are that lone mothers are treated as adult workers with respect to workfare and training pro- grammes even when their children are still quite young. As soon as their youngest child is 3 - 5 years old, lone mothers’ transition rates into these programmes are as high as for childless single women. In the case of programmes that provide more direct pathways into regular employment, like job subsidies and in-firm training programmes, however, participation rates for lone mothers of young children are substantially lower than for childless single women.

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Not Available, Not Available. « Employment Behaviour Among Women in Germany : Differences between East and West Persist ». Economic Bulletin 38, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2001) : 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101600170001.

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Braun, Sebastian, et Toman Omar Mahmoud. « The Employment Effects of Immigration : Evidence from the Mass Arrival of German Expellees in Postwar Germany ». Journal of Economic History 74, n^o 1 (24 février 2014) : 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000035.

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This article studies the employment effects of one of the largest forced population movements in history, the influx of millions of German expellees to West Germany after World War II. This episode of forced mass migration provides a unique setting to study the causal effects of immigration. Expellees were not selected on the basis of skills or labor market prospects and, as ethnic Germans, were close substitutes to native West Germans. Expellee inflows substantially reduced native employment. The displacement effect was, however, highly nonlinear and limited to labor market segments with very high inflow rates.

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Spitz-Oener, Alexandra. « Human Capital, Job Tasks and Technology in East Germany After Reunification ». National Institute Economic Review 201 (juillet 2007) : 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083054.

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At the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, employees in East Germany were at least as well educated as employees in West Germany in terms of formal educational qualifications. However, it is unclear to what extent the skills and knowledge acquired through the East German education system, and through employment in a socialist labour market, are transferable to the new market-based economy. This study aims to shed light on this issue by giving a comprehensive description of the work of those employees who remained employed after the first phase of restructuring (i.e. in 1991) in East Germany, and comparing it with work in West Germany. Overall, the similarity between workplaces in East and West Germany soon after reunicication is striking. In addition, the patterns of task changes between 1991 and 1999 were very similar in both parts of Germany. Neither the level of task inputs in1991 nor the changes in task inputs between 1991 and 1999 were driven by cohort effects, a surprising finding given how differently the age groups were affected by the historical event. The Largest difference between the east and the west exists in terms of workplace computerisation. Although East Germany has caught up rapidly, it was still lagging behind the west in terms of computer use in 1999.

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Ebner, Christian, Michael Kühhirt et Philipp Lersch. « Cohort Changes in the Level and Dispersion of Gender Ideology after German Reunification : Results from a Natural Experiment ». European Sociological Review 36, n^o 5 (26 avril 2020) : 814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa015.

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Abstract Modernization theorists’ ‘rising tide hypothesis’ predicted the continuous spread of egalitarian gender ideologies across the globe. We revisit this assumption by studying reunified Germany, a country that did not follow a strict modernization pathway. The socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) actively fostered female employment and systematically promoted egalitarian ideologies before reunification with West Germany and the resulting incorporation into a conservative welfare state and market economy. Based on nationally representative, pooled cross-sectional data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) from 1991 to 2016, we apply variance function regression to examine the impact of German reunification—akin to a natural experiment—on the average levels and dispersion of gender ideology. The results show: (i) East German cohorts socialized after reunification hold less egalitarian ideologies than cohorts socialized in the GDR, disrupting the rising tide. (ii) East German cohorts hold more egalitarian ideologies than West German cohorts, but the East-West gap is less pronounced for post-reunification cohorts. (iii) Cohorts in East Germany show higher conformity with gender ideology than their counterparts in West Germany; yet conformity did not change after reunification. (iv) Younger cohorts in West Germany show higher conformity with gender ideology than older cohorts.

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Mutz, Michael, et Anne K. Reimers. « Leisure time sports and exercise activities during the COVID-19 pandemic : a survey of working parents ». German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 51, n^o 3 (30 juin 2021) : 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00730-w.

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AbstractMany working parents experienced a double burden of fulltime employment and increased childcare obligations during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. This paper explores how this twofold burden affected leisure time sports and exercise (LTSE). Following a gender inequality perspective, it is assumed that the level of LTSE of working mothers are more negatively affected by the pandemic than LTSE levels of working fathers. Using the nation-wide representative SPOVID survey, the paper analyses data of all respondents in fulltime employment (N = 631). Data collection took place in October and November 2020 in collaboration with Forsa, a leading corporation for public opinion polls in Germany. Results show that the pandemic led to a reduction of LTSE levels, but with considerable variation between working mothers and fathers. Fulltime working mothers reduced their LTSE by a substantial margin (54 min per week), but not working fathers. It is concluded that the double burden of work demands and childcare duties in the pandemic was largely shouldered by mothers, who then faced greater difficulties to remain active.

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Floyd, Michael, et Klaus North. « Quota Schemes and the Assessment of Employment Handicap in Britain and West Germany ». Disability, Handicap & ; Society 1, n^o 3 (janvier 1986) : 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02674648666780301.

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Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. « Modernisation, Culture and Part-Time Employment : The Example of Finland and West Germany ». Work, Employment & ; Society 7, n^o 3 (1 septembre 1993) : 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017093007003004.

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Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. « Modernisation, Culture and Part-Time Employment : The Example of Finland and West Germany ». Work, Employment and Society 7, n^o 3 (septembre 1993) : 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709373003.

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The paper discusses how differences between European countries in the rate of part-time employment among women can be explained. In contrast to the usual explanations, the paper emphasises the importance of cultural specificities in the respective countries with respect to the gender contract on the main family and integration model to which individuals as well as institutions refer in their orientations and behaviour. The differences are explained socio-historically by the specificities in the process of modernisation when transforming from an agrarian to an industrial society, showing why in each country a different family and integration model developed. Questions as to the form in which industrialisation occurred, which societal class dominated the transformation process culturally, and whether there was a cultural continuity or discontinuity, are important for cross-national differences in the family model and for the labour market behaviour of women today.

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Schober, Pia Sophia, et Christa Katharina Spiess. « Local Day Care Quality and Maternal Employment : Evidence From East and West Germany ». Journal of Marriage and Family 77, n^o 3 (17 février 2015) : 712–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12180.

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Li, Jianghong, Till Kaiser, Matthias Pollmann-Schult et Lyndall Strazdins. « Long work hours of mothers and fathers are linked to increased risk for overweight and obesity among preschool children : longitudinal evidence from Germany ». Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, n^o 8 (4 mai 2019) : 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211132.

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BackgroundMost existing studies on maternal employment and childhood overweight/obesity are from the USA. They are predominantly cross-sectional and show a consistent linear association between the two. Less is known about the joint impact of fathers’ and mothers’ work hours on childhood overweight and obesity.ObjectivesTo examine the impact of maternal and paternal work hours on overweight/obesity among children aged 1–6 years in Germany using longitudinal data.MethodsChild body weight and height and their parents’ work hours were collected for 2413 children at ages 0–1, ages 2–3 and ages 5–6. Overweight and obesity was defined using the body mass index percentiles based on the Cole LMS-Method. Random effects model was conducted, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics of parents and children.ResultsCompared with non-employment, when mothers worked 35 or more hours per week, the risk for child overweight and obesity increased among preschool children. When fathers worked 55 or more hours per week, this effect was strengthened and maternal part-time hours (24–34 per week) also became a risk for child overweight and obesity. The effect was mainly found in high-income families.ConclusionsBoth mothers’ and fathers’ long work hours matter to young children’s overweight status. Employment protection and work time regulation for both working parents during the first 6 years of the child’s life should be considered in future policy.

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