Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Mothers – Employment – Italy »

Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed.

Background: Tdap (Tetanus-Diphtheria-acellular Pertussis) vaccination is nowadays a worldwide-recommended practice to immunize pregnant women. The vaccine administration at the third trimester of pregnancy (as recommended by the WHO) would ensure antibody protection to both the mother and the newborn and has contributed to the significant drop of pertussis cases in infants. The aim of this observational study was to describe for the first time the socio-demographic characteristics and determinants of Tdap vaccination adhesion of pregnant women in the Florentine area. Methods: Information about parents’ vaccination status, their citizenship, employment type and mothers’ previous pregnancies and/or abortions were collected at the time of birth through the assistance birth certificates (CedAP) both for the years 2019 and 2020. This archive and the regional SISPC (Collective Prevention Healthcare Information System) linked using an anonymous unique personal identifier to retrieve the mother’s vaccination status. Results: We found an overall Tdap vaccination adhesion of 43% in 2019 and 47.3% in 2020. Several socio-demographic parameters would determine an increased vaccination adhesion, including parents’ geographical origin, mothers’ age and educational background, as well as the number of previous deliveries, abortions or voluntary termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: Since not much data are available on this topic in Italy, this study may constitute the baseline information for Tdap vaccination adhesion in pregnant women in the Florentine area (Italy). Thus, future successful vaccination strategies may be designed accordingly.

This article builds on microdata from the Birth Sample Survey (BSS) carried out by Istat in 2005 and 2012 in order to analyse changes in the occupational status of mothers of young children. We aim in particular to broaden the understanding of the individual and contextual characteristics that can affect the probability of women who were employed during pregnancy of not returning to work in the two years following the child’s birth. The study contributes to existing literature on mothers’ employment in two main ways. First, we take into consideration the different nature - voluntary or involuntary – of the motivations for not returning to work. Second, we attempt to evaluate whether the likelihood of Italian mothers to leave or lose their jobs and the factors affecting these probabilities changed between 2005 and 2012. Our results confirm human capital investments and job characteristics to be among the main determinants of women’s employment continuity after childbearing. The probability of losing a job increased significantly for mothers in 2012 compared to 2005, probably as a result of the deterioration of labour market conditions during the recession years. Conversely, the probability of leaving a job was not statistically significantly related to the year; family characteristics - the presence of a couple and features of the partner’s job - were key factors in women’s deciding not to return to work after childbearing.

In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers’ and fathers’ relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers’ and fathers’ work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics.

What explains the surprising growth of work-family policies in several West European countries? Much research on the welfare state emphasizes its institutional stickiness and immunity to major change. Yet, over the past two decades, governments in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have introduced important reforms to their welfare regimes, enacting paid leave schemes, expanded rights to part-time work, and greater investments in child care. A comparison of these countries reveals a similar sequence of political and policy change. Faced with growing electoral instability and the decline of core constituencies, party leaders sought to attract dealigning voter groups, such as women. This led them to introduce feminizing reforms of their party structures and adopt policies to support mothers' employment. In all three cases, women working within the parties played an important role in hatching or lobbying for these reforms. After comparing three countries that moved in a path-shifting direction, this article engages in a brief traveling exercise, examining whether a similar set of dynamics are lacking in two countries—Austria and Italy—that have moved more slowly in reforming these policies. Against the prevailing scholarly literature that emphasizes path dependence and slow-moving change, this article reveals the continued power of electoral politics in shaping redistributive policies.

Abstract Background: Hemophilia carriers report abnormal bleeding, even when factor VIII or IX levels are normal. Information comparing bleeding events between carriers and women with other inherited bleeding disorders is lacking. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to characterize bleeding in hemophilia carriers using the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis Bleeding Assessment Tool (ISTH-BAT) and to compare it with bleeding in normal controls, women with Type 1 VWD and Type 3 VWD obligate carriers (OC). Method: This was a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study performed by members of GEHEP (Global Emerging HEmostasis Panel). Study participants were recruited from GEHEP members' clinics in North America (Kingston, Canada, Detroit and Philadelphia, USA), Europe (Malaga, Spain; Milan, Italy; Munich, Germany; Oslo, Norway) and South Africa (Johannesburg). Potential participants were identified through local patient databases and approached during clinic visits. All participants signed informed consent. Hemophilia carriers were defined by a documented FVIII or FIX mutation and/or by an appropriate family history (daughter of a man with hemophilia or mother of two sons with hemophilia or mother of one son with hemophilia with at least one other affected male relative). Demographic information was collected using a CRF and the ISTH-BAT was completed for each participant by study personnel. Existing ISTH-BAT data for women with Type 1 VWD, Type 3 VWD OC and age-matched female controls were used for comparison. Results: A total of 329 participants were included in this study; 168 hemophilia carriers, 83 women with Type 1 VWD, 32 Type 3 VWD OC and 46 female normal controls. Hemophilia carriers and normal controls were similar in age (40.1 vs 41.6, p=0.445). The mean overall ISTH-BAT bleeding score (BS) was significantly higher in carriers than in controls (5.7 vs 2.48, p<0.0001). Carriers reported significantly more bleeding in the categories of cutaneous, minor wounds, oral cavity bleeding, post-dental bleeding, surgical bleeding, menorrhagia, post-partum bleeding and other when compared with controls. Carriers were older than Type 1 VWD patients (40.1 vs 36.4 years, p=0.042). While women with Type 1 VWD had higher total ISTH-BAT BS (8.7 vs 5.7, p<0.0001) as well as higher scores for epistaxis, cutaneous bleeding, minor wounds, oral cavity bleeding and menorrhagia, hemophilia carriers had significantly higher scores for muscle hematomas and hemarthrosis. Carriers were younger than Type 3 VWD OC (40.1 vs 45.2 years, p = 0.02), had higher overall ISTH-BAT BS (5.7 vs 3.0, p=0.009) and reported more bleeding in the following categories: total score, epistaxis, hematuria, dental, muscle hematomas, hemarthrosis, and other. In fact, hemophilia carriers reported more musculoskeletal bleeding than all other groups. Importantly, given the concern about over-reporting of joint bleeds by hemophilia carriers because of familiarity with hemarthrosis in affected male relatives, no Type 3 VWD OC reported joint bleeds. See Table 1 for detailed results. Conclusion: In summary, our study showed that hemophilia carriers report significantly more bleeding by overall ISTH-BAT BS than age-matched female controls. Carriers experience both mucocutaneous bleeding as well as musculoskeletal bleeding. They score higher for mucocutaneous bleeding when compared with controls and when compared with Type 3 VWD OC. Overall Type 1 VWD patients experience more severe mucocutaneous bleeding than hemophilia carriers. However, hemophilia carriers report more musculoskeletal bleeding in the form of hemarthrosis and hematomas than all other groups. A comparison of overall ISTH-BAT BS between groups shows that bleeding in women with Type 1 VWD > hemophilia carriers > Type 3 VWD OC > controls. Additional research into the underlying pathophysiology of this abnormal bleeding is a critical next step in understanding and determining how to appropriately manage these patients. Disclosures Bidlingmaier: Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Sobi: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Biotest: Honoraria; Baxalta: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Research Funding. Mingot-Castellano:Amgen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Research Funding; Baxalta: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy, Research Funding. Chitlur:Novo Nordisk: Consultancy; Baxalta: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria; Biogen-Idec: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria. Fogarty:Bayer Healthcare: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Baxter/Baxalta: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Biogen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Chugai: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CSL Behring: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Employment, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Spark Therapeutics: Research Funding. Cuker:T2 Biosystems: Research Funding; Genzyme: Consultancy; Biogen-Idec: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy; Stago: Consultancy. Mancuso:Bayer Healthcare: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Baxalta: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Sobi/Biogen Idec: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Kedrion: Consultancy. Holme:Baxalta, now part of Shire: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Investigator Clinical Studies. Mathew:Bayer: Employment. James:CSL Behring: Research Funding; Octapharma: Research Funding; Biogen: Consultancy; Basalt: Consultancy; Bayer: Research Funding.

Assoc. Prof. Stefan Serezliev, PhD – “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” University of Veliko Tarnovo” – E-mail: serezliev@ts.uni-vt.bg Georgi Petkov, PhD – Institute of Rhetoric and Communications E-mail: G.P.Petkov@gmail.com Issue 54 is again distinguished by its broad thematic focus, including scientific articles devoted to the disclosure of theoretical propositions and research results in the fields of argumentation, philosophy, literature, semiotics, and communications. The authors are from universities in Bulgaria: Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” University of Veliko Tarnovo”, NATFA “Krastyo Sarafov” - Sofia, Center for Semiotic and Cultural Studies, South-Western University “Neofit Rilski”, lecturers from foreign universities in Italy and Kazakhstak, as well as students from Portugal and Turkey on an Erasumus exchange at Sofia University. The authors are established scientists and researchers in a range of scientific fields, as well as PhD students and postgraduate students, thus representing different generations of researchers. The journal fulfils one of its functions of being a platform for the dissemination of theoretical observations and the sharing of research results using modern methods by representatives of academic communities from different countries. The first section “Philosophy, Semiotics, Literature” brings together four articles. Miroslav Dachev presents the results of an in-depth study of the overall image of the Theotokos in the context between the construction of canonical and apocryphal texts and the process of revealing certain possibilities of speech, which, in addition to the possibilities of representation, opens up new perspectives in the quest for a clearer focus of the author’s aptly named “vision”. One of the points of reference of the study is the constitution of the essence of iconographic solutions through a penetrating understanding of the worlds of the word in the overall understanding and acceptance of the immutable, inner world of the Holy Mother of God, which, by determining itself theologically through the dialogical relationship with Christ, makes sense of and opens up new interpretative possibilities. In his search for “a reliable reference point for the typology of images,” Miroslav Dachev accepts the challenge to conceptualize and propose “thinking images through the intentional states implicit in them.” As an overall result, it clearly emerges how, thanks to an expressed personal and abstractly shared intentional states in the understanding of the iconography of the Theotokos, iconic codes are transformed into iconographic ones. Kalina Grigorova presents the results of a study of the first five books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament - the so-called Pentateuch, in which attention is focused on the genre features of the texts in which the root brk occurs in its meaning of “blessing/blessing”. She gives a brief overview of the history of research on genres in the Old Testament, defines some basic terms. Dorothea Nikolova provides an analytical overview of contemporary schools and trends in the philosophy of mind and language from the 20th and 21st centuries, which present concepts and views on metaphor, in particular cognitive metaphor. The author focuses on the study of conceptual metaphor (Leikoff and Johnson) and conceptual integration (Fauconier and Turner) in cognitive linguistics. The article establishes the theoretical frameworks and practical applications of the theories under consideration. Anastasia Xenodochidou in her article “Humour through the Scope of Social Theories and Pragmatic Approaches” explores humour represented in different social theories and through pragmatic approaches, the psychoanalytical aspect of humour and the element of surprise are highlighted too. The article outlines the role of human agency, cultural cognition, and linguistic devices, and the text contributes to a deeper and more adequate understanding of humor and comic discourse. The second section “Argumentation, Public and Strategic Communication” also includes four scientific articles. Marieta Boteva provides an overview of the basic publications of Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca and presents attempts to reconceptualize the ancient rhetoric in its part on argumentation. She analyses publications by other sceintists and researchers studying argumentation and identifies manifestations of argumentation in the behavior of the orator and his goal of achieving persuasion while respecting ethical norms, rules, and morality. Mariselda Tessarolo in her article “Bohm's Dialogue and Reciprocal Trust” focuses on dialogue and discusses two “theories”: Bohm (On Dialogue) and Moscovici and Doise (On Agreement and Disagreement). The article “Youth Vector of Europe: Strategic, State and International Communication” written by Lilia Zainieva, Aigul Abzhapparova and Elmira Suimbayeva from Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Kazakhstan presents the results of studying youth policy issues and experiences in the field of education, employment and other key areas of life of the young generation through the prism of strategic communication. Nitza Hachmon and Krasimira Marulevska from South-Western University “Neofit Rilski” present the results of a study on the social, pedagogical and managerial aspects of the problem of integrating young teachers into the education system. The motives and risk factors that influence the process of integrating teachers into the school environment, in particular into the education system in Israel, are analyzed. Two articles - by Leonardo Pimentel and by Irem Kati - are included in the section “Student Debuts” and they refer to the study of European identity through the prism of strategic communication and media communication. By tradition, there is a section presenting the Contributors. Strictly following the journal’s tradition and in keeping with the terms of presenting its reviewers, the issue includes the updated line-up for 2023. Issue 54 of the Rhetoric and Communications Journal (January 2023) is published with the financial support of the Scientific Research Fund, Contract No. KP-06-NP4/72 of December 16, 2022. Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 54, January 2023 Read the Original in Bulgarian and English

AbstractIn the last decades, female participation in the labour market has been found to be increasingly associated with higher fertility levels in high-income countries—albeit to a lesser extent in countries characterised by poor welfare support to working mothers. Among the latter camp, Italy is an intriguing case study, which is marked by lower female labour force participation and fertility rates when compared to most other European countries. Recent macro-level evidence suggests that a reverse in the female employment/fertility relationship is gradually taking place in Italy, driven largely by the Northern regions. However, the evolution of the relationship between female employment and fertility has (to the best of my knowledge) never been addressed at the micro-level. Through the use of individual-level retrospective data, this study analyses the link between female employment and fertility, paying special attention to differences between Northern and Southern Italy, and its evolution over time. The results suggest that female employment began to be positively associated to fertility at the individual level, both in Northern and Southern Italy (although to slightly different extents), from 2010 onwards.

This study focuses on the difference between northern and southern Italy concering the correlation between total fertility rate (TFR) and female employment rate (FER) using pronvicial-level data. Theories demonstrate that the correlation can either be negative or positive, although it has been showed in the past decades that this correlation between nations is positive throughout the developed countries. This phenomenon has been descripted by van de Kaa (2002) and Lesthaeghe (2010) as the second demographic transition. With regards of Italy, previous studies focusing on the country’s 20 regions have also found a positive correlation (Rondinelli and Zizza 2010). Furthermore, the Italian context is explained with special regards towards the deep cultural and socio-economical differences between northern and southern Italy. The divide is confirmed by statistical data. Furthermore, a regression analysis controls the correlation between TFR and FER against relevant variables and finds surprisingly a positive correlation in the north and a negative correlation in the south, where a fertility postponement mechanism is present. Conservative gender roles and economic underdevelopment can be seen as the cause of this divide, although there are signs of change.

Examining board: Prof. Richard Breen (Nuffield College, Oxford, and foremr EUI, Supervisor) ; Prof.Chaira Saraceno (Università degli Studi di Torino, Co-supervisor) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (Warwick Business School and EUI) ; Prof. Antonio Schizzerotto (Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca)
Defence date: 15 April 2005
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Over the last fifty years women's employment has increased markedly throughout developed countries. Women of younger generations are much more likely than their mothers and grandmothers to enter the labour market and stay in it after they marry and have children. Are these changes due only to changes in women's investments and preferences, or also to the opportunities and constraints within which women form their choices? Have women with higher and lower educational and occupational profiles combined family responsibilities with paid work differently? And have their divisions changed? With an innovative approach, this dissertation compares Italy and Great Britain, investigating transformations in women's transitions in and out of paid work across four subsequent birth cohorts, from the time they leave full-time education up to their 40s. It provides a comprehensive discussion of demographic, economic and sociological theories and contains large amounts of information on changes over time in the two countries, both in women's work histories and in the economic, institutional and cultural context in which they are embedded. By comparing across both space and time, the book makes it possible to see how different institutional and normative configurations shape women's life courses, contributing to help or hinder the work-family reconciliation and to reduce or reinforce inequalities. Women in and Out of Paid Work will be valuable reading for students, academics, professionals, policy makers and anyone interested in women's studies, work-family reconciliation, gender and class inequalities, social policy and sociology.