Thèses sur le sujet « MORS »

What happened to the people in the bogs, and will we ever know why? This paper will try to answer this by studying cases from the bronze-to-Iron age in the North of Europe, by applying forensic, historic and criminological methods. In my paper I have conclu- ded that there is not a single motive to why the people in the bog were murdered. Ho- wever I have determined that they were all murdered.

Spanish
Ph.D.
Mors mystica es un estudio sobre los límites de la Modernidad. Estudiando el declive del feudalismo, se cuestionan los lindes –e incluso la validez misma– de las categorías de lo moderno y lo premoderno. Un análisis de las ontologías lingüísticas y las teorías de la subjetividad de los místicos mediterráneos e, hispanos en particular, permite sistematizar un paradigma alternativo de modernidad definido en simultánea oposición al feudalismo saliente y al incipiente individualismo del sujeto autónomo moderno. La existencia de esta cosmovisión al alba de la Modernidad triunfante desvela la complejidad histórica de un proceso que no es ni puramente secuencial ni impecablemente hermético; muestra, empero, que entre los siglos XI y XVII la identificación entre lo premoderno y el discurso teológico no es menos problemática que la de lo moderno y lo secularizante. Atendiendo a este concepto de mors mystica entendida como producción en negativo de una subjetividad ya no feudal, pero no exactamente moderna en sentido que habría de adoptar, el presente ensayo propone leer la predilección de la mística por el deceso como una original vía para propiciar la formación de subjetividades contraindividualistas. En el contexto del Bajomedievo y las Guerras Europeas de Religión, los místicos conciben un individuo definido mediante el acto de muerte –del ego– por amor al otro.
Temple University--Theses

Questo lavoro vuole indagare i gesti del dolore partendo dai sarcofagi per bambini con scene di conclamatio. Il lavoro vuole indagare la gestualità del dolore, attraverso l’analisi delle scene di conclamatio presenti nei sarcofagi per bambini: dopo una breve indagine sulla mortalità infantile e sulla ritualità funebre, si cercherà di decodificare la gestualità funeraria attraverso una lettura comparativa, anche in chiave antropologica, delle varie opere che presentano scene di prothesis e conclamatio. All’interno dei sarcofagi per bambini risultano particolarmente interessanti, per l’indagine, le iconografie cosiddette di curriculum vitae dove vediamo il compianto funebre. L’iconografia del lamento funebre, nel repertorio dei sarcofagi, conobbe fortuna per un breve periodo di tempo, raggiungendo l’acme nel II secolo d.C. e decadendo verso la fine dello stesso. Questa stessa iconografia, però, continua nel corso dei secoli: la troviamo all’interno della ceramica attica, dei sarcofagi romani mitologici e non, nelle urne ed ancora messa in scena nel compianto lucano. Grazie agli studi di Ernesto de Martino sappiamo che questo tipo di gestualità ricorre nel corso della storia e nel corso dei secoli: presenta poche varianti ed alcuni gesti sono, tutt’ora, ripetuti all’interno dei compianti funebri, si pensi ad esempio a quello lucano ampiamente trattato negli studi demartiniani. La morte dei giovani defunti ci viene narrata attraverso le già citate scene di conclamatio in cui non solo vediamo l’esposizione della salma, con diverse varianti, ma anche la partecipazione della famiglia alla scena. Solitamente i genitori si sorreggono il capo stravolto dal dolore e altre figure, pedagoghi, ancelle, nutrici o prefiche, si lasciano andare a gesti eclatanti: c’è chi alza le mani al cielo, le donne si sciolgono portandoli in alto, quasi per strapparli, mentre altri sembrano allontanare il dolore estendendo le mani lontano dal corpo. Le mani al cielo, le mani che sorreggono il capo o lo strapparsi i capelli sono delle gestualità che si ritrovano in molte narrazioni funebri, siano esse greche o romane e rimandano allo stesso significato: il dolore. La decodificazione dei gesti è dunque fondamentale per una corretta interpretazione delle figurazioni. Lo studio mira quindi a porre l’attenzione sulle somiglianza dei vari gesti all’interno della storia, concentrandosi sulle ceramiche attiche, di VI- V secolo a. C., ed i sarcofagi di II- III secolo d. C.. Lo studio si conclude con un breve approfondimento sul lamento funebre lucano come possibile spunto di riflessione per la comprensione del lamento funebre antico.

Il lavoro affronta gli onori funebri decretati ai membri che appartenevano alla domus imperiale e approfondisce le laudationes funebres pronunciate da Ottaviano Augusto in onore di tre diverse personalità quali una donna, nonna Giulia nel 51 a.C., un giovane, il nipote Marco Claudio Marcello nel 23 a.C., e un uomo maturo, Marco Vipsanio Agrippa nel 12 a.C. Prima di analizzare queste tre orazioni, si è sviluppato l'analisi delle fasi del funerale gentilizio romano, dalla morte a quello ultimo della sepoltura del corpo e alle successive purificazioni della casa e della famiglia. Quindi ci si è soffermati a descrivere il momento più significativo del rituale funerario quando cioè, al termine di una solenne processione, davanti ai rostra, la tribuna degli oratori, alla presenza del corteo e del popolo riunito, avveniva la recitazione della laudatio funebris, mettendone in evidenza l’aspetto pedagogico, nonché l’opportunità per la famiglia colpita dal lutto di rinnovare nella memoria collettiva l'affermazione del prestigio e del potere del gruppo di appartenenza. Le tre orazioni pronunciate da Augusto intendono dare risposta alle modalità con cui si svolgeva una laudatio funebris e presentare, attraverso queste prime esperienze oratorie del princeps, tre diverse tipologie di composizione con conseguenti cambiamenti di impostazione, dettati dalla persona oggetto dell'elogio.

This thesis examines funerary iconography for evidence of Roman attitudes towards children, childhood and the family. Based on 690 portrait monuments drawn from select areas of the Western Empire, its central hypothesis is that the commemorations are best read as highly artificial constructs which reveal more about the social preoccupations of the commissioners than the lives of the children whom they represent. The first of the seven chapters defines the parameters of the accompanying catalogue and discusses the benefits of studying a diverse range of monuments (rather than isolated "show-pieces"). The methodological section which follows assesses the cultural limitations and identification problems inherent to funerary material and considers how the terms "child" and "portrait" are best defined in this medium. The four subsequent chapters analyse the following key areas: the ages, genders and attributes of children; the presentation and composition of the family; the iconography of surrogate and extended relationships; and the archaeological context of funerary display. In each case any emotional interpretations which surround the material are discussed and then countered with alternative, and better supported, social readings. It is argued that previous research has been based on samples which are too limited in terms of size, genre and geographical scope and influenced too heavily by a desire to prove parental benevolence and the existence of "love" and "affection" within the Roman household. By exposing demographic biases and iconographic problems, it is shown that commissioners were actually using the image of the child for overtly social purposes, with some of the results being subject to substantial, and hitherto unacknowledged, regional variation. The conclusion then reassesses a well-known example to show that while Roman parents did attach importance to their children, funerary evidence can only prove it to be of a social, rather than an emotional, nature.

The purpose of this study was to see if factors such as age, gender, and diagnoses have an effect on one's ability to recover from the symptoms of his or her mental illness. Data was collected from one of five FSP teams at MHA Village. Within the team selected, members with all necessary data were included. The research analyzed the responses of 55 MHA Village members.

The results of this study show that MORS scores do not differ by gender, Axis I diagnosis, having an Axis II diagnosis, income source, race, primary pay source, referral source, age, length of enrollment, or family income. There was, however, a positive correlation between family income and length of enrollment. Future research is needed to gain an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the diverse factors associated with mental health recovery, as well as how to more accurately measure mental health recovery in the first place.

På de flesta svenska sjukhus har samvård av mor och barn efter förlossning eftersträvats eftersom samvård bland annat främjar amning. I samband med kejsarsnitt och då barnet inte mår väl efter födsel separeras dock ofta mor och barn för en kortare eller längre tid, vilket påverkar amningen negativt. Mödrars tillit till sin förmåga att amma har visat sig ha stor betydelse för om de skall lyckas med amning. Mödrar med låg tillit har en högre risk att sluta amma tidigt än de som har hög tillit. Syftet med studien var att jämföra nyblivna mödrars tillit till sin förmåga att amma då mor och barn vårdas tillsammans respektive vårdas separerade efter förlossning. I studien ingick totalt 60 mödrar från fyra olika sjukhus i västra Sverige, varav hälften samvårdats med sitt barn respektive vårdats separerade. Undersökningen gjordes utifrån en kvantitativ ansats genom enkätundersökning med det validerade mätinstrument BSES-SF. Svarsdatan har analyserats med jämförande och förklarande statistik i form av Mann-Whitney U test samt Chi-Square test. Resultatet visade på att numerisk skillnad fanns. Mödrar som separerats hade en lägre tillit till sin förmåga att amma än mödrar som hade samvårdats med sitt barn. Skillnaden var dock ej signifikant. Studien har för litet urval och eventuella störande variabler har ej kunnat uteslutas för att resultatet skall anses tillförlitligt, men tendensen som framkommit stöds i annan forskning. I diskussionen lyfts även att vid initiala amningssvårigheter kan pedagogiska tillitshöjande interventioner vara av betydelse samt undvikande av mjölkersättning i de fall där medicinsk indikation för detta saknas.

Nel mio lavoro di ricerca ho analizzato il rapporto tra la scrittura delle donne e la Grande Guerra descrivendo i cambiamenti vissuti dal mondo femminile durante l'evento bellico. Ho messo in luce come durante il conflitto le donne hanno avuto un ruolo molto attivo in quanto a causa del prolungarsi della guerra, le donne sono costrette ad assumersi numerose responsabilità: molte di loro sono così introdotte nel mondo del lavoro. Dopo aver illustrato il quadro della società in periodo di guerra, ho preso in esame tre opere scritte da Matilde Serao, scrittrice e giornalista nata nel 1856 a Patrasso, ma cresciuta a Napoli. La sua posizione nei confronti della condizione della donna è piuttosto articolata in quanto denuncia lo sfruttamento delle lavoratrici, ma non propone una soluzione. Molto arretrata risulta la sua presa di posizione contraria all'emancipazione femminile, al diritto di voto alle donne e al divorzio. Il riferimento alla guerra e al ruolo delle donne all'interno delle tre opere prese in esame risulta molto articolata: nell'aprile del 1912, in occasione dell'impresa libica scrive una conferenza, Evviva la guerra, che insieme ad altri articoli diviene un volume. Esprime con toni enfatici la piena accettazione dell'evento bellico che porterà alla soluzione di problemi sociali ed economici. In Parla una donna invece, una raccolta di articoli usciti su il Giorno da maggio 1915 a marzo 1916 considera la guerra dal punto di vista femminile senza occuparsi di aspetti politico militari. Fa un quadro molto dettagliato della condizione delle donne in quel periodo. In Mors Tuya esprime una visione contaria alla guerra, che porterà i personaggi della storia all'autodistruzione.

Ces recherches participent d’une large réflexion menée actuellement sur les comportements démographiques de la population de l’Urbs. De récents travaux ont défini un régime démographique spécifique de la mégapole antique, où une natalité insuffisante et un fort taux de mortalité auraient empêché le renouvellement des générations. La population de Rome, « ville-tombeau », ne se serait maintenue que grâce à une immigration venue d’Italie et des provinces. Les tentatives de dénombrement ayant leurs limites, au vu des sources disponibles, ce doctorat s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’histoire sociale de la population de Rome. Centré sur les milieux populaires, il analyse les comportements familiaux et la place de l’enfant dans la famille. Il se fonde sur une étude d’épitaphes versifiées païennes (carmina Latina epigraphica), datant de la fin de la République et de l’Empire. Il présente ainsi un corpus d’épitaphes consacrées à des enfants dont l’âge au décès est mentionné, revues et traduites, ainsi qu’une étude de ce catalogue. Cette dernière analyse la nature et le rôle du carmen dans la commémoration funéraire. Elle précise l’identité des défunts et l’origine sociale des familles commanditaires des carmina, puis évoque la structure de ces familles en recensant l’ensemble des personnes mentionnées dans les épitaphes. Elle révèle des structures de famille complexes, où les enfants illégitimes sont nombreux, en raison du statut servile actuel ou passé de certains parents. Elle aborde enfin la question de la place de l’enfant dans la famille, en examinant les modes d’expression du chagrin selon les différents motifs littéraires et locuteurs choisis. Ces travaux permettent ainsi de mieux connaître le statut de l’enfant au sein des familles modestes et l’attitude de ces dernières face à la naissance et à la mort
These researches participate in a wide reflection led at present on the demographic behavior of the population of Rome. Recent works defined a specific demographic model of the antique megalopolis, where an insufficient birthrate and a strong mortality rate would have prevented the renewal of the generations. The population of Rome would have held steady thanks to an immigration coming from Italy and from the provinces. This doctorate joins in the field of the social history of the population of Rome. It analyzes the family behavior in the lower classes, and the place of the child in the family. It bases itself on a study of funerary verse inscriptions (carmina Latina epigraphica), dating back to the end of the Republic and the Empire. It so presents a corpus of epitaphs dedicated to children (with an age mentioned), as well as a study of this catalog. This study analyzes the nature and the role of the carmen in commemoratives practices. It specifies the identity of the deceased and the social origin of families ; then it evokes the structure of these families by listing all the persons mentioned in the epitaphs. It reveals complex structures of family, where there are many illegitimate children, because of the current or past slavish status of certain relatives. It approaches finally the question of the place of the child in the family, by examining the modes of expression of sorrow, according to the various literary motives and chosen speakers. This research allows to know better the status of the child within the modest families and the attitude of these families in front of birth and of death

Celem pracy było możliwie wszechstronne przebadanie wpływu uwarunkowań genetycznych ziemniaka oraz miejsca uprawy na kształtowanie się wybranych cech jakościowych bulw po zbiorze oraz po przechowywaniu przez okres jesienno-zimowy. Materiałem badawczym były 4 średnio-wczesne odmiany ziemniaka: dwie odmiany polskie - `Lena` i `Mors` i dwie odmiany niemieckie - `Agria` i `Satina`. Badaniami oparto na 3 letnim eksperymencie polowym, przerowadzonym w dwóch równolegle prowadzonych doświadczeniach w Polsce (region kujawsko-pomorski) i w Niemczech (region Dolnej Saksonii)

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O racismo de Estado é estudado por Michel Foucault como um dos paradoxos do biopoder: o dispositivo que garante a função assassina do Estado em um regime de poder que se exerce sobre a vida. A genealogia do racismo se desenvolve enquanto fragmento da ontologia histórica do presente no contexto da crítica da razão governamental, atividade filosófica que se ocupa da análise dos tipos de racionalidade (histórica) que informam os mecanismos pelos quais o Estado dirige a conduta dos homens e, ao mesmo tempo, das possibilidades de sua superação. A questão é uma possível via de acesso a uma compreensão mais aguda do modo contemporâneo de exercício do poder, o que introduz, no domínio da vida, o corte entre o que deve viver e o que deve morrer, de acordo com o princípio segundo o qual a morte do outro implica o fortalecimento biológico de si próprio na medida em que se é membro de uma população, elemento de uma pluralidade unitária e viva. O problema das resistências frente aos totalitarismos é enfrentado a partir da introdução da noção de governamentalidade, através da qual Foucault incorpora a questão da constituição do sujeito autônomo à problemática das relações entre saber e poder, perspectiva a partir da qual o sujeito assujeitado da analítica do poder cede lugar ao sujeito agente da estética da existência. E é neste plano, das tecnologias de si, que tem lugar privilegiado o cuidado de si, praticado a partir de e em função do cuidado do outro

Cette étude se concentre sur les rites funéraires de la Dardanie durant l’âge de fer, et plus précisément sur les nécropoles tumulaires. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier le commencement des tombes tumulaire puis leur évolution, l’architecture funéraire et l’organisation sociale en Dardanie durant l’âge de fer. Cette étude traitera également les nécropoles non tumulaires, mais sans se concentrer largement dessus, puisque ces nécropoles datent de la période transitoire de bronze en fer. La Dardanie antique s’étendait sur tout le territoire de l'actuel Kosovo, le nord-ouest de la Macédoine, le sud de la Serbie et sur la partie nord-est de l’Albanie.Se situant au cœur des Balkans, la Dardanie occupe une position géographique et géostratégique favorable car elle est un carrefour grâce à ses vallées fluviales comme celles du Drin, de l'Ebre, de la Sitnice, du Vardar, et de la Morava, qui sont autant de voies de passage menant vers la mer Égée, l'Adriatique la mer Noire et les régions danubiennes. L’étude sera divisée en deux parties : la première partie est constituée du catalogue et la deuxième partie contient les éléments de synthèse concernant l'architecture funéraire, les rites, l’organisation sociale. Le catalogue présentera toutes les nécropoles en fonction durant l’âge du bronze et du fer, en distinguant les nécropoles tumulaires dans une première partie, et les nécropoles non tumulaires dans une deuxième partie, et les nécropoles non fouillées dans une dernière partie. Pour chaque nécropole seront présentés, quand ils ont été publiés, les mobiliers funéraires qui permettent leur datation et l’identification des rites funéraires qui y sont pratiqués, incinération ou inhumation. Les nécropoles identifiées par les archéologues mais pas encore fouillées, seront décrites plus succinctement, et on ne pourra répertorier que les trouvailles aperçues à la surface
The study La mort, les morts dans la Dardanie de l'âge du fer, treats the rituals and ceremonies in the territory of Dardania during the Iron age.This study initially treats the problems of borders in Dardania during the Iron age. This problem is treated based in the material culture, ancient authors’ resources, and resources and data of various modern authors that have treated this topic. Chronology of iron age is also reviewed considering that in the territory of Dardania are present few different opinions for the chronology of this period. The chronology is done based on the typology of representative objects found in necropolis. Iron Age is divided into three phases: Phase I, II and III. About each phase are represented cultural events, historical once as well as characteristics of some archeological objects

Cette thèse revient sur les moyens de la prise en charge publique et par les associations de défunts dits ‘indigents’. Si la littérature sur ce sujet insistait grandement sur la catégorie des personnes de la rue et sur les idées de délaissement et de sacrifice, ce travail met en avant les différentes facettes, parfois conflictuelles, de l’intérêt public porté à ces morts. Cette recherche est principalement l’aboutissement d’une ethnographie menée auprès de l’association parisienne du Collectif les Morts de la Rue. Cette association dénonce depuis 2001 les conditions de vie et de morts des personnes de la rue et s’occupe, depuis 2003, des cérémonies funéraires pour tous les corps non-réclamés de la ville de Paris. L’enquête revient sur les motivations des deux groupes de bénévoles coexistant au sein de la même association, l’un se concentrant sur l’activisme en faveur des personnes de la rue (‘gueuler’) et l’autre sur les rituels des défunts non-réclamés, quelle que soit leur origine sociale (‘pleurer’). Ces deux groupes créent des communautés symboliques de morts et de vivants à travers des cérémonies, émotions et rituels. L’insistance du groupe des fondateurs sur l’activisme en faveur des vivants de la rue est parfois en contradiction avec l’implication plus générale de certains bénévoles pour tous les défunts non-réclamés. La thèse revient sur leur cohabitation au sein de la même association et montre comment des références communes à la fraternité humaine et à l’universalité de la mort ne suffisent pas à couvrir des motifs d’engagements divergents
This research analyzes what happens to the deceased labeled as ‘paupers’ and managed through non-governmental organizations and public means in France. Where previous literature on the subject emphasized social categories such as homeless people and theories of sacrifice, this work puts forward conflicting public interests given to the dead labeled as ‘paupers’. This recearch draws mostly on ethnographic fieldwork with the Collectif Les Morts de la Rue, a parisian organization denouncing the life and death conditions of homeless people since 2001, and in charge of the funeral ceremony of any unclaimed body since 2003. The investigation shows how two groups of volunteers with two different primary interests developed over time. The first group is mainly concerned with political activism in favor of people living and dying on the streets. The second group focuses more on non-political rituals for all unclaimed bodies, regardless of their social status. The two groups coexist with mutual references to the dead and to humanity after death. Through rituals and public ceremonies using emotions, they create symbolic communities gathering both the living and dead. The strong emphasis of the first group on inequality and socio-economic structure is sometimes at odds with the more general emphasis of the second group on the universal bond between human beings, showing how shared references to death and humanity are not enough to cover diverging motivations inside the same organisation

Aquesta Tesi ha estat dedicada al disseny i implementació de noves tècniques de modificació post-sintètica (PSM) aplicades a material metal·loorgànics, principalment polímers de coordinació (CPs), xarxes metal·loorgàniques (MOFs) i políedres metal·loorgànics (MOPs), per tal de modificar les seves propietats fisicoquímiques a nivells inaccessibles a través de metodologies comuns de síntesi directa. La Tesi comença oferint una breu recapitulació bibliogràfica del camp dels materials metal·loorgànics, des dels seus inicis fins a la seva aplicació actual i perspectives de futur. Aquest capítol engloba els conceptes més importants sobre la seva síntesi i modificació post-sintètica, tant en els seus nodes metàl·lics com en els lligands orgànics que construeixen les xarxes; amb un particular èmfasi en les tècniques post-sintètiques desenvolupades fins avui. Seguidament, la tesi és dividida en quatre capítols extra, on cadascun d´ells s´enfoca en un procés de modificació post-sintètica concret. Inicialment, la Tesi es centra en la modificació post-sintètica de les subunitats metàl·liques de polímers de coordinació basats en lligand macrocíclics. La presència d´una font d´ions metàl·lics quelatats dins de la cavitat macrocíclica dels lligands indueix una transició de fase de monocristall a monocristall en contacte amb aigua, obtenint una distribució regular de subunitats; roda de paletes (paddlewheel); bimetàl·liques en la xarxa. Aquesta transició de fase és seguida a través de difracció de monocristall, així com a través de tècniques de caracterització espectroscòpiques i magnètiques. Al següent capítol es postula una tècnica de modificació post-sintètica fins ara inexplorada en el camp dels materials metal·loorgànics. Gràcies a la seva microporositat intrínseca, els MOF poden difondre gasos altament reactius a través de la seva xarxa, el que pot induir potencialment una modificació post-sintètica a través de reaccions sòlid-gas en qüestió de minuts. Per tal de provar aquesta hipòtesi, un MOF decorat amb funcionalitats olefina es va fer reaccionar difonent ozó a través de la seva xarxa. El producte de reacció obtingut presenta clara evidència de tenir dins dels seus canals de reacció l´esperat intermedi de reacció per a la reacció d´ozonòlisi, teòricament inestable. Aquest intermedi pot ser convertit en un pas posterior a grups aldehid o àcid carboxílic de forma quimiselectiva. Tot el procés és caracteritzat per tècniques de ressonància magnètica nuclear (RMN) i difracció de monocristall. Finalment, el coneixement adquirit en la modificació post-sintètica de CPs i MOFs es trasllada al camp dels materials zero-dimensionals. Concretament, aquesta Tesi demostra com políedres metal·loorgànics (MOPs) de rodi poden ser modificats en la seva perifèria a través de química de coordinació i covalent, modificant així les seves propietats fisicoquímiques (solubilitat) sense afectar a la seva integritat estructural. Aquesta modificació post-sintètica obra nous camins cap a l´explotació pràctica d´aquests materials, ja que degut a la seva estructura finita els MOPs poden ser vistos com nanopartícules estequiomètricament funcionalitzades amb solubilitat tuneable. Aquesta modificació post-sintètica permet a més introduït grups funcionals a la perifèria dels MOPs que no poden ser incorporats en síntesi directa. Així, a través d´un procés en dos passos, MOPs amb 24 grups amino o àcid carboxílic són sintetitzats. Ambdós grups presenten objectivament una de les químiques més riques en química covalent o de coordinació, respectivament, el que obra noves fronteres per a l´aplicació d´aquestes nanoplataformes.
Esta Tesis ha sido dedicada al diseño e implementación de nuevas técnicas de modificación post-sintética (PSM) aplicadas a material metalorgánicos, principalmente polímeros de coordinación (CPs), redes metalorgánicas (MOFs) y poliedros metalorgánicos (MOPS) , a fin de modificar sus propiedades fisicoquímicas a niveles inaccesibles a través de metodologías comunes de síntesis directa. La Tesis comienza ofreciendo una breve recapitulación bibliográfica del campo de los materiales metalorgánicos, desde sus inicios hasta su aplicación actual y perspectivas de futuro. Este capítulo engloba los conceptos más importantes sobre su síntesis y modificación post-sintética, tanto en sus nodos metálicos como en los ligandos orgánicos que construyen las redes; con un particular énfasis en las técnicas post-sintéticas desarrolladas hasta la fecha. Seguidamente, la Tesis es dividida en cuatro capítulos extra, donde cada uno de ellos se enfoca en un proceso de modificación post-sintética concreto. Inicialmente, la Tesis se centra en la modificación post-sintética de las subunidades metálicas de polímeros de coordinación basados en ligando macrocíclicos. La presencia de una fuente de iones metálicos quelatados dentro de la cavidad macrocíclicos los ligandos induce una transición de fase de monocristal monocristal en contacto con agua, obteniendo una distribución regular de subunidades; rueda de paletas (paddlewheel) bimetálica en la red. Esta transición de fase es seguida a través de difracción de monocristal, así como a través de técnicas de caracterización espectroscópicas y magnéticas. En el siguiente capítulo se postula una técnica de modificación post-sintética hasta ahora inexplorada en el campo de los materiales metalorgánicos. Gracias a su microporosidad intrínseca, los MOF pueden difundir gases altamente reactivos a través de su red, lo que puede inducir potencialmente una modificación post-sintética a través de reacciones sólido-gas en cuestión de minutos. Para probar esta hipótesis, un MOF decorado con funcionalidades olefina se hizo reaccionar difundiendo ozono a través de su red. El producto de reacción obtenido presenta clara evidencia de tener dentro de sus canales de reacción del esperado intermedio de reacción para la reacción de ozonólisis, teóricamente inestable. Este intermedio puede ser convertido en un paso posterior a grupos aldehído o ácido carboxílico de forma quimiselectiva. Todo el proceso es caracterizado por técnicas de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y difracción de monocristal. Finalmente, el conocimiento adquirido en la modificación post-sintética de CPs y MOFs se traslada al campo de los materiales cero-dimensionales. Concretamente, esta Tesis demuestra cómo poliedros metalorgánicos (MOPS) de rodio pueden ser modificados en su periferia a través de química de coordinación y covalente, modificando así sus propiedades fisicoquímicas (solubilidad) sin afectar a su integridad estructural. Esta modificación post-sintética obra nuevos caminos hacia la explotación práctica de estos materiales, ya que debido a su estructura finita los MOPS pueden ser vistos como nanopartículas estequiométricamente funcionalizadas con solubilidad tuneable. Esta modificación post-sintética permite además introducido grupos funcionales en la periferia de los MOPS que no pueden ser incorporados en síntesis directa. Así, a través de un proceso en dos pasos, MOPS con 24 grupos amino o ácido carboxílico son sintetizados. Ambos grupos presentan objetivamente una de las químicas más ricas en química covalente o de coordinación, respectivamente, lo que abre nuevas fronteras para la aplicación de estas nanoplataformas.
The disserted Ph.D. Thesis was dedicated to the design and implementation of new post-synthetic modification (PSM) techniques to porous metal-organic materials, namely Coordination Polymers (CPs), Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Metal-Organic Polyhedra (MOPs), in order to modify their physicochemical properties to inaccessible levels by common direct synthesis methodologies. The Thesis starts offering a brief bibliographic review of the evolution of metal-organic materials field, from their beginnings up to their actual applications and future perspectives. This chapter presents the most relevant concepts in their synthesis and their potential PSM, both in the metallic nodes or in the organic linkers that assemble the framework; with particular emphasis on the post-synthetic methodologies exploited up to date. Next, the Thesis is divided in four extra Chapters, each of them corresponding to a specific post-synthetic modification process. Initially, the Thesis focuses on the post-synthetic modification of the metallic subunits of macrocycle-based CPs. The presence of a second source of metal ions quelated inside the macrocyclic cavity induces a single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition in contact with water, obtaining a regular distribution of bimetallic paddlewheel subunits within the framework. Such transition was studied by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction techniques, as well as spectroscopic and magnetic characterization techniques. Next, an unexplored pathway for the PSM of MOFs is postulated. Thanks to their nanoporous structure, MOFs can diffuse highly-reactive gases through their framework in order to modify their structure through solid-gas reactions in a matter of minutes. To this end, an olefin-tagged MOF is post-synthetically modified by diffusing ozone gas through the porous channels of the material. The as-obtained reaction intermediate can be chemoselectively converted to either aldehyde or carboxylic acid groups without affecting the crystalline integrity of the material. The whole two-step process is characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques, as well as single-crystal X-Ray diffraction. Afterwards, the post-synthetic modification of metal-organic architectures is extended to zero-dimensional materials. Concretely, it is demonstrated how the surface functionalization of Rhodium (II)-based Metal-Organic Polyhedra, both through coordination or covalent chemistries, is able to tune their solubility within a wide range of solvents, without affecting the scaffold’s integrity. This post-modification opens up new pathways for exploiting these materials. Because of their finite structure, MOPs can be seen as stoichiometrically-functionalized nanoparticles with tunable solubility. Such acquired knowledge is then applied to expand the available roster of Rh(II)-based MOPs. Through a two-step protection/deprotection strategy, two unprecedented Rh-MOPs with 24 free carboxylate or amino groups on their periphery are synthesized, unobtainable by direct synthesis methodologies. Both groups arguably present one of the richest chemistries in coordination and covalent chemistry, respectively, thus opening new pathways and frontiers towards the application of these materials.

This thesis analyses the figure of the mythicized women as an attempt to escape the threat of time and death that is typical in Gautier's fictional narratives. In "La Cafetiere", "Omphale", "Le Pied de momie", "La Morte amoureuse" and "Arria Marcella", the feminine characters belong to both earthly and heavenly opposite realities. This study is based on several works such as Gilbert Durand's Structures anthropologiques de l'imaginaire, Georges Poulet's Etudes sur le temps humain and Mircea Eliade's Aspects du mythe. In the creation work part, nostalgia is introduced through characters that are overwhelmed by the death or the disappearance of a loved one.

Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre la mort et le péché dans les écrits de Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). L’un des objectifs est de rechercher les motivations spirituelles et non politiques qui ont pu pousser l’auteur à choisir délibérément le martyre, mais sans réduire sa vie aux mois qui ont précédé son exécution. Partant de l’évolution de la conception de la mort et du salut dans la pensée occidentale, l’analyse se propose de déterminer la position de Thomas More dans le discours pastoral de la chrétienté, et l’originalité de son propos par rapport à quelques autres humanistes du XVIe siècle, notamment dans l’élaboration des artes moriendi. Le péché, jugé mortifère suivant l’enseignement paulinien et augustinien, est étudié sous ses divers aspects dans les écrits moriens : péché originel et péché capital, péché mortel et péché véniel. Il est un sujet de polémique essentiel au moment de la lutte contre les luthériens, dans laquelle More se distingue tout particulièrement et qui fera évoluer sa position vers une plus grande rigidité. L’étude se poursuit par une exploration des représentations moriennes de l’au-delà : Jugement, enfer, diable et purgatoire. Une définition du paradis morien clôture une ultime partie consacrée à la sainteté et au martyre. La thèse avancée est que Thomas More a choisi le martyre pour être assuré de gagner le paradis, poussé par la crainte de la damnation peut-être, mais surtout mu par un exceptionnel désir du ciel perceptible dans l’ensemble de ses écrits
This study examines the relationship between death and sin in the writings of Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). It aims at better understanding the author and researching the spiritual motivations – independently of the political reasons – which may have driven him to deliberately choose martyrdom, but without reducing his life to its last months. Drawing from the evolution of the conception of death and salvation in Western thinking, the analysis endeavours to determine Thomas More’s position in Christian pastoral teaching, and to show the originality of his approach compared to that of a few other 16th century humanists, especially as regards ars moriendi. Since Paul, and then Augustine, established that sin brought death, the two concepts are analysed in relation to each other, and various aspects of sin are examined, such as original sin and capital sins, mortal and venial sins. In the fight against Lutheran ideas, the conception of sin is a polemical subject, and More, at the core of the debate, is led to harden his position on the matter. The study then explores the Morean representations of after-life : Judgement, Hell, the devil and Purgatory. A definition of the Morean paradise marks the end of the last part of this study, devoted to sainthood and martyrdom. The thesis developed here is that Thomas More chose martyrdom to be assured of a place in paradise, out of fear of damnation perhaps, but more likely, out of an exceptional longing for heaven, perceptible throughout his work

O crescimento da sericicultura paranaense depende, entre outros fatores, da maior rentabilidade da atividade, tanto em nível do produtor como das indústrias de fiação. Maior produtividade, aliada à qualidade tecnológica do casulo, pode ser alcançada através da exploração de cultivares com maior produção de massa foliar e nutricionalmente superiores a cultivar padrão Miura, que atualmente, está plantada em mais de 80% da área sericícola do Estado. Visando obter informações para identificar cultivares alternativas à ?Miura?, foram conduzidos estudos no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, Londrina para caracterizar quimicamente e bromatologicamente as cultivares de amoreira Miura, Korin, Tailandesa, FM 3/3, FM 86, SK 1 e SK 4. Os efeitos destas cultivares sobre a nutrição quantitativa, o desenvolvimento, a produção e qualidade tecnológica de casulos também foram determinados. Os tratamentos foram repetidos quatro vezes no delineamento de blocos ao acaso no experimento da criação e análise tecnológica dos casulos, e no delineamento inteiramente casualizado para as análises da nutrição quantitativa e da caracterização química e bromatológica. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à composição química e bromatológica das folhas e influenciaram significativamente os parâmetros da nutrição quantitativa, da criação e da produção e qualidade tecnológica de casulo do bicho-da-seda. Duas cultivares (FM 3/3 e SK 4) foram identificadas como superiores, pois afetaram favoravelmente o desenvolvimento das lagartas e, influenciaram as características comerciais do casulo, proporcionando incrementos importantes na produção. Para maioria dos parâmetros tecnológicos do casulo, essas cultivares proporcionaram resultados iguais ou superiores a ?Miura?, porém quanto aos índices da nutrição quantitativa de consumo e de utilização do alimento por lagartas de B. mori o híbrido SK 4 foi o mais adequado. A análise conjunta, considerando o maior teor de nutrientes das folhas e melhor adequação nutricional juntamente com a produção e qualidade tecnológica de casulos, indica que entre as cultivares de amoreira, alternativas à variedade padrão Miura, o híbrido ?SK 4? é a cultivar mais favorável para ser utilizada na exploração sericícola paranaense.
Sericulture expansion in the State of Paraná depends, among other factors, on the higher rentability for the farmer and for the silk reeling industries. Higher productivity allied to cocoon technological quality may be achieved by exploiting cultivars with high foliar mass production and nutritionally superiors to the standard cultivar Miura that is presently planted in more than 80% of the siriciculture area in the State. Aiming to obtain information to identify alternative cultivars to ?Miura?, studies were carried out at the Instituto Agronomico do Parana, in Londrina, PR, to characterize chemically and bromatologically the mulberry cultivars Miura, Korin, Tailandesa, FM 3/3, FM 86, SK 1 e SK 4. The effects of these cultivars on quantitative nutrition, development, production and technological quality of cocoons were also determined. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design in the rearing and technological analysis of the cocoons experiment, and in a completely randomized block design for qualitative nutrition and chemical and bromatological characterization analysis. Significant differences were found among cultivars tested in relation to chemical and bromatological composition of the leaves and qualitative nutrition parameters, rearing and production and technological quality of the silkworm. Two cultivars (FM 3/3 and SK 4) were identified as superiors as they favorably affected larvae development and, in general, influenced the commercial cocoon characteristics, thus resulting in increments in production. In he majority of the cocoon technological parameters these cultivars were similar or superior to ?Miura?, however, when the qualitative nutritional consumption index and silkworm food utilization was considered, the hybrid SK 4 was the most adequate. The joint analysis considering the positive results obtained in relation to mulberry leaf quality, quantitative nutrition and technological quality of cocoons indicates that among the alternatives to the Miura variety, the hybrid SK 4 is the most favorable cultivar to be used in the exploitation of sericiculture in the State of Paraná.

Le but de cette these est d'etudier le discours de la presse relatif a la mort de personnages publics. Elle se divise en deux parties. La premiere concerne le discours sur la mort elle-meme : ses modes de denomination y sont exposes selon leur caractere univoque ou equivoque, laissant apparaitre les propensions et strategies d'emploi et d'elaboration d'un vocabulaire litteral ou metaphorique propres a chaque journal (premier chapitre). L'"avoir-lieu" de la mort dans le temps (date), l'espace (lieu), ainsi que ses causes y sont ensuite decryptes (chapitre second). La "mise en mots" et en phrases de tous ces elements revele une conception de la mort (chapitre troisieme), et permet de conclure a une mort productrice de sens. La seconde partie dessine un portrait du mort lui-meme a travers les modes de designations (de l'autonyme aux designations figurees) que lui conferent les differents recits de sa vie (chapitre premier). Parmi ces designations, celles specifiquement co-occurrentes aux termes de la mort y sont ensuite relevees, soulignant ainsi le rapport (d'alliance ou de fusion) du mort a sa mort (chapitre second). Il ressort de cette etude que, de toutes parts, le discours convoque realites, reves et mythologies, investissant son langage d'une fonction tant rituelle que politique
The aim of this thesis is the study of newspaper's discourse about death of public persons. They are two parts. The first concern the discourse about death itself : univocs or equivocs, the words of death let appear the propensity and the strategy in the use and the elaboration of a litteral or metaphorical vocabulary by every paper (first chapter) the being of death in time (date), space (place), and its reasons (causes) are also decipher (second chapter). All these elements reveal a conception of death (third chapter), showing that death bring forth sense. The second part realise a portrait of dead himself: the way of his designation in the narrative of his life are study alone (first chapter) and, after, in relation with the words of his death (second chapter). It follows from this study that, in every way, the discourse use reality, dreams and mythology, giving to its language ritual and political function

La presente etude psychanalytique redefinit le culte familial comme un rite et s'etaye sur les deux topiques freudiennes en reference au contexte social, culturel, rituel autour de notions cles : 1) la filiere des tombeaux au principe de l'echange entre morts et vivants; 2) le hasindrazana et la brillance du principe ancestral au fondement de l'echange; 3) le tsiny, l'angoisse de conscience, source collective de l'echange. L'elaboration part d'une tabula rasa des interpretations du rite, recentree autour du conflit collectif ambivalentiel restitue depuis l'ethnographie du rite et les significations latentes des contenus semantiques du rite, et sur leurs destins divergents. A l'actualisation animiste et projective du conflit ambivalentiel et aux destins divergents sont joints respectivement les types de censure : refoulement et deni. La mise au jour de la + verite historique ; du rite y succede par une analyse des contenus contextuels et de leurs relations, dans lesquelles le rite repete le mythe (absent en tant que tel). Le hasindrazana est analyse a partir de l'ancien rite de bain royal et correspond au noyau originaire du pouvoir; son mode d'appropriation rappelle le mythe freudien de la horde que les rites figurent in-situ, en tant que substitut d'accomplissement de desir. Le desir initial de l'ancetre d'effectuer le rite releve de la toute puissance animiste : pouvoir de contrainte sur les vivants; l'appel des ancetres est le cri de l'angoisse du groupe. Le kabary est restitue comme figuration d'un meurtre collectif et appropriation du pouvoir de l'omnipotent dans le meme temps ou le groupe des freres y renonce en vertu de sa culpabilite. L'acte rituel figure la haine assouvie et l'amour triomphant en analogie avec l'oscillation melancolie/manie, mais selon des processus psychiques analogues a ceux de la nevrose obsessionnelle. Un lien est suggere entre les gestes rituels successifs qui repetent l'eviction meurtriere de l'omnipotent et la tentative de reconciliation avec l'omnipotent dechu et magnifie
This psycho-analytic study define the familial worship of famadihana, as a ritual, and lean on the two topographical conceptions of freud, connected with the cultural, social and ritual context, from important notions among merina conceptions : 1) the tombs organisations seems as the principle of exchange beetween the living and the dead; 2) hasindrazana as agalma from ancestral principle constitue the foundation of symbolic exchange; 3) tsiny or consciousness anxiety as communities authority to organize the worship. My construction begin with a tabula rasa of the previous interpretations of ritual, then build from ambivalence and psychical conflict released from ethnography and latents contents and sens of ritual, and since their divergent fate. From animist and projective actualization of ambivalential conflict, and at the divergent fates communicate respectively some typical censorships : repression and disavowal. The discovery of + historical truth ; of rite make progress by an analysis of context contents and their relationship into wich one the worship repete the myth (missing like such as). Hasindrazana is analysed from the ancient rite of fandroana and correspond to the native core of power, his appropriation process remind the myth, and the rites represent the process in situ, like a substitute of carrying cut of wish. The initial wish of ancestor to realize the rite, is a matter for animist omnipotent power : power of constrained on the living; the call of ancestors is the anxiety cry of the community; kabary is released as a representation of collective murder and apropriation of omnipotent power, in the same time that the brothers communitie give up to it, by guilt. The ritual action represente the hatred satisfayed and victory of love in analogy with mania/melancholy fluctuations, but in accordance with psychical process similar to obsessional neurosis. A connection is made beetween successive ritual actions who repete the supplanting murderess of omnipotent and the attempt of reconciliation with the omnipotent deposed and consacrated

The agreement, currently known in judiciary praxis as patto di quota lite, through which a lawyer undertakes the defence of a client with the understanding that he will receive as fee a part of the amount the latter will achieve in case of victory of the lawsuit, derives from Roman juridical experience. The institution of quota litis is often subject to unbending prohibitions: examples of such reaction of the legal system, even if with different gradation, are found in both the Swiss and Italian norms. On the one hand, in the Helvetian Confederation, both at cantonal and federal level, the pactum de quota litis has been always prohibited to protect the public interest so that the lawyer handling a lawsuit might be independent in his decisions and not forced by personal interests that somehow could undermine his neutrality. On the other hand, this institution in Italy has been subject to several reforms that sometimes have apparently produced a partial opening of the legal system but, in essence, have always maintained firm the principle of its unlawfulness; this, as emerges from the sentences of the Corte di Cassazione, aims to avoid the lawyer taking advantage of his influence to ascribe to himself the majority of the dispute and consequently does not guarantee a role of independence in regard to the lawsuit he is handling. After this initial comparative digression, the Roman sources which in all probability concern the illicit covenant, have been examined with exegetic method. A dubitative attitude is obligatory because the expression pactum de quota litis, continuously recalled in the juridical literature of every later time, is not a creation of the Roman people but of their medieval exegetes, glossators and commentators, who first created the expression we know nowadays. It is mostly a question of late classical juridical sources, in particular of two responsa of the jurist Ulpianus (D.50.13.1.12; D.2.14.53), a text taken from the Institutio Oratoria of the rhetor Quintilianus and a pair of constitutions of the emperor Constantinus (C.2.6.5 and C.Th.2.10.4), which show the blame that such agreement between the lawyer and his client (or sometimes between the procurator ad litem and his dominus litis too) provoked. Its contrariety to boni mores is understandable in these texts through expressions like malo more, non licet, abominanda negotiatio and illicita compendia. However, the ratio of this opposition to morality is not made clear; this issue has been pursued considering social and economic reasons that have marked the passage, from the unbreakability of the principle of gratuity of lawyer activity to provisions legally defined and certified by imperial constitutions. However, it was not possible to leave another issue out of consideration because of its strict relation and complexity within the doctrinal opinions that have been studied and compared in the present analysis. I refer to the institution of redemptio litis that, according to jurists of the XVI and XVII century (for instance Johann Schiller, Johann Brunnemann, Iacobus Curtius), was completely assimilable to the hypothesis of the so called patto di quota lite. I have attempted to take up a position following the literature of the last century about the subject (for instance Vittorio Scialoja and the up-to-date Mariano Scarlata Fazio and Gianni Santucci). According to their opinions there are two behaviours, although equally illegal, different as to content. Redimere litem generally means “taking on the risk of the lawsuit” against the payment of a fee (as D.17.1.6.7, D.17.1.7; C.2.12.15 and C.4.35.20 explain), by having recourse to the mechanism of trial replacement that made the transfer of credits and debts possible for a procurator in rem suam, but it assumes also the meaning of “purchasing a credit at low cost” to recover from the transferred debtor the whole nominal value (as in C.4.35.22, where the content of the lex Anastasiana is reported). In both cases speculation is dominant and both cases in point were not tolerated by the system of laws because considered opposite to morality. Certainly the redemptio litis could be used also to pay the lawyer (or the substitute in a trial), like the pactum de quota litis which shared the imputation of immorality, but in any case it was a different agreement in nature (transfer of contentious credit and not simple pactum) and in content (purchase of the whole trial position of the surrender and not of a part of the proceeds in case of victory of the lawsuit). The inseparable linkage between the technical contrivance by means of which the redemptio litis was carried out, the procuratio ad litem in rem suam, and the mandate have been the crucial points to elaborate the final considerations about the unlawfulness of such an agreement within the classical Roman legal and late classic experience.
Die Vereinbarung, welche gegenwärtig in der Rechtspraxis als quota-litis-Vereinbarung bekannt ist, hat ihre Wurzeln im römischen Recht. Bei dieser Vereinbarung übernimmt der Rechtsanwalt die Vertretung des Mandanten mit der Absprache, dass jener als Honorar einen Teil von dem erhalten soll, was dieser im Fall eines Prozessgewinns erlangen wird. Das Institut der quota-litis-Vereinbarung ist häufig Gegenstand strenger Verbote. Beispiele einer solchen Reaktion der Rechtsordnung findet man – wenn auch mit verschiedenen Abstufungen – im schweizerischen wie auch im italienischen Recht. Einerseits war die quota-litis-Vereinbarung in der Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft sowohl auf kantonaler als auch auf föderaler Ebene schon seit jeher verboten, um das öffentliche Interesse daran zu schützen, dass der Berufsträger in seinen Entscheidungen unabhängig ist, wenn er eine Rechtssache führt, und sich nicht von persönlichen Interessen leiten lässt, die auf irgendeine Art seine Neutralität gefährden können. Andererseits erfuhr sie in Italien verschiedene Reformen, die zwar bisweilen eine Teilöffnung der Rechtsordnung mit sich brachten, aber stets an dem Prinzip ihrer Widerrechtlichkeit festhielten; wie sich aus der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung ergibt, verfolgt man damit den Zweck zu vermeiden, dass der Rechtsanwalt seinen Einfluss missbraucht, um den Großteil der streitgegenständlichen Sache zu beanspruchen, und infolgedessen keine Position der Unparteilichkeit und Unabhängigkeit im Hinblick auf den Rechtsstreit gewährleistet, an dem er mitwirkt. Nach diesem anfänglichen rechtsvergleichenden Exkurs werden mit Hilfe der exegetischen Methode diejenigen römischen Quellenzeugnisse untersucht, welche höchstwahrscheinlich diese rechtswidrige Vereinbarung betreffen. Eine skeptische Haltung ist zwingend erforderlich, da die Urheberschaft des Ausdrucks pactum de quota litis, anders als in der juristischen Literatur aller Epochen immer behauptet wird, nicht den Römern selbst zuzuerkennen ist, sondern ihren mittelalterlichen Exegeten, den Glossatoren und den Kommentatoren, die als erste den Ausdruck geprägt haben, den wir heute kennen. Es handelt sich hauptsächlich um klassische und spätantike Rechtsquellen, insbesondere um zwei responsa des Juristen Ulpian (D. 50, 13, 1, 12; D. 2, 14, 53), um einen Ausschnitt aus der Institutio Oratoria des Rhetors Quintilian (Inst. 12, 7, 11) und um zwei constitutiones des Kaisers Konstantin (C. 2, 6, 5 und CTh. 2, 10, 4), in denen das missbilligende Empfinden aufscheint, welches eine solche Vereinbarung zwischen dem Anwalt (oder zuweilen auch zwischen dem procurator ad litem und dem dominus litis) und dem Klienten auslöste. Ihr Widerspruch zu den boni mores ergibt sich in den Texten aus Wendungen wie malo more, non licet, abominanda negotiato und illecita compendia. Allerdings geht aus diesen nicht die ratio dieses Widerspruchs zu den guten Sitten hervor. Auf diese Frage wurde versucht, eine Antwort zu geben, indem auf die sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Beweggründe verwiesen wurde, welche den Übergang von der Unabdingbarkeit des Prinzips der Unentgeltlichkeit der Anwaltstätigkeit zu der Festlegung gesetzlich bestimmter Honorare kennzeichneten, die auch durch kaiserliche Reskripte bezeugt sind. Es konnte jedoch nicht von der Vertiefung einer weiteren Frage abgesehen werden, deren enger Zusammenhang und deren gleichzeitige Komplexität in den Lehrmeinungen deutlich wurde, die an dieser Stelle untersucht und überprüft wurden. Ich beziehe mich auf das Institut der redemptio litis, welches gemäß der allgemeinen Überzeugung der Gelehrten des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (z. B. Johann Schilter, Johann Brunnemann, Iacobus Curtius) mit dem Fall einer quota-litis-Vereinbarung völlig vergleichbar war. Es wurde versucht, hierzu Stellung zu nehmen, indem der Literatur des vergangenen Jahrhunderts zu diesem Thema zugestimmt wurde (z. B. Vittorio Scialoja und jüngst Mariano Scarlato-Fazio und Gianni Santucci), gemäß der es sich um zwei Tatbstände handeln soll, die zwar gleichermaßen unrechtmäßig gewesen seien, sich aber dem Inhalt nach unterschieden hätten. Redimere litem bedeutet in den Quellen für gewöhnlich “das Prozessrisiko übernehmen” gegen Zahlung eines Entgelts (so in D. 17, 1, 6, 7; D. 17, 1, 7; C. 2, 12, 15; C. 4, 35, 20), indem man auf den Mechanismus der Prozessübernahme zurückgreift, der die Übertragung von Forderungen und Schulden auf den procurator in rem suam gestattete; dieser Terminus erlangt auch die Bedeutung “kostengünstig eine Forderung erwerben”, um von dem Schuldner der abgetretenen Forderung ihren gesamten Nominalwert einzutreiben (so in C. 4, 35, 22, wo der Inhalt der lex Anastasiana berichtet wird). In beiden Fällen herrscht das spekulative Element vor und beide Tatbestände wurden von der Rechtsordnung nicht toleriert, da man sie als den guten Sitten zuwider beurteilte. Sicherlich konnte auch die redemptio litis ebenso wie die quota-litis-Vereinbarung, mit der sie die Sittenwidrigkeit gemein hatte, verwendet werden, um den Anwalt (oder den Prozessübernehmer) zu entlohnen; aber es handelte sich in jedem Fall um eine nach Art (Zession einer streitbefangenen Forderung und nicht einfach ein pactum) und Inhalt (Erwerb der ganzen prozessualen Lage des Zedenten und nicht eines Teils des Erlöses im Fall des Prozessgewinns) andere Vereinbarung. Die untrennbare Verbindung zwischen dem technischen Hilfsmittel, mit dem man die redemptio litis verwirklichte, der procuratio ad litem in rem suam, und dem Mandat bildete den Schwerpunkt der Ausarbeitung von abschließenden Erwägungen betreffend die Widerrechtlichkeit einer derartigen Vereinbarung im römischen Recht der Klassik und Spätklassik.

La mort est une réalité qui nous hante et qu'on s'obstine à occulter. Cette hantise de la mort peut-elle en faire un objet d'art ou l'objet d'un art qui tend à réévaluer le statut du corps humain à notre époque ? Il existe une opposition fondamentale entre le corps humain voué à la disparition et la conception contemporaine d'un corps beau et inaltérable. A travers ce memento mori, je traite la mort en tant qu'expression plastique et je soulève le questionnement de sa légitimité en tant que langage pictural. Ma confrontation avec la mort m'a amenée à réaliser des œuvres qui méditent sur l'existence, sur la temporalité et sur la nature du rapport de l'être humain à son corps et sur la mort dans ses diverses connotations
Death is a fact that persues us inspite of our efforts to dissimulate it. The question seems accordingly to be : can this obsession be turned into an object of art which tends to reconsider the status of the human body in our epoch ? There is an essential opposition between the human body that is doomed to vanish and the contemporary vision of a beautiful and unaltered body. Threoughout this "memento mori", I tried to explore death as a plastic expression which raises the question of its legitimacy as a pictorial language. My confrontation with death allowed me to achieve several works that meditate upon existence, temporality, and the nature of the relationship between the human being and his body, and death in its various connotations

La pregunta que formula la presente investigación gira en torno a las razones por las cuales César Moro escogió el mito de los Dioscuros para su poemario Amour à mort. En los párrafos que siguen se revisará las opiniones críticas de varios grupos de intelectuales que, a nuestro criterio, han aportado argumentos generales y específicos que proporcionan lucidez y debate en el camino hacia una de las posibles respuestas satisfactorias a la pregunta. En principio, los razonamientos críticos sobre la obra de Moro se remontan a los años en que el poeta logró publicar algunos poemarios en lengua francesa, continúan, con algunas intermitencias causadas por la escasa publicación de la obra del poeta, después de su fallecimiento, a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo veinte, y prosiguen de manera consolidada durante las primeras décadas del siglo en curso, gracias a la mayor cantidad de publicaciones de su obra, a partir de 1980, y la celebración del centenario de su nacimiento en el 2003. En el párrafo final incorporaremos nuestra hipótesis de trabajo acerca del núcleo intratextual sobre el cual reside la elección del mito de los Dioscuros.
Tesis

La thèse explore l'origine et la fonction de l'Autre Monde et des créatures féeriques (fées et chevaliers faés) dans les lais et romans médiévaux en vers français et anglais, en particulier ceux de la"matière de Bretagne". L'auteur soutient que ces motifs féeriques ne sont pas les vestiges d'une mythologie paienne, mais sont empruntés à une tradition vivante et cohérente de contes et légendes évoquant le monde des morts et ses multiples interactions avec les vivants. L'auteur s'interroge sur la genèse et l'évolution de ce féerique romanesque, qui détourne au profit d'une idéologie courtoise un imaginaire folklorique peuplé de héros conquérants de l'immortalité, mais aussi de morts assignés à la fonction de passeur ou encore de morts prématurés dont le destin brisé s'apparente à un enchantement ou un rapt et qui attendent des vivants leur délivrance. L'auteur rattache la thématique mélusinienne à une tradition de récits sur les jeunes filles mortes tragiquement, et la thématique du Graal à une tradition similaire sur les morts assassinés que seule la vengeance peut guérir
This thesis explore the origin and function of fairy lands, fairy damsels and fairy knights in medieval romances in old French and Middle English verse related tho the Matter of Britain. It argues that they stem not from any lost and degraded pagan mythology, but primarily from a living and widespread oral tradition of legend and tales relating to death, the heroic after-life, rescue from the death and earth-bound ghosts. It uses literary motifs as a window into lay concepts of death and dead, and it studies the narrative process by which this folklore of legends and tales gave rise to a fairy mythology which soon took a life of its own. Beside timeless stories of heroes supernaturrally conceived and physically rapt, two types of unquiet dead(or undead) are shown to have been prevalent in medieval folklore, and to have provided the raw material for some of the most influential works(including le conte du Graal and Le Roman de Mélusine) : the murdered dead awaiting healing by vengeance, and the dead maiden seeking union with a mortal

This paper focuses on how white, middle class South African mothers, living within a 60-kilometre radius of Cape Town's Central Business District, juggle their childcare and work responsibilities. Through use of multi-sited ethnography, I was able to enter the lives of ten white, middle-class South African mothers aged between early forties to early fifties. The data collected was obtained through participant observation, casual conversations and formal, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. This minor thesis draws on a body of literature that focuses on the multiple paradoxes mothers' face, such as, the traditional gendered notions of what it means to be a "good" mother, the challenges of time, and coping strategies. This paper explores how the research participants reconstituted their lives after having children. Through an analysis of conversations and field observations this minor thesis demonstrates the everyday circumstances of living through and negotiating daily life as a middle class, white mother in Cape Town, South Africa. In this minor thesis, I aim to demonstrate how parenthood is filled with fears and numerous challenges. The findings make strong case for researching the lives of such women who often suffer in silence.

Cette étude propose une lecture des relations entre les vivants et les morts par le prisme d'une documentation spécifique à l'Égypte ancienne, les lettres aux morts prises comme révélateurs des mécanismes relationnels. La définition du genre et sa confrontation avec d'autres sources permet de dégager deux paradigmes qui se distinguent par des rites particuliers et un usage divergent du motif du jugement posthume. Malgré l'appartenance de la lettre au mort à la Première Période intermédiaire, les conclusions qui résultent de son analyse apparaissent, pour diverses raisons, comme une constante de la religion funéraire égyptienne au moins jusqu'à la fin du Nouvel Empire. En décryptant l'organisation des rapports vivants / morts, cette étude espère apporter un éclairage sur des problématiques telles que la peur du mort et l'existence d'une forme égyptienne de culte des ancêtres, mais cherche aussi à saisir ce qui fait la spécificité des rapports vivants / morts dans l'Égypte pharaonique
This study suggests a reading of the relationship between the living and the dead through the prism of documentation unique to Ancient Egypt, Letters to the Dead, which are revelatory of the mechanisms of this relationship. From the definition of the genre and comparison with other sources, two paradigms emerge. They are characterized by distinct rituals and a different treatment of the subject of judgement after death. While Letters to the Dead belong to the First Intermediate Period, the conclusions drawn from their study appear, due to different reasons, to apply to egyptian funerary religion at least until the end of New Kingdom. By deciphering the organisation of relationships between the living and the dead, this study seeks to shed light on topics such as fear of the dead and ancestor worship in Ancient Egypt, but also to understand the peculiarity of egyptian interaction with the dead

Owning and operating airports is an expensive business. For many local governments and private corporations involved, the business of airport management can be extremely lucrative when the facility and the operation are effectively and efficiently administered. For the DoD, airport management is a huge expense. During this time of historic budget reductions, one wonders whether the existing portfolio of military airfields can be sustained. The U.S. Air Force portfolio of airfields currently in place in the European theater is the focus of this research project because the United States has an extensive and long-standing inventory of airfields there. Ultimately, this thesis asks whether significant strategic and political changes necessitate a different approach to U.S. military airport management in Europe. The U.S. Air Force should stay in Europe, but it should convert some of its heavy, main operating bases to more flexible, lighter installations for both economic and strategic reasons.

Texte remanié de: Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät--Saarbrücken--Universität des Saarlandes, 1996-1997. Titre de soutenance : Einstellungen zum Tod in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Kontinuität und Wandel einer religiösen Mentalität.
Bibliogr. p. [418]-436.

La mayoría de personas recurren al consumo de cigarrillos en búsqueda de placer y relajo para calmar la ansiedad. Es conocido que estos cigarrillos convencionales contienen aditivos químicos que agravan la salud de las personas. En el siguiente trabajo de investigación, se evaluó la implementación de un cigarrillo sin aditivos químicos hecho de la planta del mapacho, producto que es consumido en la selva peruana, que pueda ofrecer la misma experiencia que tiene una persona al consumir uno que si los tiene. Se presentará el modelo de negocio final del proyecto y las validaciones que se realizaron para cada cuadrante. Se realizaron diferentes experimentos con personas que consumían cigarrillos comerciales para validar si el producto era aceptado. Asimismo, nos dimos cuenta que el sabor menta era solicitado cuando ofrecíamos el producto en los experimentos por lo cual decidimos ofrecer este nuevo sabor. Luego de validaciones y experimentos realizados, se obtuvo un empaque final con dos presentaciones de cigarrillos: tradicional y menta. Las ventas de los productos finales se realizaron mediante la plataforma de Facebook y de manera directa con las personas que ya conocían el producto. Finalmente, a raíz de las ventas y los gastos realizados, se desarrolló los planes y las proyecciones a tres años de los presupuestos de las áreas de operaciones, recursos humanos, marketing, responsabilidad social empresarial y finanzas.
Most people recur to the consumption of cigarettes in search of pleasure and relaxation to calm the anxiety. It is known that these conventional cigarettes contain chemical additives that aggravate the health of people. In the following research work, the implementation of a cigarette without chemical additives made of the mapacho plant was evaluated, a product that is consumed in the Peruvian jungle, which can offer the same experience that a person has with a conventional cigarette. The final business model of the project and the validations that were made for each quadrant will be presented. Different experiments were carried out with people who smoke commercial cigarettes to validate if the product was accepted. Also, we realized that the mint flavor was requested when we offered the product in the experiments for which we decided to offer this new flavor. After validations and experiments, a final packaging was obtained with two presentations of cigarettes: traditional and mint. The sales of the final products were made through Facebook and directly with the people who already knew about the product. Finally, as a result of sales and expenses, plans and three-year projections of the budgets of the areas of operations, human resources, marketing, corporate social responsibility and finance were developed.
Trabajo de investigación

Though we live in an age of uncertainty, we are constantly surrounded by what is predictable and routine. What happens when the comfort of our understanding is questioned? This body of work developed out of my experimental curiosity and desire to merge the familiar with the unexpected. Incorporating furniture and found objects brings a level of familiarity to the viewer, but manipulating the usual and adding strange elements causes inquiry. All of the components are set up into narrative tableaus and every part is considerably important to the whole. The installation explores humor and fear related to the grotesque and the uncanny, exploring contradictory elements such as: anthropomorphic and foreign, vibrant and static, seductive and repulsive. Each scene reveals no answers but poses only questions, inviting the viewer to fully experience their surroundings and come up with their own conclusions. We often exist between the margins of the known and the unknown but our understanding of this existence is purely individual.

Animated color film with images of water, birds, winged humans, a man in a hooded sweatshirt, doors, the sea, a woman on a stool wearing a red scarf, marching soldiers, a gun, a knife, blood on hands, a dancing couple, a crowd of dancers, a seed, plants growing, clouds, a flying winged person, a figure playing an instrument. The images transform into each other in ever-changing sequences.

Närvaron av döden ökar värdet av livet. I ett samhälle som gömmer undan livets slut fyller ett krematorium ett syfte om att påminna och visa den som vill se. Programmets nyanser blir en skala från kännedom till bevittnande och byggnaden tar en självklar plats på begravningsplatsen och i samhället. För den som redan befinner sig i sorg har naturen ett allmängiltigt, tröstande värde. Växtlighet tränger sig in och minner om en tid då livet börjar om. Byggnaden är uppbruten för att bli ett landskap i sig och i mellanrummen kommer naturen in på ett påtagligt sätt. Utifrån går det att urskilja byggnadens signifikanta delar: Ugnshall, kylrum och byggnadens fem innergårdar. Siktlinjerna har varit mycket viktiga i projektet. Interiört för att känna en närhet till naturen och exteriört för att förbipasserande ska förstå krematoriets huvudsakliga delar; Kistans ankomst, dess färd från kylrum till ugn och slutligen som aska till en värdig förvaring i väntan på urnsättning.
The presence of death increases the value of life itself. In a society that hides away the end of life a crematory has a purpose to remind and reveal it to whoever wants to interact. The program of this building transforms into nuances at a scale from knowledge to witnessing. This crematory takes a prominent place at the cemetery and in the community. For those who are already in the mourning process, nature has a universal, comforting value. Vegetation intrudes into and reminds us of a time when life starts over. The building is scattered to become a landscape in itself. In the gaps nature grows. From outside the building’s significant parts can be distinguished: Furnace hall, cold store and the five courtyards of the building. Sight lines have been very important in the project. Internal to feel a closeness to nature and external to  make passers-by understand the typology’s main processes; The arrival of the coffin, its journey from the cold storage to the oven and finally the ash’s way to a dignified storage  for the urn until it has a permanent place.

Leiris appréhende la poésie en fonction de la pensée obsédante de la mort, faisant de cette dernière le principal moteur de l'activité créatrice. Il voit dans sa tentative de définition de la poésie bien plus que dans sa propre création une façon de combattre cette obsession. La pensée de la mort entraîne donc une redéfinition de la poésie. L'ensemble de l'oeuvre peut alors être lue comme un métadiscours tendant à résoudre cette unique question : qu'est-ce que la poésie ? Cette quête conduit finalement l'auteur à considérer la poésie comme un "art sacré". A l'instar de toutes les religions, la poésie repose sur la négation de la mort. Si elle peut dans ce sens être qualifiée de religieuse, elle ne prend pas en compte toutefois l'existence de Dieu. Elle est "sacrée" dans le sens que lui donne Leiris ; par son exercice, l'homme peut parvenir à son salut : non pas vaincre, mais oublier la mort. Ainsi, chez Leiris, c'est l'obscurité de la mort qui vient éclairer la poésie
In all his work, Michel Leiris apprehends poetry according to the obsessing thought of death, making this latter the driving force behind creative activity. It is in the attempt to define poetry much more than in the mere creation of it that Leiris sees a way of fighting this obsession. The thought of death thus involves a redefinition of poetry. The whole work of Leiris can be read as a metadiscourse treating of the poetic tool and tending to answer this single question : what is really poetry ? This search finally leads the author to consider poetry as a "sacred art". Like all forms of religions, poetry rests on the negation of death. Considering this, poetry may be described as religious, but this does not take into account the existence of God. Poetry is sacred in the sense given by Leiris ; through its practise, man can reach salvation : not by overcoming but by forgetting sovereign death. Thus, for Leiris, it is the darkness of death which helps clarify poetry

En uppdelning av aggression i instrumentell respektive reaktiv har bekräftats av tidigare forskning. Föreliggande studie bygger på 40 domar från Svea hovrätt där gärningsmännen blivit dömda för mord eller försök till mord. Huvudsyftet var att undersöka om reaktiva gärningsmän kunde skiljas från instrumentella gärningsmän med avseende på brottskaraktäristika, ålder, påföljd samt brottsrubricering. Syftet var också att undersöka samband mellan gärningsmannens påverkan av alkohol och/eller droger och gärningsmannens grad av planering, målinriktning, arousal, provokation från offret, samt gärningsmannens relation till offret. Två oberoende bedömare (föreliggande studies författare) genomförde kodningar utifrån Cornells kodningsguide för våldshandlingar. Resultatet visade att instrumentella gärningsmän kunde skiljas från reaktiva gärningsmän utifrån deras planering, målinriktning, arousal och relation till offret. Resultatet visade också på en hög interbedömarreliabilitet mellan bedömarna gällande samtliga brottskaraktäristika. Endast ett signifikant samband hittades mellan variabeln arousal och gärningsmannens påverkan av alkohol och/eller droger. En slutsats var att det gick att bedöma gärningsmannens aggression utifrån hovrättsdomar innehållande mord och försök till mord.

L' imaginaire de la mort en Occident est un outil de réflexion qui nous permet d'appréhender la mort comme "idée". Impensée, la mort n'est pas impensable, elle ne cesse de révéler son contenu, son "objet", dans les images qui perdurent et s'enrichissent sans cesse en fonction de l'évolution culturelle et sociale de la société occidentale. Louis-Vincent Thomas nous montre que la mort est aujourd'hui déniée, rejetée du social. C'est le déni qui rend la mort insignifiante et insignifiable. Avec l'évolution des techniques médicales, on ne meurt plus si facilement de mort, on peut rester enfermé dans des états intermédiaires qui sont pires que la mort. La mort est devenue mauvaise mort, surtout si elle ne tue pas vraiment. C'est pourquoi les revendications portent sur une mort certaine qui n'est plus seulement mais "meurtre de soi". Entre euthanasie et meurtre, le "tuer" se fait don de la mort, on se donne une mort certaine, en anticipant de mourir. Le don est de fait, recherche d'un sens pour signifier un événement, une expérience dont la signification se perd. La nécessité de signifier la mort est une revendication des vivants qui ont besoin pour se savoir en vie, de reconnaitre un autre état, celui de mort, bien distinct de celui du vivant. L'enjeu de la relation entre les morts et les vivants, c'est la mémoire. Les morts ont une fonction sociale, ils perdurent dans la mémoire des vivants, pour enraciner le sens de ce qui a été. Pour que cette survivance soit possible, il faut qu'ils meurent bien, d'une mort qui soit mémorisable. Le don de la mort est là, il montre que les images de la mort ont une fonction, différencier les deux états en les signifiant.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Mariana Rodrigues da Silveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática , 2014.
Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo das Teorias de Morse e Morse-Bott no contexto de sistemas dinâmicos. Consideramos uma variedade Riemanniana suave e fechada M de dimensão finita. Dada f : M ! R uma função de Morse-Smale, associamos a f o complexo de cadeia de Morse-Smale-Witten, que recupera a homologia da variedade M (Teorema de Homologia de Morse). Mais geralmente, qualquer função de Morse- Bott-Smale f :M !R pode ser associada ao complexo de cadeia de Morse-Bott-Smale, que é um multicomplexo que se reduz ao complexo de cadeia de Morse-Smale-Witten quando f é uma função de Morse. O Teorema de Homologia de Morse-Bott mostra que a homologia deste multicomplexo também coincide com a homologia de M sua prova tem como caso particular uma prova para o Teorema da Homologia de Morse.
In this work we present a study of Morse and Morse-Bott theories in the context of dynamical systems. We consider a Riemannian smooth, closed n-dimensional manifold M. Given a Morse-Smale function f :M !R, we associate f to the Morse-Smale-Witten chain complex, which recovers the homology of the manifold M (Morse Homology Theorem). More generally, any Morse-Bott-Smale function f :M !R can be associated to the Morse-Bott-Smale chain complex, which is a multicomplex that coincides with the Morse-Smale-Witten complex when f is a Morse function. The Morse-Bott Homology Theorem shows that the homology of thismulticomplex also coincides with the homology of M and its proof has as a particular case a proof for the Morse Homology Theorem.