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Velo-Antón, Guillermo, Paulo Pereira, Soumia Fahd, José Teixeira et Uwe Fritz. « Out of Africa : did Emys orbicularis occidentalis cross the Strait of Gibraltar twice ? » Amphibia-Reptilia 36, no 2 (2015) : 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002989.
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The narrow Strait of Gibraltar has separated the African and European continents since the Miocene (5.3 Mya), with a different degree of permeability for Mediterranean taxa. Southern and northern regions of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, respectively, are key areas to evaluate the colonization dynamics and biogeographic history of taxa occurring at both sides of this strait. The Ibero-Maghrebian subspecies of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis occidentalis, is patchily distributed and threatened throughout most of the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco and its origin is thought to be in North Africa. Here we expand the geographic sampling across the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, with special emphasis in the southern tip of the peninsula and northern Morocco, and analyze mtDNA sequences of 183 E. o. occidentalis to better understand the complex biogeographic history of this subspecies. We provide for the first time evidence for shared haplotypes of Iberian and North African pond turtles, with an additional haplotype in the southern Iberian Peninsula derived from Moroccan haplotypes. This supports the hypothesis that the Strait of Gibraltar constitutes no significant biogeographic barrier for E. orbicularis. However, the newly discovered shared, or extremely similar, haplotypes of European pond turtles from the southern Iberian Peninsula and Morocco suggest either that at least two independent natural colonization waves from Morocco have reached the Iberian Peninsula or that Moroccan turtles were accidentally or deliberately introduced there.
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Lindsay-Perez, Monica. « Anticolonial Colonialism ». Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 15, no 3 (1 novembre 2019) : 330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-7720669.
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Abstract Between 1931 and 1936 the democratic Spanish government overthrew the monarchy and established the Second Spanish Republic. It was a volatile period for Spanish-Moroccan relations. Fascists were in favor of the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco, whereas Republicans were typically against it. Aurora Bertrana (1892–1974) was a Republican Catalan writer who moved to Morocco in 1935 to write about Muslim women living under the Spanish Protectorate. A close examination of her novel El Marroc sensual i fanàtic (1935) reveals an anticolonialism based on her preoccupation with Spanish nationalist dignity rather than with Moroccan independence. Instead of concluding that Spain’s colonization of Morocco is not good, Bertrana concludes that it is not good enough. Her writing perpetuates centuries-old Spanish Orientalist stereotypes, thus complicating the glorified history of Spanish Republican anticolonialism and feminism in the 1930s.
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Dean, William T. « Strategic Dilemmas of Colonization : France and Morocco during the Great War ». Historian 73, no 4 (1 décembre 2011) : 730–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00304.x.
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Alaoui, Fatima Zahrae Chrifi. « Morocco from a Colonial to a Postcolonial Era ». Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 13, no 3 (27 novembre 2020) : 276–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01303002.
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Abstract Women of color have long used the transformative power of writing and theorizing through their bodies to speak back to the pervasive racist and sexist hierarchies in hegemonic cultures. I extend this argument in the specific context of Muslim feminism that is theorized outside orientalist and patriarchal frames of reference. In this article, I turn to a performative autoethnographic approach to look at the Moroccan era, ‘Now and Then,’ through my grandmother’s lens, that of a Moroccan woman erased from the written history of Morocco. Drawing on ‘theories of the flesh,’ I privilege my grandmother’s voice and her embodied experience that transmits her story of resistance and survival under French colonization. Through ‘fleshing,’ my Moroccan grandmother reclaims her lived experiences and deconstructs the hegemonic universalist knowledge of feminism and struggle. It is important to foreground the political urgency of surveying the theoretical frameworks of Arab and Muslim scholars in order to create new ways of understanding communication in postcolonial/neocolonial settings.
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Marglin, Jessica M. « THE TWO LIVES OF MASʿUD AMOYAL : PSEUDO-ALGERIANS IN MOROCCO, 1830–1912 ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no 4 (12 octobre 2012) : 651–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000803.
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AbstractAfter France's 1830 invasion of Algeria, Algerians residing outside of the new French colony could potentially be considered French subjects. A number of Moroccans, eager to partake of the legal and financial advantages of foreign nationality, crossed the border into Algeria and obtained documentation falsely attesting to their Algerian origins; they then returned to Morocco, where they convinced French consular authorities to register them as French subjects. This article uses the story of one such pseudo-Algerian, Masʿud Amoyal, to explore the phenomenon of Moroccans who assumed the legal identities of Algerians. In Morocco and elsewhere in the Middle East, the responses of individuals like Amoyal to new legal categories created by European colonization point to the importance of expanding colonial historiography beyond the borders of imperial states. Examining the strategies of pseudo-Algerians in Morocco demonstrates the value of a transnational approach for understanding the full impact of European imperialism.
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Masbah, Mohammed. « Anglo-Saxon anthropology in Morocco : evaluating Gellner's segmentary theory ». Contemporary Arab Affairs 6, no 2 (1 avril 2013) : 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2013.782720.
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The 1960s and 1970s presented fertile soil for a number of anthropological theories in Morocco. Those theories tried to offer explanatory paradigms for societies that had just shaken off colonization, especially in Anglo-Saxon studies. Segmentary theory, as part of this tradition, should be understood within the dichotomy of continuity and rupture in theoretical contributions on Morocco; its roots derive from both Khaldunian and colonial thought. Ernest Gellner's work on the Saints of the Atlas (1969) is considered among the most interesting studies that applied segmentary theory to understand Moroccan society in the post-independence era. In fact, much criticism has been levelled at this theory from different researchers such as Jacque Berque, Paul Pascon, Abdelkbir Khatibi, Abdellah Hammoudi, Abdellah Laroui and Mokhtar Harras, among others. Criticism mainly focused on the ideological and ethnocentric background that frames the frozen starting arguments of the segmentary approach. It maintains that ‘pre-capitalist’ societies were static, had no history and could not produce but social orders and intellectual and economic institutions that exalt loyalty to community and the authority of customs and ancestry, while they lacked power centralization, would reproduce themselves routinely and statically as well as diminish the prospects of social change. This paper criticizes Gellner's segmentary theory for neglecting the role of kinship and blood ties, social stratification and chiefship, marginalizing socio-historical dynamics, and the overemphasizing of the pacific role of religion and saints.
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Rharbi, Noussaiba, et Mehmet İNCEOĞLU. « Moroccan New Green Cities, Towards a Green Urban Transition ». Journal of Islamic Architecture 7, no 2 (22 décembre 2022) : 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i2.17222.
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Morocco is living in a sustainable transition that touches all the fields. The urban transition seems to take a quick turn, especially after 2014, with the establishment of various eco-cities research projects, eco-neighborhoods, and the construction of green cities such as Benguerir, Bouskoura, and Ze-nata. This paper describes some research into sustainability, the parameters behind green urbanism, and the transition effects. It also explains the Moroc-can urbanism transition witnessed after colonization and the sustainability introduction to the country. This research compares two green cities, Benguerir in the south and Zenata on the Atlantic coast. Both cities are constructed by publicly owned and funded companies, providing a common ground for comparison. This paper analyses sustainability parameters target-ed by the study cases.
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Fakher el Abiari, A., Z. Oulbaz, M. Messouli et N. Coineau. « A new species of Pseudoniphargus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from subterranean water of northeastern Morocco : Historical biogeography and evolutionary aspects ». Contributions to Zoology 68, no 3 (1999) : 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-06803002.
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A new species of Pseudoniphargus, P. longiflagellum (Crustacea Amphipoda) is described from subterranean fresh water of the Riftan region of Morocco. This species is closely related to the group P. ruffoi-P. longipes, which shares several apomorphic characters. The two-step model of colonization and evolution provides an understanding of the origin and the age of this stygobiont. P. longiflagellum is derived from marine ancestors that lived in the coastal groundwaterof the Tethyan South-Rifian channel during the Miocene Tortonian period. The regression of this corridor during the late Tortonian period or at the beginning of the Messinian period may have played a major role in the evolutionary history through vicariance.
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Aït Boughrous, A., M. Boulanouar, M. Yacoubi et N. Coineau. « The first Microcharon (Crustacea, Isopoda, Microparasellidae) from the Moroccan North Saharan Platform. Phylogeny, origin and palaeobiogeography ». Contributions to Zoology 76, no 1 (2007) : 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07601003.
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The interstitial stygobites of the genus Microcharon (Crustacea, Isopoda, Microparasellidae) are highly diversified in Morocco, especially in the High Atlas. A new species from the North Saharan platform is described. Microcharon oubrahimae n. sp. is characterized by the original morphology of the first male pleopod which exhibits a concave inner margin of the distal part and a subdistal position of the armature. From a phylogenetic point of view, M. oubrahimae does not belong to the lineage which includes the Moroccan Atlasian species. In contrast, it belongs to the eastern- Mediterranean group of species. It is related to the species of the groupM. orghidani -M. bureschi -M. phlegetonis from Romania and Bulgaria. The two-step model of colonization and evolution provides an understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of this stygobiont. M. oubrahimae derived from marine ancestors that lived in the littoral interstitial waters of the marine gulfs which covered the Errachidia-Boudnib-Erfoud basin within the pre-African trench during the Turonian or more likely Early Senonian. These marine ancestors might have settled in fresh groundwater during the regressive phases of the Turonian embayment or more likely of the brief Coniacian-Santonian gulf.
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Raheb, Mitri. « Pax Americana : Palestine and the Middle East in the Trump Era ». International Journal of Asian Christianity 4, no 2 (27 août 2021) : 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-04020003.
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Abstract Peace between Israel and the Arab world appears to be progressing like never before. It started with the UAE, followed by Bahrain and Morocco, and then with Sudan. A “new” Middle East is finally becoming a reality. Yet, on the other hand, the colonization of Palestinian land is progressing at full speed ever since President Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the American Embassy there. During both the Embassy move and the so-called Abraham Accords with Arab countries and throughout the Trump era, biblical language has been employed. This paper will examine these political developments and biblical connotations. At the heart of the issue lies the question of what constitutes real peace. This paper argues that ‘the deal of the century’ was a form of Pax Romana rather than Pax Christi.
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El-Farhati, Haithem, Mourad Khaldi, Alexis Ribas, Mohamed Wassim Hizem, Saïd Nouira et Violaine Nicolas. « Evolutionary history of the two North African hedgehogs (Mammalia : Erinaceidae) Atelerix algirus and Paraechinus aethiopicus based on phylogeography and species distribution modelling ». Vertebrate Zoology 71 (6 décembre 2021) : 799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e70989.
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Abstract Two species of hedgehogs are known to occur in northern part of Africa: the Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus and the Ethiopian hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus. Within each species several subspecies were described based on morphometrical data and pelage coloration, but all these subspecies have enigmatic and unclear definitions. We investigated the phylogeographical history and taxonomy of these two species based on mitochondrial DNA data covering the entire geographical distribution of A. algirus and the North African distribution of P. aethiopicus. We also used climatic niche modelling to make inferences about their evolutionary history. Low genetic diversity was recovered in both species. While no phylogeographic pattern was found in P. aethiopicus, two haplogroups were identified within A. algirus. This could be explained by the fact that continuous high or moderate climatic suitability occurred throughout most of the Saharan desert since the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) for the first species, while during the LGM there were several disconnected areas of high climatic suitability for A. algirus: one in South-West Morocco, one at the coastal Moroccan-Algerian border and one in Tunisia-coastal Libya. Our genetic results confirm that A. algirus recently colonized Spain, Balearic and Canary Islands, and that this colonization was probably mediated by humans. Suitable climatic conditions occurred throughout most of the Southern and Eastern Iberian Peninsula during the last 6,000 years which could have favored the spatial expansion of the Algerian hedgehog after its arrival in Europe. According to our molecular results subspecific recognition within North Africa is unwarranted for both species.
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López-Entrambasaguas, Olga María, Jose Manuel Martínez-Linares, Manuel Linares-Abad et María José Calero-García. « Is It Possible to Become a Nurse in a Refugee Camp ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no 18 (14 septembre 2019) : 3414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183414.
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The history of the Western Sahara has been marked by several events that have contributed to the protracted refugee situation in which the Sahrawi people have found themselves since 1975: the Spanish colonization and the subsequent decolonization process, the armed struggles between the indigenous population and the states of Morocco and Mauritania to occupy Western Saharan territory, assassinations and repression of the Sahrawi population, and the economic interests of external agents with regards to mineral resources. Twenty-five years ago, in the hostile environment of the Sahrawi refugee camps, a nursing school was founded. Essentially depending on foreign aid, this school has been responsible for training nursing professionals to meet the healthcare needs of the population. The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to the origin and evolution of nursing education for the Sahrawi refugee camps. The Sahrawi are the only refugee camps in the world to host such nursing schools.
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Quesada, Sarah M. « Latinx Internationalism and the French Atlantic : Sandra María Esteves in Art contre/against apartheid and Miguel Algarín in “Tangiers” ». Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 9, no 3 (septembre 2022) : 353–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2022.17.
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AbstractThis article interrogates the South-South internationalism of two renowned US Latinx poets: Miguel Algarín’s abjection in Morocco in his poem “Tangiers” and Sandra María Esteves’s anti-apartheid poetry for the French Art contre/against apartheid project, which included the controversial participation of Jacques Derrida. Although these poems focus on different contexts of African liberation, both react to French coloniality. For Algarín, his Orientalist evocations of underage child prostitution operate under a French hegemony, coming into crisis when a third world alliance fails. In Esteves’s work, her poetic solidarity draws on Frantz Fanon’s experience of French colonization in Algeria but also comes into crisis when Derrida’s foreword for Art contre/against apartheid is challenged as Eurocentric. Although both engagements with African self-determination exhibit residues of a French hegemony undergirding and undercutting what I term is a poetic Latin-African solidarity, their South-South approach enriches postcolonial studies, in which Latin American, and by extension, Latinx identities have been sidelined.
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Elqadery, Abderrahman. « (Ré)écriture de l’histoire de la colonisation et engagement littéraire dans quelques romans marocains contemporains ». Intercâmbio : Revue d’Études Françaises=French Studies Journal, no 15 (2022) : 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/0873-366x/int15a6.
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The writing of history of the colonial period in the contemporary Moroccan historical novel is performative and highlights the literary commitment of Moroccan writers of the new generation. Even if it is expressed tacitly, the committed part of the texts studied is highlighted by the questioningof an incomplete official historiography. The revisit of the colonial period brings out the voices of the authors in the narrative framework and involves the reader in the reflection on History. The literary commitment of our writers is manifest in the expression of anti-colonialism. This process of colonization is maintained throughout the corpus to such an extent that it becomes a leitmotif that runs through the stories studied and displays the ideological discourses of the writers and consequently theirliterary commitment.
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Maszewski, Zbigniew. « Cabeza de Vaca, Estebanico, and the Language of Diversity in Laila Lalami’s The Moor’s Account ». Text Matters, no 8 (24 octobre 2018) : 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/texmat-2018-0019.
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Published in 1542, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s La relación is a chronicle of the Pánfilo de Narváez’s 1527 expedition to the New World in which Cabeza de Vaca was one of the four survivors. His account has received considerable attention. It has been appreciated and critically examined as a narrative of conquest and colonization, a work of ethnographic interest, and a text of some literary value. Documenting and fictionalizing for the first time in European history the experience of travelling/trekking in the region which now constitutes the Southwest in the United States, Cabeza de Vaca’s story testifies to the sense of disorientation, as well as to the importance of psychological and cultural mechanisms of responsiveness and adaptability to a different environment. What allows the Moroccan-American contemporary writer Laila Lalami to follow that perspective in her book The Moor’s Account (2017) is an imaginative transfer of the burden and satisfaction of narrating the story of the journey to the black Moroccan slave whose presence in the narratives of conquest and exploration was marginal. In Lalami’s book, Estebanico becomes the central character and his role is ultimately identified with that of a writer celebrating the freedom of diversity, one who survives to use the transcultural experience of the past creatively in ways well suited to the needs of the current moment.
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Harris, David James, et Ana Perera. « Genetic diversity in the gecko Tarentola mauritanica within the Iberian Peninsula ». Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no 4 (2008) : 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230352.
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AbstractThe Mediterranean gecko Tarentola mauritanica is one of the most abundant reptile species in the western Mediterranean Basin. We use mitochondrial DNA sequences, 12sRNA and 16sRNA, to analyse the patterns of distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. The results show three well defined lineages. The first one, already known to be widespread throughout Europe, is distributed along the eastern coast and southern areas of the Iberian Peninsula. The second one, endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, is widely found in central regions; and the third lineage, found so far only in two southern localities is unrelated to the other Iberian lineages, but rather to a Northern Moroccan clade. The genetic variability found within the Iberian haplogroup and the existence of a single haplotype within the European lineage suggests a complex pattern of rapid radiations and anthropogenic introductions. The third clade seems to be the result of a natural colonization from North Africa. All the data indicate that T. mauritanica is a species complex. The Iberian Peninsula, due to its geological complex history, appears to be both a hotspot and a melting pot of biodiversity, with several studies of diverse herpetofauna indicating that cryptic species occur there. More studies of additional species will be needed to develop a comparative phylogeographic framework for the region.
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Ibrahimi, Mohammed, et Jalal Eddine Liassini. « Mergers and acquisitions in Morocco : reality and perspectives ». International Journal of Emerging Markets ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (25 mars 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-06-2020-0701.
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PurposeThe purpose of this article is to address certain gaps and contribute to enriching the literature on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Africa; describe the phenomenon taking into account the particularity of the country; address recommendations to public policies and investors and make this article a ground-breaking article on research into the phenomenon of the M&A market in North Africa.Design/methodology/approachWith description and an exploratory intention, the authors develop phenomenon driven research. As appropriate phenomenon driven research, the authors focus on characteristics of Moroccan M&A market. The authors use scientific investigation to provide descriptions and explanations of the phenomena in order to add a new perspective to the M&A literature in North African region. The authors work on the particularity of companies in Morocco, typology of M&A, geographic areas, socio-economic indicators, trade agreements, politics and culture.FindingsUnderstand that the phenomenon of domestic M&A is a phenomenon of big cities and knows the participation of small and medium enterprises. The political variable, the trade agreements and the socio-economic weight of the countries influence the cross-border M&A in to out. Sharing a border and common culture has no impact on cross-border M&A but the history of colonization has an impact.Research limitations/implicationsThe scientific contribution is first an extension of the neoclassical theory on the initiation of M&A operations. Throughout these 29 years of history, the existence of external shocks such as regulations has influenced the activity of M&A operations. Privatization, partial opening of sectors to foreign investment tax incentives have contributed to the realization of M&A operations.Practical implicationsThis paper also has an economic and practical contribution, as it informs about the absence of M&A operation in the agriculture and agri-food sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. This region recognizes a food shortage that will increase by 70–100% between 2010 and 2050 with a strong population growth. The authors also note that regulations, royal directives, influence the activity and geographic choices of M&A. The political variable remains decisive for the cross-border M&A activity between Morocco and Algeria, but encourages acquisitions in countries in West and Central Africa.Originality/valueM&A research in Africa is poor and suffers from several shortcomings; these barriers push researchers to produce fewer papers on this phenomenon. Through data collection, description and explanation, the authors tried to produce a paper focusing on the M&A phenomenon in a country in North Africa. To the authors’ knowledge, no article has dealt with this phenomenon in this country which is known for its strong M&A activity.
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« The Captivity Narrative and East-West Understanding in Aboulela’s The Kindness of Enemies ». International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 19, no 1 (21 janvier 2019) : 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.19.1.3.
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The American captivity narrative, like John Smith’s account of his rescue by Pocahontas, derives its plot from accounts of captivity in the conflicts with Morocco and the Ottoman Empire. This cross-cultural provenance is reflected in Leila Aboulela’s The Kindness of Enemies which can be usefully compared with the greatest of the American texts, The Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682), in regard to characters, plot, setting and sympathy for the colonized. In The Kindness of Enemies the captivity narrative goes both ways, into the East and into the West, and there are different ways and degrees of being a captive. Reading Aboulela’s novel requires ananalytic historical perspective on a Nineteenth Century Sufi rebellion during the Crimean War seen in counterpoint to the present besieged state of contemporary Britain. The novel broadens our common humanity as we share Natasha’s problem of having “morphed into something completely different” on her difficult journey into the West, into history and into her divided consciousness. Aboulela presents, in place of projection, an involving interchange and interpenetration of people, events, imagery and (opposing) cultures. My reading, organized around the motifs of dreams and sword, follows the struggles of protagonist and narrator Natasha with intercultural guilt during her research into the Chechen resistance to Russian colonization.
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Mahulu, Anna, Catharina Clewing, Björn Stelbrink, Fred D. Chibwana, Immaculate Tumwebaze, J. Russell Stothard et Christian Albrecht. « Cryptic intermediate snail host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in Africa ». Parasites & ; Vectors 12, no 1 (décembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3825-9.
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Abstract Background Snails such as Galba truncatula are hosts for trematode flukes causing fascioliasis, a zoonosis that is a major public health problem. Galba truncatula has recently been shown to be a cryptic species complex. African populations of Galba spp. are not yet studied using molecular assessments and is imperative to do so and reconstruct the centre of origin of Galba and to understand when and by what means it may have colonized the highlands of Africa and to what extent humans might have been involved in that process. Methods Samples from all known sub-ranges throughout Africa and new samples from Europe and Asia were obtained. We used a combination of two mitochondrial (cox1 and 16S) and one nuclear (ITS2) markers and phylogenetic, divergence time estimates and phylogeographical methods to determine the identity and biogeographical affinities. We also reconstructed the colonization history including the likely mode of dispersal and tested for the presence of cryptic Galba species in Africa. Results Galba truncatula is restricted to the Palaearctic region of the continent, namely Morocco. All sub-Saharan populations proved to be a distinct species according to the phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance. We propose to use the existing name Galba mweruensis (Connolly, 1929) for this species which is morphologically indistinguishable from the other two species hitherto known to occur in northern Africa, i.e. G. truncatula and G. schirazensis. Sub-tropical Africa has been colonized only once in either the Pliocene and possibly Miocene. Diversification within G. mweruensis is dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and thus human-mediated dispersal can be ruled out for the initial colonization of the isolated mountain ranges. There are potentially even more cryptic species in high altitude areas of Africa as outlined by the distinctness of the population found at the top of Mt. Elgon, Uganda. Conclusions From a novel genetic inspection of available African material, a hitherto neglected distinct species, G. mweruensis, now appears a major host of F. hepatica throughout sub-Saharan Africa. A closer examination of trematode parasites hosted by this species is needed in order to understand transmission patterns in highlands throughout eastern and southern Africa. We encourage future studies to inspect other high altitudes areas in Africa in light of parasites of either veterinary or medical importance.
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Duckworth, Cheryl Lynn. « Is There a School to Prison Pipeline ? The Case of France ». Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 11, no 1 (23 mai 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/c5p889.
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In the wake of the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo, (a satirical newspaper in Paris), there was much commentary on free speech, security, intelligence and the marginalization and dispossession of some young Muslim immigrants (and children of immigrants). Analysis has seemed, reasonably, to focus on economic opportunities, as well as addressing some identity and cultural issues, such as whether or not female Muslims should be allowed to wear a headscarf. The media reported that the two young men who seem to have led the attack on Charlie Hebdo had dropped out from school, going on to work low-wage jobs such as pizza delivery. Little of the news coverage details their education beyond that they were remembered as average Parisian boys, as media coverage focused of course on live breaking events, with less in-depth analysis of the social, economic and political factors driving the broader conflict between European and North American states and their Muslim immigrant residents and citizens. The Charlie Hebdo attacks, like 9/11, were only one expression of this broader escalating and expanding conflict. The academic literature does discuss in depth the history of France’s colonization of countries such as Algeria and Morocco, as well as the racist oppression and economic marginalization Maghrebi immigrant families face—even two generations later. (Bienkowski, 2010; Bowen 2007; Cesari 2002; Franz 2007; Limage 2010; Keaton 2005; Jugé and Perez 2006; Landof and Pagan 2005; Levine 2004; Mahmood 2006; Zimmerman 2015). This paper will thus explore the question of whether there is a “school to terror” pipeline—that is, is there anything about the pedagogy, curriculum, school culture or educational policies of France which might well be contributing to the radicalization of young people? I will conclude with consideration of what peace pedagogy might be able to contribute in terms of conflict transformation.
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Degener, Lauren. « A Failure of Laïcité : Analyzing the Ongoing Discrimination of French-Muslims in the 21st Century ». International ResearchScape Journal 7, no 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/irj.07.01.03.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The question of how to deal with the “Muslim problem” has once again arisen in France, opening old wounds of colonization and cultural racism. France’s rich Christian past and the historical context of the French-Algerian conflict are key players in the modern suffering of Muslims in French Society. Its colonization of Africa included nations such as Morocco, Indochina, Madagascar and notably in this context, Algeria in 1830. In their valiant fight for independence, the National Liberation Front was launched by Algerians and resulted in a bloody struggle that still haunts the Muslim-French relations in modern France. Though Algeria achieved its independence in 1962, the overall negative attitude towards immigrants from the region remains. Beyond the impact of colonization, the imbalanced living conditions of Muslims and their fellow Frenchmen, as seen by the French banlieues, have turned into a hunting ground for jihadists. The skewed standard of living, exacerbated by the predatory manner of jihadists, suggests that the French be held under a standard of collective responsibility. Thus, under the failing social constructs of the banlieue, Abdelmajid Hannoum’s article “Cartoons, Secularism, and Inequality,” published following the attack on Charlie Hebdo, speaks to the means by which the French ideals of fraternity and equality do not apply to the Muslim populace on the basis of historical animosity and ingrained Islamophobia. Moreover, failure of the French government to unbiasedly enforce their policy of complete secularism plays into the discrimination against Muslims and interferes with the performance of religious traditions, such as in the case of the 2004 ban, which unjustly prevents females from wearing their hijabs, burkas and niqabs. As addressed in The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism by Mayanthi Fernando, there had been attempts to police the religious headwear of Muslim women previously which calls into question the validity of France’s claim to secularism. Legislation like the ban of 2004 allows for blatant discrimination. Unchecked, these factors lead to violent outbursts of extremist retaliation, which is followed by the notion of collective responsibility and pushing of a narrative that holds all Muslims as potential terrorists. Through media, unchecked publications run rampant with this damaging ideal, supporting islamophobia to help to justify discrimination. In the instance of the Charlie Hebdo attack, the common narrative pointed to the attack occurring from born and bred Muslims, but in reality, the guilty parties were driven into jihadism by a number of failings in social service programs. To supplement the research and cold fact, the novel I Die by This Country by Fawzia Zouari, which is based on a real French headline, speaks to the ongoing, every day struggle that French Muslims still endure. There is an evident link between the lasting economic, political and social inequalities faced by 21st century French-Muslims and their historical conflicts with French imperialism and deep-rooted Christian attitudes. The influence of history on the struggle of French Muslims in the 21st century is displayed by the grouping of Muslims into lower income communities, as well as headlines of police violence and anti-Muslim attitudes taken on by political leaders. The conflicts faced by Muslims within the French state is not secularism and until all citizens are, in the eyes of the state, regarded as French first and foremost, conflicts of violence and terror will continue to gain a foothold.