Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Morfologia genitive »

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é descrever como os nomes primitivos são gerados na língua Ikpeng (Karib). Esta língua possui dois tipos de nomes: os possuíveis e os não-possuíveis, existindo distinções morfológicas e semânticas entre ambos. Morfologicamente, os possuíveis podem carregar prefixos de pessoa, que indicam a figura do possuidor e um sufixo relacional que indica a função genitiva; enquanto os últimos não podem ter nenhum desses morfemas afixados às suas bases. Os nomes possuíveis podem ser subdivididos em alienáveis e inalienáveis. Os primeiros, semanticamente, referem-se a objetos pessoais, enquanto os inalienáveis, geralmente se relacionam semanticamente a noções como: partes do corpo, termos de parentesco e sentimentos ou emoções e, ocasionalmente, podem ocorrer sem indicação do possuidor, tal como os alienáveis. Na forma absoluta, além da morfologia que indica essa condição, ambos podem se manifestar através de uma raiz supletiva. Os nomes não-possuíveis semanticamente relacionam-se a elementos da natureza e não carregam morfologia genitiva.</p>

This article explores opportunities for expanding the vocabulary of Livonian through compounds, borrowings, derived words, and calques. It is clear that these methods have been effectively used already throughout the entire period of development of the modern Livonian literary language and, therefore, specific traditions have evolved in forming neologisms in Livonian. So, in forming compounds, one has to pay special attention to whether the singular or plural form is used for each component, the historical genitive is used in select types of compounds, or one or both components must be declined. Borrowings in Livonian are largely connected with internationalisms borrowed through Latvian, but adapted to fit with the unique demands of Livonian pronunciation and morphology. Derivation using suffixes is quite productive, while derivation using prefixes is distinctly limited, despite views to the contrary which are sometimes encountered. Many new concepts have actively entered Livonian through the use of calques. Two major groups of calques can be distinguished, which are those formed based on Latvian and those formed based on Estonian. Word formation in Livonian is still a little studied topic where more in depth studies are needed; however, already existing research into the expansion of the Livonian lexicon ensures the existence of a rich source of material for future study in this area.Kokkuvõte. Valts Ernštreits: Liivi keele sõnavara rikastamise meetodid. Artiklis on vaadeldud liivi keele sõnavara rikastamise viise – liitsõnu, laensõnu, tuletisi ja tõlkelaene. On täheldatav, et neid sõnavara laiendamise võimalusi on efektiivselt kasutatud juba kogu tänapäeva liivi kirjakeele kujunemisaja jooksul ning uudissõnade loomisel on liivi keeles kujunenud välja kindlad tavad. Nii tuleb uute liitsõnade loomisel pöörata tähelepanu ainsuse või mitmuse kasutusele sõltuvas osises, samuti liitsõnade eriliikidele, mis sisaldavad ajaloolist genitiivi lõppu või mille mõlemad osised on käänduvad. Laensõnad on liivi keeles peamiselt seotud internatsionalismidega, mille vahendajakeeleks on läti keel, ning laenatud sõnu tuleb kohaldada liivi keele häälduse ja morfoloogia iseärasustele. Väga produktiivsed on liivi keeles tuletised, mis on moodustatud sufiksitega, kuid prefiksite kasutamine on vastupidiselt kohati levinud arvamusele tugevalt piiratud. Paljud uued mõisted tulevad liivi keelde tõlkelaenudena, seejuures saab eristada kaht suuremat tõlkelaenude rühma – eesti ja läti keele malli järgi loodud tõlkelaene. Liivi keele sõnaloome on praeguseni võrdlemisi vähe uuritud teema, mispärast töö tuleb sel alal jätkata. Siiski annab juba tehtud töö keele rikastamisel mitmekülgset näidismaterjali edaspidiseks liivi sõnavara täiendamiseks.Märksõnad: liivi keel, keelekontaktid, sõnavara, sõnaloome, uudissõnad, laensõnad, sõnatuletus, sufiksid, prefiksid, tõlkelaenudKubbõvõttõks. Valts Ernštreits: Līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa rikāstimiz metōdõd. Kēra tuņšlõb līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa rikāstimiz võimiži – lītsõņḑi, līensõņḑi, täpīņțõkši, võ’ztõkši ja kālkidi. Nēḑi sõnāvīļa rikāstimiz metōdidi um mȯ’jlistiz kȭlbatõd jõbā amā tämpiz līvõ kērakīel kuojābimizāiga ja līvõ kīelsõ ātõ ka ūd sõnād lūomiz viššõd tradītsijd. Nei um ūd ītsõnād lūomiz jūsõ mõtlõ mõst iļ īdlug ja pǟgiņlug kȭlbatimiz ītsõnā tǟtjags ja neiīž iļ ītsõnād īžkizt kȭrdad, mis sizāldõbõd istōrilizt genītiv lopāndõkst agā kus mȯlmõd jagūd sǭbõd nõtkāstõd. Līensõnād līvõ kīelsõ ātõ pǟažālistõz sidtõd rovdvailizt sõnādõks, kus vaindijiks kīelkõks um lețkēļ, ja līendõd sõņḑi um kȭlbantõmõst Līvõ kīel īeldõmiz ja morfologij eņtšsuglitõks. Väggi sagdizt ātõ līvõ kīelsõ võztõkst, mis ātõ vīțõd sufiksõd abkõks, prefiksõd kȭlbatimi um vastõpēḑõn laigāld laggõnõn arrimizõn vegīstiz sūorantõd. Pǟgiņd ūd mȯistõgõd tulbõd līvõ kīelõ kui tulkõmlīenõd; sīejūs võib tūoistantõ kǭdtõ sūŗimt tulkõmlīenõd jaggõ – ēsti ja lețkīel mudīļ pierrõ lūodõd tulkõmlīenidi. Līvõ kīel sõnālūomi um veitõ tuņšlõt tēm, kus um vajāg jemīņ tõvātuņšlõkst Sīegid siedaigsǭņi tīe kēl rikāstimiz arāl āndab setmiņkilgizt nägțõbainõ līvõ sõnāvīļa tulbiz kazāntimiz pierāst.

Secara umum bahasa Arab formal atau yang disebut bahasa Fusha adalah bahasa yang selalu dipelajari dan digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan. Secara umum lagu Arab dinyanyikan menggunakan bahasa Arab Modern (amiyah). Pada lagu dreamers yang merupakan soundtrack resmi piala dunia FIFA 2022 terdapat bagian yang dinyanyikan oleh Fahad Al Kubaisi, seorang penyanyi Qatar. Uniknya lirik lagu ini menggunakan bahasa Arab Fusha, akan tetapi dinyanyikan dengan dialek Qatar yang menjadikannya sulit dipahami sebagian orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan cara mendengarkan kemudian menulis lirik lagu yang dinyanyikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis kontrastif. Studi kontrastif digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang mencolok dari kedua bahasa tersebut. Ditinjau dari paradigma ilmu morfologi, hasil yang didapatkan bahwa terjadi perubahan pada penandaan afiks baik dalam verba ataupun nomina yang terdapat pada lirik lagu. Afiks dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam dari segi posisinya, diantaranya (1) prefiks, (2) infiks, dan (3) sufiks. Dalam tataran verba dialek Qatar yang terdapat pada lirik lagu ini, penandaan afiks pada modus seperti indikatif, subjungtif, dan jusif, begitupun penandaan nominatif, genitif, dan akusatif pada kasus nomina tidak dapat diketahui tanda dan ciri khasnya. Hal inilah yang melatar belakangi perbedaan kontras dari kedua bahasa tersebut.

Kod učenika s intelektualnim teškoćama značajno je kašnjenje i usporeni jezično-govorni razvoj, što se najbolje očituje kasnijom pojavom prve riječi. Intelektualne teškoće značajno ometaju jezični i govorni razvoj. Učenici romske nacionalne manjine koji govore bajaškim jezikom čine 54,7 % učenika Centra za odgoj i obrazovanja Čakovec. Većinom su dvojezični govornici koji se s hrvatskim standardnim jezikom najčešće susreću tek polaskom u školu. S obzirom na morfološke osobitosti, bajaški se značajno razlikuje od hrvatskog jezika (Radosavljević,2012 ). Cilj je našeg istraživanja utvrditi razlike u proizvodnji imenica s obzirom na rod i padež kod učenika s lakim intelektualnim teškoćama, polaznika Centra za odgoj i obrazovanje Čakovec, pripadnika hrvatske i romske nacionalnosti. Ispitane su razlike u rješavanju zadataka deklinacije imenica muškog, ženskog i srednjeg roda. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 53 učenika s lakim intelektualnim teškoćama, 24 učenika je hrvatske nacionalnosti, a 29 učenika romske nacionalnosti. Kronološka dob ispitanika je od 8 do 16 godina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju statistički značajne razlike u proizvodnji imenica muškog, ženskog i srednjeg roda u zavisnim padežima između učenika hrvatske i romske nacionalnosti. Romski učenici činili su veći broj pogrešaka, što znači lošiju ovladanost hrvatskim standardnim jezikom. S obzirom na kronološku dob, stariji učenici hrvatske nacionalnosti uspješniji su od mlađih u proizvodnji imenica srednjeg roda te dativa, a učenici romske nacionalnosti u zadacima proizvodnje muškog roda i genitiva. Iz rezultata proizišle su smjernice i načini poučavanja imenske morfologije učenika s lakim intelektualnim teškoćama.

Orientador: Jairo Morais Nunes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T17:40:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avelar_JuanitoOrnelasde_D.pdf: 1192036 bytes, checksum: 6252cfc9c58a128f0134f60e514a64a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: À luz da versão minimalista da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2001), esta tese focaliza constituintes preposicionados adnominais no português brasileiro, estabelecendo um quadro formal para capturar propriedades sintáticas e semânticas observadas em adjuntos introduzidos por de, em, com e para. A análise explora a idéia de que os adjuntos adnominais introduzidos por de não devem ser tratados como constituintes preposicionados, mas DPs/NPs que ganham a preposição tardiamente, no componente morfo-fonológico. Para os sintagmas introduzidos por em, com, para e certas preposições complexas (do tipo dentro de, em cima de, atrás de etc.), defende-se a hipótese de que esses constituintes dispõem de uma arquitetura clausal, abarcando categorias paralelas às identificadas no domínio sentencial (Koopman (1997), Den Dikken (2003)). Dentro dessa arquitetura, DPs podem ser inicialmente inseridos na posição de especificador da categoria p (light preposition), no sentido proposto por Svenonius (2004a). O estudo também recorre à proposta de Hornstein, Nunes & Pietroski (2006) em torno da configuração de adjunção, mostrando que a noção de adjunção sem rótulo defendida por esses autores é capaz de capturar uma série de fatos que envolvem a extração tanto de constituintes preposicionados quanto de sintagmas nominais modificados por tais constituintes. O estudo conclui que as principais diferenças entre os adjuntos introduzidos por de, de um lado, e por em, com e para, de outro, se devem exatamente ao fato de aqueles não portarem uma estrutura clausal, mas se configurarem como verdadeiros DPs/NPs
Abstract: Adopting the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2001), this thesis concentrates on adnominal prepositional phrases in Brazilian Portuguese, proposing a formal picture to account for syntatic and semantic properties of adjuncts introduced by de 'of¿, em 'in, on¿, com 'with¿ e para 'for¿. I explore the idea that adnominal adjuncts introduced by de are not prepositional phrases, but DPs/NPs that receive the preposition only in the PF branch. In respect of em, com, para and some complex prepositions, it is considered that phrases introduced by such items exhibit a clausal architecture, with categories similar to the ones identified in sentential domains (Koopman (1997), Den Dikken (2003)). It will be proposed that modified DPs can be inserted in the specifier position of p (light preposition), following Svenonius (2004a). The analysis also explore Hornstein, Nunes & Pietroski¿s (2006) proposal for adjunct configurations, showing that the notion of unlabeled adjunction is capable of explaining relevant properties involving the extraction of prepositional phrases and modified nominal constituents. The thesis concludes that the main semantic and syntatic differences between de and em/com/para adjuncts result from the fact that de adnominal phrases don¿t have a prepositional clausal structure, but correspond to true DPs/NPs in the syntax
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística

The aim of this dissertation is an analysis of agreement in relation to genitival constructions. It proposes that the Apulian non-prepositional enitives of San Marco in Lamis can be described as regulated by a definiteness agreement mechanism manifesting itself in the necessity of articled heads (excluding vocatives) and genitival nouns, coupled with an adjacency requirement which limits the realization of post-nominal modifiers of the head in a post-genitival position, where they might only refer to the genitive noun. This work thus proposes that such agreement for definiteness is the same holding in Romanian non-al genitives which result in the linker construction when agreement is disrupted. In chapter 1 we thus introduce Kartvelian genitives by Suffixaufnahme which notoriously represent a genitive-head noun morphological agreement phenomenon. Plank (1995) also shows that in a series of genitives, Suffixaufnahme shows up only on the last one, demonstrating that when it comes to agreement in genitives, local dynamics of sorts are often at stake (as it happens with the Costruct State). In 2 we move to linkers; linkers have been connected to agreement in Suffixaufnahme genitives at least since Plank (1995) and later works such as Larson and Yamakido (2006), Manzini et al (2016), and Manzini (2018), according to which linkers can be assimilated to agreement. In fact, in synthetic systems such as Romanian and Aromanian, Albanian and Arbëresh, and Kurdish varieties, linkers agree for φ with either the head or the genitive noun. Giurgea and Dobrovie-Sorin (2013: 126) further show that in Romanian non-linker constructions possessives agree for case with the head noun. In linker constructions, agreement for case is not present: it’s the linker itself which agrees with the head noun, this time for φ. Chapter 3 deals with genitival modification in Hebrew and a number of Arabic varieties. It proposes that the pseudoprepositions found in Arabic varieties are nouns in the Construct State. This was previously proposed for Palestinian Arabic in Mohammad (1999), which also shows that such elements agree for φ with the modified noun. 3.2 takes into account the Semitic preposition l-, dealing with the question of whether this lement can be characterized as possessive and locative as it happens for Romance a. 4 analyzes Apulian non-prepositional genitives and proposes as anticipated that the necessity of articled nouns in the construction is to be linked to an agreement relation taking place via D. Lastly, 5 subsumes the conclusions of this work. // Lo scopo di questa tesi è un'analisi dell’accordo in relazione alle costruzioni genitive. Propone, in particolare, che i genitivi non preposizionali del pugliese di San Marco in Lamis possono essere descritti come regolati da un meccanismo di accordo per definitezza che si manifesta nella necessità di teste (esclusi i vocativi) e genitivi articolati, unitamente a un requisito di adiacenza che limita la realizzazione dei modificatori postnominali della testa in una posizione post-genitivale, dove possono riferirsi solo al nome genitivo. Questo lavoro propone quindi che tale accordo per definitezza sia lo stesso dei genitivi romeni non-al che si traducono nella costruzione con linker in caso di interruzione dell'accordo. Nel capitolo 1 introduciamo quindi i genitivi cartvelici con Suffixaufnahme che notoriamente rappresentano un fenomeno di accordo morfologico del nome genitivo con il nome testa. Plank (1995) mostra inoltre che in una serie di genitivi, il Suffixaufnahme è presente solo sull'ultimo, dimostrando che quando si tratta di un accordo nei genitivi, spesso sono in gioco dinamiche locali (come accade con lo Stato Costrutto). In 2 passiamo ai linker; I linker sono stati collegati all'accordo nei genitivi con Suffixaufnahme almeno a partire da Plank (1995) e successivamente in lavori come Larson e Yamakido (2006), Manzini et al (2016) e Manzini (2018), in base ai quali i linker possono essere assimilati all'accordo. In effetti, in sistemi sintetici come il romeno e le varietà e aromene, l’albanese e l’arbëresh, e le varietà curde, i linker si accordano per φ con la testa o il nome genitivo. Giurgea e Dobrovie-Sorin (2013: 126) mostrano inoltre che nelle costruzioni non-al romene i possessivi si accordano per il caso con il nome testa. Nelle costruzioni con linker, l'accordo per il caso non è invece presente: è il linker stesso che si accorda con il nome testa, questa volta ovviamente per φ. Il capitolo 3 tratta di costruzioni genitive nell’ebraico e in alcune varietà arabe. Propone che le pseudopreposizioni delle varietà arabe sono in realtà nomi allo Stato Costrutto. Ciò è stato precedentemente proposto per l'arabo palestinese da Mohammad (1999), che dimostra inoltre che tali elementi si accordano per φ con il nome che modificano. 3.2 prende in considerazione la preposizione semitica l-, trattando la questione della sua caratterizzazione come possessiva e locativa come accade per il romanzo a. 4 analizza i genitivi non preposizionali pugliesi e propone, come anticipato, che la necessità di N articolati nella costruzione è collegata a una relazione di accordo tramite D. Infine, 5 trae le conclusioni di questo lavoro.

The goal of this dissertation is to propose and develop theoretical linguistic basis for the branch of Czech as a foreign language. Specifically, it deals with the complex linguistic description of Czech grammar in the function of a foreign language, which would introduce a theoretical solution for the processing of didactic grammars of Czech for foreigners. This description is supposed to provide such a range of linguistic information, which depending on the purpose, enables the variable processing of language structures and simultaneously clarifying the relationships and connections between them. Above mentioned linguistic description of Czech as a foreign language is focused on a specific group of non-native speakers, in our case, a group of non-native speakers, whose mother tongue is German. As it is a model process of description in this dissertation, the attention is only paid to the selected grammatical categories of Czech, namely the grammatical category of the genitive of substantives and verbal aspect. The issue of the description of the grammar of a natural language is initially discussed in general terms, in the part where we define the types of grammars that are relevant to our work. Subsequently we characterize both languages, i.e. Czech and German, in the terms of their differentiation, stratification and typological point of view. The particular linguistic description and its model application, which is the core of this work, is called a modified linguistic description with the reference to Dolník J. (1993). This description is based on five sources. These are the theoretical works of leading Czech and Slovak linguists, dealing with the issue of natural language and works describing Czech grammar. Further starting points for the proposed comprehensive description of Czech grammar is to define particular reference levels according to SERR for Czech as a foreign language, a research unit focused on the target group of non-native speakers and their perception of the difficulties of Czech grammatical phenomena, and last but not least, the research probe carried out in the particular corpora of the Czech National Corpus.