Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Moral Identity (MID) »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Moral Identity (MID)"
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Filho, João R. Martins, et Daniel Zirker. « The Brazilian Military Under Cardoso : Overcoming the Identity Crisis ». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no 3 (2000) : 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166441.
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In Brazil, an era of military confusion and dissatisfaction that followed the end of the Cold War has largely dissipated since the mid-1990s. Despite scarce federal resources under current economic policies, the Cardoso government has managed to eliminate the most immediate budgetary causes of military unrest. Military authoritarian influence remains, moreover, in areas such as Amazônia. The military’s own efforts, the president’s moral and economic support, and the legislature’s traditional apathy toward relevant issues have fostered a new form of military influence in the Brazilian democracy.
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Larmer, Miles. « Nation-Making at the Border : Zambian Diplomacy in the Democratic Republic of Congo ». Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, no 1 (28 décembre 2018) : 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041751800052x.
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AbstractHow and where were new African nations made at the moment of decolonization? Focusing on the periphery rather than the center provides an insightful answer to this question: imposing national identity in border regions with mixed and mobile populations, dynamic migrant flows, and cross-border linkages was a task fraught with contradiction. This article explores the establishment of Zambian political and diplomatic space in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the activities of Zambian political and diplomatic representatives in the southern Congolese city of Elisabethville in the early-to-mid 1960s. It does not assess how effective these officials were in imposing a sense of Zambian national identity, but rather what their efforts reveal about the ideas and values that informed state elites’ assertions of national identity and their relationship to history, local identities, and moral codes regarding, among other things, customary authority and gendered behavior. The article argues that nation-making in newly independent states involved the assertion of not only state sovereignty over territorial space but also symbolic power, the right to classify, and the moral and political notions that underlay ostensibly bureaucratic, disinterested state structures. Analysis of the attempts of Zambia's first diplomatic representatives to establish and assert their notion of Zambian-ness reveals the fragility of new national identities and the extent to which elites sought to underpin these identities by the assertion of moral certainties.
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Blake, Stanley S. « The Medicalization of Nordestinos : Public Health and Regional Identity in Northeastern Brazil, 1889-1930 ». Americas 60, no 2 (octobre 2003) : 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0096.
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In his 1927 annual report to the Pernambucan state legislature, Governor Estacio de Albuquerque Coimbra wrote that “the economic, intellectual, moral and civic value of the Nation and the State is shaped, with the expression of human activity, in the excellence of physical and moral robustness of its population.” He believed that government was responsible for improving the condition of its citizens, and that “man, healthy or sick, … ought to fall under the knowing gaze of the Governments, preserving or restoring him to health, to benefit the Nation.” Under Coimbra's administrations, the Pernambucan government inaugurated public health, public assistance, and education programs designed to improve the material and physical well-being of Pernambucan citizens. This was not an easy task; regional economic underdevelopment and perennial budget crises threatened government-sponsored social programs. While public health programs could be implemented and administered with relative ease in the state's capital of Recife, transportation problems and low population density made the extension of such services to the residents of the state's interior almost impossible. Despite these obstacles, public health programs and the physical well-being of the state's populations had become the single most important concern of the Pernambucan government by the mid 1920s, and the expectation of future economic development and social progress was tied to the development of effective public health programs.
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Collins, Marcus. « The fall of the English gentleman : the national character in decline, c.1918–1970 ». Historical Research 75, no 187 (1 février 2002) : 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00142.
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Abstract The figure of the gentleman and his allied qualities of amateurism, sportsmanship and self-control dominated public discussions of Englishness in the half century after the Great War. From 1918 to the mid nineteen-fifties, gentlemanliness enjoyed strong, although by no means unanimous, support among commentators on national character. Subsequently, however, the reputation of the gentleman suffered irreparable damage at the hands of a post-war generation seeking scapegoats for the country's perceived economic, geopolitical and moral decline. This article seeks to explain when and why gentlemanliness lost its reputation as the exemplar of Englishness, and the consequent effects on national culture and identity.
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Matich, Olga. « Vasilii Aksenov and the Literature of Convergence : Ostrov Krym as Self-Criticism ». Slavic Review 47, no 4 (1988) : 642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498185.
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As the archetypal young prose writer of the 1960s, Vasilii Aksenov represented the hopes of the Khrushchev generation for the good life and for cultural and political liberalization. Rebelling against the ideological puritanism of socialist realism and the moral imperative of Russian literature, Aksenov’s writing reflected the pleasure principle, hedonism, unofficial popular culture, and the aesthetics of consumption. He perceived life as a multicolored, multinational carnival, which became the backdrop of his heroes’ adolescent identity crises and later problems of mid-life and aging. In response to Stalinism, war, and Soviet ideological bombast, Aksenov and his generation created a literature with a clearly western orientation; experimental, playful, and linguistically subversive, it was optimistic, but not in the socialist realist sense.
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Fowler, Marsha D. « Heritage ethics ». Nursing Ethics 23, no 1 (23 novembre 2015) : 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015608071.
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The key to understanding the moral identity of modern nursing and the distinctiveness of nursing ethics resides in a deeper examination of the extensive nursing ethics literature and history from the late 1800s to the mid 1960s, that is, prior to the “bioethics revolution”. There is a distinctive nursing ethics, but one that falls outside both biomedical and bioethics and is larger than either. Were, there a greater corpus of research on nursing’s heritage ethics it would decidedly recondition the entire argument about a distinctive nursing ethics. It would also provide a thicker account of nursing ethics than has been afforded thus far. Such research is dependent upon identifying, locating, accessing and, more importantly, sharing these resources. A number of important heritage ethics sources are identified so that researchers might better locate them. In addition, a bibliography of heritage ethics textbooks and a transcript of the earliest known journal article on nursing ethics in the US are provided.
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WAHEED, SARAH. « Women of ‘Ill Repute’ : Ethics and Urdu literature in colonial India ». Modern Asian Studies 48, no 4 (23 avril 2014) : 986–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000048.
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AbstractThe courtesan, the embodiment of both threat and allure, was a central figure in the moral discourses of the Muslim ‘respectable’ classes of colonial North India. Since women are seen as the bearers of culture, tradition, the honour of the family, community, and nation, control over women's sexuality becomes a central feature in the process of forming identity and community. As a public woman, the courtesan became the target of severe moral regulation from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. The way in which the courtesan was invoked within aesthetic, ethical, and legal domains shifted over time, and by the third decade of the twentieth century, there appeared a new way of speaking and writing about the ‘fallen woman’ within the Urdu public sphere. A social critique emerged which heralded the prostitute-courtesan as an ethical figure struggling against an unjust social order. Since the courtesan symbolized both elite Mughal court culture as well as its decay, she was a convenient foil for some nationalists to challenge the dominant idioms of nationalist and communitarian politics. Moreover, certain late medieval and early modern Indo-Persian ethical concepts were redeployed by twentieth century writers for ‘progressive’ ends. This illustrated a turn to progressive cultural politics that was simultaneously anti-colonial and anti-communitarian, while maintaining a critical posture towards the dominant idioms of Indian nationalism.
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Hamon, Max. « Contesting Civilization : Louis Riel’s Defence of Culture at the Collège de Montréal ». Canadian Historical Review 102, s1 (juin 2021) : s285—s308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-s1-021.
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A newly discovered manuscript of a debate between two college students sheds new light on Louis Riel’s experience in Montreal. By the time the young Métis left Montreal, he was an accomplished public speaker with a sophisticated understanding of Canadian society and culture. This article argues that Riel’s education was not isolating and frustrating but, rather, encouraged him to engage with public issues and moral reform. It demonstrates that Riel, in responding to the debate sparked by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, could engage meaningfully with Western theories of civilization. This debate is examined in the light of mid-nineteenth-century elite Catholic education, missionary and colonial thought, the nature of the civilizing mission, and Riel’s theories of political sovereignty. Tracing Riel’s unique intellectual genealogy provides insight into the diverse and dynamic ways Indigenous people experienced colonialism. Finally, it offers a critique of the “colonial archive,” particularly when it comes to Indigenous identities. Ultimately, Riel was a successful student who could act as an exemplar of “Western civilization” while confidently maintaining his own identity as an Indigenous person.
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Wichrowska, Elżbieta. « Stanisław August i jego rycerska szkoła ». Poradnik Językowy, no 1/2022(790) (10 septembre 2021) : 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.1.14.
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The School of Chivalry is one of the most signifi cant modernisation projects carried out in the mid-1760s by Stanisław August and his collaborators shortly after he ascended to the Polish throne. It was an educational project implemented a few years before the establishment of the Commission of National Education, the fi rst educational authority in Poland and in Europe, the function of which corresponded to the present ministry of public, secular education. For the initiative of a modern school to be successful, it needed a well-qualifi ed personnel, including the management staff (a high number of them were foreigners), an appropriately structured educational programme (initially based on Western models), and textbooks. What played a forming role in the case of the Corps of Cadets was an complex ritual supported by the following texts: catechism books, dialogues, forms, which should be treated as mnemotechnical tools, but also as ones building the identity of a graduate from the School, which was intended to be a breeding ground for the military and administrative elite of the state. Its description cannot ignore the moral layer that escaped the educational programmes and the cadets’ everyday life, which was not devoid of duels and embarrassing diseases.
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Yuet, Keung Lo. « Conversion to Chastity : A Buddhist Catalyst in Early Imperial China ». NAN NÜ 10, no 1 (2008) : 22–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138768008x273700.
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AbstractThis paper traces the history of the notion of female chastity (zhen) in China from pre-Qin to the mid-imperial era and argues that, prior to the arrival of Buddhism in China, the idea of female “chastity” was concerned not so much with physical virginity as the dutiful fulfillment of wifely obligations as stipulated by the Confucian marriage rites. A woman's chastity was determined by her moral rectitude rather than by her biological condition. The understanding of the physical body as a sacrosanct entity that must be defended against defilement and violation emerged under the influence of Buddhist notions of the uncontaminated body, the pious observance of the Buddhist monastic code, and the performance of religious charity that became popular in early imperial China. Based on a critical analysis of a wide array of Confucian canonical texts, dynastic histories, Indian Buddhist scriptures, biographies of Chinese monks and nuns, the monastic code, and Chinese Buddhist encyclopedias, this paper delineates the gradual process by which the Buddhist concept of the “pure body” became fully assimilated into the indigenous Chinese notion of female “rectitude” and the notion of female chastity finally acquired an ontological identity around the end of the sixth century.
Thèses sur le sujet "Moral Identity (MID)"
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Townsend, Anne Frances. « Multiple morbidity and moral identity in mid-life : accounts of chronic illness and the place of the GP consultation in overall management strategies ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2414/.
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This study was conceived against the backdrop of academic and medically based discussions about inappropriate use of General Practice, in the context of an overburdened and under resourced National Health Service. Both frequent and less frequent consulters prioritised dilemmas around functional ability, reporting attempts to control illness, and resist loss of normal life and familiar selves. Despite our attempts to sample frequent and less frequent users with similar levels of morbidity in the more detailed qualitative interviews the frequent consulters conveyed more severe illness, which limited their lives and challenged their coherent and moral identities. Cultural, structural and social factors combined to influence health actions; personal troubles were linked to public matters. The accounts revealed how the severity of condition combined with social position influenced the place of the GP consultation in overall management strategies. Women and men communicated common problems, but also discussed experiences which were related to their traditional family roles. Housing status was not revealed as significant, in the context of a complex combination of micro and macro influences on experience. In the frequent consulters’ accounts the role of the GP was magnified in lives diminished and disrupted by chronic illness, whereas the less frequent consulters’ accounts presented a more peripheral role for their GP. Using Bourdieu’s central concepts, the GP was conceptualised as a ‘dispenser of capital’. Throughout, all of the participants described the hard work of illness management, and they used the accounts to display their moral competence. The medical encounter was conveyed against a moral backdrop, and this may have had implications for frequency of consulting. Overall, the symbolic and physical burden of chronic illness was highlighted.
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Neslioglu, E. Funda. « The Formation Of The Self As Mental Unity And Moral Agency In Hume ». Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609329/index.pdf.
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THE FORMATION OF THE SELF
AS MENTAL UNITY AND MORAL AGENCY IN HUME&rsquoS PHILOSOPHY This dissertation proposes to analyze the stages in the formation of the idea of self in Hume&rsquo
s philosophy. According to Hume we have no a simple and individual impression that we can call the self &
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where the self is the totality of conscious life of a person. Nevertheless, we do have an idea of personal identity that must be accounted for. He begins his explanation of this idea by noting that our perceptions are fleeting, and he concludes from this that all we are is a bundle of different perceptions. But as a result of such a consideration Hume argues that he failed to find sufficient account for the relation between the idea of self involved in the indirect passions of pride and humility and the idea of self associated with its mental aspect. In this dissertation it is attempted to show that these two aspects of the self do not contradict, but rather they co-exist, and such a co-existence of the two aspects of the self should be recognised as an empirical fact. This means that the self is not a mere bundle of perceptions, but it is at least a very peculiar form of the relational unity of perceptions.
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Nilhammer, Karin. « Litteratur, Moral, Demokrati : En skönlitterär analys av Kalle och chokladfabriken med didaktisk inriktning betraktat utifrån perspektiven klass och postkolonialism ». Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-54900.
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Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur boken Kalle och chokladfabriken (1964) kan användas i en värdegrundsundervisning där demokrati utgör ramen och där perspektiven klass och mångkultur specificerar undersökningen. Frågeställningarna är formulerade utifrån syftet och berör bokens kopplingar till styrdokumentens värdegrundsformuleringar samt hur boken kan användas i undervisningen utifrån mål i svenska liksom läroplanens övergripande mål. Narrativanalys är den metod som används vid analyserandet av boken och de teoretiska perspektiv som intas vid undersökning är det postkoloniala samt klassperspektivet. Resultatet av bokanalysen visar att det finns en problematik i framställandet av människor från andra kulturer liksom av människor från en viss klass. Boken som sådan skapar ingen förståelse för dessa människor utan det blir lärarens uppgift att bygga en undervisning utifrån denna problematik. Dessutom öppnar boken för en diskussion kring det komplexa begreppet ironi vilket i sin tur kan leda in på frågor kring etik och moral. Andra aspekter som kan beröras i en undervisning utifrån boken är mänskliga rättigheter, förmågan att leva sig in i andra människors liv samt stärkandet av elevernas identitet.This study aims to investigate how the book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) can be used in value based education. The primary focus is on the aspect of democracy and the aspects social class and multiculturalism specify the investigation. The research questions concern the book’s connections to fundamental values set by the curriculum, as well as how the book can be used in teaching based on goals defined in the Swedish syllabus. The methodology used is narrative analysis and the theoretical perspectives used are post-colonial and class. The analysis concludes that the representation of people from different cultures and certain classes found in the book raise certain problems. The book itself creates no deeper understanding for these people and therefore it is up to the teacher to create and build a teaching based on these problems. The book opens for discussions regarding the complex concept of irony which in turn can lead to discussions concerning ethical and moral issues. Other aspects involved in teaching based on the book are human rights, the ability to put yourself in another person’s shoes as well as strengthening of the students’ identities.
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Abdulkader, Rawad, et Fatlum Istrefi. « Värdegrundsarbete i skolan : Hur kan man arbeta med värdegrundsfrågor i religionsämnet ? » Thesis, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-40173.
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Detta är en kunskapsöversikt med syftet att redovisa forskning kring värdegrundsarbete i skolan. Frågeställningen som vi utgått ifrån är hur värdegrundsarbetet kan se ut i religionsämnet och för att ge en så nyanserad bild som möjligt så har vi delat in arbetet i tre frågor som tillsammans ska kunna ge en bra överblick kring ämnet men också svara på vår frågeställning.Informationshämtningen har skett genom Skolverkets hemsida och datasökningar på databaserna Libsearch, Google Scholar, Swepub och Uppsatser. I den första delen definierar vi begreppet ”värdegrund” med hjälp av bland annat Skolverket och visar hur detta begrepp är ett begrepp med ursprung från Sverige och Norge och som tolkats olika av olika lärare och skolor. I den andra delen tittar vi på hur värdegrundsarbete kan se ut i praktiken och vilka metoder lärare använder sig av. Även här skiljer det sig från lärare till lärare där vissa lärare ser detta som något som ingår i vardagen medan andra lärare avsätter tid i form av egna lektioner där man arbetar med olika situationer där elever till exempel får möjlighet att avväpna potentiella konflikter. I den tredje delen tittar vi på hur man omsätter denna praktiska kunskap i religionsämnet och då tittar vi närmre på vilka typer av frågor och teman som kan vara aktuella för värdegrundsarbete i religionsämnet. Arbetet avslutas med en analys av den framtagna forskningen och vi presenterar en diskussion kring potentiella möjligheter och svårigheter som kan existera/dyka upp för lärare i mötet med värdegrundsarbetet.
Livres sur le sujet "Moral Identity (MID)"
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Indivisible selves and moral practice. Edinburgh : Edinburgh Press, 1991.
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Self expressions : Mind, morals, and the meaning of life. New York : Oxford University Press, 1996.
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Earth citizen : Recovering our humanity. Sedona, AZ : Best Life Media, 2009.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
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Atkins, Kim. Narrative Identity and Moral Identity : A Practical Perspective. Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy, Volume 14. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Moral Identity (MID)"
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Garcia, Danilo, et Lillemor Adrianson. « A Mad Max World or What About Morality ? Moral Identity and Subjective Well-Being in Indonesia ». Dans The Affective Profiles Model, 111–25. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24220-5_6.
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Otis-Cour, Leah. « Personnalité morale et identité urbaine dans le Midi de la France aux xiie et xiiie siècles ». Dans Les identités urbaines au Moyen Âge. Regards sur les villes du Midi français, 189–203. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.101529.
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Kolb, Nataliia M. « Greek-Catholic Religious Education in the Primary and Secondary School Systems in Eastern Galicia (in the Second Half of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) : Legislation, Curricula, Realities ». Dans The “native word” : The Belarusian and Ukrainian languages at School (Essays on the history of mass education from the mid-nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth), 168–96. Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-2043-3.07.
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This essay outlines the significance and position of religious education in the primary and secondary education systems in Austria-Hungary around the turn of the twentieth century. The powers of the state and the Church in the organization of these lessons and their means of control over them are indicated. The growing attention of the Church and the clergy to improving the quality of lessons of worship is emphasized, which occurred in response to the deterioration of the moral condition of young people, the spread of religious indifference, atheism, and the growing popularity of leftist ideologies. The clergy's rethinking of the methodology of teaching religion is shown. The measures of the Church to improve textbooks on this subject, increase the requirements for the education and moral and human qualities of priest-candidates for the position of catechists are traced. Emphasis is placed on the importance of religion lessons as an influential factor in the formation of the national identity and consciousness of Ukrainian youth. Special attention is paid to the problem of the opposition of the Greek Catholic clergy to the Latinization and Polonization activities of Polish circles, and in particular to measures to protect the right to teach religion in the Ukrainian language.
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Gribben, Crawford. « Conclusion ». Dans The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland, 199–220. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868187.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter reflects on the decline of Christianity in Ireland. The Irish experience of secularization was sudden, shocking, and decisive. On both sides of the border, the tipping point may have occurred in the mid-1990s. In the north, the peace process led to sustained efforts to de-politicize religious identity, as weekly church attendance declined. In the Republic, popular culture internationalized, reflecting stronger links with the USA, an influence that was noticed in the changing accents of middle-class young people as much as in the cosmopolitan values they increasingly espoused. The grip of Catholic social teaching then began to relax, and this relaxation was symbolized by the changing status of contraception. In addition, the moral authority of the Church, which had so profoundly shaped the self-consciousness of the Republic as to become almost invisible, was shattered by a devastating sequence of scandals. These scandals include churchmen having secret families, financial misconduct, and child abuse. Ultimately, the institutions that had been inspired by Catholic religious nationalism had betrayed both church and nation. Christian Ireland was dead and gone, and Catholic politicians had killed it. The chapter then considers the possible future of Christianity in Ireland.
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Jorgensen, Larry M. « Moral Identity and the Appearance of the Self ». Dans Leibniz's Naturalized Philosophy of Mind, 244–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714583.003.0011.
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This chapter considers Leibniz’s theory of moral identity, focusing on the aspects of moral identity that connect with Leibniz’s theory of consciousness and reflection. Rather than focusing on the conditions of identity over time, I intend to focus on what Leibniz calls the appearance of the self. What, exactly, is the content of the appearance and how does it occur? This chapter argues that the internal appearance of moral identity consists in the action of a substance on itself. The first section of this chapter distinguishes moral identity from other sorts of identity one will find in Leibniz’s writings. Then this chapter argues for the necessity of the appearance of moral identity to moral identity itself. Finally, this chapter provides an analysis of the content of the appearance that Leibniz describes as an appearance of moral identity.
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Caradonna, Jeremy L. « The Industrial Revolution and Its Discontents ». Dans Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199372409.003.0006.
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The stock narrative of the Industrial Revolution (ca. 1760–late 1800s) is one of moral and economic progress. Indeed, economic progress is cast as moral progress. The story tends to go something like this: inventors, economists, and statesmen in Western Europe dreamed up a new industrialized world. Fueled by the optimism and scientific know-how of the Enlightenment, a series of heroic men—James Watt, Adam Smith, William Huskisson, and so on— fought back against the stultifying effects of regulated economies, irrational laws and customs, and a traditional guild structure that quashed innovation. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had managed to implement a laissez-faire (“free”) economy that ran on new machines and was centered around modern factories and an urban working class. It was a long and difficult process, but this revolution eventually brought Europeans to a new plateau of civilization. In the end, Europeans lived in a new world based on wage labor, easy mobility, and the consumption of sparkling products. Europe had rescued itself from the pre-industrial misery that had hampered humankind since the dawn of time. Cheap and abundant fossil fuel powered the trains and other steam engines that drove humankind into this brave new future. Later, around the time that Europeans decided that colonial slavery wasn’t such a good idea, they exported this revolution to other parts of the world, so that everyone could participate in freedom and industrialized modernity. They did this, in part, by “opening up markets” in primitive agrarian societies. The net result has been increased human happiness, wealth, and productivity—the attainment of our true potential as a species! Sadly, this saccharine story still sweetens our societal self-image. Indeed, it is deeply ingrained in the collective identity of the industrialized world. The narrative has gotten more complex but remains a la base a triumphalist story.
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Smajdor, Anna, Jonathan Herring et Robert Wheeler. « Critical reasoning ». Dans Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethics and Law, sous la direction de Anna Smajdor, Jonathan Herring et Robert Wheeler, 55–64. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659425.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the process of moral reasoning. It explains that often moral judgements are complex. There is no single rule that can be used to identify the correct answer. The chapter explains what makes a good or bad moral argument. It explores how different approaches can be combined to resolve an ethical dilemma.
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Eden, Allison, et Matthew Grizzard. « Media Characters and Moral Understanding ». Dans Screen Stories and Moral Understanding, 163—C9P93. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197665664.003.0010.
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Abstract This chapter outlines how media psychology understands the relationship of character engagement to moral understanding in the viewing of media narratives. It argues that media characters can (but do not necessarily) serve as moral exemplars for audiences. The chapter first describes the various psychological processes involved in character engagement, among which are identification, wishful identification, similarity (homophily) and social identity, parasocial interaction and relationships, and character networks. The chapter goes on to show how characters can function as moral exemplars. Then it traces the possible effects of such moral exemplars on moral understanding. Media narratives can serve as a moral laboratory of the mind, can portray morally salient situations with special clarity, may work against egocentric perspectives, and may lead to moral rumination.
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Wong, Agnes M. F. « What Are the Obstacles to Compassion ? » Dans The Art and Science of Compassion, A Primer, 89–112. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197551387.003.0006.
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In this chapter, the author examines the obstacles that impede the flow of compassion in three directions: for others, from others, and from self. Obstacles to compassion for others include insecure attachment style, personal identity, self-interests, social dominance orientation, moral judgment, confusing compassion with submissiveness or weakness, empathy fatigue, time pressure, and scale of suffering (including psychophysical numbing, pseudo-inefficacy, and prominence effect). Obstacles to receiving compassion from others include activation of grief responses, perceived weakness, and vulnerability. The author also looks at what inner compassion is and how self-criticism hinders it. Finally, the author also discusses the barriers to compassion that are unique to the healthcare environment, including self-recrimination and self-neglect, empathic distress and empathy fatigue, moral suffering, bullying, burnout, medical culture, and cognitive scarcity.
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Wolf, David F. « Why Granny Should Have Read French Philosophers ». Dans The Paideia Archive : Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 234–39. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199835607.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1983, Fodor’s Modularity of Mind popularized faculty psychology. His theory employs a trichotomous functional architecture to explain cognitive processes, which is very similar to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception. Each theory postulates that perception is a mid-level procedure that operates on transduced information and that perception is independent of our cognitive experience. The two theories differ on whether perception is informationally impenetrable. This difference is essentially an empirical matter. However, I suggest that Merleau-Ponty’s allowance of cross-modal communication within perception explains our ability to identify features in noisy backgrounds better because his theory offers a more definitive ontology that matches human substantive behavior. Likewise, evidence within cognitive science suggests that Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology is a more accurate depiction of human cognitive processes.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Moral Identity (MID)"
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Ķestere, Iveta, et Baiba Kaļķe. « Learning National Identity Outside the Nation-State : the Story Of Latvian Primers (Mid-1940s – Mid-1970s) ». Dans 78th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2020.03.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state “frame”, i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain – in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of learning national identity by the Latvian diaspora. The shared, idealised past contrasted the Soviet present and, thus, turned into an instrument of hidden resistance. The model of national identity presented moral codes too, and, teaching them, national communities did not only fulfill their supporting function, but also took on the functions of “normalization” and control. Furthermore, national identity united generations and people’s lives in the present, creating memory-based relationships and memory-based communities.
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Gurbuz, Mustafa. « PERFORMING MORAL OPPOSITION : MUSINGS ON THE STRATEGY AND IDENTITY IN THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT ». Dans Muslim World in Transition : Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/hzit2119.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper investigates the Gülen movement’s repertoires of action in order to determine how it differs from traditional Islamic revivalist movements and from the so-called ‘New Social Movements’ in the Western world. Two propositions lead the discussion: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against the perceived threat of a trio of enemies, as Nursi named them a century ago – ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to understanding the apolitical mind-set of the Gülen movement’s fol- lowers. Second, unlike the confrontational New Social Movements, the Gülen movement has engaged in ‘moral opposition’, in which the movement’s actors seek to empathise with the adversary by creating (what Bakhtin calls) ‘dialogic’ relationships. ‘Moral opposition’ has enabled the movement to be more alert strategically as well as more productive tactically in solving the everyday practical problems of Muslims in Turkey. A striking example of this ‘moral opposition’ was witnessed in the Merve Kavakci incident in 1999, when the move- ment tried to build bridges between the secular and Islamist camps, while criticising and educating both parties during the post-February 28 period in Turkey. In this way the Gülen movement’s performance of opposition can contribute new theoretical and practical tools for our understanding of social movements. 104 | P a g e Recent works on social movements have criticized the longstanding tradition of classify- ing social movement types as “strategy-oriented” versus “identity-oriented” (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Rucht 1988) and “identity logic of action” versus “instrumentalist logic of ac- tion” (Duyvendak and Giugni 1995) by regarding identities as a key element of a move- ment’s strategic and tactical repertoire (see Bernstein 1997, 2002; Gamson 1997; Polletta 1998a; Polletta and Jasper 2001; Taylor and Van Dyke 2004). Bifurcation of identity ver- sus strategy suggests the idea that some movements target the state and the economy, thus, they are “instrumental” and “strategy-oriented”; whereas some other movements so-called “identity movements” challenge the dominant cultural patterns and codes and are considered “expressive” in content and “identity-oriented.” New social movement theorists argue that identity movements try to gain recognition and respect by employing expressive strategies wherein the movement itself becomes the message (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Melucci 1989, 1996). Criticizing these dualisms, some scholars have shown the possibility of different social movement behaviour under different contextual factors (e.g. Bernstein 1997; Katzenstein 1998). In contrast to new social movement theory, this work on the Gülen movement indi- cates that identity movements are not always expressive in content and do not always follow an identity-oriented approach; instead, identity movements can synchronically be strategic as well as expressive. In her article on strategies and identities in Black Protest movements during the 1960s, Polletta (1994) criticizes the dominant theories of social movements, which a priori assume challengers’ unified common interests. Similarly, Jenkins (1983: 549) refers to the same problem in the literature by stating that “collective interests are assumed to be relatively unproblematic and to exist prior to mobilization.” By the same token, Taylor and Whittier (1992: 104) criticize the longstanding lack of explanation “how structural inequality gets translated into subjective discontent.” The dominant social movement theory approaches such as resource mobilization and political process regard these problems as trivial because of their assumption that identities and framing processes can be the basis for interests and further collective action but cannot change the final social movement outcome. Therefore, for the proponents of the mainstream theories, identities of actors are formed in evolutionary processes wherein social movements consciously frame their goals and produce relevant dis- courses; yet, these questions are not essential to explain why collective behaviour occurs (see McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald 1996). This reductionist view of movement culture has been criticized by a various number of scholars (e.g. Goodwin and Jasper 1999; Polletta 1997, 1999a, 1999b; Eyerman 2002). In fact, the debate over the emphases (interests vis-à-vis identities) is a reflection of the dissent between American and European sociological traditions. As Eyerman and Jamison (1991: 27) note, the American sociologists focused on “the instrumentality of movement strategy formation, that is, on how movement organizations went about trying to achieve their goals,” whereas the European scholars concerned with the identity formation processes that try to explain “how movements produced new historical identities for society.” Although the social movement theorists had recognized the deficiencies within each approach, the attempts to synthesize these two traditions in the literature failed to address the empirical problems and methodological difficulties. While criticizing the mainstream American collective behaviour approaches that treat the collective identities as given, many leading European scholars fell into a similar trap by a 105 | P a g e priori assuming that the collective identities are socio-historical products rather than cog- nitive processes (see, for instance, Touraine 1981). New Social Movement (NSM) theory, which is an offshoot of European tradition, has lately been involved in the debate over “cog- nitive praxis” (Eyerman and Jamison 1991), “signs” (Melucci 1996), “identity as strategy” (Bernstein 1997), protest as “art” (Jasper 1997), “moral performance” (Eyerman 2006), and “storytelling” (Polletta 2006). In general, these new formulations attempt to bring mental structures of social actors and symbolic nature of social action back in the study of collec- tive behaviour. The mental structures of the actors should be considered seriously because they have a potential to change the social movement behaviours, tactics, strategies, timing, alliances and outcomes. The most important failure, I think, in the dominant SM approaches lies behind the fact that they hinder the possibility of the construction of divergent collective identities under the same structures (cf. Polletta 1994: 91). This study investigates on how the Gülen movement differed from other Islamic social move- ments under the same structural factors that were realized by the organized opposition against Islamic activism after the soft coup in 1997. Two propositions shall lead my discussion here: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against perceived threat of the triple enemies, what Nursi defined a century ago: ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to grasp non-political men- tal structures of the Gülen movement followers. Second, unlike the confrontational nature of the new social movements, the Gülen movement engaged in a “moral opposition,” in which the movement actors try to empathize with the enemy by creating “dialogic” relationships.
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Ginsberg, Jerry H., et Benjamin B. Wagner. « The Effect of Bearing Properties on the Eigenvalues of a Rotordynamic System ». Dans ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84787.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This work examines how the natural frequencies and modal damping ratios of a shaft/rotor system are affected by changes in lubricant viscosity and bearing clearance. The analysis considers a uniform elastic shaft with a single rigid rotor mounted away from mid-span, and supported by fully cavitated, π-film, short-length, plain journal bearings. The transverse displacements and cross-sectional rotations are described by Ritz series, and standard fluid film lubrication theory is used to describe the forces generated by the bearings. The clearance and lubricant viscosity are independently adjustable at each bearing. A Campbell diagram, which depicts the imaginary part of the systems eigenvalues as a function of rotation rate, is used to identify critical speeds for the nominal system. With the rotation rate held fixed at a critical value, lubricant viscosity and bearing clearance are allowed to vary, and the fluctuations of natural frequency and modal damping ratio are evaluated.
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Sekijoba, John M., et Chris K. Mechefske. « Experimental Modal Analysis of Half-Scale Business Jet Aft Fuselage Section ». Dans ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-116820.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Structure borne noise caused by the engine is a significant source of discomfort for business aircraft passengers. Aircraft with fuselage mounted engines have increased structure borne noise levels in the cabin due to the shortened vibration transmission path. The research objective is to reduce structure vibrations in the aircraft cabin, yielding reduced noise output and increased passenger comfort. Experimental modal testing can identify the dynamic properties of a system (i.e. natural frequencies, mode shapes) which can be used to validate finite element models. This information can be used to guide structural dynamic modifications, reducing vibration levels in the structure. This research involved using modal testing with an electromechanical shaker to excite a half-scale model aft fuselage section at the engine support yolks and measuring the response at the bulkhead. A half scale model was used to reduce the complexity and time cost of experimentation. The results from excitation at each driving point were compared. This paper details the fuselage construction, methodology of excitation, validation techniques, and results. Experimental modes within the engine operating range (50 Hz to 400 Hz) were identified. The RESF-RESF and FESF-FESF measurements yielded an average of 63% more correlated mode pairs than the RESF-FESF measurements. This was expected due to structural symmetry about the longitudinal mid-plane. The results provide a basis for verifying and updating a finite element model in future work.
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Day, I. J., T. Breuer, J. Escuret, M. Cherrett et A. Wilson. « Stall Inception and the Prospects for Active Control in Four High Speed Compressors ». Dans ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-281.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As part of a European collaborative project, four high speed compressors were tested to investigate the generic features of stall inception in aero-engine type compressors. Tests were run over the full speed range to identify the design and operating parameters which influence the stalling process. A study of data analysis techniques was also conducted in the hope of establishing early warning of stall. The work presented here is intended to relate the physical happenings in the compressor to the signals that would be received by an active stall control system. The measurements show a surprising range of stall related disturbances and suggest that spike-type stall inception is a feature of low speed operation while modal activity is clearest in the mid speed range. High frequency disturbances were detected at both ends of the speed range and non-rotating stall, a new phenomenon, was detected in three out of the four compressors. The variety of the stalling patterns, and the ineffectiveness of the stall warning procedures, suggests that the ultimate goal of a flightworthy active control system remains some way off.
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Talebi, Cihan, Bülent Acar et Gökhan O. Özgen. « Manufacturing Error Detection in Plate and Cylindrical Composite Structures ». Dans ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23602.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Due to their superior weight to strength ratio of composites to common metallic structures, composite technology is widely used in aerospace industry. Assessment of damage in composites has gained interest after a large number of accidents caused by unanticipated damages in the composite structures. Many different structural health monitoring applications were developed over the years due to the fact that composite materials may inherit damage from within, not always visible from surface. The most common types of errors encountered in the industry are due to misaligned fibers, a mix-up in ply order, and delaminations: all presenting changes in the vibro-acoustical performance of the composite structure. This paper discusses the change in the dynamic properties of a composite structure contains a manufacturing error such as a ply lay-up error, and a ply angle error. Both plate and cylindrical structure types were considered for the stated error types. Effect of symmetric errors, unsymmetrical and unbalanced errors, and mid-plane errors were considered in the case of ply orientations, and dynamic stiffness matrix was used to identify the error. Identification of the structure’s layup properties and manufacturing error identification is employed. From the measured modal properties of the structure, a back-tracking strategy was used to generate the ply lay-up of the composite structure. Prepreg plates of a single carbon fiber system and filament wound hybrid cylinders consisting of glass and carbon fibers were manufactured for testing. Modal tests on plates and cylindrical composite structures were performed and compared with the analysis. A good match between the finite element model and experiment was shown in natural frequencies and mode shapes.
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Banerjee, Deb, Ahmet Selamet et Rick Dehner. « Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis of Particle Image Velocimetry Data at the Inlet of a Centrifugal Compressor ». Dans ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94308.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) measurements are carried out at the inlet of a turbocharger compressor at various rotational speeds from 80,000 to 140,000 rpm and mass flow rates spanning the entire compressor flow range. The data obtained is then used to perform a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of the flow field. POD is a modal decomposition technique that allows for the study of coherent structures (robust vortical structures that retain their identity for many turnover times) in turbulent flow fields. In the present work, the POD analysis is focused at a fixed rotational speed of 80,000 rpm and two mass flow rates: choke (maximum flow rate) and mild surge (minimum flow rate before encountering deep surge) at the specified speed. The POD analysis is performed using the singular value decomposition algorithm. The results at these two operating conditions illustrate the differences in the overall description of the POD modes for a fully developed turbulent flow field (choke), and a highly three-dimensional, swirling, wall-bounded shear flow (mild surge) at the centrifugal compressor inlet. At mild surge, all three velocity components were separately analyzed using POD, while only the axial velocity component was used for the analysis at choke as the radial and tangential velocities were nearly negligible. The POD analysis at mild surge revealed the presence of travelling structures through certain mode pairs. Although the axial, radial, and tangential velocities have significantly different magnitudes and radial profiles, the distribution of singular values (a quantity associated with each POD mode reflecting its energy content) for the three velocity components are similar. As expected, the magnitudes of the singular values decrease progressively with mode number illustrating that the contribution of the lower order modes is much higher. At mild surge, the cumulative energy distribution showed that 98% of the total energy was resolved using the first 300 out of a total number of 430 modes (for each velocity component). Reduced order reconstruction of a sample velocity field revealed that the large scale vortical structures could be recovered by just using the first 50 modes, whereas using a larger number of modes (about 300) ensured that even the small-scale structures are properly captured. A statistical measure of ‘L2Norm’ of difference in modal values is employed to characterize the similarity (or difference) between any specific mode number of the three velocity components. The first 100 POD modes of the three velocity components which cumulatively capture roughly 90% of the energy are shown to exhibit shapes which are fairly distinct from each other, whereas the higher order modes (mode number above 100) of the different velocity components are quite similar. At choke, the singular value as well as the cumulative energy distribution were qualitatively similar to that at mild surge, with the first 300 modes capturing 96.6% of the total energy. At this operating point, the most dominant POD modes for axial velocity showed zones of strong correlation only near the periphery of the duct walls (within the boundary layer), while at mild surge, these regions extended over the entire PIV investigation domain.
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Guglielmo, Alberto, Nicola Mitaritonna, Michael Catanzaro et Mirko Libraschi. « Full Load Stability Test (FLST) on LNG Compressor ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2014 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25353.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present paper shows the results of a full pressure stability test on a centrifugal compressor for LNG application. The rotordynamic behavior of the compressor has been investigated during the full load test of the entire compression train. A Magnetic Exciter (ME) able to exert a constant rotating force was installed at shaft end (opposite to the coupling) in order to apply sub-synchronous excitation. In addition to bearings measurement location a measurement plane, equipped with vibration probes, has been introduced at compressor mid-span to gain a better understanding of the rotordynamic behavior (in particular for the first mode) of the machine during full load operations. A traditional stability test has been carried out at different compressor operating speeds exciting the rotor by mean of the ME, in order to identify frequency and logarithmic decrement of the first lateral mode the vibration data have been post-processed by a MDOF technique. Moreover Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) has been performed at the same operating speeds without any external excitation. Rotor was naturally excited by the gas flow inside compressor and the vibration signal has been recorded over proper measurement time windows. Power Spectral Density (PSD) of recorded signals shows a broad band excitation with several harmonic components superimposed while the analysis of coherence between different probes highlights the presence of excited modes in the spectrum. A state-space in time domain algorithm (Stochastic Subspace Identification) has been used to post-process the vibration signal. Natural frequency, damping properties and mode shapes at different speeds have been identified for the excited mode. A comparison between these two different identification techniques has been drawn and a confidence factor for OMA approach is defined disclosing new approaches to the compressor stability test.
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El Bakkay, Badr, Edmond Coche et Kaj Riska. « Efficiency of Ice Management for Arctic Offshore Operations ». Dans ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24038.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The exploration and production of polar oil and gas fields, which are technologically challenging due to extreme weather conditions, are also constrained by strong environmental issues. Safe and economical activities in such hostile and fragile regions require very insightful engineering. The presence of sea ice is representing a triple challenge: economical, technological and environmental. This makes the Arctic exploration and production activities complex. Ice Management (IM) is one of the tools that could efficiently assist to develop Arctic reserves. However, for each project that uses IM operations, a preliminary study is required to evaluate the efficiency of these support operations and to estimate the possible extension in the season of operation of a field. Efficiency of an IM philosophy can be estimated in a global view based on the extension in the operability window. In a more detailed view, it can be assessed taking into account the optimal number of icebreakers, the IM patterns, the available time for eventual disconnection, and the floe size reduction (leading to ice load reduction). For this study, we will focus on the ice floe size and loads reduction. The most common approach for physical management of sea ice is the one where icebreakers reduce floe size of the drifting ice upstream the floating platform (ref. Moran et al. [1], Coche et al. [2]). This paper describes this philosophy and demonstrates based on real-time simulation that its benefit is limited to mild ice scenarios such as unidirectional ice drift. A more efficient way to manage sea ice is (1) to identify the most hazardous events (e.g. big ridges); (2) prioritize these events; and (3) deal with them starting by the most hazardous one.
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Schrage, Daniel. « The Search for an Ideal Bearingless Main Rotor (BMR) Design ». Dans Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16735.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Main Rotor Hub is the design centerpiece for helicopters and other forms of rotorcraft. It has been a very complex mechanical system design in the past, especially for fully articulated rotor systems. Two major efforts have been made to reduce this complexity. First, was the introduction of elastomeric bearings and dampers which have freed articulated rotor hubs from liquid lubrication and extreme mechanical complexity. This has made them economically feasible for designers and manufacturers of articulated helicopters, such as Boeing and Sikorsky in the U.S; Airbus and Leonardo in Europe; and MIL in Russia. However, the major progress in main rotor hubs has been the continuous movement "and search" toward the ideal hingeless and/or bearingless main rotor hubs. Designing the "Ideal Bearingless Main Rotor (BMR)" hub has been akin to seeking the "holy grail." One outside critic of the progress made toward the "Ideal BMR" over the years has been Thomas A. Hanson, who was involved in early designs of the Lockheed hingeless and bearingless rotor hubs in the 1960s. Having tried to go on his own after Lockheed failed and abandoned their hingeless and baringless rotor hubs, e.g. the XH-51A and the AH-56A Cheyenne, Tom revisited the status of rotorcraft hub design in the 1990s. However, due to the "not invented here" syndrome no major helicopter/rotorcraft manufacturer picked up on his innovative solutions. Helicopter/rotorcraft design engineers, especially those addressing aeroelasticity and dynamics, are a very small element in industry and government engineering organizations. The author of this paper was one of these and has been involved in developing, assessing and evaluating helicopter/rotorcraft designs for almost 50 years, e.g. UTTAS, AAH, AH-1 IRB, CH-47D, MDX, OH-58D, and LHX/RAH-66, along with accident investigations. He has also been the Georgia Tech Rotorcraft Design Professor from 1984 to 2019, where he taught and evaluated student design teams. In addition, his D.Sc. research and dissertation thesis under Dr. David A. Peters in 1978 (Schrage, D.P., "Effect of Structural Parameters on the Flap-Lag Forced response of a Rotor Blade in Forward Flight") shed new light on the tradeoffs between rotor loads and stability by developing an eigenvalue and modal decomposition approach. This included the evaluation of the Boeing and Sikorsky UTTAS bearingless tail rotors. This paper will review this search for the Ideal BMR and identify the importance it will play in future BMR designs which will be Cyber Physical Vehicle Systems (CPVS) to meet and satisfy the safety and design requirements of these new complex electrical, mechanical and adaptive control systems.