Articles de revues : « Monuments – Political aspects – Estonia »

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Mezhevich, Nikolai, et Petr Oskolkov. « Presidential elections in Estonia : domestic political aspects ». Analytical papers of the Institute of Europe RAS 3 (2021) : 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/analytics32420213237.

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On August 31, 2021, Alar Karis, with support of the governing coalition, won the second round of presidential elections in Estonia. The authors analyze the elections in the framework of institutional and procedural contexts as well as formal and informal stances taken by political parties on the event’s eve. A. Karis became the most appropriate candidate proposed by the ruling coalition, after gaining certain advantage over another “intelligent” candidate T. Soomere, president of the Academy of Sciences. The institute of presidency and election procedure form a subject for permanent discussion in Estonian society, because of the authoritarian experience of the 1930s.

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Konsa, Kurmo. « DEVELOPMENTS IN APPROACHES TO HERITAGE IN ESTONIA : MONUMENTS, VALUES, AND PEOPLE ». Baltic Journal of Art History 18 (30 décembre 2019) : 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2019.18.05.

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The purpose of this article is to look at the ways in which heritage isapproached, based on the conceptual framework of critical inheritanceresearch. In case of approaches to inheritance, I distinguish betweenobject-based, value-based, and people-centered approaches –depending on which aspects of the heritage are at the heart of theinheritance management process. I use different case studies fromthe Estonian context as examples. I am particularly interested in thechanges in heritage management in the time frame of the 1970s and1980s to the present day.In order to describe object-based heritage management, I willuse Kalvi Aluve’s book “The story about architectural monuments”(1983). It is a popular work targeted for the general public, which iswhy many of the views and concepts that are obviously used on adaily basis by those involved in the matter and have often becomean invisible part of the work culture, are explained in detail anddefined. Value-based inheritance management sets at the heart ofheritage the values attributed to heritage by the various stakeholdersin society. While in object-based heritage management people act asgroups against the backdrop of monuments, this approach shifts thevalues that people attach to heritage objects and heritage phenomenato the forefront.

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Brüggemann, Karsten, et Andres Kasekamp. « The Politics of History and the “War of Monuments” in Estonia ». Nationalities Papers 36, n^o 3 (juillet 2008) : 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990802080646.

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After darkness fell over the provincial town of Lihula on 2 September 2004, youths pelted riot police with stones. Nothing like this had ever happened before in the peaceful and orderly small Baltic State of Estonia. The police were protecting a crane and its driver sent by the Ministry of the Interior to remove a monument honouring those Estonians who fought on the German side against the Red Army during the Second World War. In the evening of 26 April 2007 demonstrators in Tallinn pelted riot police with stones and went on a rampage of smashing windows and looting. The Estonian capital had never experienced anything like this. The police were protecting the site of a monument honouring Soviet soldiers who had fought against Nazi Germany. At night, when the rioting had ceased, a crane ordered by the Ministry of Defence removed the monument.

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Vihalemm, Peeter. « Media Use in Estonia ». Nordicom Review 27, n^o 1 (1 février 2006) : 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0216.

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Abstract The article gives an overview of general trends in media use in Estonia over the last 15 years, making some comparisons with Nordic countries. Since the beginning of postcommunist transformation in 1991, the media landscape in Estonia has faced substantial changes. A completely renewed media system has emerged, characterized by a diversity of channels, formats, and contents. Not only the media themselves, but also the patterns of media use among audiences, their habits and expectations, have gone through a process of radical change. Changes in the Estonian media landscape have some aspects in common with many other European countries, such as the impact of emerging new media and global TV; others are specific features of transition to a market economy and democratic political order. Besides discussing general trends, the article gives insights into some audience- related aspects of changes, more specifically age and ethnicity.

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Raun, Toivo U. « Estonia after 1991 ». East European Politics and Societies : and Cultures 23, n^o 4 (12 août 2009) : 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409342113.

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The past two decades have witnessed a reassessment and broadening of conceptions of identity among both the ethnic Estonian and Russian populations in Estonia. In addition to a continuing focus on aspects of national distinctiveness, emphasizing their small numbers, language, culture, territorial homeland, and—as a new factor—the state, the Estonians have increasingly engaged with a wider range of identities (local, regional, and European). Among these, the regional level has been the most productive, enhancing Estonia’s already strong ties to Finland but also fostering closer connections to its other Nordic and Baltic neighbors. Although integration into NATO and integration into the European Union continue to receive strong approval, a European identity is still in the process of formation. For the Russian community, the fall of communism led to a full reevaluation of the bases of its identity. The major trend has seen a shift from a political consciousness (loyalty to the Soviet Union) to a greater emphasis on the Russian language and ethnicity. In spite of the general peacefulness of ethnic relations, any meaningful integration of the two major nationalities in Estonia remains incomplete, as graphically demonstrated in the Bronze Soldier affair in April 2007. Russians, especially younger ones, increasingly know the Estonian language, but views of history, especially regarding World War II, and attitudes toward Russia still differ markedly between the Estonian and Russian populations. The process of integration is further complicated by the neighboring and still powerful kin-state of the local Russian population.

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Lilleholt, Kåre, et Urmas Volens. « Consumer Insolvency Law in Estonia and Norway : Comparative Aspects ». European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 5 (1 octobre 2016) : 759–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016045.

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The authors examine and compare the rules on consumer insolvency in Estonia and Norway. Under Estonian law, consumers may obtain debt adjustments under the 2003 Bankruptcy Act (in the form of a debt release) or under the 2010 Debt Restructuring and Debt Protection Act (in the form of debt restructuring). These two acts apply to both entrepreneurs and consumers. In Norway, a Debt Settlement Act was introduced in 1992, allowing for debt settlements for consumers. Debt adjustment under general insolvency legislation is not regarded as a viable option for consumers in Norway, it being a rather costly and cumbersome procedure. In Norway, each municipality is obliged to offer debt counselling services to consumers, while in Estonia, debt counselling services are available through non-governmental organization (NGOs) and through some municipalities on a voluntary basis. The number of instituted proceedings for debt settlements (Norway) and for debt restructuring (Estonia) are relatively low: in 2014, the numbers stood at 57 per 100 000 inhabitants in Norway and 2 per 100 000 inhabitants in Estonia. The difference between the two countries may to some extent be explained by differences in legislation and in organization of debt counselling, but the authors conclude that the explanation must probably be found also in cultural, sociological and political factors.

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Megem, Maxim. « Decoding Symbolic Space : the “Monumental Fall” in the Baltic States ». ISTORIYA 13, n^o 12-1 (122) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021796-4.

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The article cosiders the phenomenon of the "monument fall" in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia and outlines the main stages of this process as well as the key factors that have intensified the dismantling of Soviet memorial heritage and contributed to the spread of vandalism against it. The "monument fall" began in the first half of the 1990s when, in the absence of a legislative framework providing protection and legal status for memorial objects, numerous acts of vandalism and isolated cases of demolition of monuments by official decision were carried out in the Baltic States. The second wave of demolition actions (from 2014) took place in different circumstances, when memorial legislation was already in place (from the second half of the 1990s), the international cooperation between Russia and the Baltic states regarding the protection of Soviet memorials could be seen, and on the domestic political level Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia supervised the condition of the monuments. Like the previous one, the third wave (from 2022) was related to the aggravation of international relations against the background of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, and here the particular feature was the change in legislation by the Baltic states authorities with a general vector towards stripping Soviet memorials of their special status and legalising their dismantling. At the same time, the "monument fall" in the Baltic states poses something of a paradox: the cleansing of the collective memory of Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians from the Soviet presence, aimed among other things at consolidating these peoples, is accompanied by the destruction of memory of their representatives, who in one way or another were identified with the Soviet presence in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

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O'Bright, Ben. « Child Soldiery in the Information Age ». Allons-y : Journal of Children, Peace and Security 2 (27 mars 2020) : 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/allons-y.v2i0.10051.

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In 2007, Estonia was the victim of a significant, coordinated cyberattack, which crippled government communications, newspaper websites, banks and other connected entities in Europe’s most Internet-saturated country. At the time, leading theories suggested that Russia, or at the very least elements of its intelligence community, might be somehow involved, spurred by the physical symbolism of Estonia removing Soviet-era monuments from city squares and public spaces (Davis, 2007). Indeed, in an attempt to visibly remove its history of engagement as part of the Soviet Union, Estonian authorities and political figures had become determined to demolish and destroy remaining statues erected pre-1990. Two years after the cyberattack, an event that Wired Magazine colloquially termed “Web War One,” further details of the unexpected perpetrators would begin to emerge. According to reports by the Financial Times and Reuters, Nashi, a pro-Kremlin youth group with an estimated membership of 150,000, claimed responsibility for the digital assault against Estonia; they described to authorities a strategy of repeated denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, (Clover, 2009; Lowe, 2009). Nashi members, based on different sources, range between the ages of 17 and 25 (Knight, 2007).

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Baindurashvili, Khatuna. « Political, Social and Religious Aspects of Georgian-Persian Diplomacy ». Grani 23, n^o 8 (20 octobre 2020) : 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172079.

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Article was prepared within the scopes of grant funded by Shota Rustaveli National Scientific Fund of Georgia (FR 17-554 Documentary Sources (Deeds, Epigraphic Inscriptions, Colophons) in the First half of 17th c. (1600-1662) about the Kings of Kartli and Kakheti (research and publication of sources). For thorough study of Iran-Georgian relationships in 16th – 17th centuries research of Georgian-Persian historical documents is of particular interest. These historical documents provide valuable data about social, administrative and state institutes in Georgia.Georgian-Persian historical documents describe dynamically the political, social and religious processes that have taken place in Eastern Georgia due to intervention of Safavid Iran in 16th-17th centuries. Studying of the separate segments of diplomatic monuments – interrelations between Georgian and Persian texts provide precise illustration of Georgian reality and specific nature of political, social and religious relations between Iran and Georgia.Research of Georgian-Persian bilingual deeds clearly shows attempts of Iran to intervene into Georgian landholding system and its substitution with Iranian-Moslem one; Invocation of Georgian kings and the legends on their Persian seals clearly demonstrate the political and religious influence to which they were subjected as a result of Safavid censorship. Based on all these, we can imagine specific nature of operation of Georgian secretariat-chancellery, see the movement of the documents from their composition to their entry into legal force and the term of their effectiveness.Studying of the seals on Persian and Georgian texts of diplomatic monuments allowed identification of important chancellery officials participating in issuance of Georgian-Persian documents, as well as in their consideration and approval.Georgian texts of bilingual documents, with their contents and structure, were entirely based on Georgian traditions of paperwork while the Persian texts complied with Iranian requirements. Iranian diplomatic formulas were adapted to Georgian reality.Georgian-Persian historical deeds provide unbiased description of severe reality resulting from religious and political power of Iran in Eastern Georgia; and Georgians had to fight for maintaining their state, national and religious identity.

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Kuddo, Arvo. « Determinants of Demographic Change in Transition Estonia ». Nationalities Papers 25, n^o 4 (décembre 1997) : 625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408531.

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The transformation of a society from socialism to a market economy, in addition to political and economic change, is accompanied by a socio-cultural transition of changing values, goals and social behavior by different groups in the population. It is also accompanied by a psychological transition from an overwhelming dependence of the people on the paternalistic state and its institutions, to individual choice, initiative and effort, and by substantial shifts in the demographic behavior of the population (Kuddo, 1995). The transitional crisis effects many aspects of people's everyday life, and demographic processes are a good indicator of such change.

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Wassouni, François. « Les monuments dans l’espace public camerounais : pour embellir, distraire ou restituer l’histoire vraie ? » Anthropos 117, n^o 2 (2022) : 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2022-2-435.

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Focusing on monuments, their purpose, and their relationship with the populations, this text highlights some aspects of Cameroon’s history that were factors in the process of creation of monuments. The author provides a classification of the Cameroonian monuments by categorizing them into “monuments of commemoration” and “monuments of celebration” of great figures of the country’s history. However, these monuments seem to honor the colonial memory to the detriment of the national memory and silence the names of Cameroonians who have particularly contributed to the process of evolution of their country. It seems that the state authorities are allergic to questions of memory and history, with a malicious intention to manipulate and distract the conscience: the monuments are dilapidated, damaged, with dirty surroundings, invaded by mentally deficient people who have taken up residence there. The relationship between these buildings and the population is not a tender one: while some perceive them as mere decorative objects, symbolizing nothing to them, others such as political activists are determined to dismantle them because they consider them fake. All of this seems to demonstrate that Cameroonian monuments do little to celebrate significant parts of the country’s history, hence the numerous controversies and revolts against them.

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Lakhtionova, E. S. « Activities of Public and Political Actors to Preserve Monuments of Industrial Heritage of Sverdlovsk Region in 1960—1980s ». Nauchnyi dialog 11, n^o 3 (28 avril 2022) : 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-3-439-455.

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The activity of the inhabitants of the Sverdlovsk region in identifying, studying and preserving the monuments of the industrial past is considered. The author limits the chronology of the study to the 1960s—1980s, when objects of the industrial past of the country were also affected in the framework of security activities in relation to the historical and cultural heritage. The material for the study was both archival documents stored in the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region (Yekaterinburg) and published sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the activity to preserve the industrial heritage in the Sverdlovsk region has not yet been sufficiently developed, so the study of previous experience may be useful for intensifying this type of activity now. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of the Sverdlovsk region an attempt is made to analyze all aspects of security activities in relation to industrial heritage monuments. The author distinguished and considered six directions of this activity on specific examples, the most successful of which turned out to be the direction of identifying monuments of the industrial past and putting them on state records. The reasons for the subsequent stop of activities to identify, study and preserve industrial monuments are indicated.

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RAKHIMOVA, Maiya. « RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE BALTIC STATES : KEY ASPECTS ». PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CIVIL SERVICE, n^o 2 (30 juin 2022) : 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2022-638.

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The issue of relations between Russia and The Baltic States is of particular relevance against the backdrop of interaction with the European Union. The change in the policy stance of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania after the Soviet Union’s collapse was reflected at the regional level. The desire to integrate the Baltic States into the EU and NATO has led to a series of determined political decisions that in turn have affected cooperation with Russia. In the process of developing relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation has begun to consider possibilities of cooperation with the Baltic countries as well. The article analyses the prospects for change, problems and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Baltic states at the regional level.

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Polly, P. David. « The politics of palaeontology : the creation, reduction, and restoration of Grand Staircase–Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments ». Geological Curator 11, n^o 7 (octobre 2022) : 436–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc1460.

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Grand Staircase–Escalante and Bears Ears are tracts of U.S. federal lands in Utah that were designated as national monuments in 1996 and 2016 respectively in part for the importance of their geological and palaeontological resources. In the 25 years since it was established, Grand Staircase–Escalante became known as the “science monument” for its strong emphasis on palaeontological science, including coordinating activities of its palaeontological manager. Synthesis of the hundreds of research papers there transformed scientific understanding of Mesozoic ecosystems. Before a management plan could be implemented at Bears Ears National Monument, President Donald Trump reduced the boundaries of both monuments to less than half their originally designated area. His action was arguably the first major rollback of palaeontological resources in the United States, underscoring the position of palaeontological science in the political debate about federal lands. Palaeontologists joined Native American tribes, conservation groups, and businesses in a joint effort to re-establish the monuments, an effort that was partially realised when President Joseph Biden restored their boundaries in 2021 but was not immediately able to reinstate previous management priorities. The palaeontological significance of these national monuments intersects with many other perspectives on the value and use of these lands, including indigenous and religious groups who faced oppression, the conservation of wilderness, economic and industrial development, and political struggle between state and federal, and executive and legislative aspects of government. This article explores the scientific significance and political context of the palaeontology of these two monuments as an example of how scientific priorities intersect with other societal pressures in the management of public lands.

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Kurowska, Anna. « The impact of an unconditional parental benefit on employment of mothers ». International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, n^o 1/2 (14 mars 2017) : 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2015-0085.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to solve the puzzle of the disproportionately lower employment rate of mothers of toddlers with relation to the employment rate of mothers of preschool and school-age children in Estonia. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on the Most Similar System Design and compares Estonia with Lithuania. The applied methods include inferential statistics and microsimulation techniques, employing the OECD Benefits and Wages Calculator, the OECD Family Support Calculator and EUROMOD – the European tax-benefit microsimulation model. Findings The comparison revealed that the overwhelming majority of the crucial aspects of socio-cultural, economic and institutional conditions were more favourable for maternal employment in Estonia than in Lithuania. This explains the higher maternal employment rates both for mothers of pre-schoolers and school-age children in Estonia. However, one particular element of the institutional context targeted to the mothers of toddlers – the unconditional parental benefit – had an entirely opposite character. This particular feature of the parental leave scheme was the only factor that could explain why the employment rate of mothers of toddlers is disproportionately lower than the employment rate of mothers of older children in Estonia and much lower than the employment of mothers of toddlers in Lithuania. Originality/value This study complements previous research by providing evidence on the relative importance of universal parental benefit schemes in the context of other country-specific conditions for maternal employment, including the availability of institutional childcare. Furthermore, the results presented show that childcare regime typologies, at least those that characterise Eastern European countries, should be more sensitive to children’s age.

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Polster, Petr. « Regional aspects of environmental informatics ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, n^o 4 (2011) : 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040227.

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Information and communication technology diffuse through the whole of our current practices and form our entire life. Just in the media, at political, economic and scientific level, and often even in normal conversation among people is the global environment very frequented and discussed question. The results of the environment monitoring in Czech Republic (its natural and humane components) are publicized in numeric form (field measurements data including derived indicators) and in cartography representation (Geographical Information System) at any internet servers of various levels of public administration. Environment indicators are nation-wide. At self-government region management authority level publication of regional indicators describing natural and human components of environment is null practically, in both print and electronic form. Similar situation persists in describing preserved natural territories (nature monuments and reservations, Natura2000 areas, etc. …). Somewhat better is the situation of historical and in part of technical objects. Complex description of regional environment is missing.

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Khorishko, Liliia, et Tetyana Vasyl'chuk. « MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING ESTONIA'S PERMANENT DEVELOPMENT : THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-205-209.

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The latest trends in global development actualize the problem of ecological modernization in order to ensure the sustainability of socio-economic and political functioning of modern states, creating additional opportunities for an appropriate response to possible threats. The issues of ecological modernization are key on the agenda of the EU, which seeks to demonstrate leadership in addressing it. Ecological modernization and the subsequent digitalization of the economic sphere are considered one of the most important components of sustainable development of the EU and each member state. These processes and mechanisms for their practical implementation are approved in the program The European Green Deal. The European Commission created the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which provides for the coordination of efforts of EU member states to ensure resilience and sustainability of development. The subject of the study is the content and characteristics of sustainable development in Estonia. The purpose of the scientific exploration is to identify environmental aspects and to specify mechanisms for sustainable development in Estonia. Research methodology: systematic approach, methods of analysis and generalization. Estonia has developed a long-term strategy "Estonia 2035", which defines the basic principles of sustainability and sustainable development of the state. The tools for implementing the set sustainable development goals are legislative, managerial, educational and awareness-raising. In this strategy, the priorities of sustainable development of the state are innovation and sustainability of the economy, its competitiveness in world markets, energy efficiency, digitalization of management processes, safe environment for citizens, stimulating their activity in different spheres of society. Environmental issues are a key aspect of the "Estonia 2035" strategy, which meets such sustainable development goals as rational consumption, sustainable cities and communities, combating climate change, and preserving the ecosystem. A recovery and sustainability plan, correlated with the "Estonia 2035" strategy, was presented to enhance the ability to implement the basic principles of sustainable development and obtain additional sources of funding. Estonian officials are actively engaging financial and political mechanisms to implement sustainable development. According to the plan approved by the European Commission, Estonia will receive 969.3 million euros in funding from the Recovery and Resilience Facility. They will be distributed along the following lines: ecological modernization, digitalization, economic and social sustainability. In addition, political mechanisms, in particular public diplomacy, are actively used. They are aimed at positioning environmental initiatives according to the state branding strategy and intensifying cooperation with stakeholders in the implementation of international environmental projects. Research results: sustainability and resilience of Estonia's development correlate with the need to implement environmental modernization of the economy and digitalization of management processes; implementation of the "Estonia 2035" strategy, national recovery and sustainability plan is facilitated by economic and political decision-making mechanisms at the supranational and national levels of government.

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Adam, Frane, Primož Kristan et Matevž Tomsšič. « Varieties of capitalism in Eastern Europe (with special emphasis on Estonia and Slovenia) ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42, n^o 1 (25 février 2009) : 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.02.005.

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The authors proceed from the assumption that the institutional and economic efficiency of a particular country (or society) depends on its historic legacy or ‘path-dependence’, strategic interactions of the elite and the impact of the international environment. Estonia and Slovenia are both — not only economically, but also institutionally — perceived as relatively successful and prominent post-communist countries and new members of the EU. Yet they have developed completely different — in some aspects even diametrically opposite — regulative settings and socio-political arrangements. The main emphasis is on the connection between the dynamics and ideological preferences of political actors and the pace of reforms as well as institutional regulations. One can argue that the political elite in Estonia encouraged the shaping of the state in a direction close to the liberal-market model, whereas Slovenia is closer to the corporatist social welfare-state model. In both cases, some dysfunctional effects are evident that represent a new challenge to the elites and, at the same time, a test of their credibility and competence.

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Charles, Alec. « The Electronic State : Estonia’s New Media Revolution ». Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, n^o 1 (24 avril 2009) : 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i1.122.

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This article examines the case of Estonia as one of Europe’s fastest growing informational economies, and asks whether its furious development of new media technologies, as industrial products, commercial resources and political instruments, has necessarily proven as beneficial to society at large as some domestic and international commentators have anticipated. After mapping Estonia’s unique development in embracing new technologies since the mid-1990s, the article concludes with a study of Estonia’s recent experiments in electronic voting: in 2007, Estonia was lauded as the first country in the world to afford voters at national parliamentary elections the opportunity to vote online from their homes. The article is based on a series of interviews conducted by the author with a number of prominent figures in Estonia’s IT industry, private and voluntary sectors, government service and politics. It addresses issues arising out of academic literature relating to the ethical, social and political aspects of the proliferation of new media, within the context of related surveys and reports produced by governmental and transnational organisations.

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Landmann, Tomasz. « Legal regulations in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland after 1989 – evaluation attempt ». Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 187, n^o 1 (1 mars 2018) : 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7360.

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This article attempts to analyze the legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection after 1989, with particular reference to the acquis after 2003. A thesis has been formulated that the period after 1989 was characterized by a clear redefinition of objectives and priorities in the field of cultural heritage protection compared to the period of the People’s Republic of Poland. To prove the thesis, the author referred to legal acts and jurisprudence, as well as to literature based on studies and articles from scientific journals on the legal protection of monuments. The research methods used were the legal acts analysis method and the literature analysis method. The presented content shows that the issue of legal protection of cultural heritage in Poland after 1989 was treated as one of the most important aspects of the long-term cultural policy of the state, although the work on the new law lasted for a relatively long time, 14 years after the political and structural transformation. The 2003 Act regulated a number of important issues regarding the protection of monuments and the care for monuments, redefining, and in many aspects setting, new directions in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland. At the same time the legislator rejected the possibility of continuing the direction in this sphere, which had been chosen in the period between 1944 and 1989.

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Krzymowski, Adam. « THE BALTIC STATES OF THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE : ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA IN CREATIVE RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ». Creativity Studies 15, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2022) : 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.13867.

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The presented manuscript deals with three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) that are part of the Three Seas Initiative in the context of cooperation with the United Arab Emirates. The research’s goal is analysis the larger dimension of Three Seas Initiative and its creative role and importance in the international arena, including the Middle East. In this sense, this paper asks a research question of whether the relations between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the United Arab Emirates have the potential for deeper and broader creative dynamics of their cooperation. The presented article is the first research work of this type. Thus, it fills a gap in the literature and analyses concerning relations between the Baltic states and the United Arab Emirates. This work is primarily base on empirical research conducted for ten years. In addition, the author used his own creative experience, including as an Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (2011–2015) or Senior advisor at Expo 2020 (2016–2018), responsible for strategies and creative development of relations the United Arab Emirates with all the Three Seas Initiative countries, including Baltic states. As a result of the research, the author argues that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as a part of the Three Seas Initiative, should make this concept more creative in its external dimension, with the United Arab Emirates. Expo 2020 (1 October, 2021–31 March, 2022) provides an opportunity for creative diplomacy. This event is an occasion to demonstrate joint projects, also in global aspects.

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Elhachmi, Driss, Lahcen Bahi, Latifa Ouadif et Rachid Benkmil. « Multicriteria analysis for the choice of an intervention strategy for historic monuments-case of the enclosure of the medina of Salé- ». E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020) : 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015003004.

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Historical monuments in Morocco represent a heritage, of great value in terms of its history, culture, civilization and identity. This heritage is a non-renewable resource considered as one of the essential aspects of modern communities and contributes to the sustainable development of the country. Unfortunately, these monuments are subject to pathologies due to several factors that threaten its sustainability. The choice of the type of intervention thus becomes a strategic decision that has a crucial impact on the historic monument. Indeed, it requires a global approach because it involves simultaneously a multitude of stakeholders and a multitude of criteria (technical, environmental, social, political or administrative, human etc …). Several models in the literature have focused on the multi-criteria decision support process. This work proposes a decision support method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, in order to apply it to a choice of an intervention strategy on historic monuments. Then, this approach is applied to the case of the enclosure of the old medina of Salé.

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Prysiazhniuk, Oleksii. « The First English Ancient Monuments Protection Act ». European Historical Studies, n^o 16 (2020) : 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.9.

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The advent of the first special antiquity law was preceded by a long stage of studying and organizing knowledge about historical and cultural monuments. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 18 August 1882 was the first of its kind by an Act of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Act lists the first 68 monuments or sites that have been protected by law. The text of Act consists of 11 paragraphs. The analysis of paragraphs 2, 3 and 11 gives us the opportunity to formulate the very concept of a «monument» contained therein, as well as to consider the types of ancient monuments that are distinguished by law. The Ancient Monuments are: houses, buildings and other structures located on the surface of the earth or underground, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites and location of such houses, buildings and other structures, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites. All the constituent elements and structures of the monument are considered to be its parts. The location of the monument includes not only the area of land on which it is located, but also the surrounding zones. Deliberate destruction or deterioration of protected monuments entails criminal liability in the form of imprisonment for up to one month and a fine. However, criminal and financial responsibility rests solely with outsiders. The owner of the monument is not punished for any action he may take on his property. Paragraphs of Act for the first time regulate the state registration of monuments. Such registration involves the identification of monuments, surveys and determining their value, inclusion in the list of protected, informing the owner or tenant of the monument about the inclusion of this object in the list etc. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 1882 was one of the most important results of a set of socio-political reforms in Victorian England. The brevity of the 1882 Act made it impossible to cover all the ancient monuments, which made it only partly a source of law. Currently, there is no single legislative act in the UK on the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments. After the act of 1882 by the middle of the 20th century were adopted and enforced several laws on various aspects of the protection of monuments. However, the main provisions governing this area of social relations were laid in the late nineteenth century.

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Bara, Lelde, et Aija Ziemelniece. « Causes and consequences of cultural and historical manor landscape fragmentation in the 19th - 21st century Latvia ». Landscape architecture and art 18 (7 octobre 2021) : 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.07.

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In the post-war years (50s-80s of the 20th century), the legislation of the Soviet Union defined that the list of monuments to be protected by the state is deemed a political document with ideological significance. Due to this reason, the list of architectural monuments was subject to politically motivated manipulations not only during Stalin's time, but also later. The political situation after the occupation in 1940 required to adapt to the sovietization demands, didactically dividing cultural monuments into “progressive” and “bourgeois” or those unfit for socialist construction. The history of the cultural heritage protection measures has been related to politics. With the growing importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical memory, the protection and promotion of monuments becomes an essential part of the ideology of nation states. A change in the state power means a change in the dominant political ideology, which affects the work of state institutions in the protection of cultural heritage. The research topic has an interdisciplinary nature with the intertwining of political, economic and social aspects. The cultural heritage includes the political dimension and its role in shaping national identity models. The rise of the Duchy of Courland in the first half of the 18th century made a serious contribution to the landscape of the Lielupe left bank basin in the Zemgale region. The landscape of the both historical ensembles of Svete and Vircava manors was disturbed (fragmented) by the economic and political position of the state. The basis for that was bringing new infrastructure in the nature. As a result of political, economic and social pressures, the landscapes of cultural and historical manors have, over the centuries, fragmented and transformed the use of the original structure and functional landscape. The aim of the research is to identify and emphasize the causes and consequences of the fragmentation of the cultural and historical landscape of manors.

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Sirc, Susan. « MONKEYS, MONUMENTS AND MIRACLES : ASPECTS OF IMITATION OF WORD AND IMAGE IN DIE WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFTEN ». German Life and Letters 47, n^o 4 (octobre 1994) : 432–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1994.tb01551.x.

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Ćemalović, Uroš. « Intellectual property rights and digital transformation in Estonia : Aspects related to copyright and patent protection ». Strani pravni zivot, n^o 4 (2021) : 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-34681.

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With almost all public services delivered online, functioning system of e-residency and established 'data embassies,' Estonia is also home to blooming creative community and numerous companies ranging from small start-ups to tech giants. Apart from being the result of a clear and long-lasting political orientation, this success is strongly correlated with Estonian legislation and, more narrowly, its regulatory framework on both information/ digital society and protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). After examining the most relevant features of Estonia's legislation related to digital economy and society (Chapter 2), this paper analyses the country's regulatory framework on copyright (Chapter 3) and patents (Chapter 4) in the light of digital transformation. The author argues that there is a direct correlation between, on the one hand, regulatory framework dedicated to IPR protection on both EU and national level and, on the other, development of digital technologies. The study of Estonian legislation and practice in the field of copyright and patent protection has shown that, in numerous aspects, the country is largely dependent on the good functioning of wider EU legal and institutional framework, while, in the near future, the technological advance would require more supranational regulatory mechanisms.

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Fischer, Dirk-Hinnerk. « Making a Mark—Time Changing Politics from Estonia : An Alternative Idea for the British, Bulgarian and Estonian EU Presidency ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, n^o 1 (1 février 2016) : 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0008.

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AbstractEstonia is famous among politicians for its e-Governance policies. One core ingredient for this progress is the abolishment of outdated technologies and standards as this kind of legacy policy slows down the innovation process. This short paper adapts the Estonian approach towards legacy policy and proposes a political symbol initiated by the EU Presidency Trio of the United Kingdom, Bulgaria and Estonia. The entire topic was inspired by the motivation of the Estonian government to use the presidency to make a mark for Estonia. The twice-yearly occurring process of introducing and disabling the summertime, is not only annoying but has also almost exclusively negative impacts. Meanwhile, the summertime itself comes with many aspects of questionable impact and even opposing empirical results, but it also has some generally agreed upon positive influences. This paper takes side against the process of changing times, but does not take position for one of the possible solutions. This short article shall only inform and show the possibilities in regard to the summer time, the EU presidency and the political symbolism of celebrating the centenary of the First World War.

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Jonsson, Inge. « Cultural research and the role of academies. The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities ». European Review 8, n^o 2 (mai 2000) : 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004804.

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The article discusses various aspects of cultural research from the point of view of academies. More specifically it aims at outlining the history of The Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities in Stockholm, which was officially responsible for the cultural heritage of Sweden until the 1970s. Since then it has become an independent learned society for the humanities and social sciences, but it still takes a great interest in ancient monuments and the protection of culturally precious milieus.

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Stahlberg, Sabira, et Sebastian Cwiklinksi. « Foreword : Tatars in Finland in the Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region ». Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, n^o 2 (13 mai 2020) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.83952.

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The Tatar diaspora in Finland has attracted researchers for over a century, but studies traditionallyfocus on topics such as origins and general Tatar history, religion, identity or language. One of themost important aspects of research on Tatars both historically and today, however, is the transnationalcontext. Migrating from villages in Nizhny Novgorod province, often via the Russian capitalSaint Petersburg at the end of the nineteenth century, the forming Tatar diaspora communities inthe Baltic Sea region maintained, developed and extended their previous networks and also creatednew connections over national borders despite periods of political difficulties. New research aboutTatars in the Baltic Sea region – with the focal point of the Tatars in Finland and their connectionschiefly in Estonia, Russia and Sweden – was presented during a seminar called Tatars in Finland inthe Transnational Context of the Baltic Sea Region at the University of Helsinki in October 2018.Scholars from Finland, Sweden, Russia, Estonia and Hungary spoke about the past and present ofthe diaspora. A result of the seminar, this special issue of Studia Orientalia Electronica is dedicatedto new research on Tatars in a transnational context.

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Crowe, David. « Bibliographic Article : Baltic Émigré Publishing and Scholarship in the Western World ». Nationalities Papers 16, n^o 2 (1988) : 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408084.

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The Soviet absorption of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during World War II caused hundreds of thousands of Baltic immigrants to come to the West, where they established strong, viable ethnic communities, often in league with groups that had left the region earlier. At first, Baltic publishing and publications centered almost exclusively on nationalistic themes that decried the loss of Baltic independence and attacked the Soviet Union for its role in this matter. In time, however, serious scholarship began to replace some of the passionate outpourings, and a strong, academic field of Baltic scholarship emerged in the West that dealt with all aspects of Baltic history, politics, culture, language, and other matters, regardless of its political or nationalistic implications. Over the past sixteen years, these efforts have produced a new body of Baltic publishing that has revived a strong interest in Baltic studies and has insured that regardless of the continued Soviet-domination of the region, the study of the culture and history of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania will remain a set fixture in Western scholarship on Eastern Europe.

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ЕЛОХИН, К. А. « TRIGGERS OF MODERN BARBARISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY ». Цивилизация и варварство, n^o 10(10) (10 novembre 2021) : 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.10.10.004.

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Статья посвящена изучению различных аспектов девиантного поведения как отдельных личностей, так и небольших групп и целых коллективов. Деструктивная деятельность этих людей направлена на осквернение памятников и различных монументов. Эта проблема в разной степени касается всех стран мира. Необходимо отметить, что в последнее время наблюдается устойчивая тенденция к часто повторяющимся деструктивным действиям в отношении памятников как объектов культуры, искусства и средоточия исторической памяти народа. Различные группы населения в зависимости от образования, культуры и политических взглядов по-разному смотрят на уничтожение или осквернение памятников. В статье представлена попытка определить триггеры появления и методы преодоления варварства при осквернении мемориалов. The article is devoted to the study of various aspects of deviant behavior of both individuals and small groups and whole collectives. The destructive activities of these people are aimed at desecrating monuments and various memorials. This problem affects all countries of the world to varying degrees. It should be noted that recently there has been a steady tendency towards frequently repeated destructive actions in relation to monuments as objects of culture, art and the focus of the people's historical memory. Different groups of the population, depending on education, culture and political views, have different views on the destruction or desecration of monuments. The article presents an attempt to determine the triggers for the emergence and methods of overcoming of barbarism in the desecration of memorials.

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Talts, Mait. « Some Aspects of the Baltic Countries’ Pre- and Post- Accession Convergence to the European Union ». Baltic Journal of European Studies 3, n^o 1 (1 juin 2013) : 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2013-0005.

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AbstractThis comprehensive article provides an overview of the broader process of political, legal and societal changes characterizing the Baltic countries’ convergence towards the European Union. The article aims to identify the specific areas and issues which reveal both similarities and differences between the three Baltic countries. Special focus has been given to issues of economic development, economic policy choices, employment, public opinion and some legal aspects. The article, first of all, tries to reveal the differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stemming from different economic policy decisions made by the Baltic countries in the 1990s as well as from to the fact that in 1997-1999 the European Union treated the Baltic countries somewhat differently in terms of conditionality. However, during the 21st century, especially due to the economic recession, the ‘Baltic clocks’ have been synchronized despite the obvious differences in political system and levels of economic development. The author of the current article believes that the main factor behind that development was the convergence to European Union.

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Palmer, Morgan E. « Inscriptional Intermediality in Livy ». Trends in Classics 11, n^o 1 (15 septembre 2019) : 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tc-2019-0005.

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Abstract The term monumentum is used in Latin literature to describe a range of monuments across media, including temples, literary works, statues, and inscriptions. This article surveys the variety of monumenta in Livy’s Ab urbe condita, which range from the text itself to victory inscriptions and bronze sculptures meant to commemorate military as well as political achievements. The borders between historiography and physical artefacts are often blurred by Livy through inscriptional intermediality, a phenomenon defined as the mixing of visual and textual media. By outlining how Livy achieves this combination, and demonstrating how the specific ratio of literary, linguistic, and topographical features in his ekphrases generate unique impressions of real-world monuments, this chapter re-reads Livy’s history from the perspective of intermedial theory. This process not only advances our understanding of the Ab urbe condita as a literary work, but also thrusts individual aspects of Livy’s narrative technique – including visuality and unique formulae such as the introductory formula tabula … cum indice hoc posita est (Livy 41.28.8) – into the spotlight.

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Ivlieva, Olga, et Anna Shmytkova. « Geoinformation identification of archaeological tourism areas in the Southern Federal District ». InterCarto. InterGIS 26, n^o 3 (2020) : 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-3-26-380-390.

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The interest in archaeological heritage sites and the possibilities for the development of archaeological tourism have been growing in the world in recent decades. Monuments of archeology are a separate phenomenon in the cultural system and are considered as a separate phenomenon in the field of inheritance and preservation of cultural identity. Revenues from archaeological tourism can be used to preserve archaeological objects and for educational purposes, which actually contributes to the sustainability of archaeological sites, including environmental, social, cultural, political, economic and educational aspects. The need to study the spatial patterns of the distribution of archaeological sites has determined the active use of mapping methods. Geoinformation technologies allow integrating existing registers of archaeological sites and cartographic materials into a single structured geoinformation product. Numerous monuments of material culture, identified on the territory of the Southern Federal District, reflect the successive stages of the cultural and historical development of the macroregion from ancient times to the Middle Ages. Archaeological sites on the territory of the Southern Federal District are conventionally divided into funerary, settlement, and ritual-religious monuments and are of significant interest not only for archaeologists, but also for tourists. The aim of this work is the geoinformation identification of areas of archaeological tourism in the territory of the Southern Federal District. ArcGIS (ESRI) acts as the basic GIS- platform, the initial data are information from the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The territorial distribution of archaeological sites in the administrative-territorial units of the Southern Federal District reflects the degree of archaeological study of the territory and promising areas for the development of archaeological tourism.

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Chebanenko, Sergey B. « Regarding the problem of restitution of African art pieces removed from Benin during the British military expedition of 1897 : practice and legal aspects ». Issues of Museology 11, n^o 2 (2020) : 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu27.2020.214.

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The question of the fate of the “Benin bronze” is part of a more general problem of the restitution of African art pieces exported from the continent, during the period of European colonial rule. The difference between the history of the looting of the monuments of the Benin Kingdom (the territory of modern Nigeria) by British troops from many other examples of the removal of original African heritage, is in the fact, that in this case there was a robbery committed as a result of a military conflict, both sides of which were politically independent. The political independence of each party, strictly speaking, does not allow for the situation to be considered in the system of relations “metropolis — colony”. Modern owners of Benin monuments, spread across a number of museums and other collections in the world, recognize the injustice of their acquisitions, but they do not always recognize the possibility and necessity of restitution of these artifacts. This is facilitated by the complexity of the history of objects after their exportation from Africa and the absence of, in most cases, legal grounds for their direct return. Recently, the situation has changed significantly, making it possible to transfer a vast portion of art pieces, originating from Benin, on the basis of not so much the letter of the law, but on the desire to restore justice.

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Matuzova, Vera. « Everyday Life in an Order Castle ». ISTORIYA 12, n^o 12-1 (110) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018265-0.

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The reviewed book is the publication of the papers read at the Session of the International Historical Commission for Study of the Teutonic Order held in Tallinn (Estonia) from the 26th to the 28th of September, 2014, in the frameworks of the theme “Everyday Life of the Order’s Castle”. The concept “everyday life” allows scholars to treat various aspects of medieval religious order (in Prussia and Livonia), using written sources and archeological artifacts. The papers reflect numerous approaches and methods used for the development of the theme of the Session. Interdisciplinary approach and comparative research proved to be very fruitful.

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Aidukaite, Jolanta. « From universal system of social policy to particularistic ? The case of the Baltic States ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2003) : 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2003.09.002.

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This paper compares the system of social maintenance and insurance in the Soviet Union, which was in force in the three Baltic countries before their independence, with the currently existing social security systems. The aim of the paper is to highlight the forces that have influenced social policy transformation from its former highly universal, however authoritarian form, to the less universal, social insurance-based systems of present day Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. It will be demonstrated that the welfare–economy nexus is not the only important factor in the development of social programs. Rather, social policy should be studied as if embedded in the political, historical and cultural aspects of a given society. The people’s attitude towards distributive justice will be highlighted as being one of the most important factors for either social policy shortcomings or expansion. This paper takes steps to combine quantitative and qualitative data.

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Kann, Lauri. « Inimohvritega revolutsioonisündmused Eesti linnades 1905. aastal ». Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 171, n^o 1 (30 novembre 2020) : 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2020.1.01.

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The Revolution of 1905 had an enormous impact on many nations in the Russian Empire. In order to study the society of the Russian Empire during the Revolution of 1905, many aspects need to be considered. Besides political and social changes, it is also important to study how and why violence occurred during the Revolution. Violence had many sources in the Revolution of 1905 in the Russian Empire. One such source was the revolutionary political parties, whichsaw acts of violence as a means for realising their political agenda. Revolutionary parties formed armed groups, which attacked the authorities and other people. Bombs exploded in many places. Revolutionaries also gave speeches and printed various texts calling upon the masses to engage in violence against the authorities. The authorities also used violence in situations where it was unnecessary for defending themselves or protecting the lives of others. On many occasions, soldiers opened fire on political demonstrations or crowds of strikers. Although the authorities finally managed to supress the Revolution using violence, it is also evident that during the Revolution, the use of violence by the authorities played a role in the radicalisation of the revolutionary movement. It is well known that the shooting of demonstrators in St Petersburg on 9 January 1905 became a catalyst for the Revolution. Later, similar events took place in many parts of the Russian Empire. In many areas of the Empire (Poland, Latvia, etc.), large numbers of people were killed by the authorities and by the people participating in the revolutionary movement. This study reveals that almost all of the people who were killed during the Revolution of 1905 in Estonia died at the hands of the authorities. There were 102 known victims of the Revolution in Estonian towns, and all of them were killed by the authorities. Most of them died on 16 October when soldiers opened fire on a peaceful workers’ demonstration in Tallinn. There was a total of five revolutionary events in Estonian towns where people were killed. Three of them took place in Tallinn, one in Tartu and one in Narva. All five events took place during workers’ strikes. Events in the countryside need to be investigated more thoroughly, but as far as is known, it seems to have been extremely rare for revolutionaries or participants in uprisings to kill anyone in the countryside as well. We know with certainty that only one German landlord (Arthur von Baranoff) was killed in Estonia in 1905. The punitive squads that were sent to Estonia by the authorities in December of 1905 killed hundreds of people. So although the events in the countryside need further research in order to obtain more reliable data, it is clear that most of the victims of the Revolution of 1905 in the countryside were killed by the authorities. It is exceedingly difficult to point out exactly why the revolutionary movement in Estonia was less violent than in many other areas of the Russian Empire. Estonia and Latvia were in a relatively similar political situation, but the Revolution became much more violent in Latvia. This may be due to the fact that the socialist movement was not as widespread in Estonia as it was in Latvia. Socialist organisations in Estonia were also weaker than in Latvia. An event already occurred on 13 January in Riga in which soldiers opened fire on a crowd of people. It is possible that this contributed to the early radicalisation of the revolutionary movement in Latvia. Tallinn’s City Council may also have played an important role in keeping the peace. Estonians had won election to the City Council of Tallinn for the first time in 1904. It is likely that Estonian workers found it easier to communicate with the Tallinn’s municipal government than Riga workers with their local city government that was still dominated by Germans. Tallinn’s municipal government did not position itself against the workers’ movement and in some cases tried to work together with the representatives of the workers. It is possible that this also played an important role in revolutionary events in Tallinn.

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Rupasov, Aleksander. « Finland in Search of Foreign Policy Guidelines ». ISTORIYA 12, n^o 7 (105) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016509-8.

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The article analyzes Finland's attempts to find a solution to current foreign policy problems in the interwar period. The main problem was the search for possible allies and guarantors of independence. The solution to this problem was complicated by a complex of factors: the limited interest of the great powers in accepting obligations guaranteeing the preservation of independence by Finland, the political and military weakness of possible allies (Latvia and Estonia), contradictions in relations with Sweden (not least caused by domestic political aspects both in Finland and Sweden), fears about Poland's foreign policy ambitions, potentially dangerous Finnish involvement in crisis situations Domestic political consensus on the issue of foreign policy orientation seemed to be achieved in the mid-1930s. However, the so-called Scandinavian orientation did not even partially solve the security problem. By the beginning of the pan-European crisis, the search for guarantors of independence remained an unresolved problem.

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Rominskyi, Yevhen. « International treaties in the historical and legal reality of Old Rus : an axiological approach ». Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, n^o 32 (2021) : 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-152-158.

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Introduction. Treaties concluded with the participation of state formations of Old Rus, as monuments of law and sources of law are not only important for the history of international law and the history of law of individual regions, but are also unique sources of information to cover the formation and evolution of legal and cultural space throughout Old Rus, due to a number of unique aspects inherent exclusively in such treaties. The aim of the article. The study provides for the disclosure of the value of international treaties concluded with the participation of state entities of Old Rus, as a source of constructing the historical and legal reality of the era. This includes the possibility of highlighting the unity of the legal and cultural space of Old Rus, the evolution of legal and cultural ideas of Old Rus lawyers and statesmen on the nature of the legal regulation of certain social processes etc. Methods and results. International treaties concluded with the participation of state formations of Old Rus (hereinafter ‒ the international treaties of Old Rus) are of exceptional value for the reproduction of the entire historical and legal reality of Medieval Rus. And the reasons for this are highlighted in this study. As a rule, the critical attitude to the international agreements is connected with territorial and chronological aspects of their origin and this should be delved into first of all. One of the most fundamental aspects of the study of Old Rus law is the chronological limitations of sources. The vast majority of legal monuments are texts of the day after the Mongol conquest of Old Rus. In particular, the so-called Short edition of Rus’ka Pravda is known in the list of the beginning of the XV century, the Extended edition ‒ first half of the XIV century etc. At the same time, the protographs of the texts are much older than the lists we know. This situation makes it impossible to study the Old Rus law in the dynamics. Instead, international treaties are known from texts dating from the X to XIV centuries, or from their exact copies or censuses. Therefore, it is possible with treaties to follow their gradual evolution over five centuries. Of particular importance is the study of international treaties to highlight the territorial unity and individuality of ancient regions. Most of the monuments of both secular and ecclesiastical law of Old Rus are known to us from the lists that have survived mostly in the northern regions: Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal. Instead, international treaties involve a large number of political centers in the south, west, and northwest of Old Rus. The analysis of international treaties supplemented by separate information from other monuments makes it possible to clearly highlight the unity of approaches throughout the period from the X to the XIV centuries in a wide area from Kiev to Volyn, Smolensk, Polotsk, Pskov and Novgorod. The value of international treaties for the study of the law of Old Rus is due to the confirmation of the practical application of these treaties to a number of historical sources (chronicles, private and public acts). This also distinguishes international treaties from other sources of secular law of Old Rus (princely statutes, collections of laws, etc.). On the territorial distribution of the latter, science draws a conclusion based on the prevalence of later documents, which reflected the consequences of the application of ancient norms. Instead, the breadth of application of the provisions of international treaties is confirmed by both public acts and information from narrative sources. It is important that the scope of international treaties was not limited to the signatory parties, and their provisions were applied to the regulation of relations between foreigners and aborigines in other lands of Old Rus. Conclusions. Although the international treaties of Old Rus are important monuments of both international law and the law of individual princely centers, together they constitute a unique source of legal and cultural space of Old Rus and are absolutely indispensable for constructing its historical and legal reality. In view of this, international treaties, regardless of the territory of the modern states of the political centers that were parties to these treaties at the time, are monuments of the law of all states that now include the lands of the former Old Rus.

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Belekova, Aysur. « The Growing Role and Responsibilities of UNESCO in the Field of Preserving Historic and Cultural Heritage ». Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series : Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, n^o 1 (31 mars 2021) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-1-1-9.

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UNESCO is the world's largest intergovernmental forum on humanitarian cooperation and offers an alternative way of maintaining bonds among nations. The article examines its growing role and responsibility in the protection and preservation of cultural and historic monuments. The research objective was to determine the role of UNESCO in preserving such monuments, developing measures for their protection, and sustaining historical truth. The research methods included a system-based analysis with its functional and empiric methods. The system-based analysis made it possible to consider interrelated aspects of UNESCO's functioning, approach the matter as a range of problems within a single process, and identify the basic characteristics of UNESCO's policy evolution in the sphere of world heritage conservation. The research also used achievements of political science, diplomacy, history, and international relations. The approach also allowed the author to examine the main tools used by UNESCO, as well as to highlight its current priorities and directions. To analyze the political reality, the author employed such empirical methods as monitoring and study of documents. The author focused on the matters of international cooperation and mutual responsibility of the members the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The research attempted to identify the most important tasks of Russia in this direction. In the current challenging context, UNESCO has to find a conceptual niche and respond without compromise to any attempts to destroy its basic principles or to politicize its work.

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Kallas, Elina. « Environment-Readiness Entrepreneurship Intention Model : The Case of Estonians and the Russian-Speaking Minority in Estonia ». SAGE Open 9, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : 215824401882175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821759.

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The entrepreneurship intention research is mainly focused on individual related features, and the aspects of the external environment are not sufficiently considered. The present article aims to present and empirically test the Environment-Readiness Entrepreneurship Intention (EREI) Model, which consists of the perception of the environment (namely, political, economic socio-cultural) and an evaluation of readiness (motivation, attitudes, competencies) to start up a business by potential entrepreneurs. To test the model, the EREI Questionnaire was developed and tested in Estonia on a sample of Estonians and the Russian-speaking minority population. The results of the analysis indicate that the EREI Model shows the following empirical evidence: a higher satisfaction with the external environment and a higher level of readiness lead to higher entrepreneurship intention. There are also significant differences in how the EREI Model manifests for the majority and minority populations. Based on the results, an ethnic minority entrepreneurship obstruction hypotheses is introduced.

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ABDULMAZHIDOV, Ramazan Sultanovich. « “COLLECTION OF ADATS OF THE KARABUDAKHKENT COMMUNITY” : GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ». Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, n^o 81 (30 juin 2021) : 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc81/4.

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The article is devoted to the study of the collection of adats of the large community of Karabudakhkent. This legal code differs from other monuments of law of Plain Daghestan mainly by the Arabic language, it was created in, without influence of external factors. Moreover, it is a kind of union of several social agreements concluded in different chronological periods. The author of the article carried out a complete translation of the code under study and conducted its comparative analysis. The analysis showed that “Adat Jamaat Karabudakhkent” is a valuable source for studying various aspects of the socio-political life of the region under study. It clearly demonstrates the desire of the Karabudakhkent community to regulate the relationships of different classes and preserve its political autonomy. In addition, the analysis of the articles of the code under study indicates significant flexibility and transformation of the adat prescriptions, which adapted to certain socio-political conditions.

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Entz, Géza Antal. « Az épített örökség hozzáférhetővé tétele és a műemléki topográfia ». Információs Társadalom 16, n^o 3 (10 avril 2017) : 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.22503/inftars.xvi.2016.3.6.

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A tanulmány amellett érvel, hogy eredményes város- és településfejlesztés, csak úgy képzelhető el, ha azt a mai szükségletek felmérésén túl az épített és természeti környezet komplex ismeretére alapozzák. A legtöbb nyugat-európai országban a hosszú távú és folyamatos műemléki topográfiai kutatómunka biztosítja az ehhez szükséges tudás és ismeretek szilárd alapját. A magyar műemlékvédelem másfél százados története során szintén voltak figyelemre méltó erőfeszítések annak érdekében, hogy az ország műemlékeinek, illetve tágabban műemléki értékeinek kor-szerű és többé-kevésbé naprakész kataszterét megalkossák, de ezzel a szükséges szakmai mélységben sohasem sikerült a teljes ország teljes területét lefedni és az 1950 és az 1980-as évek vége közötti periódustól eltekintve, a vállalkozás mindig csak részlegesen, gyakori megszakításokkal és hosszú szünetekkel valósulhatott meg. Az 1990-ben bekövetkezett politikai rendszerváltozás után minden szakmai érv amellett szólt, hogy újrainduljon a magyarországi műemléki értékállomány rend-szerelvű számbavétele. A magyar épített örökség jellegzetességei alapján a topográfiai számbavétel szempontjából szóba jövő objektumok száma jelenleg 300.000-re becsülhető. Ezt a célt szem előtt tartva a tanulmány tömör, átfogó képet ad Német-ország, Ausztria, Svájc, Franciaország és érintőlegesen Anglia példáján a műemléki inventarizáció, illetve topográfia európai, elsősorban kontinentális fejlődéséről, aláhúzva a műemléki topográfia és a műemlékvédelem elméleti és gyakorlati kihívásai közti szoros összefüggést és a társadalmi háttér jelentőségét. --- Inventorization of Monuments and Making Accessible the Built Heritage The author argues, that any kind of settlement or town development needs the complex and thorough knowledge of the built and natural environment in question. The long term and continuous research in the field of monument’s inventorization has provided the solid foundation for all these aspects of knowledge in most of the western European countries for more than a century. In the course of the one and a century old history of monuments protection in Hungary there were also notable efforts to create an up-to-date and updated inventory of every kind of monument in the country, but it never managed to cover the territory as a whole to the required professional depth, and apart from a period from1950 to the end of the 1980s the project was fulfilled only partially, interrupted many times and with protracted gaps. After the change in the political system in 1990 all the professional arguments promote the effort to restart the systematic inventorization of the monumental substance of Hungary. According to the characteristics of the built heritage, in Hungary the number of the objects which today have to be taken into consideration might be estimated as being as many as 300,000. In favour of this ambition the study provides a concise overview of the historical development of the European, primarily continental development of monuments inventorization (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and superficially England), underlining the connection between the inventorization and the practical and theoretical challenges of monuments protection, and their societal background.Keywords: inventorization of monuments, built heritage, Inventory of Historical Monuments, protection of monuments

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Puolokainen, Tarmo. « Reforming fire and rescue services : a comparative study of Estonia and Georgia ». International Journal of Public Sector Management 30, n^o 3 (10 avril 2017) : 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-08-2016-0127.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the systems of fire and rescue services (FRS) in Estonia and Georgia with respect to recent centralization reforms, especially with performance measurement and management in mind, and analyse their prospects for successful implementations. Design/methodology/approach A desk study, covering all the main publicly available strategic plans of both countries relevant to FRS was conducted by the author. In addition, a meeting with the Georgian officials from the Emergency Management Agency was held in May 2016 and follow-up inquiries to specify certain aspects were made in the following two months. Findings This study demonstrates that Estonia is using performance indicators widely to set the target levels and manage the fire and rescue system, whereas Georgia is still under the process of introducing performance indicators. Therefore, since the systems of both countries are under centralized management in contrast to the typical European system, it would be suitable to learn from the reforms of each country to further understand the best practices. Research limitations/implications Since Georgia was in the process of reform in 2016, it does not have many performance indicators or impact evaluations of the reform readily available, which makes the possibilities of comparison limited. Practical implications The last reform of the FRS in Estonia and Georgia was similar: the centralization of services to increase the potential of cooperation and standardize the level of service provision. Estonia’s FRS system is eager to implement the reforms based on a data-driven analysis, whereas Georgia, still in the process of reform, does not have many performance indicators. As a result, Georgia and other countries aiming to centralize their FRS system in the near future would have the perfect opportunity to learn from Estonia’s reforms as well as predict and adapt to the possible bottlenecks of the reforms. For a wider audience, an analysis of the possible challenges of centralizing public agencies in transitional countries are of interest. Originality/value The public service provision is not widely analysed in the context of transition countries. As the reforms are to some extent the result of the accession process of joining the EU, it is crucial to understand whether the reforms have the planned impact on public services. The current paper analysed the reforms and implementations of public management techniques in the FRS, based on two transitional countries: Estonia and Georgia. FRS has seen relatively few studies analysing and comparing the reforms of different countries.

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Avdonin, Vladimir, et Elena Meleshkina. « E-GOVERNMENT : FROM SERVICE TECHNOLOGIES TO A NEW MANAGEMENT PARADIGM ». Political Expertise : POLITEX 17, n^o 4 (2021) : 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2021.402.

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The article analyzes conceptual approaches to the development of e-government. The factors that contribute to its successful development are identified. Two examples (Estonia and Germany) show the influence of a different combination of these factors. The successful development of e-government requires a combination of a number of various factors, including characteristics of political institutions, political actors, and political culture. The development of e-government entails changes in these aspects of political life and, more broadly, changes in the nature of public administration and participation. In turn, the specifics and pace of these changes also depend on the unique combination of factors. The authors show that significant economic resources and strategic planning at the state level are not sufficient explanatory factors for the successful development of e-government. Important circumstances may include the relatively small size of the state, the perspective vision of political actors, the coincidence of the interests of public and private structures, readiness to reform the management system, the creation of conditions for institutional cooperation, and coordination of interested actors. The authors conclude that prospects for further research in the field of e-government development are related to the study of unique national sets of factors that explain features of e-government models and their evolution.

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Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf. « An Epigraphical Journey through Bengal ». ISLAMIC STUDIES 60, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2021) : 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52541/isiri.v60i4.1990.

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The study of the architectural inscriptions of the Bengal Sultanate provides us with a new opportunity to look into the rich cultural history of this hinterland of South Asia. Most of the early Islamic monuments in the region had calligraphic works on them, as inscriptions were considered a powerful medium to convey visual, cultural, and spiritual messages to people. These inscriptions were rendered in various styles such as Kūfī, Thuluth, Naskh, Riqa‘, Rayḥānī, Muḥaqqaq, Ṭughrā’, and Bihārī. This article focuses on some interesting inscriptions discovered in various parts of Bengal. Special attention is given to the analysis of information derived from them in their historical contexts, such as the names of the contemporary rulers, local administrative officers, religious figures, military commanders, and their titles. These findings help us understand the contemporary political, administrative, social, religious, and cultural aspects of the region.

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de Raadt, Jasper. « Contested Constitutions ». East European Politics and Societies : and Cultures 23, n^o 3 (5 mai 2009) : 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409333192.

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What were the effects of constitution-making procedures on the acceptance of the new “rules of the political game” in postcommunist Central Europe? This article sets out to scrutinise the increasingly popular claim among politicians and scholars of democratisation that inclusiveness and popular involvement in constitution-making processes enhance a constitution's legitimacy. The concept of constitutional conflict, referring to political contestation over the interpretation and application of constitutional relations among state institutions, is introduced as a way to assess constitutional acceptance among politicians. The investigation concentrates on constitutional conflict patterns during the five years following constitution-making in seven Central European countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Constitution-making procedures varied substantially among the cases, as did the intensity and timing of constitutional conflict. The article finds that differences in constitution-making procedures do not necessarily determine the legitimacy of constitutions among political elites. Instead, ambiguity on the allocation of formal competencies among political actors and increasing political tensions between pro-reform and anti-reform parties during the early 1990s proved to be more important triggers of constitutional conflict. Accordingly, studies on constitution-making and democratisation should focus less on procedural aspects and take into account the fuzziness of important constitutional provisions and the extent to which constitutions can survive periods of intense political polarisation.

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Hunt, Lucy-Anne. « Churches of Old Cairo and Mosques of Al-Qāhira : a Case of Christian-Muslim Interchange ». Medieval Encounters 2, n^o 1 (1996) : 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006796x00045.

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AbstractThe article surveys the cultural relations in Egypt between Christians and Muslims before the Ottomans by means of a selection of churches in Old Cairo and of mosques in the growing city of al-Qāhira. It examines these buildings and aspects of them in the light of the changing status of the Christian population from majority to minority, categorising them into four key phases, from the rise of Islam to the coming of the Ottomans. It discusses shared features of architectural decoration and style, and notes that while some of these are used neutrally and interchangeably between monuments of the two faiths, others which are sited at key locations, such as on a façade or in a main sanctuary, arguably function as political or religious statements. Such features suggest that cultural identity was expressed by the two faiths within a common frame of visual reference.

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Gygax, Marc Domingo, et Werner Tietz. « ‘He who of all mankind set up the most numerous trophies to Zeus’ The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos reconsidered ». Anatolian Studies 55 (décembre 2005) : 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000661.

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AbstractThe Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos remains one of the most enigmatic monuments of ancient Lycia. This article addresses the problem of the monument's authorship, but tries also to shed some light on the relative chronology of its inscriptions (a Greek epigram, a long inscription in Lycian A and a short Lycian B inscription), the relationship between the decorative sculptures of the monument and the content of the inscriptions, the political intention of the Lycian A text, and the significance of the Greek epigram for our understanding of the process of Greek acculturation. We argue that the Pillar results from the interventions of different individuals at different times and its overall design, therefore, does not represent a single and unified concept. Viewed from this perspective, several aspects of the monument, while apparently inconsistent at first glance, reveal their own ‘consistency’, which allows us to resolve the contradictions of previous interpretations.

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