Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Modulo di Elasticità »

Abstract:The purpose of this study is to produce in the form of modules based on student learning barries in object elasticity and Hooke’s law is valid and interesting. This study uses a model (R & D) from Borg and Gall which consists of 10 steps and is limited to 7 steps. Based on the results of product validation, it can be concluded that the module based on student learningbarriesin object elasticity and Hooke's law is stated to be very valid and usable. Scores from material experts 95.83%, scores from media experts 82.96%, and scores from expert learning 80.00%. Then, the products were tested in small groups with an average score of 88.08% attractiveness. Furthermore, the trial of large groups in school I obtained a score of 88.92% and scores from school II 83.32%, the assessment of teacher’s responses scored 97.20%. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the module based on student learning barriesin object elasticity and Hooke's law is very interesting and can be used as a learning resource. Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini yakni untuk menghasilkan produk berupa modul berdasarkan hambatan belajar siswa pada materi elastisitas benda dan hukum Hooke yang valid dan menarik. Penelitian ini menggunakan model (R&D) dari Borg and Gall yang terdiri dari 10 langkah dan dibatasi menjadi 7 langkah.Berdasarkan hasil validasi produk, dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul berdasarkan hambatan belajar siswa pada materi elastisitas benda dan hukum Hooke dinyatakan sangat valid dan dapat digunakan. Skor dari ahli materi 95,83%, skor dari ahli media 82,96%, dan skor dari ahli pembelajaran 80,00%. Kemudian, produk diuji cobakan dalam kelompok kecil dengan rata-rata skor kemenarikan 88,08%. Selanjutnya, uji coba kelompok besar di sekolah I memperoleh skor 88,92% dan skor dari sekolah II 83,32%, penilaian respon guru memperoleh skor 97,20%. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh bahwa dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul berdasarkan hambatan belajar siswa pada materi elastisitas benda dan hukum Hooke sangat menarik dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan produk ikan penduduk Indonesia dan menduga elastisitas harga dan pendapatan beberapa kelompok ikan menurut kelompok pendapatan. Data yang digunakan adalah data SUSENAS 2008 modul konsumsi rumahtangga yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik. Metode multistage budgetting approach dengan pendekatan model QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System)digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pendugaan permintaan dengan model QUAIDS memberikan hasil cukup baik. Nilai dugaan koefisien sistem permintaan ikan menunjukkan bahwa semua peubah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap fungsi permintaan kelompok ikan dengan nilai koefisien determinasi sistem 67,3%. Dugaan koefisien peubah wilayah perkotaanperdesaan, peubah jumlah anggota rumah tangga, serta peubah dummy wilayah kepulauan semua bertanda positif. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran ikan terhadap total pengeluaran pangan untuk semua kelompok pendapatan lebih besar dari dari satu (elastis) dengan kisaran 1,7 sampai 3,9; nilainya semakin kecil dengan semakin meningkatnya pendapatan. Elastisitas pengeluaran kelompok ikan terhadap total pengeluaran ikan semua juga bertanda positif dengan nilai berkisar dari 1,1 sampai 2,9. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa keempat kelompok ikan yang dianalisis merupakan barang normal. Bila pengeluaran rumahtangga untuk seluruh ikan naik 1%, maka permintaan terhadap kelompok ikan yang dimaksud akan naik sebesar hampir 3%. Elastisitas harga kelompok ikan segar dan ikan awetan pada semua kelompok pendapatan bertanda negatif dengan nilai berkisar dari -0,4 sampai -0,8; sedangkan elastisitas harga untuk udang/hewan air lain (bukan ikan) yang diawetkan adalah -1. Tittle: Analysis of Demand for Fish in Indonesia: A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) Model Approarch.This study aimed at determining various factors affecting fish consumption patterns of Indonesian households, estimating income and price elasticities for different fish categories according to income groups. National Social and Economic Survey 2008 data were used in this study. and formulating policy directions to increase consumption of fish. Household consumption/expenditure data collected by Central Beaureu of Statistics in 2008 were used in this study. Multistage budgetting approach method with QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) model was used in this study. Results of the analysis show that estimates parameters of demand for fish using QUAIDS model were a relatively good. Estimates value of fish demanf system were significantly affected on fish group demand function with determination coefficient of 67,3%. Dummy coefficient of urban-rural, family size and isloand region were a positive sign. Fish elasticity to the total food expenditure for all income group were greater than 1 ranging from 1,7 to 3,9; the magnitude of elasticity tends to smaller with the increase in income group category. Elasticity of fish group expenditure to the total fish expenditure were a positive sign ranging from 1.1 to 2.9. This indicates that all four fish group are considered a normal good. As total fish expenditure of the household increased by 1%, quantity demang for fish group increased approximately to 3%. Price elasticity of fresh and reserved fish were a negative sign ranging from -0.4 to -0.8; while price elasticity of preserved shrimp and other animal water (non fish) were -1.

Abstract Diopside is one of the most important end-members of clinopyroxene, which is an abundant mineral in upper-mantle petrologic models. The amount of clinopyroxene in upper-mantle pyrolite can be ∼15 vol%, while pyroxenite can contain as high as ∼60 vol% clinopyroxene. Knowing the elastic properties of the upper-mantle diopside at high pressure-temperature conditions is essential for constraining the chemical composition and interpreting seismic observations of region. Here we have measured the single-crystal elasticity of Fe-enriched diopside (Di80Hd20, Di-diopside, and Hd-hedenbergite; also called Fe-enriched clinopyroxene) at high-pressure conditions up to 18.5 GPa by using in situ Brillouin light-scattering spectroscopy (BLS) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell. Our experimental results were used in evaluating the effects of pressure and Fe substitution on the full single-crystal elastic moduli across the Di-Hd solid-solution series to better understand the seismic velocity profiles of the upper mantle. Using the third- or fourth-order Eulerian finite-strain equations of state to model the elasticity data, the derived aggregate adiabatic bulk and shear moduli (KS0, G0) at ambient conditions were determined to be 117(2) and 70(1) GPa, respectively. The first- and second-pressure derivatives of bulk and shear moduli at 300 K were (∂KS/∂P)T = 5.0(2), (∂2KS/∂P2)T = –0.12(4) GPa−1 and (∂G/∂P)T = 1.72(9), (∂2G/∂P2)T = –0.05(2) GPa−1, respectively. A comparison of our results with previous studies on end-member diopside and hedenbergite in the literatures shows systematic linear correlations between the Fe composition and single-crystal elastic moduli. An addition of 20 mol% Fe in diopside increases KS0 by ∼1.7% (∼2 GPa) and reduces G0 by ∼4.1% (∼3 GPa), but has a negligible effect on the pressure derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli within experimental uncertainties. In addition, our modeling results show that substitution of 20 mol% Fe in diopside can reduce VP and VS by ∼1.8% and ∼3.5%, respectively, along both an expected normal mantle geotherm and a representative cold subducted slab geotherm. Furthermore, the modeling results show that the VP and VS profiles of Fe-enriched pyroxenite along the cold subducted slab geotherm are ∼3.2% and ∼2.5% lower than AK135 model at 400 km depth, respectively. Finally, we propose that the presence of Fe-enriched pyroxenite (including Fe-enriched clinopyroxene, Fe-enriched orthopyroxene, and Fe-enriched olivine), can be an effective mechanism to cause low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle regions atop the 410 km discontinuity at cold subudcted slab conditions.

Abstract— Electrical energy has become one of the basic needs at this time. The more population, the more electricity consumption is needed. so it takes a lot of innovation to support those needs. Energy harvesting system is one of them, by using piezoelectricity, we can harvest electrical energy. This tool works by changing the kinetic energy of the human footing which is then converted to produce electrical energy. In use, when it runs normally on this prototype the influence of the elasticity of the materials present in this prototype will cause vibrations and give effect to the piezoelectric sensor. Then the vibrations detected by piezoelectric will respond to the kinetic energy produced. This kinetic energy is produced from human footing which can be converted into other forms of energy according to energy conversion. Energy utilization is carried out by storing the energy output from the piezoelectric into the battery (recharge), which then by using a voltage sensor and Bluetooth module HC-05 will be monitored and data will be sent to the cellphone so that the piezoelectric output voltage can be recorded and monitored. Keywords : Piezoelectric, Battery, Voltage Sensor, Bluetooth HC-05. Abstrak— Energi listrik sudah menjadi salah satu kebutuhan pokok saat ini. Semakin banyak jumlah penduduk maka semakin banyak pula konsumsi listrik yang dibutuhkan. sehingga dibutuhkan banyak inovasi untuk menyokong kebutuhan tersebut. Sistem pemanen energi merupakan salah satunya, dengan menggunakan piezoelektrik kita dapat memanen energi listrik Cara kerja alat ni yaitu dengan mengubah energi kinetik dari pijakan manusia yang kemudian di konversi untuk menghasilkan energi listrik. Dalam penggunaannya, ketika berjalan normal di atas prototipe ini pengaruh sifat eleastisitas bahan yang ada pada prototipe ini akan menyebabkan getaran dan memberikan efek pada sensor piezoelektrik. Kemudian getaran yang dideteksi oleh piezoelektrik akan merespon energi kinetik yang dihasilkan. Energi kinetik ini dihasilkan dari pijakan manusia yang dapat dikonversi menjadi bentuk energi lain sesuai dengan konversi energi. Pemanfaatan energi dilakukan dengan menampung hasil energi dari piezoelektrik ke dalam baterai (recharge), yang kemudian dengan menggunakan sensor tegangan dan modul Bluetooth HC-05 akan dimonitoring dan data akan dikirim ke ponsel supaya tegangan output piezoelektrik dapat didata dan dimonitoring. Kata kunci : Piezoelektrik, Baterai, Sensor Tegangan, Bluetooth HC-05.

ALTERNATIF PEMAKAIAN AGREGAT LEMPUNG BAKAR PADA BETON RINGAN NON PASIR Alternative Fuel Use of Aggregate Clay Lightweight Concrete in Non SandFahrudin Safi1 & Rofikatul Kharimah21,2Jurusan Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah MalangAlamat korespondensi : Jl. Raya Tlogomas No.246, Malang (0341) 464318Email : 1)fahrudinsafi@yahoo.comAbstrackThe aggregate light is a component in the form of light concrete .With engineering technology, making up an aggregate attempted light artificial ( Artifical Lightweight Agregates ) that are still meet the standards the aggregate concrete. One of engineering would check is artificial making up an aggregate of loam that is burned 8000C with the temperature, 9000C , 10000C , 11000C, and 12000C, due the loam across Indonesia is evenly in almost all the area .Test objects made in this research as many as 36 objects the size of the cylindrical 150 x 300 mm and 18 objects the cube size 50 x 50 x 50 mm. Research based on the results obtained a compressive force concrete maximum non the sand by the aggregate loam fuel at the age of 28 days of 14.10 MPa 120000C in temperature, tensile strength maximum countries concrete at a temperature of 120000C 0.66 of MPa, the porosity of concrete maximum of 17.10 % 80000C at a temperature of, and concrete modulo elasticity of 20540.167 minimum KN/cm2.Keywords : Aggregate , clay fuel , lightweight concrete non sandAbstrakAgregat adalah komponen berupa beton ringan .Dengan teknologi rekayasa , membuat agregat berusaha buatan cahaya ( Buatan Ringan agregat ) yang masih memenuhi standar beton agregat . Salah satu teknik yang akan memeriksa adalah buatan membuat sebuah agregat lempung yang dibakar 8000C dengan suhu , 9000C , 10000C , 11000C , dan 12000C , karena pada lempung di Indonesia adalah merata di hampir semua daerah .test benda yang terbuat dalam penelitian ini sebagai sebanyak 36 benda ukuran silinder 150 x 300 mm dan 18 objek ukuran kubus 50 x 50 x 50 mm . Penelitian berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh kekuatan tekan beton maksimum non pasir dengan bahan bakar lempung agregat pada usia 28 hari dari 14.10 MPa 120000C suhu , kekuatan tarik negara maksimum beton pada suhu 120000C 0.66 dari MPa , porositas beton maksimum 17.10 % 80000C pada suhu , dan elastisitas modulo beton 20.540,167 minimal KN / cm2 .Kata Kunci: Agregat, lempung bakar, beton ringan non pasir

La riattivazione di frane in mezzi geologici deboli ed eterogenei è un fenomeno largamente diffuso e che rappresenta un importante fattore di rischio idrogeologico nell’Appennino emiliano – romagnolo. Nonostante la frequenza di questi fenomeni, risulta poco chiaro e ancora poco conosciuto l’aspetto meccanico delle colate in terra. L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è studiare un campione proveniente dall’area di dissesto di Montevecchio, confrontare i dati di laboratorio con quelli ottenuti attraverso indagini in sito e infine, dalle relazioni ottenute, riuscire a stabilire quale possa essere, in questo specifico caso, il meccanismo che sta alla base del particolare comportamento meccanico del movimento franoso.

Sono state realizzate prove per verificare l'influenza della pressione di compattazione usata in autoclave sulle proprietà meccaniche di un laminato in fibra di carbonio e resina epossidica. Sono stati analizzati spessori e ILSS di rottura e, tramite un modello FEM, sono stati determinati i moduli di elasticità del laminato per i vari livelli di pressione indagati; inoltre sono state verificate le ILSS del modello con quelle risultate dalle prove realizzate.

Questa tesi analizza le dinamiche qualitative e quantitative del modello di crescita economica Solow-Swan con differenti tassi di risparmio per lavoratori e capitalisti considerando differenti funzioni di produzione, al fine di studiare come le dinamiche di lungo periodo di un’economia sono influenzate dall’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione e da differenti propensioni al risparmio. Nel primo capitolo è discusso il problema di stabilire una relazione tra elasticità di sostituzione ed i livelli di capitale ed output pro capite quando si considera una funzione di produzione con elasticità di sostituzione variabile. Nel capitolo vengono proposte definizioni di elasticità di sostituzione associata a differenti attrattori ed è introdotto un metodo di misura. L’obiettivo è di comparare modelli dinamici di crescita con funzioni di produzione di tipo VES, sigmoidale o CES. A tal fine, il metodo proposto è applicato al modello di Kaldor considerando una tecnologia VES. Ne emerge che quando le dinamiche sono semplici (convergenza ad un punto fisso), un Paese in cui l’elasticità di sostituzione tra capitale e lavoro è più elevata è caratterizzato da un più alto livello di equilibrio del capitale e dell’output pro capite. Nel caso in cui l’equilibrio di lungo periodo è invece un ciclo o una dinamica più complessa, tale relazione è ambigua. Nel secondo capitolo è analizzato il modello di Kaldor assumendo che la tecnologia sia descritta dalla funzione di produzione Shifted Cobb-Douglas, una funzione di produzione che, differentemente dalla CES e VES precedentemente considerate in letteratura, permette di analizzare le dinamiche sia delle economie non sviluppate che di quelle in via di sviluppo e delle economie sviluppate. Il modello che ne risulta è descritto da una mappa discontinua con presenza di trappola della povertà. Inoltre fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere: oltre al “vizioso circolo della povertà”, le dinamiche di lungo periodo possono includere fluttuazioni economiche o convergenza ad un livello positivo di capitale pro capite. Possono inoltre emergere bacini complessi; in tal caso una politica economica finalizzata ad aumentare il capitale pro capite può fallire e l’economia può essere catturata dalla trappola della povertà. Nell’ultimo capitolo il modello di crescita neoclassico a tempo discreto e con differenti propensioni al risparmio è studiato assumendo la funzione di produzione Kadiala, rilevante dal punto di vista economico per la sua peculiarità di presentare una elasticità di sostituzione simmetrica rispetto al capitale ed al lavoro. Viene mostrato che, se i lavoratori risparmiano più dei capitalisti, il percorso di crescita è limitato ed il limite è indipendente dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti. Inoltre, la crescita delle economie non sviluppate è influenzata dal tasso di risparmio dei capitalisti mentre il livello di capitale pro capite delle economie sviluppate è influenzato dalla propensità al risparmio dei lavoratori. Fenomeni di multistabilità possono emergere, pertanto il modello è in grado di spiegare la coesistenza di economie non sviluppate, in via di sviluppo e sviluppate. Fluttuazioni e dinamiche complesse si verificano quando l’elasticità di sostituzione tra i fattori della produzione è minore di uno ed i capitalisti risparmiano più dei lavoratori.