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1
Back, Kerry E. Perpetual Options and the Leland Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Perpetual options are time‐independent, so the fundamental PDE is actually an ODE. The optimal exercise boundary can be found by directly optimizing over the boundary or by using smooth pasting. The chapter explains the pricing of perpetual calls, perpetual puts, securities that pay a given amount at a hitting time, securities that pay at a hitting time but are knocked out if another boundary is hit first, and securities that pay cash flows continuously prior to a hitting time. The valuation results are applied to analyze the optimal bankruptcy time of a firm with a given debt burden, the optimal amount of debt for the firm, and the optimal time to take on more debt when debt is perpetual (Leland’s model of the trade‐off theory). Finite maturity debt is briey discussed.
2
Bencini, Giulia M. L. Psycholinguistics. Sous la direction de Thomas Hoffmann et Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter focuses on psycholinguistics of language production. It provides empirical evidence for and against the two-stage model of language production, which assumes separate levels for functional (semantic and syntactic) processing, as well as for positional processing. The chapter also discusses the results of studies supporting the existence of lexically independent structure building operations in language production in addition to lexical representations. It also contends that lexically independent structural processes often receive a straightforward interpretation as abstract constructions in a Construction Grammar framework.
3
Briggs, Jessica. The Comprehensive Narrative-Crisis Model of Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The narrative crisis model of suicide posits that individuals attempt suicide when they experience a distinct emotional state termed the suicide crisis syndrome. This chapter describes the model, which has three components: trait vulnerability, suicidal narrative, and the suicidal crisis syndrome. Trait vulnerability includes all static risk factors, which are relatively stable over time and distal to acute suicidal behavior. Suicidal narrative describes a suicidal person’s perception of his or her life story in which the past has led to an intolerable present and a future that is unimaginable. The suicidal crisis syndrome (SCS) is a distinct emotional state characterized by entrapment, affective dysregulation, and loss of cognitive control. The result is the suicidal act, brought on by an emotional urge to end the intolerable mental pain of SCS. Imminent suicide risk is primarily determined by SCS intensity, to which both trait vulnerability and the suicidal narrative also contribute independently.
4
Makatjane, Katleho, et Roscoe van Wyk. Identifying structural changes in the exchange rates of South Africa as a regime-switching process. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/919-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Exchange rate volatility is said to exemplify the economic health of a country. Exchange rate break points (known as structural breaks) have a momentous impact on the macroeconomy of a country. Nonetheless, this country study makes use of both unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms to classify structural changes as regime shifts in real exchange rates in South Africa. Weekly data for the period January 2003–June 2020 are used. To these data we apply both non-linear principal component analysis and Markov-switching generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. The former approach is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data using an orthogonal linear transformation by preserving the statistical variance of the data, with the proviso that a new trait is non-linearly independent, and it identifies the number of regime switches that are to be used in the Markov-switching model. The latter is used to partition the variance in each regime by allowing an estimation of multiple break transitions. The transition breakpoints estimates derived from this machine learning approach produce results that are comparable to other methods on similar system sizes. Application of these methods shows that the machine learning approach can also be employed to identify structural changes as a regime-switching process. During times of financial crisis, the growing concern over exchange rate volatility, including its adverse effects on employment and growth, broadens the debates on exchange rate policies. Our results should help the South African monetary policy committee to anticipate when exchange rates will pick up and be prepared for the effects of periods of high exchange rates.
5
Caramello, Olivia. Flat functors and classifying toposes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758914.003.0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter develops a general theory of extensions of flat functors along geometric morphisms of toposes; the attention is focused in particular on geometric morphisms between presheaf toposes induced by embeddings of categories and on geometric morphisms to the classifying topos of a geometric theory induced by a small category of set-based models of the latter. A number of general results of independent interest are established on the way, including developments on colimits of internal diagrams in toposes and a way of representing flat functors by using a suitable internalized version of the Yoneda lemma. These general results will be instrumental for establishing in Chapter 6 the main theorem characterizing the class of geometric theories classified by a presheaf topos and for applying it.
6
Mandujano Miranda, Laura Araceli, et Enrique Armas Arévalos. Competitividad Internacional de las Empresas Exportadoras de Aguacate Michoacano a Estados Unidos : Un Estudio de Caso del Municipio de Tacámbaro. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/cep.ininee.11.2021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to determine how quality, price and tech - nological innovation influence the competitiveness of avocado exporting companies of the municipality of Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico in the United States Market. To this end, a theoretical review was carried out, starting with classical theories until reaching the theory of competitive ad - vantage and finally reviewing models of competitiveness. To evaluate the influence of the variables, a questionnaire was applied to collect informa - tion, which was processed in the SPSS program. The results obtained show that the independent variables significantly influence the competitiveness of avocado exporting companies from Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico in the United States Market
7
Thompson, Norris B., et SreyRam Kuy. Multivariable Predictors of Postoperative Surgical Site Infection after General and Vascular Surgery. Sous la direction de SreyRam Kuy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This landmark study proposed a model for predicting surgical site infections (SSI). Using logistic regression analysis, variables independently associated with increased risk of SSI were identified, which included smoking, alcohol use, comorbidities, disseminated cancer, weight loss greater than 10%, emergency surgery, and length of operative time. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
8
Smalskys, Vainius, et Jolanta Urbanovič. Civil Service Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Civil service consists of civil servants and their activity when implementing the assigned functions and decisions made by politicians. In other words, it is a system of civil servants who perform the assigned functions of public administration. The corpus of civil servants consists of people who work in central and local public administration institutions. The concept and scope of civil service in a particular country depends on the legal framework that defines the areas of public and private sectors and their relationship. In many countries, civil service consists of an upper level, a mid-level, and civil servants who work for coordinating, independent, and auxiliary institutions. However, the scope of civil service in different countries varies. When analyzing/comparing civil service systems of different countries, researchers often categorize them as Western European, continental European, Anglo-American, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Asian, or African.All European Union member states can be classified into two groups: the career system—dominant in continental Europe, with the prevalence of traditional-hierarchical public administration, rational bureaucracy, and formalized operational rules—and the position system—dominant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the prevalence of managerial principles, pragmatic administration, and charismatic leadership. Neither of the two models exists in pure form. If features of the career model dominate in the civil service of a country, it is identified as a country with the career CS model; if elements of the position model dominate the country is identified as a country with the position civil service model. An intermediate version of this model, characteristic of a number of countries, is the mixed/hybrid model.Many civil service researchers claim that in the case of two competing systems of civil service—closed (the career model) and open (the position model)—reforms of the open civil service system win. It has been argued that the organizing principles of the open, result-oriented civil service system (the position model), which is under the influence of “new public management,” will permanently “drive out” the closed, vertically integrated and formal procedure-oriented career model. Scholars argue that civil servants of the future will have to be at ease with more complexity and flexibility. They will have to be comfortable with change, often rapid change. At the same time, they will make more autonomous decisions and be more responsible, accountable, performance-oriented, and subject to new competency and skill requirements.
9
Saks, Alan M. Job Search and the School-to-Work Transition. Sous la direction de Ute-Christine Klehe et Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The school-to-work transition (STWT) is a major life event for those who must leave behind their lives as full-time students and begin new lives as a full-time employees. Although much has been written about the STWT, the role and importance of job search has often been neglected. At the same time, research on job search has tended to treat the job-search process as an independent and isolated activity. In this chapter, I describe an integrated model of job search within the context of the STWT. It shows that job search is preceded by a career-planning and development stage and followed by a work-adjustment stage. A successful STWT requires students to engage in a number of behaviors at each stage which should result in numerous outcomes that are necessary for a successful transition to the next stage. The model shows that job search is a critical part of the STWT that connects the career-planning and development stage to the work-adjustment stage. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of the model for job search and STWT research and practice.
10
Charles, Parkinson. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This introductory chapter defines the scope of this book by setting out the British overseas territories and the timing of their decolonization and the meaning of the term ‘bill of rights’. It also identifies the two major existing theories on the reasons for the growth of bills of rights in the British overseas territories during the 1950s and 1960s: first, that bills of rights were incorporated into colonial constitutions as a result of local demand for minority protection at independence; second, that bills of rights appeared throughout the British territories as a result of Britain's extension of the European Convention on Human Rights over her overseas territories. The chapter also explains the methodological approach of the book, namely to model the complex interrelationship between the key decision makers in each of the overseas territories examined.
11
Karakoç, Ekrem. Cross-National Test of the Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The previous chapter posed the primary research question and offered a new theory that encompassed two interrelated arguments. This chapter produces three hypotheses derived from the new theory offered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 tests these arguments in a large-N study using multivariate statistical analysis. The first section discusses the operationalization of our main dependent and independent variables. It will also briefly outline a set of control variables and what the literature predicts regarding their effect on spending and inequality. These factors range from economic factors (globalization, inflation, female labor participation, economic development), political factors (partisanship, electoral systems, election cycle), and demographic factors. To correct for problems associated with the nature of panel data models, such as endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation, it uses the Arellano-Bond estimation, which uses the Generalized Method of Moments. The rest of the chapter presents the results and offers its interpretation and conclusion.
12
Egger, Eva-Maria, Aslihan Arslan et Emanuele Zucchini. Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment ? Evidence from 12 low- and middle-income countries. 3e éd. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/937-2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We combine household survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa with geospatial data on population density, and estimate simultaneous probit models of different activity choices across the rural-urban gradient. The gender gap increases with connectivity from rural to peri-urban areas, and disappears in high-density urban areas. In non-rural areas, child dependency does not constrain young women, and secondary education improves their access to off-farm employment. The gender gap persists for married young women independent of connectivity improvements, indicating social norm constraints. Marital status and child dependency are associated positively with male participation, and negatively with female participation; other factors such as education are show a positive association for both sexes. These results indicate entry points for policy.
13
Berner, Robert A. The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases
14
Howells, Coral Ann, Paul Sharrad et Gerry Turcotte, dir. The Oxford History of the Novel in English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book explores the history of English-language prose fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950, focusing not only on the ‘literary’ novel, but also on the processes of production, distribution and reception, and on popular fiction and the fictional sub-genres, as well as the work of major novelists, movements, and tendencies. After World War II, the rise of cultural nationalism in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and movements towards independence in the Pacific islands, together with the turn toward multiculturalism and transnationalism in the postcolonial world, called into question the standard national frames for literary history. This resulted in an increasing recognition of formerly marginalised peoples and a repositioning of these national literatures in a world literary context. The book explores the implications of such radical change through its focus on the English-language novel and the short story, which model the crises in evolving narratives of nationhood and the reinvention of postcolonial identities. Shifting socio-political and cultural contexts and their effects on novels and novelists, together with shifts in fictional modes (realism, modernism, the Gothic, postmodernism) are traced across these different regions. Attention is given not only to major authors but also to Indigenous and multicultural fiction, children's and young adult novels, and popular fiction. Chapters on book publishing, critical reception, and literary histories for all four areas are included in this innovative presentation of a Trans-Pacific postcolonial history of the novel.
15
Ioanid, Radu. Romania. Sous la direction de R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The modern Romanian state was born in the nineteenth century, as a result of the struggle for the independence and unity of its intellectual and political elites in a fragile and shifting equilibrium between the Great Powers. Its political functioning remained troubled. Between the two world wars, governmental majorities never cooperated with the opposition, even though their programmes were not very different. Electoral fraud and electoral premiums characterized the inter-war Romanian electoral process. Romanian fascism proclaimed itself to be the spiritual heir of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century native strains of conservatism and xenophobia. The most powerful component of this xenophobia was anti-Semitism, which from the nineteenth century expressed itself in economic, social, religious, and political models. Basically, most of the founding fathers of the Romanian modern state who took on any major role in politics, economics, social sciences, philosophy, or literature, were anti-Semites.
16
Yust, Jason. Organized Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book presents a theory of temporal structure for music, making two main arguments. The first is that a single model of temporal structure, expressible in the form of a certain type of mathematical network, is common to all modalities, particularly rhythm, tonality, and form. As a result, we can develop tools to talk about the experience of musical time in abstraction from any particular modality, and make analogies from structural phenomena in one modality to another (e.g., formal counterpoint). The second argument is that each of these modalities is in principle independent: it has its own set of structuring criteria, and it may lead to structures that agree or disagree with each other. The resulting coordination or disjunction between modalities is of more direct aesthetic importance, typically, than anything that can be said about one isolated parameter alone. These claims have deep ramifications for theories of rhythm, tonality, and form: for instance, that it is possible to discuss formal structure without necessary reference to tonal features. Theories of harmony, key, formal function, hypermeter, and closure are developed in conjunction with analysis of a wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers, surveys of classical repertoire, and observations about the history of musical styles. A number of mathematical tools for temporal structure are also proposed.
17
Swann, Julian. Exile, Imprisonment, or Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198788690.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between the assassination of Henri IV in 1610 and the French Revolution of 1789, thousands of French nobles, including members of the royal family, courtiers, bishops, generals, and judges suffered internal exile, imprisonment, or even death for having displeased their sovereign. For most that punishment was independent of the legal system and was the result of a simple royal command or a written order, known as a lettre de cachet. Yet rather than protest, the victims were willing to obey, spending months, even years in disgrace without any knowledge of when, or even if, their ordeal would end. Their punishment was for many a terrible personal blow, striking at the heart of their own identity and relationship to the king, and it threatened the future of their families, friends, and political allies. This book is the first in-depth study of political disgrace, which was intrinsic to the exercise of royal power, drawing on the mystique of monarchy and the ideologies of divine right, patriarchy, and justice that underpinned royal authority. It explores the rise and consolidation of a new model of disgrace amongst the nobility for which obedience to the king gradually replaced the rebellious attitudes fostered during the years of religious and civil strife. Yet for all the power of royal disgrace, it was always open to challenge and in the course of the eighteenth century it would come under a sustained attack that tells us much about the political and cultural origins of the French Revolution.
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Williamson, Timothy. Suppose and Tell. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860662.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The book argues that our use of conditionals is governed by imperfectly reliable heuristics, in the psychological sense of fast and frugal (or quick and dirty) ways of assessing them. The primary heuristic is this: to assess ‘If A, C’, suppose A and on that basis assess C; whatever attitude you take to C conditionally on A (such as acceptance, rejection, or something in between) take unconditionally to ‘If A, C’. This heuristic yields both the equation of the probability of ‘If A, C’ with the conditional probability of C on A and standard natural deduction rules for the conditional. However, these results can be shown to make the heuristic implicitly inconsistent, and so less than fully reliable. There is also a secondary heuristic: pass conditionals freely from one context to another under normal conditions for acceptance of sentences on the basis of memory and testimony. The effect of the secondary heuristic is to undermine interpretations on which ‘if’ introduces a special kind of context-sensitivity. On the interpretation which makes best sense of the two heuristics, ‘if’ is simply the truth-functional conditional. Apparent counterexamples to truth-functionality are artefacts of reliance on the primary heuristic in cases where it is unreliable. The second half of the book concerns counterfactual conditionals, as expressed with ‘if’ and ‘would’. It argues that ‘would’ is an independently meaningful modal operator for contextually restricted necessity: the meaning of counterfactuals is simply that derived compositionally from the meanings of their constituents, including ‘if’ and ‘would’, making them contextually restricted strict conditionals.