Articles de revues : « Mixed economy – Soviet Union »

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Савостин, Дмитрий Сергеевич, Сергей Дмитриевич Савостин, Магомед Даниялович Магомедов et Владимир Витальевич Строев. « Improving the quality of the results of marketing research conducted by the feed mill ». Food processing industry, n^o 5 (4 mai 2022) : 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52653/ppi.2022.5.5.022.

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В статье рассмотрен механизм функционирования предприятий в условиях плановой экономики, изложен исторический аспект реформирования экономики Советского Союза, обосновано отсутствие альтернативы перехода страны к рыночным отношениям, обращено особое внимание о необходимости проведения маркетинговых исследований в условиях рыночной экономики, предлагается последовательность действий при проведении маркетинговых исследований комбикормовыми предприятиями, дана авторская методика оценки экономической целесообразности использования для производства комбикормов кукурузы и зернобобовых вместо других видов зерна, раскрыт механизм проведения рекламы комбикормовыми предприятиями. The article examines the mechanism of functioning of enterprises in a planned economy, outlines the historical aspect of reforming the economy of the Soviet Union, justifies the absence of an alternative to the country's transition to market relations, pays special attention to the need for marketing research in a market economy, suggests a sequence of actions when conducting marketing research by feed enterprises, gives the author's methodology for assessing the economic feasibility of using corn and legumes for the production of mixed feeds instead of other types of grain, reveals the mechanism of advertising by feed enterprises.

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Golovnin, Mikhail, Alexander Libman, Daria Ushkalova et Alexandra Yakusheva. « Is the USSR dead ? Experience from the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009 ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, n^o 1 (12 janvier 2013) : 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.007.

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The paper examines the economic linkages between the post-Soviet states from the point of view of the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009. It aims to find out whether the interdependence between the countries of the former Soviet Union is still large enough that crises in individual countries affect the economic development in the neighboring states, and assesses the impact of the crisis itself on the linkages between the former Soviet republics. The evidence is mixed: while some channels of interdependence deteriorated over the last decade, others became more important, and some were even strengthened by the crisis itself.

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Walder, Andrew G. « China's Transitional Economy : Interpreting its Significance ». China Quarterly 144 (décembre 1995) : 963–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000004689.

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China's post-Mao economic reforms have generated rapid and sustained economic growth, unprecedented rises in real income and living standards, and have transformed what was once one of the world's most insular economies into a major trading nation. The contrast between China's transitional economy and those in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union could not be more striking. Where the latter struggle with severe recessions and pronounced declines in real income, China has looked more like a sprinting East Asian “tiger” than a plodding Soviet-style dinosaur mired in the swamps of transition. The realization that reform measures and energetic growth continue even after the political crisis of 1989 has made China a subject of intense interest far outside the customary confines of the China field. Understood increasingly as a genuine success story, it is moving to the centre of international policy debates about what is to be done to transform the stagnating economies of Eastern Europe, and various aspects of its case now figure prominently in academic analyses ranging from theories of the firm and property rights to the political foundations of economic growth.

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Fuka, Jan, Robert Baťa, Kateřina Josková et Jiří Křupka. « Study on the Impacts of Emergency on Economic, Environmental and Social Areas Using Mixed Methods Research ». Emerging Science Journal 6, n^o 1 (1 février 2022) : 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2022-06-01-07.

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Mixed methods research methodology appears to be a suitable approach for researching complex phenomena such as emergencies. Researchers study the impacts on different areas such as economy, society, or environment, mostly in separate studies. To better understand the reality of emergencies, it is necessary to study the problem in the broadest possible context. So, examining those impacts in one single study is a challenge. The objective of this article is to process a comprehensive assessment of an emergency that has the potential to establish the basis of a robust tool for public managers to support their decision-making, using mixed methods research methodology. The crisis is an explosion of an ammunition storage site in the Czech Republic - the former satellite country of the Soviet Union. The sub-methods used in mixed methods research are analysis of data, interviews, questionnaire surveys, and field research. The main findings include that in the economic area, growth of public budget expenditures was found; in the environmental area, primary and inducted impacts have been proved. Survey also confirms that the emergency reduced the personal sense of security and trust in public institutions in the affected community. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-01-07 Full Text: PDF

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Stulberg, Adam N. « Setting the Agenda in the Caspian Basin : The Political Economy of Russia’s Energy Leverage ». Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, n^o 1608 (1 janvier 2003) : 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2003.94.

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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia emerged as the dominant successor state in Eurasia. Yet much to the surprise of great power enthusiasts, Moscow has both succeeded remarkably and failed miserably at exploiting its preponderance to set the terms for ownership, development, and export of the prized energy reserves in the Caspian Basin. One the one hand, it has effectively manipulated favorable power asymmetries and monopoly over the existing pipeline infrastructure to strand competitive gas exports from Turkmenistan. On the other hand, Russia has been able only to retard the pace of Kazakhstan 's independent gas exploration and has reluctantly conceded to Astana's preferred legal remedy for dividing the Caspian seabed. Moscow has had even less success with Azerbaijan, incapable of deterring Baku's campaign to diversify main oil export routes at Russia's expense. The Kremlin has seemingly lost control over Russian oil firms in the process, unable to prevent them from participating in Azerbaijani-sponsored consortia that are dominated by foreign competitors. How do states use their preponderance as an instrument of coercive power, and how does this explain Russia's mixed success in the Caspian Basin?

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Golovlev, Alexander. « Theatre Policies of Soviet Stalinism and Italian Fascism Compared, 1920–1940s ». New Theatre Quarterly 35, n^o 04 (8 octobre 2019) : 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x19000368.

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In this article Alexander Golovlev offers a comparative examination of the theatre policies of Fascist Italy and Stalinist Soviet Union. He argues that, although the two regimes shared parallel time frames and gravitated around similar institutional solutions, Italian Fascism was fundamentally different in its reluctance to destroy the privately based theatre structure in favour of a state theatre and to impose a unified style, while Stalin carried out an ambitious and violent campaign to instil Socialist Realism through continuous disciplining, repression, and institutional supervision. In pursuing a nearly identical goal of achieving full obedience, the regimes used different means, and obtained similarly mixed results. While the Italian experience ended with the defeat of Fascism, Soviet theatres underwent de-Stalinization in the post-war decades, indicating the potential for sluggish stability in such frameworks of cultural-political control. Alexander Golovlev is Research Fellow at the International Centre for the History and Sociology of World War II and Its Consequences, National Research University, Higher School of Economics / Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, and ATLAS Fellow, Centre d’histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines/ Université Paris-Saclay. His most recent publications include ‘Sounds of Music from across the Sea: Musical Transnationality in Early Post-World-War-II Austria’, in Yearbook of Transnational History 1 (2018) and ‘Von der Seine an die Salzach: die Teilnahme vom Straßburger Domchor an den Salzburger Festspielen und die französische Musikdiplom atie in Österreich während der alliierten Besatzungs zeit’, Journal of Austrian Studies (2018). He is currently working on the political economy of the Bolshoi theatre under Stalinism.

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Villalgordo Pujalte, Borja, et Manuel Hernández Pedreño. « El rol de Europa del Este en el principio de cohesión de la Unión Europea. Hacia una incompleta integración ». Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, n^o 40 (30 décembre 2020) : 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.409421.

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La Unión Europea viene promoviendo la consecución de la cohesión social y económica desde sus Tratados Constitutivos. El alcance de este objetivo se ha visto ralentizado por varios motivos, como la entrada de los países de Europa del Este que ha supuesto un aumento de la heterogeneidad en la Unión; o por el diferente impacto de la reciente crisis económica en los distintos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de convergencia/divergencia de los países de Europa del Este en los parámetros socioeconómicos de la Unión Europea que fomentan la cohesión social y económica. La hipótesis de partida es que estos países han mantenido diferentes ritmos de convergencia con la Unión Europea por conformar un bloque heterogéneo, explicado por varios factores: el tiempo de permanencia en la Unión, la influencia de la Unión Soviética, el impacto de la Estrategia Europa 2020 o la situación de la que partían antes de entrar en la Unión. La metodología empleada es mixta, combinando la entrevista a profesionales con el análisis estadístico de los diferentes comportamientos sociales, económicos y políticos en los países de Europa del Este desde el estallido de la crisis hasta ahora. En la comparativa se consideran tres ámbitos de actuación, correspondientes a las principales áreas que conforman la política social y que se integran como objetivos dentro de la Estrategia Europa 2020 (ingresos, trabajo y educación), al tiempo que se incluye la respuesta institucional ofrecida por los diferentes países. European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy’s repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries.

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Niftiyev, Ibrahim, Nargiz Yagublu et Narmin Akbarli. « Exploring The Innovativeness Of The South Caucasus Economies : Main Trends And Factors ». SocioEconomic Challenges 5, n^o 4 (2021) : 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.5(4).122-148.2021.

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The main purpose of the present research is to establish an exploratory picture of innovativeness in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The main trends and key determinants of innovativeness in the South Caucasus have rarely been investigated in mainstream economic research. However, the South Caucasus is a rapidly developing post-Soviet region, and it is geographically strategic for several key players in the global economy, including China and the European Union (EU). In fact, the role of the South Caucasus in international economic agreements is growing due to increased partnerships between Eastern and Western countries. Thus, the region’s current and future innovativeness will determine its integration into global value chains (GVCs). This study employs figure analysis to examine and compare the innovativeness of individual countries and the region as a whole against relevant economic and institutional indicators discussed in the literature. Using scatter plots, a polynomial trendline approach allowed the data to be divided into more meaningful periods of analysis to better understand peaks and dips in national innovativeness in association with selected economic and institutional indicators in the South Caucasus. Overall, the results show that economic growth and economic freedom play an important role in innovativeness in the South Caucasus, while institutional factors present more of a mixed picture. More specifically, the region’s overall innovativeness was positively correlated with rule of law and property rights to a certain extent, but this association was not consistent. In addition, Armenia and Georgia experienced higher growth in national innovativeness between 2011 and 2020, while this growth was weaker in Azerbaijan. This paper’s results may help the South Caucasus countries conceptualize their innovativeness in terms of the region’s overall innovativeness and key economic and institutional variables. Moreover, more sophisticated quantitative techniques and econometric models may be applied in future research.

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Al Sidawi, Rami, Teo Urushadze et Angelika Ploeger. « Factors and Components Affecting Dairy Smallholder Farmers and the Local Value Chain— Kvemo Kartli as an Example ». Sustainability 13, n^o 10 (20 mai 2021) : 5749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105749.

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Smallholder farmers are the cornerstone of the livestock sector and an essential element in building and developing the local dairy value chain, critical for developing its local economy. In Georgia, and despite the efforts made since independence from the Soviet Union until now, farmers still face many problems that prevent them from participating effectively in developing the dairy value chain, especially heavy metal pollution that afflicts the study region. This research study refers to smallholder farmers’ viewpoints in the Kvemo Kartli region on the dairy production sector and the problems these farmers face. This study also investigates the effect of several factors (ethical factors, traditions, animal welfare, cultural factors, etc.) on the dairy value chain. The convergence model was used in the mixed-method approach’s triangular design as a methodology for this research study. As part of the social data, 140 farmers who produce and sell milk and cheese in the Kvemo Kartli region were interviewed. The results showed the influence of the ethical, cultural, and traditional factors in developing the value chain. The results also showed the problems and difficulties small farmers face in rural areas, on the one hand, and the gap between these farmers and governmental and private organisations on the other hand. These results are compared to those of a previous study, where interviews with experts in Georgia’s dairy production sector were performed.

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Ware, Robert. « Nations and Social Complexity ». Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 22 (1996) : 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1997.10716813.

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In the last three decades, we in the West have seen nationalism turn from an apparently progressive force, as in Cuba, Vietnam, and many countries in Africa, into a negative force of degenerating chaos, as in Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, Sri Lanka, and Rwanda. Elsewhere, during the same decades, the record of nationalism has been, or at least been perceived to have been, more mixed, for example in Belgium, Canada, and India. The assessments themselves are uncertain and suspect, however. Maybe nationalism was not so clearly progressive or so clearly retrogressive where we had previously thought it so. Maybe we misjudge its ambivalence elsewhere. Maybe we are not even dealing with the same kind of phenomenon.More generally, we have yet to understand the role of nationalism in two world wars and countless imperialist incursions. We have only the vaguest ideas of its connection to social ideologies and movements like racism, fascism, and Nazism and little understanding of its relevance to economic systems like capitalism and socialism.

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Macleod, Alex. « Le Japon, sa politique de défense et l'avenir de son alliance avec les États-Unis ». Études internationales 23, n^o 1 (12 avril 2005) : 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702968ar.

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The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Gulf War have forced Japan to question its defence policy. In the past this policy has been firmly based on a purely defensive posture which relied totally on Japan's alliance with the United States. Because the Cold War dragged on in East Asia for much longer than in Europe, Japan could carry on the same defence policy as before. Japanese defence planners found it convenient to emphasize the « Soviet threat » as a way to maintain annual increases in the military budget, and refusing to normalize their relations with the Soviets, until the question of the Northern Territories had been settled. They can no longer ignore the various signs of détente in East Asia. Yet they have had limited effects on Japan's defence policy. The Americans have called on Japan to play a role more commensurate with its economic power but want to avoid any hint of an autonomous Japanese defence policy. They pressured Japan into playing a more active part in the Gulf crisis and the ensuing war, but the government failed to muster sufficient support, at home and amongst the other countries of East Asia, for any role for its military outside Japan, even in a non combat capacity. So Japan has sought other regional and global security policies to compensate for this handicap and has met with mixed success. The recent failure to pass legislation allowing its Self-defence Forces to participate in UN peacekeeping operations has seriously jeopardized Japan 's search for a more active role in regional affairs. But will the Japanese continue for much longer to play a second role in the United States' System of bilateral alliances in the Asia-Pacific region which that country can afford less and less ? This is the real dilemma of Japanese defence policy : it can neither remain as it is nor can it easily change direction.

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Pettai, Vello. « The Baltic States : Keeping the Faith in Turbulent Times ». Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 13, n^o 2 (2 juin 2020) : 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v13i2.2562.

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As the Baltic states commemorated the centenary of their first appearance as independent states in 2018, their celebrations were mixed with feelings of ambiguity about the road travelled since then. Although today we often see Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as 'post-communist' countries, their experience with communism was actually much harsher than in Central Europe, since, for nearly fifty years, the three countries were forcibly a part of the Soviet Union. This has made their journey back into the European community all that more remarkable, and it has also served to keep these countries somewhat more resistant to the dangers of democratic backsliding. After all, their continued independence and well-being are intricately dependent on keeping the European liberal order intact. Nevertheless, the winds of populism have also begun to buffet these three countries, meaning that they have been struggling to keep their balancing act going. This article reviews the development of the Baltic states over the last 20 years, both in terms of domestic politics and EU accession and membership. It profiles the way in which the three countries have been trying to keep their faith in democracy and liberalism alive amidst ever more turbulent political and economic times.

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Freire, Maria Raquel. « The evolving role of the OSCE in the shaping of european security ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 15, n^o 2 (2022) : 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.201.

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This article analyses the role of the CSCE/OSCE in the shaping of European security. The 1975 Helsinki Final Act put forward a broad understanding of security, implying economic, societal and other non-traditional dimensions of security, which was an innovation at the time, and promoted the idea of comprehensive security. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union were understood then as an opportunity for promoting the “Common European home” principles as put forward by Gorbachev. This new context conferred a renewed sense of belonging to the “wide Europe” with no dividing walls. However, European security evolved differently; with different understandings and perceptions about the “other” taking shape, and creating lines of dissension in the articulation of an inclusive security order sought by the OSCE. The article argues the OSCE had difficulties in adjusting to the new postCold War security context, providing a mixed assessment of the organisation’s role in European security. This is so due to several factors, including the working rules of the organisation, the role and positioning of Russia within and towards the OSCE, and the drawing of the European security architecture around NATO and what this means to the OSCE as a piece in the European security puzzle.

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Anikin, Andrei V. « The Soviet Union Joins the International Economy ». Challenge 32, n^o 3 (mai 1989) : 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1989.11471328.

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Lipanov, A. A., et E. N. Kalmychkova. « The Soviet Informal Economy as a Factor of Post-Soviet Development ». Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 18, n^o 4 (2021) : 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2021.18-4.6.

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The article analyzes the quantitative relationship between the informal economy in the Soviet republics of the 1980s and the characteristics of the market economy in these republics after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Methodologically, the study relies on the logit, linear probability model and least-squares method. The logit and linear probability model are used to quantify the fixed effects affecting the attitudes of households in different countries in the 2000s to the market economy in comparison with the planned economy. The authors compare the obtained fixed effects with the size of the informal economy in Soviet republics of the 1980s using the least-squares method. The study shows a direct relationship between people’s involvement in the Soviet informal sector and their subsequent adaptability to the new conditions of the market economy after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thus, the possible positive impact of the informal economy on the adaptation of the population to the market economy is empirically proved. The authors conclude that the Soviet informal economy helped facilitate households’ transition to the market economy and in the medium term had a positive impact on post-Soviet economic development.

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Bunce, Valerie. « The Political Economy of Postsocialism ». Slavic Review 58, n^o 4 (1999) : 756–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2697198.

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There were two good reasons to expect that developments after socialism, whether in the former Soviet Union or in east central Europe, would follow a roughly similar course. The first was the homogenizing effects of the socialist experience. In contrast to other regions of the world, such as Latin America and southern Europe, where dictatorships had also given way to more liberalized orders, the socialist regimes of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were remarkably alike in their form and functioning.

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Legvold, Robert, Klaus Segbers et Stephan De Spiegeleire. « Post-Soviet Puzzles : Mapping the Political Economy of the Former Soviet Union ». Foreign Affairs 75, n^o 3 (1996) : 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047624.

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Jones, James R., Shuang L. Li, Stephen Devadoss et Charlotte (Jensen) Fedane. « The Former Soviet Union and the World Wheat Economy ». American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78, n^o 4 (novembre 1996) : 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243844.

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Sloin, Andrew, et Oscar Sanchez-Sibony. « Economy and Power in the Soviet Union, 1917–39 ». Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 15, n^o 1 (2014) : 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2014.0004.

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Machowski, Heinrich, et Ulrich Wei\enburger. « The Soviet Union : The political struggle paralyses the economy ». Economic Bulletin 28, n^o 8 (octobre 1991) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02278670.

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Pobedonostsev, Aleksei V. « Nationalization, Oil and Political Regime : a Comparative Analysis of the Experience of the Soviet State and Latin American Countries ». Economic History 17, n^o 3 (11 octobre 2021) : 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.054.017.202103.237-248.

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Introductions. Oil production is historically an important part of government revenues in many developing countries. The Gulf monarchies are traditionally considered as typical ‘rentier states’, while the Soviet Union is usually not classified as a Petro-state, although the USSR was an important oil producer for the global economy. The Soviet Union created a unique economic model, which was based on the administrative command methods of the national economy operation. Unlike the capitalist countries of the developing world, the Soviet Union did not create giant national oil companies to manage its oil resources, but the absence of such companies did not prevent Soviet oil industry from becoming an important source of revenue for the Soviet state. Methods. The article is organized as a comparative analysis of the Soviet Union, Mexico, and Venezuela, three countries, the governments of which nationalized their oil industries at some points in the 20th century. Results and Discussions. The article shows that oil revenues played an important role in the collapse of the political regimes of all three countries after the dramatic decrease of international oil price in 1986.

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Marrese, Michael. « CMEA : effective but cumbersome political economy ». International Organization 40, n^o 2 (1986) : 287–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027156.

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The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is primarily a forum for bilateral bargaining between the Soviet Union and each of the other CMEA countries. The bilateral negotiations are conducted with tremendous concern for Soviet long-term preferences and for the short-term economic-political stability of East European countries. The CMEA provides the Soviet Union with an effective but cumbersome politico-economic policy-making apparatus that is becoming less effective and increasingly cumbersome over time. From the East European perspective, the CMEA tends to solidify the positions of the East European leaders yet generate long-term economic costs. What are the preferences upon which the CMEA is constructed? How are CMEA characteristics related to these preferences? What are the economic costs and benefits to member countries in static and dynamic terms? Why have costs for all member countries risen over time? How is intra-CMEA trade likely to change during the next decade?

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Pajovic, Ivan. « Economist Nikolai Voznesensky and his contributions to USSR victory in the second world war ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n^o 163 (2017) : 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1763485p.

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The paper is a retrospective presentation of the work of Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky - an economist, scientist and economic activist who was notable for his work on the law of value, market and profit in socialism. This work examines the significance of its impact on the economy of the Soviet Union before and especially during the Second World War. The paper presents the quantifiers of the development of the Soviet Union before the war, and data that are significant for the course of the war and the Soviet victory. Voznesensky as an economic expert and a state official was a key figure in the evacuation of the Soviet economy and its reestablishment for the purpose of national defense and the final victory over the German aggressors. His great merit for the final victory of the Soviet Union is undeniable, perhaps even crucial. Although undoubtedly meritorious, he underwent repression and was executed under unclear circumstances circumstances. Although he was a Marxist economist with socialist views of economic activity, Voznesensky is unjustly neglected figure in the history of the world economy and economic thought.

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SAMPSON, STEVEN L. « The Second Economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ». ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 493, n^o 1 (septembre 1987) : 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716287493001009.

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Spechler, Martin C. « The Soviet Union and Western Europe in the Global Economy ». Comparative Economic Studies 35, n^o 2 (juillet 1993) : 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1993.11.

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Wilhelm, John Howard. « The Soviet Union has an administered, not a planned, economy ». Soviet Studies 37, n^o 1 (janvier 1985) : 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668138508411571.

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Burda, Michael. « Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the world economy ». Journal of International Economics 32, n^o 3-4 (mai 1992) : 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(92)90028-i.

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Захаров, Н., et N. Zaharov. « Sociological Analysis of the Soviet Party Staff Politics ». Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 6, n^o 6 (23 janvier 2018) : 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a438ae4748ba0.60151642.

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Industrialization in the Soviet Union is a genuine “economic miracle”. For a very mild historical period, in just one third of a century, the country’s economy, having begun with the destruction of the Civil War, having overcome the tests of the Patriotic War, has reached the level of a scientifi c and industrial complex capable of creating atomic bombs and space rockets. There are two opposite points of view explaining this “economic miracle.” The one — the economy of the Soviet Union was built by the prisoners of the GULAG; another point of view — the economy of our country was created by the hands of enthusiasts who believe in building a bright future. The article justifi es the third point of view: in our country, a staff mechanism was created, or a fram’s party apparatus, to select and promote personnel. Built into a social vertical elevator, it ensured the advancement of talented people upstairs, and the country’s economy with labor potential.

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Millar, James R. « The Russian Economy : Putin's Pause ». Current History 100, n^o 648 (1 octobre 2001) : 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.648.336.

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Putin appears to have more in common with Brezhnev than with his more decisive predecessors. Khrushchev, Gorbachev, and Yeltsin risked their positions in attempts to de-Stalinize the Soviet Union. … Putin's rule seems to be more pause than reform, which is, incidentally, what the public wants.

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Jackson, William D. « The State of the Soviet Union ». Worldview 28, n^o 1 (janvier 1985) : 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046404.

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The 1980s have become and are likely to remain a new “time of troubles” for the Soviet Union. Principal among these troubles is a faltering economy. The average rate of annual growth for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-86) is likely to be just over 2 per cent, half the rate achieved a decade ago; and die productivity of both labor and capital in industry during the first three years of the present Plan actually declined. Although investment in machinery production has increased by more than 20 per cent—a key element of a strategy designed to accelerate the modernization of an aged industrial plant—the growth in production of new machinery remains at a postwar low. Increased investment in agriculture has also produced disappointing results, and food shortages in cities are likely to recur in '85. The Soviet leadership must be equally troubled by the fact that, despite rising consumer expectations, growth in per capita consumption during the first three years of the present Plan has averaged a mere 1 per cent—a sharp contrast to the 4-5 per cent realized during the 1970s.

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Kirsanov, R. G. « Monetary Circulation in the Soviet Union during the Late 1980s and Early 1990s : In Search of a Way out of the Crisis ». Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S8 (décembre 2022) : S769—S776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622140064.

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Abstract In the early 1990s, strengthening the monetary system and increasing the role of money in the development of the national economy were important conditions for the transition of the Soviet Union to the foundations of a market economy. As is known, stabilization of monetary circulation and reduction of inflationary processes can be achieved both through the implementation of monetary and anti-inflationary policies and through the implementation of monetary reform. This is the kind of reform that was carried out in the Soviet Union in early 1991.

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Mujiyati, Novita, Kuswono Kuswono et Sunarjo Sunarjo. « UNITED STATES DURING THE COLD WAR 1945-1990 ». HISTORIA 4, n^o 1 (28 février 2016) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/hj.v4i1.481.

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United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country.

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Malle, Silvana. « Labour redeployment and cooperatives in the Soviet Union ». Recherches économiques de Louvain 56, n^o 2 (1990) : 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800031900.

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SummaryPolicy approach towards employment has changed under perestroïka. The emphasis is falling on the release of labour from the material branches and on its partial redeployment in the service sector in general and in the cooperative sphere in particular.The pattern of labour redeployment, however, does not suggest that under perestroïka the labour market has become less taut. Since cooperative and individual activities draw out of the state sphere the best cadres, the inefficiency of the state economy could increase. Recurrent criticism against cooperatives and price control measures indicate that political and ideological barriers against private enterprise are still considerable.

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Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. « Images of the Adversary : NATO Assessments of the Soviet Union, 1953–1964 ». Journal of Cold War Studies 11, n^o 2 (avril 2009) : 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.89.

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The article presents the analysis of the study groups set up by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to assess the non-military aspects of Soviet power and potential during the era of Nikita Khrushchev. Following Stalin's death, the Western alliance tried to form a comprehensive view of the strengths and weaknesses of the USSR's economy and political system. This was part of NATO's effort to adjust to the realities of a long Cold War, the outcome of which would not be decided by military force alone. The NATO reports were largely successful in describing the long-term trends of the Soviet economy and the weaknesses of the Soviet system. However, they usually failed to anticipate specific, though significant and potentially dangerous, initiatives of the Soviet regime. On balance they were a crucial input for NATO ministers, and their importance in the shaping of Western policies needs to be evaluated carefully.

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Cohen, Stephen F. « Was the Soviet System Reformable ? » Slavic Review 63, n^o 3 (2004) : 459–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1520337.

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Stephen F. Cohen presents a critical analysis of the prevailing view that Mikhail Gorbachev's six-year attempt to transform the Soviet Union along democratic and market lines proved that the system was, as most specialists had always believed, unreformable. Ideological, conceptual, and historical assumptions underlying the nonreformability thesis are reexamined and found wanting, as are the ways in which generalizations about “the system” and “reform” are usually formulated. Cohen then asks how each of the system's basic components—the official ideology, the Communist Party and its dictatorship, the nationwide network of Soviets, the monopolistic state economy, and the union of republics—actually responded to Gorbachev's policies. Citing developments from 1985 to 1991, Cohen argues that all of those components, and thus the system itself, turned out to be remarkably reformable. If so, he concludes, most explanations of the end of the Soviet Union, which rely in one way or another on the unreformability thesis, are also open to serious question.Five distinguished scholars respond to Cohen's article.

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Larsen, Trina L., et Robert T. Green. « Export Opportunities in a Crumbling Economy : The Soviet Union in 1990 ». Journal of International Marketing 1, n^o 4 (décembre 1993) : 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9300100405.

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Economic liberalization is underway in many countries that had previously been relatively closed to outside commercial relations. This includes former East Bloc nations and LDCs that had long attempted to protect their inefficient industries from foreign competition. Perhaps the most spectacular example of this trend is the former Soviet Union. This article reports a study of the changes that occurred in the former Soviet Union's trade relations with non-communist countries in the critical period during which trade ‘openness’ was being established. The results provide insights that may be useful to exporters in their assessment of market opportunities in countries undergoing the difficult transition to a market economy.

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Bayetova, Nazgul. « Neoliberalism and Kazakhstan's emerging higher education ». Journal of Comparative & ; International Higher Education 11, Winter (14 mars 2020) : 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iwinter.1342.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union. The ninth largest country in the world in physical size with a population of over 17 million people and significant oil, iron ore, coal, copper, and gas reserves, Kazakhstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In the early 1990s, the Supreme Court of the Kazakh Social Soviet Republic declared the transition of a planned economy to a market economy. Kazakhstan’s market system has significantly impacted its emerging higher education system. Less government spending and the creation of private universities in Kazakhstan were the core strategies that have been implemented under the neoliberal policies of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan’s president from independence to this year (1991-2019).

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Ibrahimli, Haleddin, et Murat Koç. « The Contributions of Georgia’s Geopolitics to the Country’s Economy ». Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 25, n^o 1 (avril 2022) : 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2022.25.1.45.

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This article investigates the effects of Georgia’s current geopolitical situation on the country’s economic development. Although Georgia lost control of the two strategic regions such as Abkhazia and Ossetia, right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it maintained its geopolitical importance in the South Caucasus. In this context, the definition of geographical space was clarified in the article, and the recent situation in the South Caucasus, the changes in the region after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the results of these changes were evaluated. In addition, the advantages of Georgia’s geopolitical position and other additional issues affecting the economic development of this country were taken into account, the reflections on the problems between Azerbaijan and Armenia on Georgia were examined, and finally, comments on the future of the South Caucasus were made.

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Shelley, Louise I. « Privatization and Crime : The Post-Soviet Experience ». Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 11, n^o 4 (décembre 1995) : 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398629501100405.

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This paper examines the criminalization of the privatization process now occurring in the former Soviet Union. The different means by which the economy has been criminalized and its impact on the citizenry are examined. This paper argues that former Communist Party elite and organized criminal groups have purchased the majority of the state's assets. The absence of careful planning and proper legal protections in implementing the massive privatization program are given as important explanations for the failure of this process. Though special attention is given to Russia, this analysis applies to the other states of the former Soviet Union as well.

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Ahmed, Md Nazim Uddin, Md Rezwanul Kabir et Tanzima Akter Jyoti. « Promising Relationship between Bangladesh and Russia ». Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, n^o 3 (22 mars 2022) : 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2022.v07i03.004.

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This study analysis to what extent Russia supported Bangladesh. Russia is a true friend of Bangladesh. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established between Bangladesh and the Soviet Union on 25 January 1972. Bangladesh has maintained bilateral relations since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with a Russian embassy in Dhaka, and a consulate-general in Chittagong. Bangladesh has an embassy in Moscow, with the two countries enjoying close military, economic and political relations. This relationship is contributing to the development of Asian regional politics, economy, and culture. Bangladesh’s relations with Russia are historic. It would have been difficult for Bangladesh to achieve independence without the cooperation of the Soviet Union, and this continues to be recognized today.

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BAJORA, ANATOLIE. « ROMANIAN STUDENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION (1948-1964) ». Sociopolitical Sciences 11, n^o 5 (28 octobre 2021) : 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-5-98-103.

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Student exchanges have a long history since the Middle Ages. After the Second World War, they became even more popular, aiming to increase education, tolerance of different cultures, improve language skills and broaden social horizons. Like other socialist countries, Romania intensified student exchanges with the USSR because the country needed specialists and staff for the national economy and the new communist government. At that time, Russian became the first foreign language taught in Romanian schools. The quality of studies in the USSR was good, and later, many graduate students became significant political leaders and held important positions in the state. Starting with the 1960s, Romania gradually began to distance itself from the USSR, eventually leading to a significant reduction in student exchanges. Currently, the international student exchanges between Romania and the Russian Federation are pretty low, and it would be a pity not to continue the established tradition.

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Cave, Martin. « The turning point : revitalizing the Soviet economy and Work, employment and unemployment in the Soviet Union ». International Affairs 67, n^o 1 (janvier 1991) : 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621285.

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Rakonjac, Aleksandar. « Implementacija sovjetskih ekonomskih metoda u jugoslovensku privredu : industrija i rudarstvo (1945−1947) ». Tokovi istorije 29, n^o 2 (30 août 2021) : 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2021.2.rak.65-86.

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The end of the Second World War in Yugoslavia opened a number of issues related to the organization of the economy. Regarding the concept of building the economy and society, the Yugoslav communists had a clear vision of the future structure even before the end of the war. Strong political reliance on the Soviet Union, determined by the war alliance and ideological closeness, decisively influenced the choice of the economic model that was to be implemented in Yugoslavia. The transition to the Soviet-type command economy, with the aim of mastering and applying Soviet experiences in Yugoslav conditions, took place with the wholehearted help of the USSR. This paper will analyze how the methods from the Soviet economic practice were implemented in industry and mining during the two-year period of economic restoration.

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West, Diana Kurkovsky. « Cybernetics for the command economy : Foregrounding entropy in late Soviet planning ». History of the Human Sciences 33, n^o 1 (février 2020) : 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119886520.

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The Soviet Union had a long and complex relationship with cybernetics, especially in the domain of planning. This article looks at Soviet postwar efforts to draw up plans for the rapidly developing, industrializing, and urbanizing Siberia, where cybernetic models were used to develop a vision of cybernetic socialism. Removed from Moscow bureaucracy and politics, the various planning institutes of the Siberian Academy of Sciences became a key frontier for exploring the potential of cybernetic thinking to offer a necessary corrective to Soviet planning. Researchers there put forth a vision of a dynamic Soviet economy managed through partially automated subsystems, which, while decentralized, would grant the central planning apparatus flexibility, a capacity for emergence, and overall solvency in the face of increasingly complex factors that required consideration.

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Myakshev, Anatoly P., et Alexey A. Gumenyuk. « The failure to create a consumer society in the USSR (1953–1985) as one of the factors of the collapse of a single state ». Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2022) : 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-4-470-476.

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The article analyzes the stages of the formation of consumer society in the USSR in 1953–1985. The main directions of the social policy of the Soviet state to meet the material needs of the Soviet population are considered. The conclusion is made about the growing contradictions between the consumer aspirations of the masses and the limited capabilities of the Soviet economy as the reason for the collapse of the unified Soviet Union.

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Ritter, A. R. M. « The Cuban Economy in the 1990s : External Challenges and Policy Imperatives ». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, n^o 3 (1990) : 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166090.

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Cuba has entered the decade of the 1990s in a state of profound existential crisis. The countries of Eastern Europe, whose economic and political institutions and ideologies were adopted by Cuba, albeit with some modifications, were abandoning those same institutions and ideologies. Cuba's place in the international system had become one of growing isolation: Cuba had become a curiosity from the 1960s rather than the wave of the future, as it once perceived itself. By mid-1990, it appeared almost certain that the generous subsidization of the Cuban economy by the Soviet Union was about to end. Moreover, the Cuban economy was in serious difficulty as a result of some external factors, namely the convertible currency debt crisis and the problems and uncertainties in its relationship with the Soviet Union since 1985, but also as a result of internal institutional incapacities and deformities.

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Sovilla, Bruno. « Soviet Subsidy and Voluntarism : The Economic Anomalies of Revolutionary Cuba ». América Latina en la Historia Económica 30, n^o 2 (16 février 2023) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/20073496.1363.

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The article analyzes the Cuban economy from 960 until the fall of the Soviet Union. It shows that after abolishing private ownership of the means of production at the beginning of the revolutionary period, Cuba could not establish a planning system because of Fidel Castro’s widespread intervention. The economic consequences were grave. Only the enormous economic aid received from the Soviet Union ensured the survival of the Cuban revolution and the implementation of the System of Direction and Planning of the Economy (SDPE), which was successively dismantled during the rectification process. What happened in Cuba during this period seems to have been an endemic problem of its political system, in which there was no effective counterweight to the comandante en jefe, on whom all major political and economic decisions depended. That problem was the main reason for Cuba’s poor economic performance.

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Wallander, Celeste A. « Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union ». Journal of Cold War Studies 5, n^o 4 (septembre 2003) : 137–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322483774.

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The role of Western governments in the disintegration of the Soviet Union was complex. The two most important factors that undermined the Soviet state were the deepening economic chaos under Mikhail Gorbachev and the rapid growth of internal political dissent. Western policies tended to magnify both of these factors. This is not to say, however, that Gorbachev's original decision to embark on an economic reform program was simply the result of pressure created by Western defense spending and military deployments. The Soviet economy was plagued by severe weaknesses, of which the misallocation of resources and excessive military expenditures were only a small part. Gorbachev's initial economic reforms were spurred by his awareness of the country's general economic problems. After the first round of reforms failed, he sensed that arms control and reductions in military spending would be helpful for the next stage. Even so, the belated cuts he made in military spending (beginning in 1990) were of relatively little consequence. The West's refusal to pour money into the Soviet system without evidence of structural reform in the last years of the Soviet regime, and Western pressure on Gorbachev not to crack down on political dissent and separatism, did hasten the Soviet collapse. These policies denied the Soviet system resources that might have prolonged its survival, and they helped to deter Gorbachev from using decisive force against elements that were splitting the Soviet Union apart.

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Gladysheva, Anastasya. « Scientific and Technical Policy of the USSR of the 1950—1960s : from the Problem of Implementation to Attempts of Systemic Reform ». ISTORIYA 13, n^o 4 (114) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021221-2.

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The Soviet Union history of the late 1940s — early 1950s embraces the end of the post-war economic recovery, the change of the country’s top leadership and emerging attempts to reform the existing centralized management system. Within the framework of these processes, a key role is given to science. The Soviet functionaries tended to consider scientific and technological progress as a resource for improving economic indicators and boosting the economy of the country. The author analyzes the main prerequisites for changing the goal-setting of the Soviet science and technology policy in the period of the 1950s; examines the problem of integrating the latest developments into production processes in the framework of the planned economy; and describes the key institutional transformations that took place during this period. Conducting such an analysis makes it possible to single out the key problems in the implementation of the science and technology policy of the Soviet Union in the middle of the 20th century and to trace how it was combined with the economic reforms carried out in the country.

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Nekliudov, Ye. « The shadow economy in Ukraine : from the Soviet Union to the present ». Scholarly Works of the Faculty of History, Zaporizhzhia National University, n^o 51 (2018) : 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/swfh-2018-51-010.

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