Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Miscele innovative »

Summary In reservoir simulations, it is common practice to use a limited number of components to describe the reservoir fluids, ranging from 2 (black-oil models) to 5-12 [compositional equation-of-state (EOS) based models]. On the opposite, surface models usually require a greater number of components, typically from 15 to 30. The hydrocarbon components used in surface models are usually lumped into pseudocomponents in reservoir simulations. This disparity in the description of the mixture may become an issue whenever integrated asset models are developed, with the aim of linking surface process and reservoir engineering. In this paper we implemented a consistent integrated simulation workflow from reservoir to process. Process models with detailed compositional formulation were linked to compositionally simpler reservoir models, using Leibovic's delumping scheme (Leibovic et al. 1996, 2000) to convert fluid composition between EOSs with different component numbers. The proposed workflow was applied to simulate two different recovery processes, namely a gas injection below the dewpoint in a sour gas/condensate reservoir; and a miscible gas injection in a near-critical volatile oil reservoir. Results of this implementation, in which detailed components are traced in reservoir model, are compared to integrated simulations in which all stages are modeled using detailed composition.

Optimal injector selection is a key oilfield development endeavor that can be computationally costly. Methods proposed in the literature to reduce the number of function evaluations are often designed for pattern level analysis and do not scale easily to full field analysis. These methods are rarely applied to both water and miscible gas floods with carbon storage objectives; reservoir management decision making under geological uncertainty is also relatively underexplored. In this work, several innovations are proposed to efficiently determine the optimal injector location under geological uncertainty. A geomodel ensemble is prepared in order to capture the range of geological uncertainty. In these models, the reservoir is divided into multiple well regions that are delineated through spatial clustering. Streamline simulation results are used to train a meta-learner proxy. A posterior sampling algorithm evaluates injector locations across multiple geological realizations. The proposed methodology was applied to a producing field in Asia. The proxy predicted optimal injector locations for water and CO2 EOR and storage floods within several seconds (94–98% R2 scores). Blind tests with geomodels not used in training yielded accuracies greater than 90% (R2 scores). Posterior sampling selected optimal injection locations within minutes compared to hours using numerical simulation. This methodology enabled the rapid evaluation of injector well location for a variety of flood projects. This will aid reservoir managers to rapidly make field development decisions for field scale injection and storage projects under geological uncertainty.

The development of an inter-cross-linked polymer network of thermoset-thermoset blends have been extensively studied due to their enhanced mechanical properties. Among various polymer blends, modifications of unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin with epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA) combinations are an attractive route to promote the performance of the thermoset matrix and to overcome the inferior properties of both the components. Biodegradable and effectively accessible chitosan biodegradable waste material can shape the new stage for cutting-edge innovation items. Blend of both recyclable fibrous reinforcement and eco-friendly filler with two miscible thermosetting polymers will provide enhanced properties. At this time, chitosan up to 15 wt% (based on matrix weight) was utilized as reinforcing filler. At last, an interesting result was built up by confirming that chitosan filled chemically tailored bamboo and UPE/ESOA (80:20) biocomposites offered enhanced properties by 10 wt% of filler concentration with the most enhancements in whole properties. They have extensive variety of applications in the sector of low cost housing, structural projects and structural laminates.

Background: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are attractive drug delivery systems for lipophilic molecules like curcumin (CURC) with low chemical stability. Methods: A simple, innovative, and cold-operating method, named “cold dilution of microemulsion” is developed by the authors to produce SLNs. An oil-in-water microemulsion (µE), whose disperse phase consisted of a solution of trilaurin in a partially water-miscible solvent, was prepared after mutually saturating solvent and water. Trilaurin SLNs precipitated following solvent removal upon water dilution of the µE. After SLN characterization (mean size, Zeta potential, CURC entrapment efficiency, and over time stability), they were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity studies on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and for in vivo preliminary biodistribution studies in Wistar healthy rats. Results: CURC loaded SLNs (SLN-CURC) had mean diameters around 200 nm, were negatively charged, stable over time, and able to entrap CURC up to almost 90%, consequently improving its stability. SLN-CURC inhibited in vitro pancreatic carcinoma cell growth in concentration-dependent manner. Their in vivo intravenous administration suggested a possible long circulation. Conclusions: These results, according to a concomitant study on chitosan-coated SLNs, confirm the possibility to apply the developed SLN-based delivery systems as a means to entrap CURC, to improve both its water dispersibility and chemical stability, facilitating its application in therapy.

The Open Porous Media (OPM) reservoir simulation toolkit is a free and open-source development in the reservoir simulation world and one that has received very little attention. OPM Flow is a fully-implicit, black-oil simulator capable of running industry-standard simulation models, which encourage open innovation and reproducible research on modeling and simulation of porous media processes. This study validates and assesses the capabilities of OPM Flow comparing with the industry standard ECLIPSE simulator. Several tests were conducted in order to validate the simulator, including a zero- balance test, symmetrical well test, three simulation models based on the SPE Comparative Solution Project, and a real world dataset from the Norne oilfield in Norway. This variety of tests covers a wide range of reservoir types and specific operating conditions which are representative of expected applications of the software. By comparison it is concluded that OPM Flow reservoir simulator can be considered a validated and capable reservoir simulator that is able to compete with Schlumberger ECLIPSE in many cases and shows great potential for future development. In addition, a basic user interface for queuing and running simulations through the OPM Flow simulator was developed using the Python programming language as well as some modifications to the miscible flooding solver.

Abstract CO2 emissions are considered to be the main contributor to global warming and climate change. One of the ways reducing the emissions to atmosphere is a proper capture and further geological storage of the carbon dioxide. In the oil industry, CO2 is used as one of the injection agents to displace oil and enhance its recovery. Due to the low multi-contact miscibility pressure between CO2 and hydrocarbons, fully miscible condition is quickly reached, leading to efficient displacement and high recovery factors. The utilization of the depleted gas fields for CO2 storage, however, is considered as the option that is more expensive compared to oil field, since the enhanced recovery of gas with CO2 is not effective. For this reason, our study considers the potential use of CO2 EOR in depleted gas-condensate fields. This potential is evaluated by performing numerical simulations for the typical-size gascondensate reservoirs with no active aquifer, in order to estimate both the storage efficiency and the additional oil recovery from condensed C5+ hydrocarbon fractions, that otherwise will be never recovered and lost in the reservoir. Obtained results indicate significant potential for CO2 storage and additional condensate recovery from the typical gas-condensate field of Eastern Ukraine.

This paper investigates the effect of plasticizer structure on especially the printability and mechanical and thermal properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid)-plasticizer biodegradable blends. Three plasticizers, acetyl tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, and poly(ethylene glycol)bis(2-ethylhexanoate), were first checked whether they were miscible with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid) (PHB-PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends of 60-25-15 (wt.%) were then prepared using a corotating meshing twin-screw extruder, and a single screw extruder was used for filament preparation for further three-dimensional (3D) fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. These innovative eco-friendly PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends were created with a majority of PHB, and therefore, poor mechanical properties and thermal properties of neat PHB-PLA blends were improved by adding appropriate plasticizer. The plasticizer also influences the printability of blends, which was investigated, based on our new specific printability tests developed for the optimization of printing conditions (especially printing temperature). Three-dimensional printed test samples were used for heat deflection temperature measurements and Charpy and tensile-impact tests. Plasticizer migration was also investigated. The macrostructure of 3D printed samples was observed using an optical microscope to check the printing quality and printing conditions. Tensile tests of 3D printed samples (dogbones), as well as extruded filaments, showed that measured elongation at break raised, from 21% for non-plasticized PHB-PLA reference blends to 84% for some plasticized blends in the form of filaments and from 10% (reference) to 32% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. Measurements of thermal properties (using modulated differential scanning calorimetry and oscillation rheometry) also confirmed the plasticizing effect on blends. The thermal and mechanical properties of PHB-PLA blends were improved by the addition of appropriate plasticizer. In contrast, the printability of the PHB-PLA reference seems to be slightly better than the printability of the plasticized blends.

Le concezioni e le prassi di responsabilitŕ sociale d'impresa (CSR, corporate social responsibility) che si sono affermate sino a tempi molto recenti riflettono prevalentemente una logica reattiva, incentrata sulla necessitŕ delle aziende di rilegittimarsi nei confronti dei loro stakeholder corrispondendo alla richiesta di riduzione e prevenzione dei costi sociali legati all'attivitŕ d'impresa (degrado ecologico, disoccupazione conseguente a ristrutturazioni, ecc.). Tuttavia l'attuale periodo, anche per le incertezze e questioni poste dalla crisi economica, rappresenta una fase singolarmente feconda per andare oltre questo approccio adattivo e raccogliere la sfida di una visione piů avanzata della dimensione sociale dell'agire d'impresa come innovazione sostenibile. Tale modello si basa sulla valorizzazione di beni, risorse ed esigenze di significato sociale ed č indirizzato alla creazione di valore integrato - economico, umano-sociale e ambientale - nel lungo termine. La caratteristica centrale di questo profilo d'impresa č la tendenza a operare in maniera socialmente proattiva, sviluppando un'attitudine a cogliere o persino anticipare le direzioni del cambiamento sociale con i suoi bisogni e problemi emergenti e facendo sě che l'integrazione di obiettivi economici e socio-ambientali nei processi strategico-produttivi si traduca in fattore di differenziazione dell'offerta di mercato e in una reale fonte di vantaggio competitivo. Nel presente lavoro si indica la praticabilitŕ di un simile modello riferendosi ai risultati di una recente indagine condotta su un campione di dieci imprese italiane, eterogenee per dimensioni, collocazione geografica, fase del ciclo di vita e settori di attivitŕ, che si estendono da comparti tradizionali (come quelli alimentare, edilizio, sanitario, dell'arredamento e della finanza) a campi di piů recente definizione e a piů elevato tasso di cambiamento tecnologico (quali l'ingegneria informatica, la comunicazione multimediale, il controllo dei processi industriali e il risanamento ambientale). La logica di azione di queste organizzazioni sembra ruotare intorno a una duplice dinamica di "valorizzazione del contesto": da un lato, l'internalizzazione nella strategia d'impresa di richieste e al contempo di risorse sociali orientate a una maggiore attenzione per l'ambiente naturale, per la qualitŕ della vita collettiva nei territori, per i diritti e lo sviluppo delle persone dentro e fuori gli ambienti di lavoro; dall'altro lato, la capacitŕ, a valle dell'attivitŕ di mercato, di produrre valore economico e profitti generando anche valore per la societŕ. Nei casi analizzati č presente la valorizzazione delle risorse ambientali, che si esprime mediante la riprogettazione di prodotti e processi e politiche di efficienza energetica di rifornimento da fonti di energia rinnovabile, raccordandosi con nuove aspettative sociali rispetto alla questione ecologica. Č coltivato il valore umano nel rapporto spesso personalizzato con i clienti e i partner di business ma anche nella vita interna d'impresa, attraverso dinamiche di ascolto e coinvolgimento che creano spazi per la soddisfazione di svariati bisogni e aspirazioni che gli individui riversano nella sfera lavorativa, aldilŕ di quelli retributivi. C'č empowerment del "capitale sociale" dentro e intorno all'organizzazione, ravvisabile specialmente quando le condotte d'impresa fanno leva su risorse relazionali e culturali del territorio e si legano a meccanismi di valorizzazione dello sviluppo locale. Troviamo inoltre il riconoscimento e la produzione di "valore etico" per il modo in cui una serie di principi morali (quali la trasparenza, il mantenimento degli impegni, il rispetto di diritti delle persone) costituiscono criteri ispiratori dell'attivitŕ di business e ne escono rafforzati come ingredienti primari del fare impresa. E c'č, naturalmente, produzione di valore competitivo, una capacitŕ di stare e avere successo nel mercato che si sostiene sull'intreccio di vari elementi. Uno di essi coincide con l'uso della leva economico-finanziaria come risorsa irrinunciabile per l'investimento in innovazione, piuttosto che in un'ottica di contenimento dei costi relativi a fattori di gestione - come la formazione - che possono anche rivelarsi non immediatamente produttivi. Altrettanto cruciali risultano una serie di componenti intangibili che, oltre alla gestione delle risorse umane, sono essenzialmente riconducibili a due aspetti. Il primo č lo sviluppo di know-how, in cui la conoscenza che confluisce nelle soluzioni di business č insieme tecnica e socio-culturale perché derivante dalla combinazione di cognizioni specializzate di settore, acquisite in virtů di una costante apertura alla sperimentazione, e insieme di mappe di riferimento e criteri di valutazione collegati alla cultura aziendale. L'altro fattore immateriale alla base del valore competitivo consiste nell'accentuato posizionamento di marchio, con la capacitŕ di fornire un'offerta di mercato caratterizzata da: a) forte specificitŕ rispetto ai concorrenti (distintivi contenuti tecnici di qualitŕ e professionalitŕ e soprattutto la corrispondenza alle esigenze dei clienti/consumatori e al loro cambiamento); b) bassa replicabilitŕ da parte di altri operatori, dovuta al fatto che le peculiaritŕ dell'offerta sono strettamente legate alla particolare "miscela" degli altri valori appena considerati (valore umano, risorse relazionali, know-how, ecc.). Ed č significativo notare come nelle imprese osservate questi tratti di marcata differenziazione siano stati prevalentemente costruiti attraverso pratiche di attenzione sociale non modellate su forme di CSR convenzionali o facilmente accessibili ad altri (p.es. quelle che si esauriscono nell'adozione di strumenti pur importanti quali il bilancio sociale e il codice etico); ciň che si tratti - per fare qualche esempio tratto dal campione - di offrire servizi sanitari di qualitŕ a tariffe accessibili, di supportare gli ex-dipendenti che avviano un'attivitŕ autonoma inserendoli nel proprio circuito di business o di promuovere politiche di sostenibilitŕ nel territorio offrendo alle aziende affiliate servizi tecnologici ad alta prestazione ambientale per l'edilizia. Le esperienze indagate confermano il ruolo di alcune condizioni dell'innovazione sostenibile d'impresa in vario modo giŕ indicate dalla ricerca piů recente: la precocitŕ e l'orientamento di lungo periodo degli investimenti in strategie di sostenibilitŕ, entrambi favoriti dal ruolo centrale ricoperto da istanze socio-ambientali nelle fasi iniziali dell'attivitŕ d'impresa; l'anticipazione, ovvero la possibilitŕ di collocarsi in una posizione di avanguardia e spesso di "conformitŕ preventiva" nei confronti di successive regolamentazioni pubbliche in grado di incidere seriamente sulle pratiche di settore; la disseminazione di consapevolezza interna, a partire dai livelli decisionali dell'organizzazione, intorno al significato per le strategie d'impresa di obiettivi e condotte operative riconducibili alla sostenibilitŕ; l'incorporamento strutturale degli strumenti e delle soluzioni di azione sostenibile nei core-processes organizzativi, dalla ricerca e sviluppo di prodotti/ servizi all'approvvigionamento, dall'infrastruttura produttiva al marketing. Inoltre, l'articolo individua e discute tre meccanismi che sembrano determinanti nei percorsi di innovazione sostenibile osservati e che presentano, per certi versi, alcuni aspetti di paradosso. Il primo č dato dalla coesistenza di una forte tradizione d'impresa, spesso orientata sin dall'inizio verso opzioni di significato sociale dai valori e dall'esperienza dell'imprenditore-fondatore, e di apertura alla novitŕ. Tale equilibrio č favorito da processi culturali di condivisione e di sviluppo interni della visione di business, da meccanismi di leadership dispersa, nonché da uno stile di apprendimento "incrementale" mediante cui le nuove esigenze e opportunitŕ proposte dalla concreta gestione d'impresa conducono all'adozione di valori e competenze integrabili con quelli tradizionali o addirittura in grado di potenziarli. In secondo luogo, si riscontra la tendenza a espandersi nel contesto, tipicamente tramite strategie di attraversamento di confini tra settori (p.es., alimentando sinergie pubblico-private) e forme di collaborazione "laterale" con gli interlocutori dell'ambiente di business e sociale; e al contempo la tendenza a includere il contesto, ricavandone stimoli e sollecitazioni, ma anche risorse e contributi, per la propria attivitŕ (p.es., nella co-progettazione dei servizi/prodotti). La terza dinamica, infine, tocca piů direttamente la gestione delle risorse umane. Le "persone dell'organizzazione" rappresentano non soltanto uno dei target destinatari delle azioni di sostenibilitŕ (nelle pratiche di selezione, formazione e sviluppo, welfare aziendale, ecc.) ma anche, piů profondamente, il veicolo fondamentale della realizzazione e del successo di tali azioni. Si tratta, cioč, di realtŕ organizzative in cui la valorizzazione delle persone muove dagli impatti sulle risorse umane, in sé cruciali in una prospettiva di sostenibilitŕ, agli impatti delle risorse umane attraverso il loro ruolo diretto e attivo nella gestione dei processi di business, nella costruzione di partnership con gli stakeholder e nei meccanismi di disseminazione interna di una cultura socialmente orientata. In tal senso, si distingue un rapporto circolare di rinforzo reciproco tra la "cittadinanza nell'impresa" e la "cittadinanza dell'impresa"; vale a dire, tra i processi interni di partecipazione/identificazione del personale nei riguardi delle prioritŕ dell'organizzazione e la capacitŕ di quest'ultima di generare valore molteplice e "condiviso" nel contesto (con i clienti, il tessuto imprenditoriale, le comunitŕ, gli interlocutori pubblici, ecc.). In conclusione, le imprese osservate appaiono innovative primariamente perché in grado di praticare la sostenibilitŕ in termini non solo di responsabilitŕ ma anche di opportunitŕ per la competitivitŕ organizzativa. Questa analisi suggerisce quindi uno sguardo piů ampio sulle implicazioni strategiche della CSR e invita a riflettere su come le questioni e i bisogni di rilievo sociale, a partire da quelli emergenti o acuiti dalla crisi economica (nel campo della salute, dei servizi alle famiglie, della salvaguardia ambientale, ecc.), possano e forse debbano oggi sempre piů situarsi al centro - e non alla periferia - del business e della prestazione di mercato delle imprese.

Obiettivi: L’utilizzo topico di emocomponenti autologhi, il concentrato piastrinico (CP) ed il plasma povero di piastrine, rappresenta una delle strategie più innovative per modulare ed amplificare i processi di guarigione e di rigenerazione tessutale. Con questo studio si è dimostrato che l’applicazione del gel piastrinico, quando viene applicato in chirurgia orale ed in particolare nell’implantologia, è in grado di migliorare ed accelerare i processi osteogenetici; Metodologia: il CP, preparato a partire da un prelievo contenuto di sangue venoso (30-60 ml), viene attivato mediante una miscela di calcio gluconato e batroxobina (un enzima similtrombinico). Nell’arco di 3-5 minuti si ottiene un bioprodotto pronto per rilasciare in situ, verosimilmente, quei GFs fondamentali per la guarigione e la rigenerazione dei tessuti circostanti.; Conclusioni: il gel piastrinico, una biotecnologia efficace, semplice e dai costi contenuti, offre ai clinici l’opportunità di poter disporre di uno strumento innovativo atto a ridurre i tempi di guarigione e le complicanze post-operative, migliorando notevolmente la qualità di vita dei pazienti;

The PhD research activities are focused on ground improvement application. The objective is to study the permeation grouting technique in granular soils and to understand the hydro-mechanical properties that can be obtained using non-conventional injection materials. During the project it has been developed an injection apparatus and a monitoring system of the grouting process that is used to study the permeation process and to develop a theoretical, and then analytical and numerical approach. Furthermore, the injection apparatus is used to simulate the permeation of different injection materials in soils and to generate specimen for hydraulic and mechanical evaluations. The experimental set-up comprises of a polycarbonate extruded clear tube, 50 mm in inner diameter and variable length (with a maximum of 1.6 m), and two floating caps at the extremities with a double sealing system. Once it has been filled with a selected soil it is inserted in a rigid steel chassis and the hole injection system can support 100 bar injection pressure. To simulate the soil micro-mechanical behavior has been created a loading system, composed by a screw that can apply a confining pressure on the soil sample. The column is then instrumented: • two load cells to control the confining pressure; • five pressure transducers to control the imposed pressure; • two pressure switches to impose pressure to the fluid; • laser ranging distance sensors to measure the flow rate; • vision camera to detect fluid front advancement. The data from the sensors are collected by employing Arduino processors and all the results are elaborated and displayed in real time with a Labview platform software. Some of the sensors were properly calibrated after being installed and all the measurements and the injection apparatus are validated before starting the test. The injection apparatus has been used to test different conventional and non-conventional grout with different rheological properties: sodium silicate, acrylic resin, colloidal silica, cement and micro-cement grout. For some of the previous injection materials have been defined a rheological time-dependent law. All these tests have been used to understand the permeation phenomena and to define an analytical and numerical predictive model that could be valid for all the soil in all conditions. By using this approach and by knowing the soil hydraulic properties, related to a new geotechnical project, it should be possible to indicate to designers the type of grout, the injection parameters and the injection geometry for this specific ground improvement application. Finally, a hydro-mechanical investigation of the different injection materials has been performed, consisting of the following test: permeability, unconfined compressive strength, triaxial test and brasilian test. For each injection test it has been evaluated the difference mechanical behavior from the bottom to the top part of the column, resulting from a variable soil saturation during the permeation process, that, in a ground with a grout spherical propagation, can be related to the radial distance from the injection point. Furthermore, a mechanical comparison, in term of friction angle and cohesion, is performed for the different grout types and, for some of them, at different curing time.
The PhD research activities are focused on ground improvement application. The objective is to study the permeation grouting technique in granular soils and to understand the hydro-mechanical properties that can be obtained using non-conventional injection materials. During the project it has been developed an injection apparatus and a monitoring system of the grouting process that is used to study the permeation process and to develop a theoretical, and then analytical and numerical approach. Furthermore, the injection apparatus is used to simulate the permeation of different injection materials in soils and to generate specimen for hydraulic and mechanical evaluations. The experimental set-up comprises of a polycarbonate extruded clear tube, 50 mm in inner diameter and variable length (with a maximum of 1.6 m), and two floating caps at the extremities with a double sealing system. Once it has been filled with a selected soil it is inserted in a rigid steel chassis and the hole injection system can support 100 bar injection pressure. To simulate the soil micro-mechanical behavior has been created a loading system, composed by a screw that can apply a confining pressure on the soil sample. The column is then instrumented: • two load cells to control the confining pressure; • five pressure transducers to control the imposed pressure; • two pressure switches to impose pressure to the fluid; • laser ranging distance sensors to measure the flow rate; • vision camera to detect fluid front advancement. The data from the sensors are collected by employing Arduino processors and all the results are elaborated and displayed in real time with a Labview platform software. Some of the sensors were properly calibrated after being installed and all the measurements and the injection apparatus are validated before starting the test. The injection apparatus has been used to test different conventional and non-conventional grout with different rheological properties: sodium silicate, acrylic resin, colloidal silica, cement and micro-cement grout. For some of the previous injection materials have been defined a rheological time-dependent law. All these tests have been used to understand the permeation phenomena and to define an analytical and numerical predictive model that could be valid for all the soil in all conditions. By using this approach and by knowing the soil hydraulic properties, related to a new geotechnical project, it should be possible to indicate to designers the type of grout, the injection parameters and the injection geometry for this specific ground improvement application. Finally, a hydro-mechanical investigation of the different injection materials has been performed, consisting of the following test: permeability, unconfined compressive strength, triaxial test and brasilian test. For each injection test it has been evaluated the difference mechanical behavior from the bottom to the top part of the column, resulting from a variable soil saturation during the permeation process, that, in a ground with a grout spherical propagation, can be related to the radial distance from the injection point. Furthermore, a mechanical comparison, in term of friction angle and cohesion, is performed for the different grout types and, for some of them, at different curing time.

Abstract Simultaneous injection of miscible gas and polymer (SIMGAP) has been proposed as a technique for improving sweep efficiency of miscible CO2 in a giant heterogeneous carbonate reservoir (B) with harsh conditions of high temperature and salinity in Abu Dhabi. A pilot is planned to evaluate the concept. Reservoir simulation models were built to design the pilot and to evaluate field-scale deployment of SIMGAP, assuming the pilot is successful. This paper describes the pilot design and the workflow used to assess large-scale deployment. Reservoir-B comprises of two main units, Upper and Lower, which are in hydrodynamic equilibrium but have large (10-100) permeability contrast, due to which, water injected into the Lower unit rapidly crossflows into the Upper unit bypassing significant volumes of oil in the Lower unit. Hence, the Lower unit forms a key target for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In the SIMGAP process, miscible gas (CO2) is injected into the Lower unit and polymer solution is simultaneously injected into the Upper unit. Provided the polymer solution generates sufficient resistance to flow in the Upper unit, crossflow of CO2 is suppressed, and the Lower unit is efficiently swept by miscible CO2. A SIMGAP pilot has been designed, consisting oftwo central 3000-ft horizontal injectors for polymer injection in Upper, and CO2 injection into Lower unit respectively and two 3000-ft horizontal producers in the Lower unit 250m from the central injectors on either side. Reservoir sweep will be determined by repeat logging of vertical observation wells and the polymer solution in the Upper unit will be sampled to confirm in situ viscosity. A reservoir model was built and calibrated to field behavior to design the Pilot.The relevant design parameters include offtake rate, polymer and CO2 injection rates, polymer pre-flush and polymer solution concentration and viscosity. A key prerequisite for proper modelling of SIMGAP is to have a static model that captures the geological heterogeneity (e.g., vertical permeability contrast, all prevailing rock types) and a dynamic model that incorporates the SCAL derived capillary pressure (both drainage and imbibition) and relative permeability curves. The model forecasts show that significant sweep of the lower zone is achieved with SIMGAP compared to both water or gas injection and that the process is stable and robust to lateral and vertical reservoir heterogeneities. The SIMGAP process has never been piloted and it involves a hybrid of two EOR techniques CO2 injection and polymer flooding in harsh conditions of both high temperature and salinity. In addition, field deployment of SIMGAP was directly simulated in the sector models. The resulting field profiles were used to evaluate SIMGAP deployment in Reservoir-B.

Abstract Following the successful results of the two Polymer Injectivity Tests (PIT) carried out within ADNOC Onshore fields, this paper focuses on the surface de-risking plan for the multi-well pilot's preparation. The objective is to ensure that the designed Key Performance Indicators can be met by the upscaled process design related to polymer solution quality, viscosity, concentration, injection rate and skid running time. The main challenges and lessons learnt from the two PIT operations were implemented in the polymer skid upgrade and helped define the polymer solution and equipment qualification criteria to meet the requirements set for the final skid's design and operation. This work is part of a larger de-risking strategy developed from laboratory studies to polymer field deployment, in preparation for hybrid SIWAP/SIMGAP (Simultaneous Injection of Water and Polymer / Simultaneous Injection of Miscible Gas and Polymer) EOR pilots in ADNOC Onshore. This paper sheds the light on key operational findings and lessons learnt from the first High Temperature (HT) / High Salinity (HS) polymer injectivity tests conducted by ADNOC Onshore. The initial polymer injection implemented on two wells belonging to large ADNOC onshore reservoirs and their success, allowed the preparation of a pre-qualification process of the Polymer Injection Unit (PIU) and subsequent scale-up with improved features serving the challenging conditions of ADNOC Onshore fields. The preparation of the skid pre-qualifications tests is detailed including Performance Criteria set up, PIU Skid Pre-qualification process, upscaling PIU skid design features for the execution of the multi-well polymer pilot, followed by pre-qualification results, summary & conclusions. The key outcome of this paper presents a new qualification scheme for deploying polymer injection technologies in the region under high temperature, high salinity and high H2S conditions. It also serves as a key contributor to the EOR strategy in the UAE and represents a vital benchmark for the future polymer EOR implementation across the region with advanced look-ahead on the key performance indicators for similar installations.

Magnesium, a light-weight metal, has been used as a construction material since the early days of the 20th century. Excellent availability and low specific weight are the main benefits for applications in the aerospace and automotive fields. Because of a vast increase of Magnesium machining applications in the mobile equipment manufacturing industry over the last 10 years, there is an increasing demand for specially adapted cutting fluid systems for the machining of Magnesium parts. This paper will provide an overview on the latest research activities in Germany to develop new cutting fluid systems for a safe and economically efficient use of metal working fluids in mechanical processing of Magnesium alloys. Laboratory results and field applications with new innovative water-miscible cutting fluids are demonstrating that it is possible to control the huge problems of the past, such as hydrogen formation, emulsion split and corrosion. Based on experiences in the biggest european magnesium Machining project, the “Al/Mg Hybrid Crank Case” (Fig. 1), problems and solutions specific for large scale machining of Magnesium alloys with water-mixed cutting fluids are shown.

Abstract Jurassic Gas Field Development Group (GFDJ) of Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) completed the first ever CO2 foamed acid frac pilot campaign in three Jurassic sour HTHP wells. This innovative technology was utilized first time ever in the KOC history safely and effectively with exemplary well performances. GFDJ had been pursuing the CO2-foamed acid fracturing technology since 2019 with the objective of improving the stimulation and hydraulic fracturing efficiency in the Jurassic Middle Marrat formation. CO2-foamed acid fracs have several advantages over other stimulation techniques:CO2 is a miscible and non-damaging fluid blends in water and also mixes with hydrocarbons.Pumped as a liquid and slightly heavier than water, leading to lower treating pressures due to heavier hydrostatic head.Effective in treating lower-pressured/partially-depleted good KH carbonate reservoirs.Reduces water-based gels and overall frac-load volume by the percentage of CO2 pumped in the frac fluid system (40% by volume is utilized in this pilot).Energizes the frac fluid and stays in solution until it heats up to gas. This property ensures the frac load recovery is achieved throughout the flowback.Eliminates the need to activate the well after the frac with CT/N2 applications potentially saving time and money to KOC.Has potential to lighten up the heavier ends of the hydrocarbons due to its miscible properties, hence may help with better hydrocarbon inflow.Creates stable foam structure with the frac fluid, increasing the frac fluid viscosity hence has the potential to generate better frac geometry and higher "stimulated rock volume" or SRV. A three-well campaign was completed between September 2021 and February 2022. Three different monobore completion wells were fracture-treated using an average of 40% downhole quality CO2-foam pumped at an average rate of 30 bpm. Different service companies and their fluid systems, as well as their operational capabilities were utilized in operations with exemplary clean up and production test results that surpassed the expectations of the asset. Additionally, pumping cryogenic CO2 at high ambient desert temperatures of September in Kuwait, safely, and operationally effectively is a major milestone and achievement in itself. This paper summarizes the design, operational, well clean-up and production performance details of the CO2 campaign. Learnings of the GFDJ asset will be shared in order to benefit from the learning curve that KOC went through in implementing this strategic application. Success of novel CO2 stimulation technique is critical for the GFDJ asset to continue expanding its production capacity in next 2-3 years while maintaining the strong production plateau achieved in 2021. Future plans of the assets will also be discussed to ensure cross-boundary opportunity realization can be possible in the industry for the region.

Abstract One of the typical production challenges is occurrence of impermeable layers of highly viscous asphaltenic oil (known as tarmat) at oil/water contact within a reservoir. Tar forms a physical barrier that isolates producing zones from aquifer or water injectors. As a result of tar occurrence, is a rapid pressure decrease that can be observed in such reservoirs, increasing number of dead wells, and declining productivity. Another indirect consequence of Tar presence is poor sweep efficiency that leads to water cut increase by a drastic magnitude. An innovative approach was developed to establish better sweep efficiency, transmissibility and pressure maintenance of Tar impacted-areas using thermochemical treatment. The treatment consists of injecting exothermic reaction-components that react downhole and generate in-situ pressure and heat. The in-situ reaction products provide heat and gas-drive energy to mobilize tar, improve sweep efficiency and maintain flooding for better pressure maintenance. Typically, downhole heat generation through chemical reaction releases substantial heat which could be employed in various thermal stimulation operations. Nano/ionic liquids, high pH solutions, solvents and nano metals were combined with the exothermic reaction to improve tar mobilization. Based on lab testing, the new technology showed more recovery than conventional steam flooding. Permeable channels were created in a tar layer with sandback samples, which enhanced transmissibility, pressure support and sweep efficiency. The effect of thermochemical treatment and ionic liquid on bitumen texture will be described. Impact of In-situ generated heat on injectivity will also be presented. The novel method will enable commercial production from tar-impacted reservoirs, and avoid costly steam flooding systems. The developed novel treatment relates to in-situ steam generation to maximize heat delivery efficiency of steam into the reservoir and to minimize heat losses due to under and/or over burdens. The generated in-situ steam and gas can be applied to recover deep oil reservoirs, which cannot be recovered with traditional steam, miscible gas, nor polymer injection methods.