Thèses : « MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSING »

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Halvorsen, Ivar Johan. « Minimum Energy Requirements in Complex Distillation Arrangements ». Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-309.

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Distillation is the most widely used industrial separation technology and distillation units are responsible for a significant part of the total heat consumption in the world’s process industry. In this work we focus on directly (fully thermally) coupled column arrangements for separation of multicomponent mixtures. These systems are also denoted Petlyuk arrangements, where a particular implementation is the dividing wall column. Energy savings in the range of 20-40% have been reported with ternary feed mixtures. In addition to energy savings, such integrated units have also a potential for reduced capital cost, making them extra attractive. However, the industrial use has been limited, and difficulties in design and control have been reported as the main reasons. Minimum energy results have only been available for ternary feed mixtures and sharp product splits. This motivates further research in this area, and this thesis will hopefully give some contributions to better understanding of complex column systems.

In the first part we derive the general analytic solution for minimum energy consumption in directly coupled columns for a multicomponent feed and any number of products. To our knowledge, this is a new contribution in the field. The basic assumptions are constant relative volatility, constant pressure and constant molar flows and the derivation is based on Underwood’s classical methods. An important conclusion is that the minimum energy consumption in a complex directly integrated multi-product arrangement is the same as for the most difficult split between any pair of the specified products when we consider the performance of a conventional two-product column. We also present the V_min-diagram, which is a simple graphical tool for visualisation of minimum energy related to feed distribution. The V_mind-diagram provides a simple mean to assess the detailed flow requirements for all parts of a complex directly coupled arrangement.

The main purpose in the first part of the thesis has been to present a complete theory of minimum energy in directly coupled columns, not a design procedure for engineering purposes. Thus, our focus has been on the basic theory and on verification and analysis of the new results. However, based on these results, it is straightforward to develop design procedures including rigorous computations for real feed mixtures without the idealized assumptions used to deduce the analytic results.

In part 2 we focus on optimization of operation, and in particular the concept of self-optimizing control. We consider a process where we have more degrees of freedom than are consumed by the product specifications. The remaining unconstrained degrees of freedom are used to optimize the operation, given by some scalar cost criterion. In addition there will in practice always be unknown disturbances, model uncertainty and uncertainty in measurements and implementation of manipulated inputs, which makes it impossible to precalculate and implement the optimal control inputs accurately.

The main idea is to achieve self-optimizing control by turning the optimization problem into a constant setpoint problem. The issue is then to find (if possible) a set of variables, which when kept at their setpoints, indirectly ensures optimal operation.

We have used the ternary Petlyuk arrangement to illustrate the concept. It is a quite challenging case where the potential energy savings may easily be lost if we do not manage to keep the manipulated inputs at their optimal values, and the optimum is strongly affected by changes in feed composition and column performance. This also applies to the best control structure selection, and we believe that the reported difficulties in control are really a control structure problem (the task of selecting the best variables to control and the best variables to manipulate).

In this analysis we present in detail the properties of the Petlyuk arrangement, and show how important characteristics depend on the feed properties and product purity. We have used finite stage-by-stage models, and we also show how to use Underwood’s equations to compute the energy consumption for infinite number of stages for any values of the degrees of freedom. Such computations are very simple. The results are accurate and in terms of computation time, outperform simulations with finite stage-by-stage models by several magnitudes. The analysis gives a basic understanding of the column behaviour and we may select operating strategies based on this knowledge for any given separation case. In some cases there will be a quite flat optimality region, and this suggests that one of the manipulated inputs may be kept constant.We also show that the side-stream purity has strong impact on the optimality region. One observation is that a symptom of sub-optimal operation can be that we are unable to achieve high sidestream purity, and not necessarily increased energy consumption.

In summary, the presented results contribute to improved understanding and removal of some uncertainties in the design and operation of directly integrated distillation arrangements.

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Renz, William Joseph Jr. « A minimum housing prototype for affordable housing : existenzminimum in Atlanta and Columbus ». Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24096.

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Bozalioglu, Dogu. « Evaluation Of Minimum Requirements For Lap Splice Design ». Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608284/index.pdf.

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Minimum requirements for lap splices in reinforced concrete members, stated in building codes of TS-500 and ACI-318, have a certain factor of safety. These standards have been prepared according to research results conducted previously and they are being updated according to results of recent studies. However the reliability of lap splices for minimum requirements needs to be investigated. For this purpose, 6 beam specimens were prepared according to minimum provisions of these standards. The test results were investigated by analytical procedures and also a parametric study was done to compare two standards. For smaller diameter bars both standards give safe results. Results showed that the minimum clear cover given in TS500 is insufficient for lap spliced bars greater than or equal to 26 mm diameter.

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Krishnaswamy, Vidya. « Minimum design standards strategies for specific urban locations with reference to India ». Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063105/.

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Lundman, Astrid. « Evalutaion of Sweden’s accessibility requirements for housing ». Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254303.

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Today all newly constructed accommodations need to complete all the accessibility requirements for housing. This is part of the final goal to achieve a complete existence of only accessible housing with in Sweden. According to some people this seems a bit unreasonably considering only a fraction of Sweden’s inhabitants need this type of accessible housing. To build accessible is considered very expansive and not accompanying a financial sustainable society. Because of this, this thesis will conduct an evaluation of Sweden’s accessibility requirements. The method of this evaluation concludes a minor literature review and field survey. A total of five interviews has been executed with people that in different ways are affected by the accessibility requirements. The purpose of these interviews is to understand what the industries perception is of today’s accessibility requirements and found out how they work in practice. This report also investigates the possibility of an availability fund. This fund would require every real estate developer to capitalize an amount of money which later can be used for accessibility adaption when necessary. This will be possible since new accessibility quotes will be introduced, which will result in lowered productions costs. This thesis discussion is based on an analysis and comparison of the results from the literature review and the field survey. This discussion leads up to five recommendations on how the subject of accessibility can improve and develop. These recommendations consist of, Visit availability; Availability fund; An review of Boverkets building regulations; Type-approver solution proposals & Open discussion.
Idag måste nyproducerade bostäder byggas enligt samtliga tillgänglighetskrav. Målet med detta är att slutligen uppnå ett bestånd där samtliga bostäder uppnår tillgänglighetskraven. Detta kan anses orimligt då enbart en bråkdel av Sveriges befolkning är i behov av tillgängliga och användbara bostäder. Att bygga tillgängligt är något som många anser vara mycket kostsamt samt icke samhällsekonomsikthållbart. I detta examensarbete utförs en utredning av dagens tillgänglighetskrav. Detta görs genom en mindre litteraturöversikt samt en intervjuundersökning. Ett flertal intervjuer med personer som på olika sätt påverkas av dagens tillgänglighetskrav har utförts. Syftet med dessa intervjuer är att ta reda på vad branschen tycker om dagens krav samt hur de fungerar i praktiken. Denna rapport utreder även möjligheten om en tillgänglighetsfond. Denna fond ska fungera genom att byggherrar vid varje nyproduktion av bostäder fonderar en viss andel kapital i denna fond som sedan kan användas när tillgänglighetsanpassning är aktuellt. Detta ska göras möjligt genom att olika kvoter av tillgängligt byggande införs, vilket resulterar i minskade produktionskostnader. Avslutningsvis har en diskussion framställs baserat på en analys och jämförelse av resultatet från litteraturöversikten och intervjuundersökningen. Denna rapport avslutas med fem stycken rekommendation till hur denna fråga kan förbättras och utvecklas. Dessa rekommendationer är Besökstillgänglighet; Tillgänglighetfond; Översyn av Boverkets byggregler; Typgodkända lösningsförslag & Bjud in till diskussion.

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Ahdab, Yvana D. (Yvana Daniella). « Desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States : minimum energy requirements ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111776.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-122).
Water scarcity around the globe has motivated rising interest in desalinating brackish groundwater to meet fresh water demand. Various organizations in the United States have collected more hydrological and chemical data from the growing number of wells. Yet, only one national assessment of groundwater resource distribution and availability has been conducted in the United States since the 1960s, and no national assessment has been conducted on the energy costs required to make brackish groundwater potable. Because the ionic composition of groundwater varies significantly from location to location, unlike seawater, conducting site-specific analyses of the resource across the U.S. is necessary. This thesis uses chemical and physical data from a U.S. Geological Survey dataset compiled in 2017, including samples from over 100,000 groundwater wells across the United States, to carry out a nationwide investigation of brackish groundwater composition and minimum desalination energy costs. Beginning with a full Pitzer-Kim mixed electrolyte model, we develop a thermodynamic analysis of the least work of separation in order to compute the site-specific least work of separation required for groundwater desalination. Least work of separation represents a baseline for specific energy consumption of real-world desalination systems. Then, we study the geographic distribution of least work of separation to determine areas with both low least work of separation and high water stress. These regions hold potential for desalination to decrease the disparity between high water demand and low water supply. We develop simplified equations for least work as a function of recovery ratio and the following parameters: total dissolved solids, specific conductance, ionic strength, and molality. Lastly, we examine the effects of groundwater composition on minimum energy costs, and the geographic distribution of total dissolved solids, well depth and major ions.
by Yvana D. Ahdab.
S.M.

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Ahdab, Yvana D. (Yvana Daniella). « Desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States : minimum energy requirements ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111776.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-122).
Water scarcity around the globe has motivated rising interest in desalinating brackish groundwater to meet fresh water demand. Various organizations in the United States have collected more hydrological and chemical data from the growing number of wells. Yet, only one national assessment of groundwater resource distribution and availability has been conducted in the United States since the 1960s, and no national assessment has been conducted on the energy costs required to make brackish groundwater potable. Because the ionic composition of groundwater varies significantly from location to location, unlike seawater, conducting site-specific analyses of the resource across the U.S. is necessary. This thesis uses chemical and physical data from a U.S. Geological Survey dataset compiled in 2017, including samples from over 100,000 groundwater wells across the United States, to carry out a nationwide investigation of brackish groundwater composition and minimum desalination energy costs. Beginning with a full Pitzer-Kim mixed electrolyte model, we develop a thermodynamic analysis of the least work of separation in order to compute the site-specific least work of separation required for groundwater desalination. Least work of separation represents a baseline for specific energy consumption of real-world desalination systems. Then, we study the geographic distribution of least work of separation to determine areas with both low least work of separation and high water stress. These regions hold potential for desalination to decrease the disparity between high water demand and low water supply. We develop simplified equations for least work as a function of recovery ratio and the following parameters: total dissolved solids, specific conductance, ionic strength, and molality. Lastly, we examine the effects of groundwater composition on minimum energy costs, and the geographic distribution of total dissolved solids, well depth and major ions.
by Yvana D. Ahdab.
S.M.

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Sanchez, Paul. « Coming of Age : A Look at Minimum Age Requirements in Professional Sports ». Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/802.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

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Olsson, Kimberly. « How Have the Amortization Requirements Affected Housing Prices in Stockholm ? » Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254822.

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The aim of this study was to investigate how the amortization requirements of 2016 and 2018 haveaffected the housing prices in Stockholm county, using an event-study approach and a regressionanalysis. Furthermore, the paper studies how the regulations have affected single-family housescompared to tenant-owned apartments, if the effect was different for tenant-owned apartments ofdifferent sizes and if existing housing compared to newly produced housing were affected differently.The reasoning behind the introduction of amortization requirements was to regulate and decreasegrowing household indebtedness that was making Swedish households vulnerable to changes in theoverall economy. The second requirement aimed to further regulate household indebtedness and wasexpected to lower housing prices, which it received criticism for. The report is limited to thedevelopment of house prices for single-family houses and tenant-owned apartments betweenDecember 2013 and February 2019.The primary findings of this report are that the amortization requirements have resulted in decreasedexpected returns. Consistent with previous literature, the introduction of macroprudential policiesreduced the price growth for existing tenant-owned apartments and decreased the housing prices ofsingle-family houses and newly produced homes. The amortization requirements accomplished theFinancial Supervisory Authority’s aim of reducing household indebtedness, but increased the averageloan-to-value ratios for households. Lastly, it has become increasingly difficult for younger householdsto finance their housing purchase due to increased monthly payments and thereby failing to pass theleft-to-live-on computations created by lenders. At the same time, the rental housing market remainslimited.
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur amorteringskraven som infördes under 2016 and 2018,påverkade bostadspriserna i Stockholms län. Genom att tillämpa en eventstudie och enregressionsanalys försöker denna studie förklara hur regleringarna har påverkat priserna för småhusjämfört med bostadsrätter, om påverkan på priserna skilde sig mellan bostadsrätter av olika storlekaroch om påverkan skilde sig mellan befintligt bestånd och nyproducerade bostäder. Motivationenbakom amorteringskraven var att reglera och minska hushållens skulder, eftersom de gjorde hushållensårbara för ekonomiska störningar. Det andra amorteringskravet förväntades även sänkabostadspriserna och mottog därför en del kritik. Denna rapport är begränsad till utvecklingen avsmåhus- och bostadsrättspriser mellan december 2013 och februari 2019.De huvudsakliga slutsatserna i denna rapport är att amorteringskraven har minskat förväntade vinster.I tidigare litteratur har makroekonomiska regleringar minskat prisökningen, vilket också är resultatetför denna studie. För småhus och nyproducerade bostäder minskade också priserna jämfört medföregående period. Amorteringskraven har uppnått Finansinspektionens mål om att minska hushållensskulder men har samtidigt ökat skuldkvoten bland hushåll. Avslutningsvis har det blivit svårare förunga hushåll att finansiera sitt bostadsköp då amorteringskraven ökar månadsbetalningarna och gör attde inte klarar av kvar-att-leva-på-kalkylerna hos bankerna. Samtidigt är hyresmarknaden ärsvåråtkomlig och begränsar därmed bostadsalternativen på marknaden.

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Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. « What are the minimum requirements of numbers used in a good case study ? » Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32556.

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Serrano, Ana Sofia Calcinha. « Habitar hoje na cidade antiga ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12270.

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Hunt, P. J. « The control of temperature and atmospheric contaminants in an intensive poultry house under minimum ventilation conditions ». Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356469.

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Jachimowicz, Adam. « Post-Disaster Interim Housing| Forecasting Requirements and Determining Key Planning Factors ». Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3629412.

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Common tenets in the field of emergency management hold that all disasters are different and all disasters hold a great deal of uncertainty. For these and many other reasons, many challenges are present when providing post-disaster assistance to victims. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has identified post-disaster interim housing as one of its greatest challenges. These challenges have been highlighted in recent years in the media as spectacular failures as evidenced during the recovery efforts for Hurricane Katrina. Partly in response, FEMA developed the National Disaster Housing Strategy that establishes the framework and strategic goals of providing housing to disaster victims. This strategy calls for emergency management professionals to both anticipate needs and balance a host of factors to provide quick, economical, and community-based housing solutions that meet the individual, family, and community needs while enabling recovery. The first problem is that emergency management officials need to make decisions early on without actual event data in order to provide timely interim housing options to victims. The second problem is that there is little guidance and no quantitative measures on prioritizing the many factors that these same officials need for providing interim housing. This research addressed both of these problems. To anticipate needs, a series of models were developed utilizing historical data provided by FEMA and regression analysis to produce a series of forecast models. The models developed were for the cost of a housing mission, the number of individuals applying to FEMA for assistance, the number of people eligible for housing assistance and the number of trailers FEMA will provide as interim housing. The variables analyzed and used to make the prediction were; population, wind-speed, homeownership rate, number of households, income, and poverty level. Of the four models developed, the first three demonstrated statistical significance, while the last one did not. The models were limited only to wind related hazards. These models and associated forecasts can assist federal, state, and local government officials with scoping and planning for a housing mission. In addition, the models also provide insight into how the six variables used to make the prediction can influence it. The second part of this research used a structured feedback process (Delphi) and expert opinion to develop a ranked list of the most important factors that emergency management officials should consider when conducting operational planning for a post-disaster housing mission. This portion of the research took guidance from the "National Disaster Housing Strategy" and attempted to quantify it based on the consensus opinion of a group of experts. The top three factors that were determined by the Delphi were 1) House disaster survivors as soon as possible 2) The availability of existing housing and 3) Status of infrastructure.

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Guillou, Nicholas John Hatton. « Assessing local housing requirements : a study with reference to planning practice ». Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293329.

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Chirwa, M. P. W. « An evaluation of the minimum requirements for the design of rural water supply projects ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2895.

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Thesis (MScEng (Civil engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
In this study, the minimum standards required for the design of rural piped water supply projects as set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) are evaluated with respect to capital pipe cost using the Nooightgedacht rural water supply scheme selected as a case study.

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Drees, Ludwig, Manfred Mueller, Carsten Schmidt-Moll, Patrick Gontar, Kilian Zwirglmaier, Chong Wang, Klaus Bengler, Florian Holzapfel et Daniel Straub. « Risk analysis of the EASA minimum fuel requirements considering the ACARE-defined safety target ». Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72186.

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We present the results of flight simulator experiments (60 runs) with randomly selected airline pilots under realistic operational conditions and discuss them in light of current fuel regulations and potential fuel starvation. The experiments were conducted to assess flight crew performance in handling complex technical malfunctions including decision-making in fourth-generation jet aircraft. Our analysis shows that the current fuel requirements of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) are not sufficient to guarantee the safety target of the Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE), which is less than one accident in 10 million flights. To comply with this safety target, we recommend increasing the Final Reserve Fuel from 30 min to 45 min for jet aircraft. The minimum dispatched fuel upon landing should be at least 1 h.

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Foss, Matthew 1978. « Inclusionary housing requirements in California : examining the economic impact on three cases ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/26730.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2004.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59).
Matthew Foss.
S.M.

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Guma, Tamsanqa Marshall. « Minimum requirements for the provisioning of ABET in the North West Province / by Tamsanqa Marshall Guma ». Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2086.

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Gay, Alanis Leon F. « Measuring Energy Efficiency of Water Utilities ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34231.

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Water infrastructure systems worldwide use large amounts of energy to operate. Energy efficiency efforts are relevant because even relatively small gains in efficiency have the potential to bring significant benefits to these utilities in terms of financial savings and enhanced sustainability and resiliency. In order to achieve higher efficiency levels, energy usage must be measured and controlled. A common tool used to measure energy efficiency in water utilities and perform comparisons between utilities is metric benchmarking. Energy benchmarking scores are intended to measure how efficient water systems are among their peers, in a simple and accurate fashion. Although many different benchmarking methods are currently used, we chose to use the segregated benchmarking scores proposed by Carlson on his research report from 2007 (Carlson, 2007). The research objective is to improve these production energy use and treatment energy use benchmarking scores by analyzing the systemâ s particular characteristics that might skew the results, such as topology, water loss and raw water quality. We propose that benchmarking metrics should be always used within a particular context for each specific utility being analyzed. A complementary score (Thermodynamic Score) was developed to provide context on how energy efficient is the utility not only compared with other utilities, but also compared with the potential maximum efficiency the utility can reach itself. We analyzed eight utilities from Virginia to obtain production and treatment energy use benchmarking scores and also thermodynamic scores using the minimum required energy approach. Benchmarking scores were skewed in 50% of the studied utilities. This means that benchmarking scores should never be used as a black box. The thermodynamic score proved to be useful for measurement of energy efficiency of a water utility on its production phase. In addition, some utilities can detect significant financial saving opportunities using the minimum required energy analysis for production operations.
Master of Science

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Kanel, Jeffrey Scott. « Minimum impeller speeds and power requirements for complete dispersion of non-Newtonian liquid-liquid systems in baffled vessels ». Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11256.

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Holmes, Stewart H. « Outsourcing versus retaining in-house capability to fulfill Naval Postgraduate School's family housing maintenance requirements ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA290184.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Joseph G. San Miguel, Walter E. Owen. "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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Sell, Andres. « Determining the minimum local anaesthetic requirements for hip replacement surgery under spinal anaesthesis : a study employing a spinal catheter / ». Online version, 2005. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1081/5/sell.pdf.

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Bester, George Francis. « Minimum physical requirements of the physical workers of an electric supply company by way of work-specific physical assessments ». Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04262005-173630.

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Baz, Adam. « Woodpeckers in the City : Habitat Use and Minimum Area Requirements of Woodpeckers in Urban Parks and Natural Areas in Portland, Oregon ». PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4455.

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Urbanization has contributed to the fragmentation and alteration of natural habitats around the globe, and is rapidly increasing. In this context, forested parks play a critical role for many species by providing patches of usable habitat within the urban matrix. Such patches may be particularly valuable to forest-specialists like woodpeckers (Picidae). Yet many woodpeckers require large forest patches, which are limited in fragmented landscapes. Despite their recognized value as ecosystem engineers and keystone species, almost no research exists on woodpecker ecology or space-use in urban settings. What habitat components influence woodpecker abundance and what are their functional minimum area requirements in anthropogenic landscapes? As urban development continues to expand, it is imperative that these gaps in knowledge be filled. I examined the habitat and area requirements of five woodpecker species in 36 forest patches throughout Portland, Oregon. Woodpeckers were surveyed over two consecutive breeding seasons (2015-2016) using point counts and audio broadcast surveys. Vegetation surveys and geospatial analysis were conducted to describe the habitat and landscape composition within and around each patch. The relationship between habitat variables and woodpecker abundance was analyzed for each species using generalized linear models. Minimum area requirements were estimated based on incidence functions plotting the probability of woodpecker occurrence in forest patches of varying size. Abundance of all five woodpecker species increased as a function of forest area and understory vegetation. The amount of tree cover in the landscape surrounding parks was important for the two largest species (Pileated Woodpeckers [Dryocopus pileatus] and Northern Flickers [Colaptes auratus]), although this variable influenced their abundance positively and negatively, respectively. Surprisingly, the degree of urbanization in the surrounding landscape was unrelated to woodpecker abundance for any species except Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber). Four of the five species I studied reached higher levels of abundance in natural areas (i.e. greenspaces with multistory vegetation) than traditional parks (i.e. parks managed for recreation, with cleared understories). I recommend that large, multistory forested parks be created and protected to benefit woodpeckers. Minimum area requirements were generated for each species based on the forest patch size at which their predicted probability of occurrence reached 0.5. This corresponded to an area requirement of 51 ha for Pileated Woodpeckers and 34 ha for Hairy Woodpeckers (Picoides villosus). None of the other three woodpeckers exhibited strong area-sensitivity. These findings provide much needed information on woodpecker ecology in urban landscapes, and may offer direction for park management as rates of urbanization continue to increase.

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Davis, Victor Corey. « Impact of minimum hiring requirements (AB 1725) on the recruitment and employment of community college vocational and technical teachers in California ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1038.

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Giersberg, Mona Franziska [Verfasser]. « Collection of biometric data as an animal based approach for the assessment of minimum space requirements in livestock farming / Mona Franziska Giersberg ». Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136159762/34.

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Olubodun, O. F. « An empirical approach to the evaluation of factors in local authority housing maintenance requirements in the City of Manchester ». Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2195/.

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The thesis is concerned with the evaluation of factors in Local Authority housing maintenance requirements in the City of Manchester. Since 1982, expenditure in housing maintenance and repair works has consistently accounted for more than 50% of total expenditure on maintenance and repair work. In turn, maintenance and repair work accounts for almost 50% of total construction output in the UK. Given this level of sectorial contribution, it is apt to understand the factors which affect defects in dwelling buildings and hence maintenance requirements. This thesis reviews the catalogue of building defect causative factors leading to the conclusion that social and tenants' characteristics are equally important. The study is based, chiefly, on a postal questionnaire survey of building surveyors involved in day-to-day identification of defects as well as tenants of the sampled dwellings; and computer cost records of maintenance on dwellings within the sample. A total of 45 completed questionnaires from building surveyors, and 252 Council tenants with corresponding computer cost records formed the data base for the analyses conducted. The building surveyors' questionnaire assisted in the identification of defect-cause criteria which relate to the internal attribute of the dwelling building. The consistency of the resulting data was confirmed by the use of Kendall Coefficient of Concordance. An analysis is described of the manipulated data set using regression analysis. The analysis found that Changing standard contributes (38%) of (building structure related factors') impact on maintenance requirement variance, construction factors (23%), design factors (22%), vandalism (12%) and age factors (6%). The intercorrelations among these five defect-cause criteria within the building object necessitated further analysis using the principal component analysis. This resulted in the extraction of nine significant factors showing how the initial five factors combine to exert their influence on the building. In all, this family of building structure related factors contribute 32% of the variation in maintenance requirements. Combining the data from the tenants' questionnaire, computer cost information and dwelling survey, regression model testing was employed to identify the significant factors. This was facilitated with the use of three indices of housing maintenance requirements as the dependent variables, namely; reactive maintenance cost, property condition and satisfaction among tenants. Nine factors (six of which relate to tenant's characteristics) pertaining to tenant, environmental and housing management were significantly influential.

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Gonçalves, Iga Jandir de Lima. « O habitar mínimo ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10956.

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O espaço mínimo é um tema sobre qual se tem debruçado o trabalho de muitos arquitectos, e que continua a alimentar reflexões e obras construídas de grande interesse. Uma vez que a habitação é o programa por excelência nesse tipo de investigação, estudam-se as pesquisas realizadas desde o século passado sobre o tema da casa mínima, em que se verifica uma evolução no enfoque do problema, de que se passa do doméstico para o urbano, da casa à cidade. Estudam-se também intervenções sobre o existente quando este se mostra desadequado aos standards contemporâneos de habitabilidade. Duma primeira análise, percebe-se que essa produção pode ter dois processos de concepção distintos, uma que está ligada a uma visão poética do mínimo e consequente depreciação do supérfluo, e outra, mais pragmática, fortemente ligada à prática de arquitectura em contextos de escassez de recursos. Nestes contextos o espaço é mínimo como resultado da falta de recursos, pelo que existe uma procura constante para superar essa limitação, de modo que se estudam casos exemplares que o fazem com sucesso. Tendo em conta que essa procura mantêm, naturalmente, uma forte relação com o fazer, com a dimensão tectónica do espaço mínimo, dedica-se um capítulo da presente dissertação a intervenções que desenvolvem uma investigação em torno da construção em contextos de escassez, de sistemas construtivos e materiais que ao serem utilizados trazem uma mais valia ao espaço construído, qualitativamente e quantitativamente; *** ABSTRACT:The Minimum Dwelling The minimum space in architecture is a problem which has fueled the work of many architects, and that still is a considerable motivation for interesting reflexions and buildings. In a closer analysis of the problem, we can understand that threre are two main conception processes from which we obtain the minimum space in architecture; one that is linked with a poetic vision of the minimum, and consequently the elimination of anything superfluous; the other one, more practical, that is strongly connected with practicing architecture in contexts of shortage of means. In these contexts the minimum is a direct result of the the lack of means, so there is a continuous search to overcome this limitation, therefore we find it necessary to study exemplary cases that do this successfully. The search for more space is closely connected with the tectonic dimension of the space, which is the subject of one of the chapters of this study: buildings in which the use of reduced cost and sustainable materials and building techniques brought a significative improvement, both in terms of quality and size. Since housing is the field in which most of this kind of investigation takes place, we studied some of the most fruitful periods of production and thinking about the minimum dwelling, where we can observe a gradual change in the way in which the subject was approached, starting from a domestic point of view and gradually gaining urban connotations. We also study cases of intervention in the existing buildings, with the objective of improving the living conditions to the contemporary standards

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St-Pierre, Normand Roger. « Minimum cost requirements from a response function and incorporation of uncertainty in composition of feeds into chance-constrained programming models of livestock rations / ». The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135354794.

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Alhaj, Tamim. « The Potential of the Application of Photovoltaics to the Housing Sector and the Future of Energy Requirements in the U.A.E ». Thesis, University of Ulster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493899.

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Lilley, Susan Jane. « Digging the dirt on density : a study of medium density housing in Christchurch's Living Three zone : a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at the University of Canterbury / ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1283.

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Since the 1987 Brundtland Report, the development of urban areas has been considered a key determinant in achieving 'sustainability'. Greater residential density is increasingly advocated for and applied through policy statements around the world as a way of achieving this goal. Various tiers of New Zealand government are following international policy trends, developing programmes, protocols and strategies that promote sustainability and 'good' urban design practices through intensification, or concentration, within urban areas. Research shows that a policy framework of urban concentration, through greater residential density, is only successful where consumers and providers of housing support its practical application. Confrontation between policy and the market, and the acceptability of greater levels of residential density to residents, can jeopardise a policy's success. This research uses a mix of survey and interview techniques to determine the acceptability of "medium density" developments to residents, and to understand the practises and motivations of housing developers in Christchurch's "Living 3" zone. This zone is predominantly sited between the central business district and low-density suburban areas, making it ideally located to facilitate policies of intensification. The principle purpose of the zone is the development of medium-density residential accommodation, however greater residential density is relatively new to Christchurch where the potential for expansion is seemingly unbounded. The intention of this research is to assist the planning, production and performance of future developments. In conclusion, this thesis makes recommendations to improve the form and design of medium density residential developments in Christchurch's inner Living Three zone in terms of the market's producers and consumers.

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Avery-Gomm, Stephanie. « Determining the impacts of hydrological drought on endangered Nooksack dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) at the population and individual level : Implications for minimum environmental flow requirements ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44408.

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Understanding the impacts of hydrological drought is crucial to the conservation of freshwater fishes. In British Columbia, Nooksack dace (Cyprinidae: Rhinichthys cataractae) are an endangered riffle specialist and are threatened by extremely low summer flows. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the impacts of drought on Nooksack dace, whether pool habitats may act as refugia to mitigate these impacts, and to define minimum environmental flow requirements. The first two objectives were addressed using a combination of field survey and experimental manipulations. A reduction in Nooksack dace population size with declining summer flow in Bertrand Creek, and a marked decrease in growth at low discharge in experimental riffles, indicated that low discharge has negative impacts on dace at both population and individual levels. Pool habitats were found to play a minor role in mitigating the negative impacts of hydrological drought (e.g., decreased growth rate), save as a refuge from stranding when riffles dewater. The third objective was addressed using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). Because this study involved an endangered species an emphasis was placed on evaluating two fundamental assumptions of the methodology. Experimental results for Nooksack dace growth at different depths and velocities provided support for the first assumption, that density-based Habitat Suitability Curves (HSCs) accurately reflect habitat quality, but only for the lower limits of the HSCs. Next, a significant positive relationship between Weighted Usable Area (WUA) and dace biomass was found, supporting the assumption that such a relationship exists. However, this relationship was weak indicating a high degree of uncertainty in how Nooksack dace biomass will respond at high discharges. The IFIM model predicted that habitat availability for Nooksack dace begins to decline most rapidly at discharges of 0.12 m³.s-¹. As there is low confidence in upper ranges of the HSCs this low flow threshold may underestimate declines with discharge, and therefore protection of at least 0.12 m³.s-¹ is considered necessary for the persistence of Nooksack dace individuals and populations. Compared to conventional instream flow criteria, 0.12 m³.s-¹ represents ~10% mean annual discharge which is the threshold for severely degraded habitat.

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Scholz, Christian. « Evaluation and categorization of findings according to the Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks 1/2000 (German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority) ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70206.

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Thesis (MBA)- Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main object of this study project is clause 14 of the circular 1/2000 "Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks" of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority. It requires that banks have a risk management system, a risk-based audit planning and a risk-based audit procedure. These have initiated the transformation process of the internal audit functions from the traditional audit approach, which is past and present orientated, to the risk-based audit approach, which is future oriented. During audit planning the audit objects are chosen due to their inherent-risk instead of choosing them due to indications of pastrelated information or estimations. To determine the inherent-risk the audit object's risk factors have to be determined and assessed. The aim of the study is to set up a model, which allows the standardized categorization of findings according to the Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks 1/2000, which requires a categorization of findings into at least three categories: shortcoming, serious shortcoming, and particular grave deficiency. The Minimum Requirements doesn't impose a restriction to the method of categorization. The survey "Categorization of Findings" revealed that all banks are categorizing the findings, but that only a few banks are using an objective method to do so. To ensure a coherent, transparent and objective classification of the findings the classification process has to be standardized. For a standardized classification process the extent of the findings have to be comparable and quantitative. Therefore, techniques and methods have to be applied, which quantifies the extent of the findings making them comparable. In order to find the right method to assess the extent of the finding one has to look at the components of a finding. A finding consists of risk, which is expressed by the occurrence probability and the extent of damage. The occurrence probability and the extent of damage are described by various risk factors, which are quantitative and qualitative. These risk factors have to be objectively evaluated and aggregated to determine the risk and thus, the extent of the finding. The main problems of this assessment are the quantification of the qualitative risk factors and the aggregation of all risk factors. For the quantification of qualitative risk factors the methods three dimensional analysis and the Delphi-Method are most appropriate. These two methods can be used for the evaluation of a quantitative risk factor as well. Furthermore, the methods sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and statistical methods can assist the assessment of qualitative risk factors, but these methods alone are not appropriate for the assessment of qualitative risk factors. When aggregating the assessments of the risk factors a combination of successive comparison and Scoring Model are suitable. The classification of findings for the annual audit report can be conducted by use of the ABC-Analysis. Prior to this, the scored findings have to be weighted according to the importance of the audit object for the company. All findings in class A represent serious shortcomings and particular grave defiCiencies, class B represents shortcomings, and class C negligible shortcomings. The classification process can be assisted by the use of the risk map and the risk portfolio, but the sole use of these methods would not lead to a proper classification.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoof doelwit van hierdie studieprojek is klousule 14 van die Sirkuler 1/2000 "Minimum vereistes vir die Interne Oudit funksie van banke" van die Duitse Federale Finansiele Toesighoudende gesag. Dit vereis dat banke 'n risikobestuur sisteem, 'n risiko baseerde oudit plan en risiko baseerde oudit prosedures daar stel. Hierdie verseistes het die transformasie van die interne oudit funksies inisieer, vanaf die tradisionele benadering wat op die verlede en die huidige gefokus het, tot 'n risiko gebaseerde benadering wat op die toekoms gerig is. Gedurende die oudit beplanning word die oudit onderwerpe gekies vanwee hul inherente risikos eerder as vanwee die indikasies van verlede-gebaseerde informasie of estimasies. Om die inherente risikos te bepaal, is dit nodig om die oudit onderwerp se risiko faktore te bepaal en te bereken. Die doeI van die studie is die daarstelling van 'n model vir die gestandardiseerde kategorisering van bevindinge na aanleiding van die "Minimum vereistes vir die Interne Oudit funksie van banke" in ten minste drie kategorie: leemtes, ernstige tekortkominge en spesifieke growwe tekorte. Die Minimum Vereistes beperk nie die metode van kategorisering nie. Die opname "Catagorising of Findings" toon dat al die banke wel hul bevindings kategorieseer maar dat slegs 'n paar banke 'n objektiewe metode hierin toe pas. Om verstaanbare, deursigtige en objektiewe klassifikasie van bevindinge te verseker is dit nodig dat die proses van klassifikasie gestandardiseer word. Vir 'n gestandardiseerde klassifikasie proses moet die resultate van bevindinge vergelykbaar en kwantitatief wees. Hiervoor moet tegnieke en metodes toegepas word wat die resultate van bevindinge kwantifiseer en so vergelykbaar maak. Om die regte metode te vind vir die analisering van die resultate van 'n bevinding, moet daar na die komponente van die bevinding gekyk word. 'n Bevinding bestaan uit risiko wat uitgedruk word as die gebeurlikheidswaarskynlikheid en omvang van skade. Die gebeurlikheidswaarskynlikheid en omvang van skade word beskryf deur 'n verskeidenheid van risiko faktore wat beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief van aard is. Hierdie risiko faktore moet objektief evalueer en saamgevat word om die risiko en so die omvang van die bevinding te bepaal. Die grootste probleem met die analise is die kwantifisering van die kwalitatiewe risiko faktore en die samevatting van al die risiko faktore . Vir die kwatifisering van die kwalitatiewe risiko faktore, is die Drie Dimensionele Analise en die Delphi metodes die mees toepaslikes. Hulle kan ook gebruik word vir die evaluasie van 'n kwantitatiewe risiko faktor. Verder kan die metodes van sensitiwiteitsontleding, Monte Carlo simulasie en ander statistiese metodes ook help met die berekening van kwantitatiewe risiko faktore. Hulle is egter nie toepaslik vir die berekening van kwalitatiewe risiko faktore nie. Met die aggregasie van die analiese van risiko faktore, is die kombinasie van Opeenvolgende Vergelyking en Punte Toekenning modelle ook toepaslik. Die klassifisering van bevindinge vir die jaarlikse oudit verslag kan gedoen word deur die gebruik van ABC-analise. Voorheen moes daar aan die bevindinge gewigte toegeken word in ooreenstemming met die belangrikheid van die oudit onderwerp vir die maatskappy. Alle resultate in klas A verteenwoordig ernstige tekortkominge en besonder gewigtig gebrekkig , klas B verteenwoordig tekortkominge en klas C geringe tekortkominge. Die klasifikasie proses kan bygestaan word deur die gebruik van 'n risiko kaart en risiko portefeulje. Die alleen gebruik van die metodes sal egter nie 'n ordentlike klassifikasie verseker nie.

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Man, Mengying, et Meixuan Ren. « Wealth Inequality : Analysis based on 21 EU countries ». Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44333.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine how wealth inequality alters when macroeconomic factors such as housing price index, inflation rate, and minimum wage change. In the theoretical part, the potential connection between some macroeconomic factors and wealth inequality is described through the link of the Lorenz Curve and Pareto distribution. In the empirical part, we analyze the development of wealth inequality in 21 countries from the European Union from 2004 to 2015. The study presents significant evidence that the housing price index is negatively correlated with wealth inequality while similar conclusions cannot be made regarding inflation rate and minimum wage. In this paper, the Gini index is used as a proxy for wealth inequality.

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Caselli, Cristina Kanya. « 100 anos de habitação mínima : ênfase na Europa e Japão ». Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2008. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2621.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-16T00:11:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Cristina Kanya Caselli1.pdf: 855506 bytes, checksum: 990d62184345188a6131a294f5637970 (MD5) Cristina Kanya Caselli2.pdf: 2580046 bytes, checksum: e0cf2104b293c9f9aa2d980e9ca5fcfc (MD5) Cristina Kanya Caselli3.pdf: 1036936 bytes, checksum: 55a0843b1442de109995243191c09926 (MD5) Cristina Kanya Caselli4.pdf: 2745343 bytes, checksum: f2221e4f22f88017c407def6c4ff357a (MD5) Cristina Kanya Caselli5.pdf: 2148961 bytes, checksum: 19c7438e68ec21ca7438d8e1b57945b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-23
Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
This work s objective is to survey and analyze the minimum housing designs developed during the 20th Century in various European countries, taking as counterpoint the designs made in Japan. The projects analysis considered: the spatial solutions, the dimensioning and the technology. The 20th Century was marked by many social, cultural and political changes that had influenced also the housing s architecture. Since the woman independence, and the costumes changes stimulated by the technical evolution, there was a true revolution into the communications with consequent reflexes in the human communities. The architecture didn t remain outside this avalanche of news however it came following these changes, thus adaptting the designs to the new persons needs. This master dissertation analyses the European and Japanese designs, in order to establish parameters for comparison among the various architectural parties adopted.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e analisar projetos de habitação mínima desenvolvidos durante o século XX em diversos países europeus, usando como contraponto o Japão. Na análise dos projetos foram consideradas: as soluções espaciais, o dimensionamento e a tecnologia. O século XX foi marcado por várias mudanças sociais, culturais e políticas que influíram também na arquitetura das habitações. Desde a independência da mulher, e mudança de costumes impulsionada pela evolução técnica, houve uma verdadeira revolução nas comunicações com conseqüentes reflexos nas comunidades humanas. A arquitetura não ficou fora desta avalanche de novidades, mas veio acompanhando essas mudanças, assim adaptando os projetos às novas necessidades das pessoas. Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa projetos europeus e Japoneses, de forma a estabelecer parâmetros de comparação entre os diversos partidos arquitetônicos adotados.

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Oliveira, Amaro Jorge de Pina. « Arquiteturas revisitadas : módulos mínimos e multifuncionais de habitação ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8906.

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Attah, Rebecca. « Ghanaian Bank Performance and Ownership, Size, Risk, and Efficiency ». ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4416.

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Ghanaian banks struggle to maintain sufficient capital after the Bank of Ghana increased the minimum capital requirement as a buffer against the 2008 financial crisis. Grounded in the efficient structure theory (EST), the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationships between efficiency, size, risk, and ownership structure on banks' performance when minimum capital requirement increases. Archival data were collected from PricewaterhouseCoopers website covering all Ghanaian banks with available data for the 5-year period ending 2013. Initial one tail paired sample t tests revealed significant increases over time for efficiency, t(21) = 3.849, p -?¤ .001, net interest margin (NIM), t(21) = 5.201, p -?¤ .001, return on equity (ROE), t(21) = 1.833, p -?¤ .041, and risk t(21) = 3.614, p -?¤ .001. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated the EST models could significantly predict bank performance for the 5-year period ending 2013. X-efficiency model could predict NIM F(8, 123) = 6.94, p =.00, R2 = .288, efficiency and ownership type were statistically significant with efficiency (t = 6.09, p -?¤ .001) denoting higher to the model than foreign banks (t = 2.96, p -?¤ .004). While, scale efficiency model could predict ROE, F(8, 123) = 5.18, p =.00, R2 = .133, ownership type and size were statistically significant with State banks (t = -2.26, p -?¤ .025) denoting more to the model than size (t = 2.00, p -?¤ .047). Society can benefit from the results of this doctoral study because investors, bank of Ghana, and bank managers could better predict the banks' performance based on the information from the study, which may lead to a higher families' confidence in the positive contribution of banks in their communities.

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Niklasson, Beatrice, et Linnéa Nordin. « Effects of higher capital costs in local housing markets : Study in Täby, Upplands-Bro and Upplands Väsby municipality ». Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191231.

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This bachelor thesis aims to study the relationship between higher capital costs and the households' ability to repay their loans as well as how this affects the housing market. The work studies three areas in three different municipalities in the Stockholm region. The limitations for this report were that it primarily focused on areas that have relatively new housing developments where the interest rate was the sole alternating variable. Today, the interest rates for housing loans are very low which has resulted in that Swedish people has record breaking high leverages. Recently, a new amortization requirement was adopted. This will affect all households when they take new loans with an LTV of 50 percent. House prices in Sweden are at a historically high level, especially in the Stockholm region. Households’ expectations play a large impact on prices, and some experts believe that the market today is overvalued and that we are in a housing bubble, which, if it bursts, can bring negative impact on the housing market. Consequently, migration and housing demands has not previously been seen at these levels in Stockholm. In this paper, we intend to examine how rising interest rates will affect households with different leverage ratios in three different municipalities in the Stockholm county region. Utilizing data from sources such as InsightOne and Konsumentverket among others a spreadsheet was created comparing four different typical households that reflect the most common household composition within the selected municipalities. The disposable income, after all expenses for accommodation and necessities accounted for, will be examined. We will also analyze how these households would cope in a scenario where changing fundamentals give households higher housing costs and further how the selected municipalities, all of which have a relatively high rate of construction, would be affected by a sudden drop in prices on the market. A spreadsheet with data from Statistics Sweden was also set up to investigate the percentage of all households in Stockholm that have the same capital costs as a custom range of the selected mosaichouseholds’. Our results show that not all households could cope with increased housing costs such as higher interest rates among other factors. According to the calculated budget estimate for each typical household, it was concluded that some households would be unable to cover their monthly necessities. In a scenario where this would become reality, the households with a high leverage and a high interest rate would have a much smaller amount of money to live on each month. This would lead to a reduction in consumption and a decrease in demand for housing, which would result in a less secure position in the housing market and force households to reassess its choice of timing for this type of investment. Ultimately this could lead to vacancies in the municipalities we investigated that are located quite a bit outside the city center. Based on our results, we consider the hypothesis proven; due to half of the mosaic households in the study reflecting a deficit in their budget when the leverage and interest rates peaked at high levels. Based on the income statistics from SCB, we could also deduce that 49.8 percent of all households in the Stockholm region displayed a lower annual income than the investigated mosaic households. Consequently, these households would demonstrate a greater deficit in their budget if their housing costs rose.
Kandidatarbetet syftar till att studera hur högre kapitalkostnader påverkar hushållens betalningsförmåga och vilka effekter det kan få på bostadsmarknaden. I arbetet undersöks tre områden i tre olika kommuner i stockholmsregionen. I rapporten finns begränsningen att räntorna är den enda variabeln som ändras och att det i de områden som undersöks finns relativt nyproducerade bostäder. I dagsläget är räntenivåerna väldigt låga för bostadslån och det har medfört att svenskarna aldrig någonsin har varit så högt belånade. Nyligen har även ett nytt amorteringskrav antagits, vilket kommer att påverka alla hushåll som tar nya lån med en belåningsgrad över 50 procent. Bostadspriserna ligger idag på en historiskt hög nivå och speciellt hög är prisutvecklingen i Stockholmsregionen. Hushållens förväntningar har en stor inverkan på priserna och vissa experter menar att marknaden idag är övervärderad och att vi befinner oss i en bostadsbubbla som, om den spricker, kan innebära stora negativa konsekvenser för bostadsmarknaden. Samtidigt har inflyttningen och efterfrågan på bostäder aldrig varit så hög som nu inom Stockholms län. I denna uppsats avser vi att undersöka hur en stigande ränta kan påverka hushåll med olika belåningsgrader i tre olika kommuner inom Stockholms län. Med hjälp av data från bland annat InsightOne och Konsumentverket har en kalkyl för fyra olika typhushåll ställts upp som speglar den vanligaste hushållssammansättningen i de valda områdena. Här kommer sedan den disponibla inkomsten efter att alla utgifter för boende och nödvändigheter är betalade att undersökas. Vi kommer därefter att analysera hur dessa hushåll skulle klara sig i ett scenario där förändrade fundamentala faktorer ger hushållen högre boendekostnader och vidare hur de valda kommunerna, som alla har en relativt hög nybyggnadstakt, skulle komma att påverkas av ett plötsligt prisfall på marknaden. Dessutom har en kalkyl med data från SCB satts upp för att undersöka hur många procent av alla hushåll i Stockholms län som har samma årsinkomst som ett anpassat intervall av de valda mosaichushållen. Våra resultat visar att inte alla hushåll skulle klara av ökade boendekostnader, exempelvis som en följd av högre räntor. De skulle alltså gått med underskott varje månad enligt den budget vi ställt upp för varje mosaichushåll och som redovisar de viktigaste utgifterna ett hushåll med denna sammansättning har. I ett scenario där detta blir verklighet skulle alltså hushåll med en hög belåningsgrad och höga räntor få en betydligt mindre summa pengar att leva på varje månad efter att alla nödvändiga kostnader är betalde, vilket skulle leda till en minskad konsumtion och minskad efterfrågan på bostäder. Detta skulle i sin tur leda till ett osäkrare läge på bostadsmarknaden, vilket skulle få ytterligare hushåll att omvärdera sitt val av tidpunkt för denna typ av investering. I slutändan skulle detta kunna komma att leda till vakanser i de kommuner vi valt att undersöka och som ligger någon eller några mil utanför innerstaden med dess ständigt höga efterfrågan på bostäder. Utifrån våra resultat kan den uppställda hypotesen styrkas. Detta då hälften av de mosaichushåll vi utgick ifrån i undersökningen visade ett underskott i sin budget då ränta och belåningsgrad låg på en hög, om än inte orimlig, nivå. Utifrån inkomststatistiken från SCB kunde vi även utläsa att hela 49.8 procent av alla hushåll inom Stockholms län har en lägre årsinkomst än de undersökta mosaichushållen, vilket innebär att dessa hushåll skulle visa ett större underskott i sin budget om deras boendekostnader ökade.

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Holmberg, Otto, et Joel Rosing. « Fysiska miljöns påverkan på bilinnehav : Aggregerad linjär modellering av rumsliga faktorer i Göteborg ». Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298538.

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Where we live and how our immediate environment looks and functions affect how we travel. Through changes in the immediate urban area, it seems natural that the choice of car ownership would be affected. This study examines the connection between the physical environment and car ownership in the case study area of Gothenburg. The study is based on previous models and quantitatively examines the variance of car ownership per household at a statistical neighbourhood level through linear regression analysis. The study aims to shed light on how physical variables that can be controlled through municipal planning (factors that can be regulated through detailed planning or, for example, influenced by municipal investment in public streets) can explain the variance in car ownership per household. The City of Gothenburg's work with planning regarding mobility and how individual planners within the municipality evaluates the independent physical variables in the model were examined through a survey and a shorter series of interviews. In tandem with the statistically proven valuation of the variables impact on car ownership, this visualises how the mathematical and professional approaches differ.When developing the model of how the city's network, structure and housing supply potentially affect private car ownership per person, four main physical variable themes were investigated: parking (e.g., bicycle and car), network and density (e.g., building density, traffic network density or distance), housing (e.g., design, owning or renting and average size) as well as public transport (bus and tram networks). The resulting model shown on the right explains 91.5% of the variance of cars per household. A total of 55 different physical or descriptive variables were tested. The study’s model and the survey points to underlying factors that impact car ownership. The method can be criticized based on its delimitation to focus on physical factors whilst leaving out economic factors such as households’ economic prerequisites. Furthermore, private parking is not included in the model due to a lack of data. These two factors are highlighted by the survey respondents as well as the planners who were interviewed as being factors of great importance for the variance of car ownership. Knowing the approximate number of cars in an area after physical urban changes helps not only to see how many parking spaces are needed but also to align car ownership with the current sustainable development goals. However, this does not mean that you can completely trust the model and you will not be able to see any exact effects of restrictions on parking numbers in the model.
Var vi bor och hur vår närmiljö ser ut och fungerar påverkar hur vi rör oss. Genom att ändra förutsättningarna i närområdet förefaller det naturligt att valet av bilinnehav skulle påverkas. Denna studie undersöker sambandet mellan den fysiska miljön och bilinnehav i fallstudieområdet Göteborg.Studien tar avstamp i tidigare linjära aggregerade modeller och undersöker variansen av bilinnehav per hushåll på basområdesnivå kvantitativt genom linjär regressionsanalys. Studien ämnar till att belysa hur de faktorer som kan styras genom kommunal styrning (faktorer som kan regleras genom detaljplanering eller exempelvis påverkas genom kommunal investering i gatumark) kan förklara variansen av bilinnehav. Frågeställningar kring Göteborgs Stads arbetssätt och värderingar av de oberoende fysiska variablerna i modellen som lyfts undersöks genom en enkätstudie och kortare intervjuserie i tandem med de statistiskt påvisade förhållandena för att se hur dessa två synsätt skiljer sig åt. I byggandet av modellen över hur stadens nätverk, struktur och bostadsutbud potentiellt påverkar privat bilinnehav per person valdes fyra huvudsakliga fysiska variabelteman: parkering (exempelvis cykel och bil), nätverk och densitet (exempelvis bebyggelsetäthet, trafiknätverksdensitet eller avstånd), bostäder (exempelvis utformning, upplåtelseform och medelstorlek) och kollektivtrafik (buss och spårvagn). Den resulterande modellen som visas till höger förklarar till 91,5% variansen av bilar per hushåll. Totalt testades 55 olika fysiska eller områdesbeskrivande variabler. Modellerna som studerades och enkätstudien pekar på underliggande faktorer som påverkar bilinnehavet. Studiens metod kan kritiseras utifrån sin avgränsning: att fokusera på fysiska faktorer, att utelämna hushållens ekonomiska förutsättningar och att privat parkering inte är inkluderat i modellen på grund av databrist. Dessa två faktorer ansågs vara av stor vikt enligt enkätstudiens respondenter och de planerare som intervjuades. Att känna till approximativa antalet bilar som kommer att finnas i ett område hjälper inte bara till att se hur många parkeringsplatser som behövs men även hur man skulle kunna styra bilinnehavet mot något mer i linje med den nuvarande målsättningen, att minska bilanvändande. Detta betyder inte att man kan förlita sig helt på den presenterade modellen och man kommer heller inte kunna se några exakta effekter från begräsningar av parkeringstal i den

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Paolo, Paola Paes Di. « Casas para um planeta pequeno ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19828.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Moradia está diretamente ligada à população, engloba questões econômicas, sociais e barreiras culturais que vão além das formas urbanas e isso reflete nas estratégias e políticas habitacionais das cidades. Londres, desde a época da industrialização (século XVIII) - na qual a cidade passou de rural para urbana e que levou o aumento da urbanização -, até os dias de hoje (século XXI), sofre com as consequências do crescimento acelerado da população. Classificada como cidade global, Londres possui um papel de grande importância no sistema econômico mundial e também é considerada uma megacidade, pois possui mais de 11 milhões de habitantes, incluindo a sua área metropolitana. Como resultado deste adensamento, os residentes sentem com a crise da oferta imobiliária e com a falta de moradias acessíveis, principalmente no centro da cidade, onde muitos acabam por preferir residir em áreas mais afastadas ou em cidades vizinhas. A capital da Inglaterra precisa construir rapidamente mais habitações em pouco tempo para conseguir dar resposta à atual procura. Como forma de suprir o déficit habitacional, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a criação de habitações modulares e flexíveis, fáceis de serem construídas e ampliadas, capaz de serem adaptadas a diferentes contextos na cidade. Estas unidades habitacionais estão diretamente relacionadas com o conceito de nomadismo urbano, pensadas para um público que está em constante mudança.
ABSTRACT: Housing is directly linked to the population, encompasses economic issues, social and cultural barriers that go beyond urban forms and this reflects in the housing strategies and policies of cities. London, from the time of industrialization (18th century) - in which the city went from rural to urban and that led to the increase of urbanization - to the present day (21st century) suffers from the consequences of accelerated growth population. Classified as a global city, London has a very important role in the world economic system and is also considered a megacity, as it has more than 11 million inhabitants, including its metropolitan area. As a result of this densification, residents feel the crisis with the lack of affordable housing, especially in the city center, where many end up preferring to live in more remote areas or in neighboring cities. The capital of England needs to quickly build more housing in a short time to be able to meet current demand. As a way to fill the housing deficit, the present work aims to create modular and flexible housing, easy to be built and expanded, able to be adapted to different contexts in the city. These housing units are directly related to the concept of urban nomadism, designed for a constantly changing public.
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Caletková, Alžbeta. « Analýza požadavků na bydlení ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371887.

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This diploma thesis analyses contemporary housing requirements from the point of view of apartment users, evaluates the significance of selected housing requirements and their dependence on selected variables. The theoretical part defines the concept of living standards, selected factors influencing the price of real estate and presents basic information from the field of housing policy and housing stock. In the practical part are evaluated the data obtained from the survey, the hypotheses investigating the dependence of selected factors and there is also evaluation of the importance of selected housing requirements.

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Lima, Lisiane Pedroso. « Proposta de uma sistemática para o processamento de requisitos do cliente de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13434.

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Nas últimas décadas, a provisão de habitação de interesse social tem apresentado uma crescente complexidade, envolvendo uma rede intrincada de relações entre os diversos agentes e o Estado, que operam de maneira fragmentada. Neste contexto, existe a necessidade de gerenciar os requisitos dos clientes de forma a processar e disponibilizar as informações adequadas para apoiar a tomada de decisão no processo de desenvolvimento do produto. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma sistemática para o processamento de requisitos dos clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social, a fim de aumentar a satisfação dos usuários dos mesmos. O método de pesquisa foi dividido em três etapas: (a) estruturação dos requisitos; (b) ponderação dos requisitos; e (c) estudo da aplicabilidade do desdobramento da função qualidade (QFD). Primeiramente, buscou-se uma maneira de estruturar os principais fatores que afetaram a satisfação dos usuários de nove empreendimentos habiacionais, a fim de propiciar maior entendimento dos seus principais requisitos. Na segunda etapa, buscou-se analisar e comparar as diferentes percepções desses agentes para entender como esses perceberam os principais requisitos dos usuários, estruturados na etapa anterior. A última etapa buscou utilizar a matriz da qualidade do QFD no processamento de requisitos de cliente no contexto da HIS, com o objetivo de propor adaptações necessárias dessa ferramenta para sua aplicação neste contexto. O desenvolvimento dessa dissertação possibilitou a proposta de uma sistemática para o processamento dos requisitos dos clientes. A análise individual dos principais intervenientes auxiliou no processamento de dados, com o qual formam desenvolvidos dispositivos visuais que auxiliaram na sistematização dessas informações, possibilitando análises diversas. A aplicação da matriz da qualidade do QFD propiciou a oportunidade de um processamento integrado, à medida que os dados dos usuários e dos agentes puderam ser analisados conjuntamente, possibilitando um fechamento das etapas anteriores.
In the last few decades, the provision of social housing has become more complex, involving a network of relationships between several stakeholders and the government, which tend to operate in a fragmented way. In this context, it is necessary to manage client requirements, in order to process and make available suitable information for supporting decision making in the product development process. The main objective of this research work is to devise a protocol for client requirements processing in social housing projects, with the ultimate aim to increase the degree of users´ satisfaction. The research method was divided into three stages: (a) structuring of requirements; (b) weighing requirements; and (c) study of the applicability of quality function deployment (QFD). Initially, a method for structuring the main factors that affect the users´ satisfaction in nine housing projects was devised, in order to improve the understanding about their requirements. In the second stage, the different perceptions of the construction professionals involved in the product development process on the users´ requirements were analysed and compared. In the last stage, the QFD quality matrix was used for processing requirements, with the aim of proposing adaptations of that tool to the context of social housing. The individual analysis of construction professionals supported the processing of data that were used to produce visual devices, making it possible the development of several analises. The application of a QFD matrix created the opportunity for further processing clients’ requirements, since data from the users and from the construction professionals were analysed together, providing an opportunity to integrate data produced in the previous stages.

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Botha, Johanna Catharina. « Rapid sequence intubation : a survey of current practice in the South African pre-hospital setting ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32615.

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Background: Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is an advanced airway skill commonly performed in the pre-hospital setting globally. In South Africa, pre-hospital RSI was first approved for non-physician providers by the Health Professions Council of South Africa in 2009 and introduced as part of the scope of practice of degree qualified Emergency Care Practitioners (ECPs) only. The aim of the research study was to investigate and describe, based on the components of the minimum standards of pre-hospital RSI in South Africa, specific areas of interest related to current pre-hospital RSI practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design in the form of an online survey were conducted amongst operational ECPs in the pre-hospital setting of South Africa, using convenience and snowball sampling strategies. Results: A total of 87 participants agreed to participate. Eleven (12.6%) incomplete survey responses were excluded while 76 (87.4%) were included in the data analysis. The survey response rate could not be calculated. Most participants were operational in Gauteng (n=27, 35.5%) and the Western Cape (n=25, 32.9%). Overall participants reported that their education and training were perceived as being of good quality. An overwhelming number of participants (n=69, 90.8%) did not participate in an internship programme before commencing duties as an independent practitioner. Most RSI and post-intubation equipment were reported to be available, however, our results found that introducer stylets and/or bougies and EtCO2 devices are not available to some participants. Only 50 (65.8%) participants reported the existence of a clinical governance system within their organisation. Furthermore, our results indicate a lack of clinical feedback, deficiency of an RSI database, infrequent clinical review meetings and a shortage of formal consultation frameworks. Conclusion: The practice of safe and effective pre-hospital RSI, performed by non-physician providers or ECPs, rely on comprehensive implementation and adherence to all the 51 components of the minimum standards. Although there is largely an apparent alignment with the minimum standards, recurrent revision of practice needs to occur to ensure alignment with recommendations. Additionally, there are areas that may benefit from further research to improve current practice.

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Miron, Luciana Inês Gomes. « Gerenciamento dos requisitos dos clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social : proposta para o Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade em Porto Alegre/RS ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14376.

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Recentemente, alguns empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS) no Brasil têm sido realizados através de programas integrados que envolvem o desenvolvimento conjunto de empreendimentos habitacionais, assistência social e obras de infra-estrutura sob uma delimitada área urbana a ser recuperada. Outra tendência importante desses programas é que resultam de um planejamento realizado em conjunto com a comunidade a ser beneficiada. O Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade (PIEC), objeto de estudo desta tese, propõe a reestruturação urbana de uma importante área da cidade de Porto Alegre. Neste contexto, existe uma ampla gama de fatores que devem ser considerados na realização de empreendimentos, tais como a regularização fundiária, o reassentamento de população, o impacto ambiental, restrições orçamentárias, o atendimento de prazos, a participação comunitária e a inclusão social. Como resultado o processo de desenvolvimento de EHIS tende a ser bastante complexo, demandando um esforço específico de gerenciamento dos requisitos dos clientes ao longo da realização desses empreendimentos. Considerando os pesados recursos investidos nos programas integrados, destaca-se a importância da formação da satisfação e da geração de valor para a população atendida e reassentada a fim de que, a mesma seja efetivamente incorporada à cidade formal. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral de pesquisa identificar oportunidades de geração de valor no processo de desenvolvimento de EHIS de programas integrados através do gerenciamento dos requisitos dos principais clientes desses empreendimentos. Os desdobramentos desse objetivo envolveram a adaptação de conceitos e abordagens teóricas das áreas de marketing e de desenvolvimento do produto para o gerenciamento dos requisitos dos principais clientes de EHIS, bem como a proposta de contribuições conceituais e metodológicas para a análise da geração de valor em EHIS realizados através de programas integrados. O método da pesquisa foi constituído por um estudo de caso dividido em três etapas. A Etapa A teve um caráter exploratório-descritivo com o objetivo de entender o contexto de concepção do PIEC e o processo de desenvolvimento do mesmo. Na Etapa B o foco do estudo passou a ser a população atendida pelo programa, particularmente as 413 famílias reassentadas na primeira etapa da fase de intervenção, concluída em março de 2004. Esse ajuste se fez necessário para possibilitar uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre a percepção de valor dos clientes finais. A Etapa C foi desenvolvida para possibilitar a discussão e análise dos resultados obtidos nas etapas anteriores do estudo de caso e a devida confrontação desses resultados com a bibliografia. As principais conclusões estão relacionadas à identificação de oportunidades de geração de valor no processo de desenvolvimento de EHIS de programas integrados através do gerenciamento dos requisitos dos principais clientes desses empreendimentos. Além disso, o estudo também resultou em contribuições conceituais para a consolidação do conceito de geração de valor no processo de desenvolvimento desse tipo de EHIS.
Recently several social interest housing projects (SIHP) have been carried out in Brazil throughout integrated programs that involve the joint development of housing projects, social service and infrastructure for a specific urban area to be recovered. Another important tendency of these programs is that they result from a joint planning carried out with the community to be benefited. The City Entrance Integrated Program (CEIP), study object of this thesis, proposes the urban restructuring of an important area of Porto Alegre City. In this context, there is a wide range of factors that must be considered to build the housing projects, such as: urban land regularization, population resettlement, environmental impact, budgetary constraints, scheduled date fulfillment, community participation and social inclusion. As a result the development process of SIHP tends to be quite complex, demanding a specific effort of client requirements management throughout the building of these projects. Considering the heavy investments in integrated programs, the importance of satisfaction and value generation for the assisted and resettled population stands out so that it may be incorporated to the formal city. This research has as main objective to identify opportunities for value generation in the SIHP development process of the integrated programs through the main clients’ requirements management of these projects. These objective spin-offs involved the adaptation of concepts and theoreticians approaches of the marketing and product development process areas to SIHP main client requirements management, such as the proposal of conceptual and methodological contributions to value generation analysis in SIHP carried out through integrated programs. The research method was constituted by a case study divided in three phases. The Phase A had an exploratory-descriptive character aiming to understand the context of CEIP conception and its development process. In Phase B the study focused the population served by the program, particularly the 413 families resettled in the first stage that was concluded in March 2004. This adjustment was necessary to make possible a deeper investigation on final clients’ perceived value. The Phase C was developed to make possible the discussion and analysis of the results obtained in the case study previous phases as well as these results comparison with the bibliography. The main conclusions are related to the identification of opportunities for value generation in SIHP development process of integrated programs through main client requirements management of these projects. Besides, the study has also resulted in conceptual contributions for the consolidation of the value generation concept in the development process of this kind of SIHP.

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Baldauf, Juliana Parise. « Proposta de método para modelagem de requisitos de clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social usando BIM ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/85032.

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O gerenciamento de requisitos do cliente visa melhorar a geração de valor de empreendimentos da construção. Para isto é necessário um processo sistemático de captura de requisitos e processamento destas informações, tornando-as explícitas para a equipe de desenvolvimento do produto, bem como controlar se estas informações são devidamente equilibradas. Isto é particularmente importante quando os recursos são limitados, como em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS). Este processo envolve uma grande quantidade de informações qualitativas, e é preciso considerar a diversidade de requisitos que normalmente existem entre os diferentes clientes envolvidos no processo. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para modelar os requisitos do cliente de empreendimentos de habitação de interesse social, com o apoio de Building Information Modeling (BIM). Este método foi concebido para apoiar os processos de tomada de decisão durante a fase de projeto, e também a avaliação de projetos que já foram concluídos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas. A primeira teve como objetivo a compreensão do programa habitacional Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), seleção e treinamento do software para modelagem de requisitos, bem como identificação de requisitos do PMCMV e elaboração de uma versão inicial da estrutura de requisitos. Na segunda etapa realizou-se o refinamento da estrutura de requisitos para que a mesma se adaptasse aos empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social. Com os requisitos estruturados, os mesmo foram armazenados em um software BIM de gestão de requisitos e conectados com o modelo do produto EHIS B1. As principais contribuições do estudo referem-se à exploração de diferentes formas de modelagem de requisitos do cliente no contexto da construção civil, estruturação de requisitos genéricos que podem servir de base para o desenvolvimento de novos projetos de habitação de interesse social, identificação dos tipos de requisitos que podem ser verificados automaticamente através do uso do software BIM selecionado, e, por fim, a identificação das principais mudanças e benefícios para o gerenciamento de requisitos quando se automatiza as etapas de modelagem dessas informações.
Client requirements management aims to improve value generation of construction projects. This requires a systematic process of capturing requirements, processing this information, and making them explicit to the product development team, as well as controlling whether these are properly balanced. This is particular important when resources are limited, such as in low-income housing projects. This process involves a large amount of qualitative information, and need to consider the diversity of requirements that usually exist among different stakeholders. This paper aims to propose a method to model client requirements in low-income housing with the support of Building Information Modeling (BIM). This method was devised to support both the decision-making processes during design stages, and also the evaluation of designs that have already been finished. The research was conducted in three stages. The first one aimed to understand the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida [My House My Life Program], selection and training of the requirements modeling software, as well as identification of the PMCMV requirements and elaboration of an initial version of the requirements structure. In the second stage the requirements structure was refined so that it could be adapted to low-income housing projects. Once the requirements were structured, they were stored in a requirements management BIM software, and connected with the product model. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the exploration different ways of modeling client requirements in the construction context, structuring of generic requirements that can be used as a basis for developing new low-income housing projects, identification of types of requirements that can be verified automatically through the use of a BIM software, and finally understanding main changes and benefits for managing requirements when the modeling process is automated.

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Biagioni, Bruna Maria. « Os limites do mínimo : discussão sobre o modelo de moradia destinado ao povo ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-12012018-110236/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o modelo de moradia mínima destinado ao povo sob as condições do sistema capitalista neoliberal e apontar suas latentes contradições sociais e ambientais. Para isso, busca-se construir uma revisão histórica que recupera as origens da habitação operária durante o desenvolvimento da cidade industrial, ou seja, o momento em que a questão da moradia se estabelece enquanto uma dimensão de conflito. E, a partir disso, refletir sobre o modo como a habitação mínima foi sendo assimilada dentro do desenvolvimento do capital, inclusive através do movimento moderno, de modo a desmobilizar as resistências sociais através de uma cultura pautada pelo consumo. A presente pesquisa se concentra no esforço de desnaturalizar algumas das questões constitutivas do imaginário que cercam a questão da moradia a fim de apontar a gravidade dos efeitos da lógica econômica, que se baseia na acumulação de capital e que distancia a habitação de sua real finalidade enquanto direito social.
The aim of the present investigation is to discuss minimum housing standards intended to a society under the conditions of the neoliberal capitalism system and to highlight its social and environmental latent contradictions. So, this work seeks to construct a historical review that recovers the origins of the workers dwellings during the development of the industrial city, in other words, this is the moment when the housing issue is established as a dimension of conflict. From this, reflecting on how minimal housing has been assimilated by the currency development, including by the the modern movement, in order to demobilize social resistance through a culture based on consumption. Therefore, this research focuses on the effort to rethink the common sense that surrounds the housing issue, aiming to emphasize the impact of the economic effects, which is based on capital accumulation and that distances the housing from its real purpose as a social right.

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Lundgren, Monia. « How Poor is The Poverty Line ? : A matter of dietary norms and perceptions ». Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-13955.

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Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG 1) on halving extreme poverty is measured with the international poverty line. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the measurement of MDG 1 by reviewing the robustness of the international poverty line and some of its national sub-reports. There are at least two problems in assessing a reliable poverty line, namely what constitutes extreme poverty and what kind of life situation this refers to. Through a qualitative content analysis, the study shows that the selected national reports lack a reliable reference for human dietary energy requirements pivotal for estimating a fair threshold for food needs. In the case that a reliable source was used, the activity level was prone to a wide range of interpretations and lacked procedural consistency. The FAO (2011) has presented minimum dietary energy requirements that are below the references used in the national reports, which could shift the poverty line. The study also shows that the concept of “extreme poverty” has been used inconsistently. MDG 1 identifies extreme poverty as the inability to meet basic food- and non-food needs. The international poverty line is based on a myriad of national poverty lines ranging from minimum- to generous needs, where extreme poverty is defined as people barely having enough for the food component alone. These two variables create obstacles in setting a reliable international poverty line. A small shift in the international poverty line changes the poverty rates substantially, making it difficult for poverty programs and MDG 1 in truly identifying the people in most need of help.

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Andersson, Matts. « Policy Analysis for Different Types of Decision-Making Situations ». Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216974.

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This thesis seeks to contribute to decision support for policy makers in the transport sector. In order to frame the papers and to relate them to the broad field of “policy analysis”, I have structured the papers around a simple framework with three decision levels: responsibility, policy gap, and policy measure. The thesis contains five papers. “Transaction and transition costs during the deregulation of the Swedish Railway market” is a paper in the transaction cost school. We studied the costs associated with the shift from monopoly to competition in the Swedish railway market, and we found that the change resulted in comparatively small transaction costs, but that transition and misalignment costs seem to be larger. In “Parking policy under strategic interaction”, I examined the effect of strategic interaction between jurisdictions using an analytical model based on Hotelling’s linear city model. I conclude that the procedure for setting supply in most municipalities has a strong downward effect on municipal parking fees and that resource flow competition implies that the fees are higher than the efficient prices (but that the effect of the supply procedures makes this effect incongruous). In “Validation of aggregate reference forecasts for passenger transport”, we followed up the Swedish national forecasts for passenger transport produced from 1975 to 2009 and tried to explain the deviations. We found that the forecasts during the last decades have overestimated car traffic, and that this is due to input errors. The potential problem of using cross-sectional models for forecasting intertemporal changes seems to have been limited. In “The kilometer tax and Swedish industry - effects on sectors and regions”, we estimated factor demand elasticities in the Swedish manufacturing industry and used these to analyze the effects of a kilometer tax for heavy goods vehicles. We found that the kilometer tax leads to factor substitution in that it decreases transport demand and increases labor demand. The effects on output are less pronounced. In “The effect of minimum parking requirements on the housing stock”, we used a model of the rental, asset, and construction markets. We quality-assured our assumptions and our results through interviews with market actors. In our example suburb, we found that parking norms reduced the housing stock by 1.2% and increased rents by 2.4%.

QC 20171026

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Fiedorowicz, Sandra, et Ellinore Eklöf. « Bostadsföretagens uthyrningspolicy : En jämförelsestudie mellan bostadsföretag i Stockholmsområdet ». Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261708.

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I denna studie har vi undersökt olika bostadsföretags uthyrningspolicy inom Stockholmsområdet samt hur pass lättillgänglig information är om bostadssökningsprocessen via deras hemsidor. Vi vill undersöka om det finns någon skillnad mellan hur bostadsföretag förmedlar sina grundkrav och på vilken nivå dessa ligger för en bostadssökande. Hur påverkar detta samhället och i synnerhet hur påverkar det oss som studenter? Finns det även en skillnad mellan kommunala och privata bostadsföretag i Stockholmsområdet?För att finna svar på frågeställningarna undersökte vi 13 olika privata- och kommunala bostadsföretag; HSB, Ikano Bostad, Wallenstam, Byggvesta, Rikshem, Willhem, HEBA Fastigheter AB, Svenska Bostäder, Stockholmshem, Familjebostäder, Micasa Fastigheter, Stadsholmen samt Stockholms Studentbostäder. Vi studerade hur företagens respektive uthyrningspolicy var utformade på deras hemsidor samt hur lättillgängligt det var att hitta viss väsentlig information som bostadssökande. Detta blev en jämförelse företagen sinsemellan vilket gav oss en överskådlig bild på vad som bör förbättras inom området.Det visade sig finnas en betydlig skillnad mellan privata- och kommunala bostadsföretag där den största skillnaden var att privata bostadsföretag reglerar sina uthyrningspolicy hårdare än vad de kommunala gör. Alla hemsidor var mer eller mindre dåligt utformade gällande tillgänglighet och språkmöjligheter. Vi behandlade även våra studiefrågor utifrån ett hållbarhetsperspektiv då det anses vara betydande för ett fortsatt fungerande samhälle.Avslutningsvis gavs rekommendationer för bostadsföretagen för att förbättra sina hemsidor och policys. Störst vikt bör läggas på att förbättra möjligheten för alla individer på bostadsmarknaden för att få en bostad. Samt att förbättra bostadsföretagens hemsidor i fråga om transparens och språkmöjligheter, för att utveckla bostadsmarknaden ur ett socialt och teknologiskt perspektiv.
The main focus in this thesis has been to examine different housing companies rental policy in Stockholm and to review how easily it is to maintain relevant information regarding the leasing process through the companies websites. We want to see if there is any difference between how the housing companies convey their demands and how this affects the person looking for a rental apartment. Furthermore, we want to see how everything above affect the society, especially students. Is there any difference between municipal housing companies and private housing companies in Stockholm?We analysed 13 websites belonging to different housing companies to find answers to our questions. The housing companies involved in the study are: HSB, Ikano Bostad, Wallenstam, Byggvesta, Rikshem, Willhem, HEBA Fastigheter AB, Svenska Bostäder, Stockholmshem, Familjebostäder, Micasa Fastigheter, Stadsholmen and Stockholms Studentbostäder. We studied how the different companies have decided to form their respective rental policy and how easy it is to find relevant information as an applicant. A comparison between the companies became possible with the gained information, the comparison gave us a clear picture of some recommended improvements within the field.It turned out to be a significant difference between the municipal rental companies and the private rental companies, where the private rental companies control their rental policies more strictly than the municipal rental companies. All of the housing companies’ websites were more or less weak in terms of availability and language possibilities. In the study we also covered the perspective of sustainability consider its significance for a further functioning society.In conclusion we provided recommendations for the housing companies in order to improve their rental policies and their websites. In our opinion should most effort be put on improving the opportunities for all individuals on the housing market to receive a residence. The housing companies’ websites should be improved with regard to transparency and language possibilities, to develop the housing market from a social and technologic perspective.

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Johansson, Tim, et Jonas Johansson. « Bo i Byn : Utformning av seniorbostad ». Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Byggteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28127.

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Vad händer när en äldre person vill sälja bostaden och flytta till något som är lättare skött? Finns det möjligheter för äldre människor att bo kvar på landsbygden i samma by som innan? Vilka möjligheter finns för äldre personer som vill flytta till en mindre bostad? Kan ett koncept tas fram just för detta uppdrag? Detta examensarbete behandlar problematiken kring hur äldre personer står inför en utmaning att komma till ett enklare boende som är mer anpassat för den äldre i funktions- ochunderhållssyfte. Examensarbetet bygger på ett pågående projekt som äger plats i Norr Amsberg, en liten by tre kilometer norr om Borlänge.Detta examensarbete bygger på en kvalitativ metod då inga beräkningar skall utföras. Faktaunderlag för denna studie kommer från intervjuer, forskningsartiklar och statistik.Sex intervjupersoner har intervjuats under detta arbete, två forskare som finns stationerade i Falun, tre äldre personer som har passerat sextiofem år och slutligen eldsjälen som startat igång projektet gällande seniorbostäder i Norr Amsberg. Detta ger en bred grund att stå på för att dra de slutsatser som har upprättats i rapporten.Ett koncepthus har att ritats fram under tidensgång där hänsyn har tagits till de intervjuades önskemål som utseende, funktionskrav och platsplacering. Huset uppfyller allatillgänglighetskrav som en modern bostad innehåller. Byggnaden som tas fram är ett koncept och inte den färdiga produkten.Viktiga slutsatser som har framkommit under denna studie är hur viktigt boendets utformning är och hur den påverkar äldre betydligt mer än vad man allmänt tror och att behovet kommer öka markant gällande anpassade boenden i framtiden. Vikten av boendets utformning och hur den påverkar äldre är några stora nyckelfaktorer som samtliga kommuner lär ta till sig när planering av en typ av ”mellan boende” för äldre ska tas fram.
What happens when an elderly person wants to sell the property and move on to somethingthat is easier to handle? Are there opportunities for older people to live in the same city asbefore? What opportunities are there for elderly people who want to move to a smallerresidence? Can a concept be drawn up just for this assignment?This degree project will address the problem of how elderly people face a challenge to get toa simpler accommodation that is more suited to the elderly for functional and maintenancepurposes. The thesis is based on an ongoing project that takes place in Norr Amsberg, a smalltown three kilometer north of Borlänge.In this degree project, a qualitative method will be used which means no calculations isneeded. Thus, facts will be gathered from interviews, research articles and statistics.Six people have been interviewed during this project. Those who have been interviewed aretwo scientists who are stationed in Falun, three older people who have passed sixty-five yearsof ages and finally the enthusiast who started whole project in Norr Amsberg. This provides abroad ground for the conclusions drawn in the report.A concept house has been drawn up during this time, taking account of the wishes of theinterviewees as appearance, functional requirements and location. The house has allaccessibility requirements that a modern home will have. The building that is produced is aconcept and not the finished product.Important conclusions that have been made during this study are how important the housingdesign is and how it affects the elderly significantly more than is generally believed and thatthe need will increase significantly in terms of custom housing in the future. The importanceof housing design and how it affects older people are some major key factors that allmunicipalities learn to address when planning a type of "senior housing" for elderly people.

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